metadata
task_categories:
- text-classification
language:
- en
tags:
- dual-use
- gradient-routing
- modular-pretraining
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
Dual-Use Papers (metadata only)
A curated collection of academic papers labeled by subject-matter category. Built for research on dual-use capabilities in LLMs.
Schema
| Column | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
category |
string | Topic label (see mapping below) |
source |
string | Provenance tag, e.g. europe-pmc, arxiv_cs.CR, osti |
url |
string | URL to the original PDF |
Category Mapping
| Source | Category |
|---|---|
| Europe PMC | biology |
| OSTI | nuclear |
arXiv nucl-th, nucl-ex |
nuclear |
arXiv cs.CR, cs.NI, cs.OS |
cyber |
| arXiv (all other categories) | other |
Statistics
Total rows: 415,119
| Category | Rows |
|---|---|
biology |
192,403 |
cyber |
49,806 |
nuclear |
79,351 |
other |
93,559 |
| Source | Rows |
|---|---|
europe-pmc |
192,403 |
osti |
31,963 |
| arXiv (cyber) | 49,806 |
| arXiv (nuclear) | 47,388 |
| arXiv (other) | 93,559 |
Sources
- Europe PMC — Open-access biomedical and life-science literature from europepmc.org.
- arXiv — Preprints across physics, mathematics, computer science, and more from arxiv.org. Dual-use categories (cyber, nuclear) are collected exhaustively from 1991 to the present. Other categories are sampled and balanced to match the dual-use count.
- OSTI — Technical reports and journal articles from the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
Processing
- Metadata is collected via source-specific APIs (arXiv, Europe PMC, OSTI).
- arXiv "other" papers are shuffled and truncated so their count exactly matches the number of dual-use arXiv papers.
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("AE-data/dual-use-papers", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0]["category"], ds[0]["url"])
Note
This dataset is intended solely for safety and scientific research purposes.