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na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Antique Maps by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Field-rugged computers, GPS, and laser rangefinders make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | They are one of many ways geographers organize the major sets of thoughts and philosophies within the discipline. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, like how human societies conceptualize the environment. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In industry, human geographers often work in city planning, public health, or business analysis. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant, and other devices that use telescopes, allowed accurate land surveys and allowed mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to the North Star at night or the Sun at noon. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by Louis Hennepin, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | A biogeographer's main focus is on how the environment and humans affect the distribution of species as well as other manifestations of Life such as species or genetic diversity. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The layer of atmosphere above, the stratosphere is also capable of creating its own variability, most importantly in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), which has a cycle of approximately 30 to 60 days. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | GIS has revolutionized the field of cartography: nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of GIS software. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Applied climatologists apply their expertise to different industries such as manufacturing and agriculture.Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct and understand past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology). |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | An example of this principle can be found in the Draconian law of Ancient Greece and the Bloody Code which persisted in Renaissance England, when (at various times) capital punishment was prescribed for over 200 offenses. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Geography is a branch of inquiry that focuses on spatial information on Earth. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Alternative terms such as areography (geography of Mars) have been employed to describe the study of other celestial objects. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants, and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Maps of the Enlightenment period practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Qualitative cartography employs many of the same software and techniques as quantitative. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Participant observation and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Sandy Island in New Caledonia is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Some call this type of forecasting pattern recognition, which remains a useful method of observing rainfall over data voids such as oceans with knowledge of how satellite imagery relates to precipitation rates over land, as well as the forecasting of precipitation amounts and distribution in the future. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and extracurricular activities. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Homeless individuals have the same rates of the desire to quit smoking but are less likely than the general population to be successful in their attempt to quit.In the United States, 60–80% of homeless adults are current smokers. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Chewing cinnamon sticks or gum has been recommended when trying to quit the use of tobacco. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency training, the first year of which is called "internship." |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Recently, group therapy has been found to be more helpful than self-help and some other individual intervention. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Initiatives to educate the public regarding the health effects of second-hand smoke, including the significant dangers of secondhand smoke infiltration for residents of multi-unit housing. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In extreme cases, pudendal nerve entrapment can be a source of intractable perineal pain. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the personification of health, cleanliness, and hygiene. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Due to its importance in human health, the study of nutrition has heavily emphasized human nutrition and agriculture, while ecology is a secondary concern. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine and medical care that prevents or minimizes the spread of disease. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | At the huge Mercedes-Benz factory in Sindelfingen, Germany workers use bicycles, color-coded by department, to move around the factory. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Pathogen kill is achieved using a "micro-biocidal" product, i.e., a disinfectant or antibacterial product; waterless hand sanitizer; or by application of heat. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Scrubbing up, handwashing, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The most heated controversy surrounds the topic of compulsory helmet use.It is paradoxical that in many developing countries cycling is in decline as bicycles are replaced by motorbikes and cars, while in many developed countries cycling is on the rise. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Utility cycling refers both to cycling as a mode of daily commuting transport as well as the use of a bicycle in a commercial activity, mainly to transport goods, mostly accomplished in an urban environment. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The last country known to maintain a regiment of bicycle troops was Switzerland, which disbanded its last unit in 2003. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks, when cycling is compared to a sedentary lifestyle. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Bicycle touring, also known as cyclotourism, involves touring and exploration or sightseeing by bicycle for leisure. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | A Danish study in 2000 found that even after adjustment for other risk factors, including leisure time physical activity, those who did not cycle to work experienced a 39% higher mortality rate than those who did.Injuries (to cyclists, from cycling) can be divided into two types: |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Smoking over-expresses the gene AZGP1 which stimulates lipolysis, so smoking cessation may decrease lipolysis. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | A2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Thus, the environment plays a huge role in people's decision factor to utilize bicycle touring more. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Sterilization of instruments used by service providers including hairdressers, aestheticians, and other service providers. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | At present, these components of hygiene tend to be regarded as separate issues, although based on the same underlying microbiological principles. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Comparison of success rates across interventions can be difficult because of different definitions of "success" across studies. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | A clinic screening system (e.g., computer prompts) to identify whether or not a person smokes doubled abstinence rates, from 3.1% to 6.4%. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The drivetrain components of the bike should also be considered. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Excessive body hygiene is a possible sign of obsessive compulsive disorder. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Within 1 year, the risk of coronary heart disease is cut in half |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Most cultures add herbs and spices to foods before eating to add flavor, though most do not significantly affect nutrition. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The 2008 US Guideline recommends counselling-style support for adolescent smokers on the basis of a meta-analysis of seven studies. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Cycling has also been shown to be effective adjunct therapy in certain mental health conditions. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | A2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Isolation of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The concept of invisible contagion was eventually widely accepted by Islamic scholars. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Child and adolescent psychiatry, subspecialty of psychiatry |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In addition to physical removal, micro-organisms can be killed by thermal inactivation which increases as the temperature is increased. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world where bicyclists take to the streets en masse. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | A2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | He finds that their current political views are moderately correlated with their historiographical interpretations. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Around 727 BC the Kushite king Piye invaded northward, seizing control of Thebes and eventually the Delta, which established the 25th Dynasty. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The Instruction of Amenemope is considered a masterpiece of Near Eastern literature. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | While formal hieroglyphs may be read in rows or columns in either direction (though typically written from right to left), hieratic was always written from right to left, usually in horizontal rows. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | It seems unlikely that all this was the product of a single mind or even of a generation; most likely the period of evolution and experimentation was simply not recorded by history. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In 1588, Spanish King Philip II sent his Armada to subdue the English fleet of Elizabeth, but Admiral Sir Charles Howard defeated the Armada, marking the rise to prominence of the English Royal Navy. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The Battles of Santiago de Cuba and Tsushima demonstrated the power of these ships. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | A2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | On May 29, 1453, Constantinople fell into Ottoman control. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | For all these reasons, military history comprises a large part of ancient history. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Like pottery, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability and prosperity, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | An Egyptian colony stationed in southern Canaan dates to slightly before the First Dynasty. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | This type was pioneered in 1906 with HMS Dreadnought which mounted a main battery of ten 12-inch (300 mm) guns instead of the mixed caliber main battery of previous designs. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Caesar was also notable for his role in the civil war against the other member of the Triumvirate (Pompey) and against the Roman Senate. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | When stirrups came into use some time during the Dark Ages militaries were forever changed. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The use of the term "Iron Age" in the archaeology of South, East, and Southeast Asia is more recent and less common than for Western Eurasia. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The empire later fell to Alexander the Great after defeating Darius III. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Over the course of the 18th-19th centuries all military arms and services underwent significant developments that included a more mobile field artillery, the transition from use of battalion infantry drill in close order to open order formations and the transfer of emphasis from the use of bayonets to the rifle that re... |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Even before the Old Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians had developed a glassy material known as faience, which they treated as a type of artificial semi-precious stone. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | A2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In Sub-Saharan Africa, where there was no continent-wide universal Bronze Age, the use of iron immediately succeeded the use of stone. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The species who made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Many of the technologies commonly seen on main battle tanks today, such as composite armor, high caliber cannons, and advanced targeting systems, would be developed during this time. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at Terra Amata, near Nice, France. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the three-age system to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe can be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age t... |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In Africa, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, was the first African commander to use gunpowder on the continent in the Ethiopian–Adal War, that lasted for fourteen years (1529–1543). |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | During his missions, on several occasions Zheng's fleet came into conflict with pirates. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The genre known as Sebayt ("instructions") was developed to communicate teachings and guidance from famous nobles; the Ipuwer papyrus, a poem of lamentations describing natural disasters and social upheaval, is a famous example. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The Iron Age as an archaeological period is roughly defined as that part of the prehistory of a culture or region during which ferrous metallurgy was the dominant technology of metalworking. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The victory of the Royal Navy at the Battle of Taranto was a pivotal point as this was the first true demonstration of naval air power. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Conscription was employed in industrial warfare to increase the number of military personnel that were available for combat. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Since warfare was so central to the European state, the transformation had a major impact on modernizing government bureaucracies, taxation, and the national economy. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In a decisive battle at Carrhae Romans were defeated and the golden Aquilae (legionary battle standards) were taken as trophies to Ctesiphon. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The simultaneous decline of the feudal system – and the absorption of the medieval city-states into larger states – allowed the creation of professional standing armies to replace the feudal levies and mercenaries that had been the standard military component of the Middle Ages. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | As recorded on the temple walls of the mortuary temple of pharaoh Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, this repulsed a major sea invasion near the shores of the eastern Nile Delta using a naval ambush and archers firing from both ships and shore. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | C1 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt. |
na | en | readme | sentence-level | reference | B2 | CC BY SA NC 4.0 | The last ended with a decisive Venetian victory, giving it almost a century to enjoy Mediterranean trade domination before other European countries began expanding into the south and west. |
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