Datasets:
metadata
dataset_info:
- config_name: Akan_Twi_dev
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
- name: eng_question
dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
- name: correct_en
dtype: string
- name: wrong_en_o1
dtype: string
- name: wrong_en_o2
dtype: string
- name: wrong_en_o3
dtype: string
- name: correct_native
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o1
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o2
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o3
dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_correct
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o1
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o2
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o3
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_correct
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o1
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o2
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o3
dtype: audio
splits:
- name: dev
num_bytes: 110426807
num_examples: 214
download_size: 80575654
dataset_size: 110426807
- config_name: Akan_Twi_test
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
- name: eng_question
dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
- name: en_option_1
dtype: string
- name: en_option_2
dtype: string
- name: en_option_3
dtype: string
- name: en_option_4
dtype: string
- name: native_option_1
dtype: string
- name: native_option_2
dtype: string
- name: native_option_3
dtype: string
- name: native_option_4
dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_option_2
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_option_3
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_option_4
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_1
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_2
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_3
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_4
dtype: audio
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 157566211
num_examples: 322
download_size: 113515756
dataset_size: 157566211
- config_name: Amharic_dev
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
- name: correct_en
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: wrong_en_o3
dtype: string
- name: correct_native
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o1
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o2
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o3
dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_correct
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o1
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o2
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_wrong_o3
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_correct
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o1
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o2
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_wrong_o3
dtype: audio
splits:
- name: dev
num_bytes: 426146956
num_examples: 199
download_size: 398654942
dataset_size: 426146956
- config_name: Amharic_test
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_1
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_2
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_4
dtype: audio
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 631657714
num_examples: 300
download_size: 590505175
dataset_size: 631657714
- config_name: Chichewa_dev
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
- name: correct_en
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: wrong_en_o3
dtype: string
- name: correct_native
dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o1
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
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dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_correct
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_correct
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
splits:
- name: dev
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num_examples: 200
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dataset_size: 285268884
- config_name: Chichewa_test
features:
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: native_option_1
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_option_1
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
splits:
- name: test
num_bytes: 444714379
num_examples: 301
download_size: 365386093
dataset_size: 444714379
- config_name: Hausa_dev
features:
- name: ID
dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
- name: Category
dtype: string
- name: self_made
dtype: string
- name: eng_question
dtype: string
- name: native_question
dtype: string
- name: correct_en
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: wrong_native_o3
dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: eng_audio_correct
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_correct
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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- name: dev
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- config_name: Hausa_test
features:
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: eng_audio_question
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Igbo_dev
features:
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dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
- name: Language
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
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dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_question
dtype: audio
- name: native_audio_correct
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dtype: audio
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splits:
- name: dev
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- config_name: Igbo_test
features:
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splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Kikuyu_dev
features:
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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- name: dev
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- config_name: Kikuyu_test
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Kinyarwanda_dev
features:
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dtype: string
- name: Country
dtype: string
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dtype: string
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dtype: string
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- name: native_audio_question
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- config_name: Kinyarwanda_test
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splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Lingala_dev
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- name: dev
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- config_name: Lingala_test
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splits:
- name: test
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- config_name: Luganda_dev
features:
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dtype: audio
splits:
- name: dev
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- config_name: Luganda_test
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data_files:
- split: dev
path: Igbo_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Igbo_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Igbo_test/test-*
- config_name: Kikuyu_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Kikuyu_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Kikuyu_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Kikuyu_test/test-*
- config_name: Kinyarwanda_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Kinyarwanda_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Kinyarwanda_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Kinyarwanda_test/test-*
- config_name: Lingala_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Lingala_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Lingala_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Lingala_test/test-*
- config_name: Luganda_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Luganda_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Luganda_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Luganda_test/test-*
- config_name: Oromo_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Oromo_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Oromo_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Oromo_test/test-*
- config_name: Sesotho_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Sesotho_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Sesotho_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Sesotho_test/test-*
- config_name: Setswana_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Setswana_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Setswana_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Setswana_test/test-*
- config_name: Somali_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Somali_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Somali_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Somali_test/test-*
- config_name: Tigrinya_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Tigrinya_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Tigrinya_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Tigrinya_test/test-*
- config_name: Yoruba_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Yoruba_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Yoruba_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Yoruba_test/test-*
- config_name: Zulu_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: Zulu_dev/dev-*
- config_name: Zulu_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: Zulu_test/test-*
- config_name: all_dev
data_files:
- split: dev
path: all_dev/dev-*
- config_name: all_test
data_files:
- split: test
path: all_test/test-*
language:
- en
- tw
- am
- ha
- ig
- ln
- lg
- om
- rw
- ki
- so
- ti
- yo
- tn
- ny
- zu
- st
license: cc-by-nc-4.0
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
task_categories:
- image-text-to-text
- audio-text-to-text
- question-answering
pretty_name: 'Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languages'
tags:
- multimodal
- african-languages
- vqa
- low-resource languages
- multilingual
Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languages
Overview
Afri-MCQA is the first multilingual cultural question-answering benchmark covering 8k Q&A pairs across 16 African languages from 13 countries. The benchmark offers parallel English-African language Q&A pairs across text and speech modalities, entirely created by native speakers.
Supported Tasks
- Visual Question Answering (VQA): Multiple-choice and open-ended QA grounded in culturally relevant images
- Visual Audio Question Answering: Speech-based QA grounded in culturally relevant images in native African languages and African-accented English
- Language Identification (LID): Identifying which of the 15 languages is spoken
- Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR): Transcribing spoken African language audio
Languages
| Language - Country | Language Family | Region |
|---|---|---|
| Akan/Twi - Ghana | Niger-Congo / Volta-Niger | West |
| Amharic - Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic / Ethio-Semitic | East |
| Chichewa - Malawi | Niger-Congo / Bantu | South & East |
| Hausa - Nigeria | Afro-Asiatic / Chadic | West |
| Igbo - Nigeria | Niger-Congo / Volta-Niger | West |
| Kikuyu - Kenya | Niger-Congo / Bantu | East |
| Kinyarwanda - Rwanda | Niger-Congo / Bantu | East |
| Lingala - DRC | Niger–Congo/ Bantu | Central Africa |
| Luganda - Uganda | Niger-Congo / Bantu | East |
| Oromo - Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic / Cushitic | East |
| Setswana - Botswana | Niger-Congo / Bantu | South |
| Somali - Somalia | Afro-Asiatic / Cushitic | East |
| Tigrinya - Eritrea | Afro-Asiatic / Ethio-Semitic | East |
| Yoruba - Nigeria | Niger-Congo / Volta-Niger | West |
| Sesotho - Lesotho | Niger-Congo / Bantu | South |
| Zulu - South Africa | Niger-Congo / Bantu | South |
Total speaker population: ~412.6 million
Dataset Structure
Each sample includes:
- image: Culturally relevant image
- question_english / question_native: Question in both languages
- options_english / options_native: Four multiple-choice options
- answer: Correct answer
- audio_question_english / audio_question_native: Audio recordings
- category: One of 10 cultural categories
- country / language: Origin metadata
Cultural Categories
🏛️ Geography & Landmarks | 👤 Public Figures & Pop Culture | 🍲 Cooking & Food | 👕 Objects & Clothing |🎭 Traditions & History | 🏢 Brands & Companies | 🌿 Plants & Animals | 👨👩👧 People & Everyday Life | 🚗 Vehicles & Transportation | ⚽ Sports & Recreation
Licensing
This dataset is released under CC-BY-NC-4.0.
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
# Per language
amharic_dev = load_dataset("Atnafu/Afri-MCQA", "Amharic_dev", split="dev")
amharic_test = load_dataset("Atnafu/Afri-MCQA", "Amharic_test", split="test")
# All languages grouped
all_dev = load_dataset("Atnafu/Afri-MCQA", "all_dev", split="dev")
all_test = load_dataset("Atnafu/Afri-MCQA", "all_test", split="test")
Citation
@inproceedings{tonja-etal-2026-afri,
title = "Afri-{MCQA}: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for {A}frican Languages",
author = "Tonja, Atnafu Lambebo and
Anand, Srija and
Villa-Cueva, Emilio and
Azime, Israel Abebe and
Alabi, Jesujoba Oluwadara and
Mohamed, Muhidin A. and
Yadeta, Debela Desalegn and
Abadi, Negasi Haile and
Oppong, Abigail and
Obiefuna, Nnaemeka Casmir and
Abdulmumin, Idris and
Etori, Naome A and
Wairagala, Eric Peter and
Tshinu, Kanda Patrick and
Emmanuel, Imanigirimbabazi and
Malema, Gabofetswe and
Aji, Alham Fikri and
Adelani, David Ifeoluwa and
Solorio, Thamar",
editor = "Liakata, Maria and
Moreira, Viviane P. and
Zhang, Jiajun and
Jurgens, David",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
month = jul,
year = "2026",
address = "San Diego, California, United States",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.1869/",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1869",
pages = "40249--40282",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
abstract = "Africa is home to over one-third of the world{'}s languages, yet remains severely underrepresented in multimodal AI research. We introduce Afri-MCQA, the first Multilingual Cultural Question-Answering benchmark containing 7.5k Q A pairs across 15 African languages from 12 countries. The benchmark offers parallel text and speech modalities and was entirely created by native speakers. We find that models show poor performance across evaluated cultures, with near-zero accuracy on open-ended VQA when queried through native language or speech. To test linguistic competence, we include control experiments meant to assess this specific aspect separate from cultural knowledge, and we observe significant performance gaps between native languages and English for both text and speech. These findings underscore the pressing need for speech-first approaches, culturally grounded pretraining, and cross-lingual cultural transfer. We release Afri-MCQA to support more inclusive multimodal AI development."
}