subset
stringclasses 1
value | id
stringlengths 7
920
| text
stringlengths 6
215k
| entities
listlengths 1
5.41k
|
|---|---|---|---|
zelda
|
25_History
|
A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named. The Table Talk of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic. Luther reportedly thought the boy was a soulless mass of flesh possessed by the devil, and suggested that he be suffocated, although a later critic has cast doubt on the veracity of this report. The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance. The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation. The New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia. He derived it from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning "self"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to "autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance". A Soviet child psychiatrist, Grunya Sukhareva, described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926. The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology. Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981. Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities. Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably "autistic aloneness" and "insistence on sameness", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders. It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger. Donald Triplett was the first person diagnosed with autism. He was diagnosed by Kanner after being first examined in 1938, and was labeled as "case 1". Triplett was noted for his savant abilities, particularly being able to name musical notes played on a piano and to mentally multiply numbers. His father, Oliver, described him as socially withdrawn but interested in number patterns, music notes, letters of the alphabet, and U.S. president pictures. By the age of 2, he had the ability to recite the 23rd Psalm and memorized 25 questions and answers from the Presbyterian catechism. He was also interested in creating musical chords. Kanner's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant's response to "refrigerator mothers". Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome. As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism; while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions. Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child's autistic behavior is perceived negatively, and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research. It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia. In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism. In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders. The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders. The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely. Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.
|
[
{
"start": 100,
"end": 110,
"label": [
"30465262"
]
},
{
"start": 114,
"end": 127,
"label": [
"7567080"
]
},
{
"start": 653,
"end": 672,
"label": [
"32777"
]
},
{
"start": 676,
"end": 687,
"label": [
"19005888"
]
},
{
"start": 756,
"end": 766,
"label": [
"5753955"
]
},
{
"start": 890,
"end": 899,
"label": [
"21983"
]
},
{
"start": 961,
"end": 966,
"label": [
"7351032"
]
},
{
"start": 980,
"end": 993,
"label": [
"276370"
]
},
{
"start": 1033,
"end": 1046,
"label": [
"27790"
]
},
{
"start": 1331,
"end": 1347,
"label": [
"51251268"
]
},
{
"start": 1497,
"end": 1510,
"label": [
"19389318"
]
},
{
"start": 1518,
"end": 1544,
"label": [
"10342296"
]
},
{
"start": 1625,
"end": 1641,
"label": [
"9014"
]
},
{
"start": 1690,
"end": 1707,
"label": [
"37556"
]
},
{
"start": 1801,
"end": 1811,
"label": [
"637087"
]
},
{
"start": 1819,
"end": 1841,
"label": [
"218873"
]
},
{
"start": 2298,
"end": 2313,
"label": [
"53536238"
]
},
{
"start": 3142,
"end": 3161,
"label": [
"1817319"
]
},
{
"start": 3547,
"end": 3560,
"label": [
"2649767"
]
},
{
"start": 3647,
"end": 3669,
"label": [
"2356893"
]
},
{
"start": 3675,
"end": 3693,
"label": [
"3172179"
]
},
{
"start": 3785,
"end": 3792,
"label": [
"8498"
]
},
{
"start": 3860,
"end": 3869,
"label": [
"8498"
]
},
{
"start": 3931,
"end": 3936,
"label": [
"11973479"
]
},
{
"start": 4055,
"end": 4062,
"label": [
"694777"
]
},
{
"start": 4072,
"end": 4089,
"label": [
"37556"
]
},
{
"start": 4091,
"end": 4104,
"label": [
"56476"
]
},
{
"start": 4110,
"end": 4113,
"label": [
"898648"
]
},
{
"start": 4524,
"end": 4563,
"label": [
"11996900"
]
},
{
"start": 4641,
"end": 4678,
"label": [
"1073739"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
303_Economy
|
The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates. Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984. The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015. This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%. Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25. In February 2016, the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality. The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10. , Alabama has the sixth highest poverty rate among states in the U.S. In 2017, United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston toured parts of rural Alabama and observed environmental conditions that he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world. The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were: The next twenty largest employers, , included: Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports, with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal. A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports. Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012. The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car, the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck. Steel producers Outokumpu, Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility. ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012. The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6 billion in March 2013. Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8 billion. In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel. The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville. JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden that employs about 1,400 people. It has been in operation since 1929. Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility. Tourism is a strong industry in the state. According to Business Insider, Alabama ranked 14th in most popular states to visit in 2014. An estimated 26 million tourists visited the state in 2018. Over 100,000 of these are from other countries, including from Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. In 2006, 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state. The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual Hangout Music Festival, held on the public beaches of Gulf Shores; the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, one of the ten largest Shakespeare festivals in the world; the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, a collection of championship caliber golf courses distributed across the state; casinos such as Victoryland; amusement parks such as Alabama Splash Adventure; the Riverchase Galleria, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; Guntersville Lake, voted the best lake in Alabama by Southern Living Magazine readers; and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state. Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebration in the United States, beginning in 1703. It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States in 1830, a tradition that continues to this day. Mardi Gras is an official state holiday in Mobile and Baldwin counties. In 2018, Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event that produced the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811. The top attraction was the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville with an attendance of 849,981 followed by the Birmingham Zoo with 543,090 visitors. Of the parks and natural destinations, Alabama's Gulf Coast topped the list with 6,700,000 visitors. Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more. UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama. UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000. A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance market in the country, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama having a market share of 84% followed by UnitedHealth Group at 7%. Regions Financial Corporation and BBVA USA Bank are the largest banks headquartered in Alabama. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA in September 2007 with the headquarters of BBVA USA remaining in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial acquired AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation, another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia in 2004. Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters, an operations center campus, and a $400 million data center in Birmingham. Many smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation. Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph, and IT infrastructure company Avocent. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of its Huntsville plant. Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction, and B.L. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International, which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007.)
|
[
{
"start": 177,
"end": 188,
"label": [
"1145328"
]
},
{
"start": 1530,
"end": 1557,
"label": [
"218330"
]
},
{
"start": 1574,
"end": 1593,
"label": [
"15132436"
]
},
{
"start": 2378,
"end": 2391,
"label": [
"11058685"
]
},
{
"start": 2789,
"end": 2793,
"label": [
"39564241"
]
},
{
"start": 2798,
"end": 2805,
"label": [
"56122"
]
},
{
"start": 2825,
"end": 2832,
"label": [
"62784"
]
},
{
"start": 2928,
"end": 2954,
"label": [
"39550941"
]
},
{
"start": 2991,
"end": 2996,
"label": [
"29810"
]
},
{
"start": 2998,
"end": 3005,
"label": [
"48830"
]
},
{
"start": 3010,
"end": 3021,
"label": [
"16949861"
]
},
{
"start": 3154,
"end": 3160,
"label": [
"59399"
]
},
{
"start": 3242,
"end": 3249,
"label": [
"38180"
]
},
{
"start": 3281,
"end": 3290,
"label": [
"154711"
]
},
{
"start": 3295,
"end": 3305,
"label": [
"9663"
]
},
{
"start": 3330,
"end": 3340,
"label": [
"104854"
]
},
{
"start": 3363,
"end": 3367,
"label": [
"18426568"
]
},
{
"start": 3370,
"end": 3408,
"label": [
"113053"
]
},
{
"start": 3417,
"end": 3443,
"label": [
"7512310"
]
},
{
"start": 3462,
"end": 3478,
"label": [
"104879"
]
},
{
"start": 3636,
"end": 3666,
"label": [
"1583691"
]
},
{
"start": 3668,
"end": 3703,
"label": [
"1583642"
]
},
{
"start": 3705,
"end": 3737,
"label": [
"1583712"
]
},
{
"start": 3743,
"end": 3777,
"label": [
"1583665"
]
},
{
"start": 4227,
"end": 4242,
"label": [
"1175361"
]
},
{
"start": 4260,
"end": 4282,
"label": [
"3073989"
]
},
{
"start": 4313,
"end": 4328,
"label": [
"1127397"
]
},
{
"start": 4366,
"end": 4375,
"label": [
"581765"
]
},
{
"start": 4377,
"end": 4382,
"label": [
"904295"
]
},
{
"start": 4384,
"end": 4388,
"label": [
"679760"
]
},
{
"start": 4390,
"end": 4402,
"label": [
"944221"
]
},
{
"start": 4408,
"end": 4418,
"label": [
"315801"
]
},
{
"start": 4530,
"end": 4537,
"label": [
"28140558"
]
},
{
"start": 4541,
"end": 4554,
"label": [
"80796"
]
},
{
"start": 4588,
"end": 4597,
"label": [
"27059"
]
},
{
"start": 4602,
"end": 4614,
"label": [
"633593"
]
},
{
"start": 4878,
"end": 4891,
"label": [
"5713809"
]
},
{
"start": 4896,
"end": 4908,
"label": [
"48909062"
]
},
{
"start": 4946,
"end": 4976,
"label": [
"3510238"
]
},
{
"start": 5180,
"end": 5201,
"label": [
"10376066"
]
},
{
"start": 5357,
"end": 5367,
"label": [
"104728"
]
},
{
"start": 5369,
"end": 5386,
"label": [
"153863"
]
},
{
"start": 5399,
"end": 5411,
"label": [
"41458"
]
},
{
"start": 5463,
"end": 5495,
"label": [
"677590"
]
},
{
"start": 5522,
"end": 5529,
"label": [
"104690"
]
},
{
"start": 5619,
"end": 5637,
"label": [
"164933"
]
},
{
"start": 5698,
"end": 5704,
"label": [
"26220236"
]
},
{
"start": 5709,
"end": 5724,
"label": [
"11279075"
]
},
{
"start": 5829,
"end": 5846,
"label": [
"36284646"
]
},
{
"start": 6184,
"end": 6201,
"label": [
"18546481"
]
},
{
"start": 6299,
"end": 6315,
"label": [
"25014500"
]
},
{
"start": 6801,
"end": 6823,
"label": [
"32329421"
]
},
{
"start": 6855,
"end": 6866,
"label": [
"99891"
]
},
{
"start": 6872,
"end": 6900,
"label": [
"1349376"
]
},
{
"start": 6925,
"end": 6945,
"label": [
"34320606"
]
},
{
"start": 6965,
"end": 6994,
"label": [
"1190843"
]
},
{
"start": 7092,
"end": 7103,
"label": [
"23939477"
]
},
{
"start": 7129,
"end": 7153,
"label": [
"1006137"
]
},
{
"start": 7159,
"end": 7178,
"label": [
"1162761"
]
},
{
"start": 7234,
"end": 7251,
"label": [
"1677448"
]
},
{
"start": 7287,
"end": 7302,
"label": [
"9809395"
]
},
{
"start": 7329,
"end": 7362,
"label": [
"19035213"
]
},
{
"start": 7444,
"end": 7454,
"label": [
"9593206"
]
},
{
"start": 7688,
"end": 7694,
"label": [
"80796"
]
},
{
"start": 7699,
"end": 7706,
"label": [
"76924"
]
},
{
"start": 7735,
"end": 7752,
"label": [
"9593206"
]
},
{
"start": 7869,
"end": 7895,
"label": [
"988975"
]
},
{
"start": 7956,
"end": 7970,
"label": [
"1935780"
]
},
{
"start": 8252,
"end": 8286,
"label": [
"146236"
]
},
{
"start": 8288,
"end": 8295,
"label": [
"48526729"
]
},
{
"start": 8297,
"end": 8299,
"label": [
"36239136"
]
},
{
"start": 8301,
"end": 8306,
"label": [
"42873351"
]
},
{
"start": 8308,
"end": 8316,
"label": [
"431014"
]
},
{
"start": 8318,
"end": 8339,
"label": [
"15886402"
]
},
{
"start": 8341,
"end": 8349,
"label": [
"23829273"
]
},
{
"start": 8351,
"end": 8365,
"label": [
"37509951"
]
},
{
"start": 8381,
"end": 8393,
"label": [
"4267124"
]
},
{
"start": 8406,
"end": 8427,
"label": [
"286790"
]
},
{
"start": 8634,
"end": 8671,
"label": [
"26072320"
]
},
{
"start": 8713,
"end": 8731,
"label": [
"1845551"
]
},
{
"start": 8739,
"end": 8768,
"label": [
"3515640"
]
},
{
"start": 8773,
"end": 8781,
"label": [
"2208983"
]
},
{
"start": 8902,
"end": 8906,
"label": [
"42834606"
]
},
{
"start": 9029,
"end": 9051,
"label": [
"2208830"
]
},
{
"start": 9097,
"end": 9119,
"label": [
"2430664"
]
},
{
"start": 9185,
"end": 9193,
"label": [
"20598893"
]
},
{
"start": 9203,
"end": 9214,
"label": [
"16597487"
]
},
{
"start": 9547,
"end": 9577,
"label": [
"16031156"
]
},
{
"start": 9607,
"end": 9611,
"label": [
"17555269"
]
},
{
"start": 9622,
"end": 9631,
"label": [
"335382"
]
},
{
"start": 9808,
"end": 9814,
"label": [
"10895294"
]
},
{
"start": 9842,
"end": 9852,
"label": [
"1769437"
]
},
{
"start": 9884,
"end": 9891,
"label": [
"11972435"
]
},
{
"start": 9893,
"end": 9899,
"label": [
"879775"
]
},
{
"start": 10038,
"end": 10056,
"label": [
"22483980"
]
},
{
"start": 10058,
"end": 10062,
"label": [
"13982712"
]
},
{
"start": 10064,
"end": 10081,
"label": [
"18546481"
]
},
{
"start": 10087,
"end": 10113,
"label": [
"26358024"
]
},
{
"start": 10295,
"end": 10325,
"label": [
"5392588"
]
},
{
"start": 10377,
"end": 10392,
"label": [
"679863"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
593_History
|
The history of animation started long before the development of cinematography. Humans have probably attempted to depict motion as far back as the Paleolithic period. Shadow play and the magic lantern offered popular shows with moving images as the result of manipulation by hand and/or some minor mechanics. A 5,200-year old pottery bowl discovered in Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran, has five sequential images painted around it that seem to show phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree. In 1833, the phenakistiscope introduced the stroboscopic principle of modern animation, which would also provide the basis for the zoetrope (1866), the flip book (1868), the praxinoscope (1877) and cinematography. Charles-Émile Reynaud further developed his projection praxinoscope into the Théâtre Optique with transparent hand-painted colorful pictures in a long perforated strip wound between two spools, patented in December 1888. From 28 October 1892 to March 1900 Reynaud gave over 12,800 shows to a total of over 500.000 visitors at the Musée Grévin in Paris. His Pantomimes Lumineuses series of animated films each contained 300 to 700 frames that were manipulated back and forth to last 10 to 15 minutes per film. Piano music, song, and some dialogue were performed live, while some sound effects were synchronized with an electromagnet. After cinematography became a popular medium, some manufacturers of optical toys adapted small magic lanterns into toy film projectors for short loops of film. By 1902, they were producing many chromolithography film loops, usually by tracing live-action film footage (much like the later rotoscoping technique). Some early filmmakers, including J. Stuart Blackton, Arthur Melbourne-Cooper, Segundo de Chomón and Edwin S. Porter experimented with stop-motion animation, possibly since around 1899. Blackton's The Haunted Hotel (1907) was the first huge success that baffled audiences with objects apparently moving by themselves and inspired other filmmakers to try the technique. J. Stuart Blackton also experimented with animation drawn on blackboards and some cutout animation in Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906). In 1908, Émile Cohl's Fantasmagorie was released with a white-on-black chalkline look created with negative prints from black ink drawings on white paper. The film largely consists of a stick figure moving about and encountering all kinds of morphing objects, including a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. Inspired by Émile Cohl's stop-motion film Les allumettes animées [Animated Matches] (1908), Ladislas Starevich started making his influential puppet animations in 1910. Winsor McCay's Little Nemo (1911) showcased very detailed drawings. His Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) was also an early example of character development in drawn animation. During the 1910s, the production of animated short films, known as "cartoons", became an industry and cartoon shorts were produced for showing in cinemas. The most successful producer at the time was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade. El Apóstol (Spanish: "The Apostle") was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the world's first animated feature film. A fire that destroyed producer Federico Valle's film studio incinerated the only known copy of El Apóstol, and it is now considered a lost film. In 1919, the silent animated short Feline Follies marked the debut of Felix the Cat, becoming the first animated character in the silent film era to gain significant popularity. The earliest extant feature-length animated film is The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) made by director Lotte Reiniger and her collaborators Carl Koch and Berthold Bartosch. The first animation with full sound synchronization (both music and dialogue) was a short by Walt Disney’s animation studio called Steamboat Willie, featuring Mickey Mouse in 1928. In 1932, the first short animated film created entirely with Technicolor (using red/green/blue photographic filters and three strips of film in the camera) was Disney's Flowers and Trees, directed by Burt Gillett. The first full-color animated feature film was "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", also by Walt Disney. Through the 1930s and 1950s, the golden age of American animation saw new animated characters emerge, including Goofy, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Betty Boop, Popeye, Sylvester the Cat, Woody Woodpecker, Tweety, Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner, Elmer Fudd, Foghorn Leghorn, Yosemite Sam, Tasmanian Devil, Hunky and Spunky, Droopy, Little Audrey, Tom and Jerry, Barney Bear, Mr. Magoo, Mighty Mouse, Gandy Goose, Heckle and Jeckle, George and Junior, the Fox and the Crow and the animated adoption of Superman, Baby Huey, Casper the Friendly Ghost, Little Lulu, among others. In 1958, Hanna-Barbera released The Huckleberry Hound Show, the first half hour television program to feature only in animation. Terrytoons released Tom Terrific that same year. Television significantly decreased public attention to the animated shorts being shown in theaters. Computer animation has become popular since Toy Story (1995), the first feature-length animated film completely made using this technique. In 2008, the animation market was worth US$68.4 billion. Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the mid-2010s because well-made animated projects can find audiences across borders and in all four quadrants. Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres in 2004–2013.
|
[
{
"start": 64,
"end": 78,
"label": [
"195718"
]
},
{
"start": 147,
"end": 158,
"label": [
"22860"
]
},
{
"start": 167,
"end": 178,
"label": [
"1442169"
]
},
{
"start": 187,
"end": 200,
"label": [
"20783"
]
},
{
"start": 353,
"end": 368,
"label": [
"3649002"
]
},
{
"start": 370,
"end": 374,
"label": [
"14653"
]
},
{
"start": 498,
"end": 513,
"label": [
"506291"
]
},
{
"start": 529,
"end": 541,
"label": [
"1055454"
]
},
{
"start": 616,
"end": 624,
"label": [
"34526"
]
},
{
"start": 637,
"end": 646,
"label": [
"917175"
]
},
{
"start": 659,
"end": 671,
"label": [
"506305"
]
},
{
"start": 699,
"end": 720,
"label": [
"385718"
]
},
{
"start": 776,
"end": 791,
"label": [
"8329897"
]
},
{
"start": 950,
"end": 954,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 1029,
"end": 1041,
"label": [
"1980771"
]
},
{
"start": 1495,
"end": 1499,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 1526,
"end": 1543,
"label": [
"714047"
]
},
{
"start": 1621,
"end": 1632,
"label": [
"340477"
]
},
{
"start": 1678,
"end": 1696,
"label": [
"330773"
]
},
{
"start": 1698,
"end": 1721,
"label": [
"9290182"
]
},
{
"start": 1723,
"end": 1740,
"label": [
"12036033"
]
},
{
"start": 1745,
"end": 1760,
"label": [
"935187"
]
},
{
"start": 2095,
"end": 2111,
"label": [
"745626"
]
},
{
"start": 2115,
"end": 2145,
"label": [
"1081565"
]
},
{
"start": 2163,
"end": 2173,
"label": [
"330900"
]
},
{
"start": 2176,
"end": 2189,
"label": [
"27196741"
]
},
{
"start": 2253,
"end": 2268,
"label": [
"407044"
]
},
{
"start": 2340,
"end": 2352,
"label": [
"974802"
]
},
{
"start": 2396,
"end": 2404,
"label": [
"59391"
]
},
{
"start": 2561,
"end": 2579,
"label": [
"332405"
]
},
{
"start": 2638,
"end": 2650,
"label": [
"84656"
]
},
{
"start": 2653,
"end": 2664,
"label": [
"39241303"
]
},
{
"start": 2710,
"end": 2729,
"label": [
"73842"
]
},
{
"start": 2876,
"end": 2884,
"label": [
"323858"
]
},
{
"start": 3008,
"end": 3026,
"label": [
"8026237"
]
},
{
"start": 3053,
"end": 3062,
"label": [
"13135345"
]
},
{
"start": 3077,
"end": 3090,
"label": [
"498464"
]
},
{
"start": 3165,
"end": 3175,
"label": [
"8406481"
]
},
{
"start": 3443,
"end": 3452,
"label": [
"2044294"
]
},
{
"start": 3489,
"end": 3503,
"label": [
"18080160"
]
},
{
"start": 3524,
"end": 3537,
"label": [
"197889"
]
},
{
"start": 3684,
"end": 3715,
"label": [
"4321732"
]
},
{
"start": 3740,
"end": 3754,
"label": [
"341981"
]
},
{
"start": 3777,
"end": 3786,
"label": [
"107853"
]
},
{
"start": 3791,
"end": 3808,
"label": [
"337476"
]
},
{
"start": 3903,
"end": 3914,
"label": [
"32917"
]
},
{
"start": 3941,
"end": 3957,
"label": [
"18943962"
]
},
{
"start": 3969,
"end": 3981,
"label": [
"20859"
]
},
{
"start": 4052,
"end": 4063,
"label": [
"30691222"
]
},
{
"start": 4160,
"end": 4177,
"label": [
"238397"
]
},
{
"start": 4191,
"end": 4203,
"label": [
"1361019"
]
},
{
"start": 4253,
"end": 4284,
"label": [
"76361"
]
},
{
"start": 4341,
"end": 4373,
"label": [
"141957"
]
},
{
"start": 4420,
"end": 4425,
"label": [
"72798"
]
},
{
"start": 4427,
"end": 4438,
"label": [
"19179331"
]
},
{
"start": 4440,
"end": 4450,
"label": [
"9020"
]
},
{
"start": 4452,
"end": 4462,
"label": [
"50286"
]
},
{
"start": 4464,
"end": 4474,
"label": [
"51847"
]
},
{
"start": 4476,
"end": 4485,
"label": [
"51848"
]
},
{
"start": 4487,
"end": 4497,
"label": [
"203202"
]
},
{
"start": 4499,
"end": 4505,
"label": [
"23387052"
]
},
{
"start": 4507,
"end": 4524,
"label": [
"140625"
]
},
{
"start": 4526,
"end": 4542,
"label": [
"200953"
]
},
{
"start": 4544,
"end": 4550,
"label": [
"88813"
]
},
{
"start": 4552,
"end": 4582,
"label": [
"99799"
]
},
{
"start": 4584,
"end": 4594,
"label": [
"18589015"
]
},
{
"start": 4596,
"end": 4611,
"label": [
"15435667"
]
},
{
"start": 4613,
"end": 4625,
"label": [
"198425"
]
},
{
"start": 4627,
"end": 4642,
"label": [
"31392"
]
},
{
"start": 4644,
"end": 4660,
"label": [
"7418675"
]
},
{
"start": 4662,
"end": 4668,
"label": [
"736219"
]
},
{
"start": 4670,
"end": 4683,
"label": [
"1367099"
]
},
{
"start": 4685,
"end": 4698,
"label": [
"871053"
]
},
{
"start": 4700,
"end": 4711,
"label": [
"1592801"
]
},
{
"start": 4713,
"end": 4722,
"label": [
"1035996"
]
},
{
"start": 4724,
"end": 4736,
"label": [
"99305"
]
},
{
"start": 4738,
"end": 4749,
"label": [
"17733178"
]
},
{
"start": 4751,
"end": 4768,
"label": [
"2250764"
]
},
{
"start": 4770,
"end": 4787,
"label": [
"9637633"
]
},
{
"start": 4789,
"end": 4809,
"label": [
"2468912"
]
},
{
"start": 4849,
"end": 4858,
"label": [
"799210"
]
},
{
"start": 4860,
"end": 4885,
"label": [
"21132349"
]
},
{
"start": 4887,
"end": 4898,
"label": [
"505380"
]
},
{
"start": 4923,
"end": 4936,
"label": [
"56542"
]
},
{
"start": 4946,
"end": 4972,
"label": [
"180108"
]
},
{
"start": 5043,
"end": 5053,
"label": [
"167970"
]
},
{
"start": 5063,
"end": 5075,
"label": [
"586135"
]
},
{
"start": 5192,
"end": 5210,
"label": [
"6777"
]
},
{
"start": 5236,
"end": 5245,
"label": [
"53085"
]
},
{
"start": 5542,
"end": 5556,
"label": [
"33540015"
]
},
{
"start": 5609,
"end": 5621,
"label": [
"1569856"
]
},
{
"start": 5643,
"end": 5653,
"label": [
"12221"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
594_Mythology
|
Apollo appears often in the myths, plays and hymns. As Zeus' favorite son, Apollo had direct access to the mind of Zeus and was willing to reveal this knowledge to humans. A divinity beyond human comprehension, he appears both as a beneficial and a wrathful god. Apollo was the son of Zeus and Leto, his previous wife, or one of his mistresses. After his birth, Apollo was nursed by the nymphs Korythalia and Aletheia, the personification of truth. When Zeus' wife Hera discovered that Leto was impregnated by Zeus, she banned Leto from giving birth on terra firma. In her wanderings, Leto sought shelter on many lands, only to be rejected by them. Finally, she saw Delos, a floating island, which was neither a real island nor a mainland. It is said that Apollo, still in Leto's womb, had informed his mother about Delos to put an end to her suffering. Leto, when welcomed by Delos, gave birth there, clinging to a palm tree. It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards or 8.2 meters long. When Apollo was born clutching a golden sword, the swans circled Delos seven times and the nymphs sang in delight. Soon after he was born, he was washed clean by the goddesses and was covered in white garment, with golden bands fastened around him. Since Leto was unable to feed the new born, Themis, the goddess of divine law, fed him the nectar, or ambrosia. Upon tasting the divine food, Apollo broke free of the bands fastened onto him and declared that he would be the master of lyre and archery, and interpret the will of Zeus to humankind. Apollo's birth fixed the floating Delos to the earth. Leto was accepted by the people of Delos and she promised them that her son would be always favorable towards the city. According to some, Apollo secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean after some time. This island later became sacred to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day (, hebdomagenes) of the month —according to Delian tradition—or of the month —according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and subsequently assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Hyperborea, the mystical land of eternal spring, venerated Apollo above all the gods. The Hyperboreans always sung and danced in his honor, and hosted Pythian games. A vast forest of beautiful trees was called "the garden of Apollo". Apollo spends the winter months among the Hyperboreans. His absence from the world caused coldness and this was marked as his annual death. No prophecies were issued during this time. He returned to the world during the beginning of the spring. The Theophania festival was held in Delphi to celebrate his return. It is said that Leto came to Delos from Hyperborea, accompanied by a pack of wolves. Henceforth, Hyperborea became Apollo's winter home and wolves became sacred to Apollo. His intimate connection to wolves is evident from his epithet Lyceus, meaning wolf-like. But Apollo was also the wolf-slayer in his role of the pastoral god who protected flocks from predators. The hyperborean worship of Apollo bears the strongest marks of Apollo being worshipped as the sun god. Shamanistic elements in Apollo's cult are often liked to his Hyperborean origin, and he is likewise speculated to have originated as a solar shaman. Shamans like Abaris and Aristeas were also the followers of Apollo, who hailed from Hyperborea. In myths, Apollo wept tears of ambers on the banks of Eridanos when his son Asclepius died and buried in Hyperborea the arrow which he had used to kill the Cyclopes. He later gave this arrow to Abaris. As a child, Apollo is said to have built a foundation and an altar on Delos using the horns of the goats that his sister Artemis hunted. Since he learnt the art of building when young, he later became Archegetes, the founder of towns and god who guided men to build new cities. From his father Zeus, Apollo had also received a golden chariot drawn by swans. In his young years when Apollo spent his time herding cows, he was reared by Thriae, the bee nymphs, who trained him and enhanced his prophetic skills. Apollo is also said to have invented the lyre, and along with Artemis, the art of archery. He then taught to the humans the art of healing and archery. Phoebe, his grandmother, gave the oracular shrine of Delphi to Apollo as a birthday gift. Themis inspired him to be the oracular voice of Delphi thereon. Python, a chthonic serpent-dragon, was a child of Gaea and the guardian of the Delphic Oracle, whose death was foretold by Apollo when he was still in Leto's womb. Python was the nurse of the giant Typhon. In most of the traditions, Apollo was still a child when he killed Python. Python was sent by Hera to hunt the pregnant Leto to death, and had assaulted Leto. To avenge the trouble given to his mother, the young Apollo, with his bow and arrows that he had received from Hephaestus, went in search of Python and killed it in the sacred cave at Delphi with his arrows. The Delphian nymphs were present and encouraged Apollo during the battle with the cry "Hie Paean". After Apollo was victorious, they also brought him gifts and gave the Corycian cave to him. According to Homer, Apollo had encountered and killed the Python when he was looking for a place to establish his shrine. According to other versions, when Leto was in Delphi, Python had attacked her. Apollo defended his mother and killed Python. Euripides in his Iphigenia in Aulis gives an account of his fight with Python and the events aftermath. <blockquote>You killed him, o Phoebus, while still a baby, still leaping in the arms of your dear mother, and you entered the holy shrine, and sat on the golden tripod, on your truthful throne distributing prophecies from the gods to mortals.</blockquote> A detailed account of Apollo's conflict with Gaea and Zeus' intervention on behalf of his young son is also given. <blockquote>But when Apollo came and sent Themis, the child of Earth, away from the holy oracle of Pytho, Earth gave birth to dream visions of the night; and they told to the cities of men the present, and what will happen in the future, through dark beds of sleep on the ground; and so Earth took the office of prophecy away from Phoebus, in envy, because of her daughter. The lord made his swift way to Olympus and wound his baby hands around Zeus, asking him to take the wrath of the earth goddess from the Pythian home. Zeus smiled, that the child so quickly came to ask for worship that pays in gold. He shook his locks of hair, put an end to the night voices, and took away from mortals the truth that appears in darkness, and gave the privilege back again to Loxias.</blockquote> Apollo also demanded that all the other methods of divination be made inferior, and Zeus granted him that too. Because of this, Athena, who had been practicing divination by throwing pebbles, cast her pebbles away in displeasure. However, Apollo had committed a blood murder, and had to be purified. Because Python was a child of Gaea, Gaea wanted Apollo to be banished to Tartarus as a punishment. Zeus didn't agree and instead exiled his son from Olympus, and instructed him to get purified. Apollo had to serve as a slave for nine years. After the servitude was over, as per his father's order, Apollo travelled to the Vale of Tempe to bath in waters of Peneus. There Zeus himself performed purification rites on Apollo. Purified, Apollo was escorted by his half sister Athena to Delphi where the oracular shrine was finally handed over to him by Gaea. According to a variation, Apollo had also travelled to Crete, where Carmanor had to perform purification rites on him. Apollo later established the Pythian games to appropriate Gaea. Henceforth, Apollo became the god who cleansed himself from the sin of murder and, made men aware of their guilt and purified them. Zeus sent Apollo to go to Delphi and establish his law and order there. But Apollo, disobeying his father, went to the land of Hyperborea and stayed there for a year. When he returned, he ascended back to Olympus. Zeus, pleased with his son's integrity, gave Apollo the seat next to him on his right side. He also gifted to Apollo a golden tripod, a golden bow and arrows, a golden chariot and the land of Delphi. Soon after his return, Apollo needed to recruit people to Delphi. So, when he spotted a ship sailing from Crete, he sprang aboard in the form of a dolphin. The crew was awed into submission and followed a course that led the ship to Delphi. There Apollo revealed himself as a god. Initiating them to his service, he instructed them to keep righteousness in their hearts. The Pythia was Apollo's high priestess and his mouthpiece through whom he gave prophecies. Pythia is arguably the constant favorite of Apollo among the mortals. Hera once again sent another giant, Tityos to rape Leto. This time Apollo shot him with his arrows and attacked him with his golden sword. According to other version, Artemis also aided him in protecting their mother by attacking Tityos with her arrows. After the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus. There, he was pegged to the rock floor, covering an area of , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver. King Admetus was the king of Pherae who was known for his hospitality. When Apollo was exiled from Olympus for killing Python, he served as a herdsman under Admetus who was still a young king. Apollo is said to have shared a romantic relationship with Admetus during his stay of 9 years. After his servitude was over, Apollo went back to Olympus as a god. Because Admetus treated Apollo well, in return, the god conferred great benefits on him. Apollo's mere presence is said to have made the cows give birth to twins. Out of love and gratitude, Apollo helped Admetus win Alcestis, the daughter of King Pelias. He was present during their wedding. When Admetus angered the goddess Artemis by neglecting to make her offerings, Apollo came to Admetus' rescue and calmed his sister. Much later, Apollo convinced or tricked the Fates into letting Admetus live past his time. According to another version, or perhaps some years later, when Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting the dead, Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but his mother Leto intervened, and reminding Zeus of their old love, pleaded him not to kill their son. Zeus obliged and sentenced Apollo to one year of hard labor once again under Admetus. The love between Apollo and Admetus was a favored topic of Roman poets like Ovid and Servius. The fate of Niobe was prophesied by Apollo while he was still in Leto's womb. Niobe was the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion. She displayed hubris when she boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children (Niobids), seven male and seven female, while Leto had only two. She further mocked Apollo's effeminate appearance and Artemis' manly appearance. Leto, insulted by this, told her children to punish Niobe. Accordingly, Apollo killed Niobe's sons, and Artemis her daughters. Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them, though according to some versions of the myth, among the Niobids, Chloris and her brother Amyclas were not killed because they prayed to Leto. Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge. A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in Asia Minor and turned into stone as she wept. Her tears formed the river Achelous. Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death, when the gods themselves entombed them. When Chloris married and had children, Apollo granted her son Nestor the years he had taken away from the Niobids. Hence, Nestor was able to live for 3 generations. Once Apollo, along with Athena and Poseidon, participated in Hera's scheme to hold Zeus captive and demand a better rule from him. Though they were successful in trapping Zeus with nets, Zeus managed to get himself freed with the help of Thetis. Feeling betrayed and angry, he sent Apollo and Poseidon to serve as slaves under the Trojan king Laomedon. According to other version, both gods went there to test Laomedon. Apollo guarded the cattle of Laomedon in the valleys of mount Ida, while Poseidon built the walls of Troy. Later, Apollo was also joined hands in building the walls. In Pindar's account, the gods took a mortal named Aeacus as their assistant. When the work was completed, three snakes rushed against the wall, and though the two that attacked the sections of the wall built by the gods fell down dead, the third forced its way into the city through the portion of the wall built by Aeacus. Apollo immediately prophesied that Troy would fall at the hands of Aeacus's descendants, the Aeacidae (i.e. his sons Telamon joined Heracles when he sieged the city during Laomedon's rule. Later, his great grandson Neoptolemus was present in the wooden horse that lead to the downfall of Troy). In Ovid's account, Apollo built the walls merely by playing his lyre. The king, however, refused to give the gods the wages he had promised. Angered, Apollo sent a pestilence to the city. To deliver the city from it, Laomedon had to sacrifice his daughter Hesione (who would later be saved by Heracles). During his exile, Apollo had a lover named Ourea, a nymph daughter of Poseidon, and sired a son whom he named Ileus after the city. Apollo sided with the Trojans during the Trojan war, a war waged by the Greeks against the Trojans. During the war, Agamemnon, a Greek hero captured Chryseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses. Angered, Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment. He demanded to return the girl, and the Achaeans (Greeks) complied, indirectly causing the , which is the theme of the Iliad. Receiving the aegis from Zeus, Apollo entered the battlefield as per his father's wish, causing great terror to the enemy with his war cry, pushing them back and destroying many of them. He is described as "the rouser of armies", because he rallied the Trojan army when they were falling apart. When Zeus allowed the other gods to get involved in the war, Apollo was provoked by Poseidon to a duel. However, Apollo declined to fight him, saying that he wouldn't fight his uncle for the sake of mortals. When Diomedes, the Greek hero, injured Aeneas, a Trojan ally, Aphrodite tried to rescue him but Diomedes injured her as well. Apollo then enveloped Aeneas in a cloud to protect him. He repelled the attacks Diomedes made on him and gave the hero a stern warning to abstain himself from attacking a god. Aeneas was then taken to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Troy, where he was healed. After the death of Sarpedon, a son of Zeus, Apollo rescued the corpse from the battlefield as per his father's wish and cleaned it. He then gave it to Sleep (Hypnos) and Death (Thanatos). Apollo had also once convinced Athena to stop the war for that day, so that the warriors can relieve themselves for a while. The Trojan hero Hector was favored by Apollo, who, according to some, was the god's own son by Hecuba. When he got injured, Apollo healed him and encouraged him to take up the arms. During a duel with Achilles, when Hector was about to lose, Apollo hid Hector in a cloud of mist to save him. At last, after Hector's fated death, Apollo protected his corpse from Achilles' attempt to mutilate it by creating a magical cloud over the corpse. The Greek warrior Patroclus tried to get into the fort of Troy and was stopped by Apollo. Encouraging Hector to attack Patroclus, Apollo stripped the armour of Patroclus and broke his weapons. Patroclus was eventually killed by Hector. Apollo held anger towards Achilles throughout the war. The reason for this was the murder of his son Tenes before the war began, and brutal assassination of his another son Troilus in his own temple, both by Achilles. Not only did Apollo save Hector from Achilles, he also tricked Achilles by disguising himself as a Trojan warrior and driving him away from the gates. He foiled Achilles' attempt to mutilate Hector's dead body. Finally, Apollo caused Achilles' death by guiding an arrow shot by Paris into Achilles' heel. In some versions, Apollo himself killed Achilles by taking the disguise of Paris. Apollo helped many Trojan warriors, including Agenor, Polydamas, Glaucus in the battlefield. Though he greatly favored the Trojans, Apollo was bound to follow the orders of Zeus and served his father loyally during the war. After Heracles (then named Alcides) was struck with madness and killed his family, he sought to purify himself and consulted the oracle of Apollo. Apollo, through the Pythia, commanded him to serve king Eurystheus for twelve years and complete the ten tasks the king would give him. Only then would Alcides be absolved of his sin. Apollo also renamed him as Heracles. To complete his third task, Heracles had to capture the Ceryneian Hind, a hind sacred to Artemis, and bring it alive. He chased the hind for one year. When the animal eventually got tired and tried crossing the river Ladon, he captured it. While he was taking it back, he was confronted by Apollo and Artemis, who was angered at Heracles for this act. However, Heracles soothed the goddess, explained the situation and pleaded her. In the end, Artemis gave her consent. After he was freed from his servitude to Eurystheus, Heracles fell in conflict with Iphytus, a prince of Oechalia, and murdered him. Soon after, he contracted a terrible disease. He consulted the oracle of Apollo once again, in hopes to get rid of the disease. The Pythia, however, denied to give any prophesy. In anger, Heracles snatched the sacred tripod and started going away, intending to start his own Oracle. However, Apollo did not tolerate this and stopped Heracles. A duel ensued between Apollo and Heracles where Athena supported the latter. Soon, Zeus intervened between the fighting brothers by throwing his thunderbolt between them. He reprimanded Heracles for this act of violation, and asked Apollo to give a solution to Heracles. Apollo then ordered the hero to serve under Omphale, queen of Lydia for one year in order to purify himself. Periphas was an Attican king and a priest of Apollo. He was noble, just and rich. He did all his duties justly. Because of this people were very fond of him and started honouring him to the same extent as Zeus. At one point, they worshipped Periphas in place of Zeus and set up shrines and temples for him. This annoyed Zeus, who decided to annihilate the entire family of Periphas. But because he was a just king and a good devotee, Apollo intervened and requested his father to spare Periphas. Zeus considered Apollo's words and agreed to let him live. But he metamorphosed Periphas into an eagle and made the eagle the king of birds. When Periphas' wife requested Zeus to let her stay with her husband, Zeus turned her into a vulture and fulfilled her wish. A long time ago, there were three kinds of human beings: male, descended from the sun; female, descended from the earth; and androgynous, descended from the moon. Each human being was completely round, with four arms and fours legs, two identical faces on opposite sides of a head with four ears, and all else to match. They were powerful and unruly. Otis and Ephialtes even dared to scale Mount Olympus. To check their insolence, Zeus devised a plan to humble them and improve their manners instead of completely destroying them. He cut them all in two and asked Apollo to make necessary repairs, giving humans the individual shape they still have now. Apollo turned their heads and necks around towards their wounds, he pulled together their skin at the abdomen, and sewed the skin together at the middle of it. This is what we call navel today. He smoothened the wrinkles and shaped the chest. But he made sure to leave a few wrinkles on the abdomen and around the navel so that they might be reminded of their punishment. <blockquote>"As he [Zeus] cut them one after another, he bade Apollo give the face and the half of the neck a turn... Apollo was also bidden to heal their wounds and compose their forms. So Apollo gave a turn to the face and pulled the skin from the sides all over that which in our language is called the belly, like the purses which draw in, and he made one mouth at the centre [of the belly] which he fastened in a knot (the same which is called the navel); he also moulded the breast and took out most of the wrinkles, much as a shoemaker might smooth leather upon a last; he left a few wrinkles, however, in the region of the belly and navel, as a memorial of the primeval state.</blockquote> Apollo Kourotrophos is the god who nurtures and protects the children and youth, especially boys. He oversees their education and their passage into adulthood. Education is said to have originated from Apollo and the Muses. Many myths have him train his children. It was a custom for boys to cut and dedicate their long hair to Apollo after reaching adulthood. Chiron, the abandoned centaur was fostered by Apollo who instructed him in medicine, prophecy, archery and more. Chiron's calm nature and wisdom, in contrast to rest of the centaurs, is attributed to the quality education Apollo gave him. Chiron would later become a great teacher himself. Asclepius in his childhood gained much knowledge pertaining to medicinal arts by his father. However, he was later entrusted to Chiron for further education. Anius, Apollo's son by Rhoeo, was abandoned by his mother soon after his birth. Apollo brought him up and educated him in mantic arts. Anius later became the priest of Apollo and the king of Delos. Iamus was the son of Apollo and Evadne. When he reached the age of education, Apollo took him to Olympia and taught him many arts, including the ability to understand and explain the languages of birds. Idmon was educated by Apollo to be a seer. Even though he foresaw his death that would happen in his journey with the Argonauts, he embraced his destiny and died a brave death. To commemorate his son's bravery, Apollo commanded Boetians to build a town around the tomb of the hero, and to honor him. Apollo adopted Carnus, the abandoned son of Zeus and Europa. He reared the child with the help of his mother Leto and educated him to be a seer. Apollo saved a shepherd boy (name unknown) from death in a large deep cave, by the means of vultures. To thank him, the shepherd built Apollo a temple under the name Vulturius. Apollo's music is soulful and enchanting. His music would deliver people from their pain, and hence, like Dionysus, he is also called the liberator. Apollo often appears as the companion of the Muses and as Musagetes, he leads them into dance while he sang. He is found delighting the immortal gods with his songs and music on the lyre. Apollo and the Muses are often seen on Parnassus, which is one of their favorite spots. Apollo was always invited to play music on weddings of the gods, like the marriage of Eros and Psyche, Peleus and Thetis. When Orpheus was still a child, Apollo gifted a lyre and taught him how to play it. Apollo also participated in musical contests when challenged by others. He was the victor in all those contests, but usually punished his opponents severely for their hubris. The invention of lyre is attributed either to Hermes or to Apollo himself. Distinctions have been made that Hermes invented lyre made of tortoise shell, whereas the lyre Apollo invented was a regular lyre. Myths tell that the infant Hermes stole a number of Apollo's cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos, covering their tracks. In the cave, he found a tortoise and killed it, then removed the insides. He used one of the cow's intestines and the tortoise shell and made his lyre. Upon discovering the theft, Apollo confronted Hermes and asked him to return his cattle. When Hermes acted innocent, Apollo took the matter to Zeus. Zeus, having seen the events, sided with Apollo, and ordered Hermes to return the cattle. Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented. Apollo, a god of music, fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange of the cattle for the lyre. Hence, Apollo then became a master of the lyre. According to other versions, Apollo had invented the lyre himself, whose strings he tore in repent to the excess punishment he had given to Marsyas. Hermes' lyre, therefore, is rather a reinvention. Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo and to challenge Apollo, the god of music. The mountain-god Tmolus was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. It was so beautiful that Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and everyone was pleased with the judgement. Only Midas dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey. Marsyas was a satyr who was punished by Apollo for his hubris. He had found an aulos on the ground, tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy. Athena had also placed a curse upon the instrument, that whoever would pick it up would be severely punished. When Marsyas played the flute, everyone became frenzied with joy. This led Marsyas to think that he was better than Apollo, and he challenged the god to a musical contest. The contest was judged by the Muses, or the nymphs of Nysa. Athena was also present to witness the contest. Marsyas taunted Apollo for "wearing his hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so many arts". He also further said <blockquote>'His [Apollo] hair is smooth and made into tufts and curls that fall about his brow and hang before his face. His body is fair from head to foot, his limbs shine bright, his tongue gives oracles, and he is equally eloquent in prose or verse, propose which you will. What of his robes so fine in texture, so soft to the touch, aglow with purple? What of his lyre that flashes gold, gleams white with ivory, and shimmers with rainbow gems? What of his song, so cunning and so sweet? Nay, all these allurements suit with naught save luxury. To virtue they bring shame alone!'</blockquote> The Muses and Athena sniggered at this comment. The contestants agreed to take turns displaying their skills and the rule was that the victor can "do whatever he wanted" to the loser. Marsyas, since he was a satyr, expected to do something sexual in nature to Apollo when he would win the contest. According to one account, after they each had performed, both were deemed equal by the Nysiads. But in the next round, Apollo played and sang with his melodious voice at the same time. Marsyas argued against this, saying that Apollo would have an advantage and accused Apollo of cheating. But Apollo replied that since Marsyas played the flute, which needed air blown from the throat, it was almost the same as singing, and that either they both should get an equal chance to combine their skills or none of them should use their mouths at all. The nymphs decided that Apollo's argument was just. Apollo again played his lyre and sang at the same time, mesmerising the audience. Marsyas could not do this. Apollo was declared the winner and angered with Marsyas' haughtiness and his accusation, he decided to flay the satyr. According to another account, Marsyas played his flute out of tune at one point and accepted his defeat. Out of shame, he assigned to himself the punishment of being skinned for a wine sack. Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument (the lyre) upside down. Marsyas could not do this with his instrument (the flute), and so the Muses who were the judges declared Apollo the winner, who hung Marsyas from a tree to flay him. Apollo flayed the limbs of Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then gave the rest of his body for proper burial and nailed Marsyas' flayed skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas. But, Apollo soon repented and being distressed at what he had done, he broke the strings of his lyre and threw it away. The lyre was later discovered by the Muses and Apollo's sons Linus and Orpheus. The Muses fixed the middle string, Linus the string struck with the forefinger, and Orpheus the lowest string and the one next to it. They took it back to Apollo, but the god laid away both the lyre and the pipes, and joined Cybele in her wanderings to as far as Hyperborea. Cinyras was a ruler of Cyprus, who was a friend of Agamemnon. Cinyras promised to assist Agamemnon in the Trojan war, but did not keep his promise. Agamemnon cursed Cinyras. He invoked Apollo and asked the god to avenge the broken promise. Apollo then had a lyre-playing contest with Cinyras, and defeated him. Either Cinyras committed suicide when he lost, or was killed by Apollo. Apollo's functions as the patron and protector of sailors, one of the duties he shares with Poseidon. In the myths, he is seen helping heroes who pray to him for safe journey. When Apollo spotted a ship of Cretan sailors that was caught in a storm, he quickly assumed the shape of a dolphin and guided their ship safely to Delphi. When the Argonauts faced a terrible storm, Jason prayed to his patron, Apollo, to help them. Apollo used his bow and golden arrow to shed light upon an island, where the Argonauts soon took shelter. This island was renamed "Anaphe", which means "He revealed it". Apollo helped the Greek hero, Diomedes, to escape from a great tempest during his journey back to home. As a token of gratitude, Diomedes built a temple in honor of Apollo Epibaterius, Apollo the embarker. During the Trojan war, Odysseus came to the Trojan camp to return Chriseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses, and brought many offerings to Apollo. Pleased with this, Apollo sent gentle breezes that would help Odysseus reach safely back to the Greek camp. Arion was a poet who was kidnapped by some sailors for the rich prizes he possessed. Arion requested them to let him sing for the last time, to which the sailors consented. Arion began singing a song in praise of Apollo, seeking the god's help. Consequently, numerous dolphins surrounded the ship and when Arion jumped into the water, the dolphins carried him away safely. Once Hera, out of spite, aroused the Titans to war against Zeus and take away his throne. Accordingly, when the Titans tried to climb Mount Olympus, Zeus with the help of Apollo, Artemis and Athena, defeated them and cast them into tartarus. Apollo played a pivotal role in the entire Trojan war. He sided with the Trojans, and sent a terrible plague to the Greek camp, which indirectly led to the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon. He killed the Greek heroes Patroclus, Achilles, and numerous Greek soldiers. He also helped many Trojan heroes, the most important one being Hector. A war broke out between the Brygoi and the Thesprotians, who had the support of Odysseus. The gods Athena and Ares came to the battlefield and took sides. Athena helped the hero Odysseus while Ares fought alongside of the Brygoi. When Odysseus lost, Athena and Ares came into a direct duel. To stop the battling gods and the terror created by their battle, Apollo intervened and stopped the duel between them . When Zeus told that if Dionysus defeats the impudent Indians, he would earn a place among the gods, Dionysus declared a war against Indians and travelled to India along with his army of Bacchantes and satyrs. Among the warriors was Aristaeus, Apollo's son. Apollo armed his son with his own hands and gave him a bow, arrows, and fitted a strong shield to his arm. After Zeus urged Apollo to join the war, Apollo went to the battlefield. There he saw several of his nymphs and Aristaeus drowning in a river and took them to safety. He healed Aristaeus, taught him more useful healing arts and sent him back to heal the army of Dionysus. During the war between the sons of Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus, a seer and one of the leaders in the war. Though saddened that the seer was fated to be doomed in the war, Apollo made Amphiaraus' last hours glorious by "lighting his shield and his helm with starry gleam". When Hypseus tried to kill the hero by a spear, Apollo directed the spear towards the charioteer of Amphiaraus instead. Then Apollo himself replaced the charioteer and took the reins in his hands. He deflected many spears and arrows away them. He also killed many of the enemy warriors like Melaneus, Antiphus, Aetion, Polites and Lampus. At last when the moment of departure came, Apollo expressed his grief with tears in his eyes and bid farewell to Amphiaraus, who was soon engulfed by the Earth. Apollo killed the giants Python and Tityos, who had assaulted his mother Leto. During the gigantomachy, Apollo killed the giant Ephialtes by shooting him in his eyes. He also killed Porphyrion, the king of giants, using his bow and arrows. Otis and Ephialtes, the twin giants were together called the Aloadae. These giants are said to have grown every year by one cubit in breadth and three cubits in height. They once threatened to wage a war on gods and attempted to storm Mt. Olympus by piling up mountains. They also threatened to change land into sea and sea into land. Some say they even dared to seek the hand of Hera and Artemis in marriage. Angered by this, Apollo killed them by shooting arrows at them. According to another tale, Apollo killed them with a trick. He sent a deer between them. As they tried to kill it with their javelins, they accidentally stabbed each other and died. Phorbas was a savage giant king of Phlegyas who was described as having swine like features. He wished to plunder Delphi for its wealth. He seized the roads to Delphi and started harassing the pilgrims. He captured the old people and children and sent them to his army to hold them for ransom. And he challenged the young and sturdy men to a match of boxing, only to cut their heads off when they would get defeated by him. He hung the chopped off heads to an oak tree. Finally, Apollo came to put an end to this cruelty. He entered a boxing contest with Phorbas and killed him with a single blow. In the first Olympic games, Apollo defeated Ares and became the victor in wrestling. He outran Hermes in the race and won first place. Apollo divides months into summer and winter. He rides on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months, and the absence of warmth in winters is due to his departure. During his absence, Delphi was under the care of Dionysus, and no prophecies were given during winters. Molpadia and Parthenos were the sisters of Rhoeo, a former lover of Apollo. One day, they were put in charge of watching their father's ancestral wine jar but they fell asleep while performing this duty. While they were asleep, the wine jar was broken by the swines their family kept. When the sisters woke up and saw what had happened, they threw themselves off a cliff in fear of their father's wrath. Apollo, who was passing by, caught them and carried them to two different cities in Chersonesus, Molpadia to Castabus and Parthenos to Bubastus. He turned them into goddesses and they both received divine honors. Molpadia's name was changed to Hemithea upon her deification. Prometheus was the titan who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire. He was bound to a rock, where each day an eagle was sent to eat Prometheus' liver, which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day. Seeing his plight, Apollo pleaded Zeus to release the kind Titan, while Artemis and Leto stood behind him with tears in their eyes. Zeus, moved by Apollo's words and the tears of the goddesses, finally sent Heracles to free Prometheus. Leukatas was believed to be a white colored rock jutting out from the island of Leukas into the sea. It was present in the sanctuary of Apollo Leukates. A leap from this rock was believed to have put an end to the longings of love. Once, Aphrodite fell deeply in love with Adonis, a young man of great beauty who was later accidentally killed by a boar. Heartbroken, Aphrodite wandered looking for the rock of Leukas. When she reached the sanctuary of Apollo in Argos, she confided in him her love and sorrow. Apollo then brought her to the rock of Leukas and asked her to throw herself from the top of the rock. She did so and was freed from her love. When she sought for the reason behind this, Apollo told her that Zeus, before taking another lover, would sit on this rock to free himself from his love to Hera. Another tale relates that a man named Nireus, who fell in love with the cult statue of Athena, came to the rock and jumped in order relieve himself. After jumping, he fell into the net of a fisherman in which, when he was pulled out, he found a box filled with gold. He fought with the fisherman and took the gold, but Apollo appeared to him in the night in a dream and warned him not to appropriate gold which belonged to others. It was an ancestral custom among the Leukadians to fling a criminal from this rock every year at the sacrifice performed in honor of Apollo for the sake of averting evil. However, a number of men would be stationed all around below rock to catch the criminal and take him out of the borders in order to exile him from the island. This was the same rock from which, according to a legend, Sappho took her suicidal leap. Love affairs ascribed to Apollo are a late development in Greek mythology. Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made some of them favorites of painters since the Renaissance, the result being that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination. Daphne was a nymph whose parentage varies. She scorned Apollo's advances and ran away from him. When Apollo chased her in order to persuade her, she changed herself into a laurel tree. According to other versions, she cried for help during the chase, and Gaea helped her by taking her in and placing a laurel tree in her place. According to Roman poet Ovid, the chase was brought about by Cupid, who hit Apollo with golden arrow of love and Daphne with leaden arrow of hatred. The myth explains the origin of the laurel and connection of Apollo with the laurel and its leaves, which his priestess employed at Delphi. The leaves became the symbol of victory and laurel wreaths were given to the victors of the Pythian games. Apollo is said to have been the lover of all nine Muses, and not being able to choose one of them, decided to remain unwed. He fathered the Corybantes by the Muse Thalia, Orpheus by Calliope, Linus of Thrace by Calliope or Urania and Hymenaios(Hymen) by either Terpsichore or Clio or Calliope. Cyrene, was a Thessalian princess whom Apollo loved. In her honor, he built the city Cyrene and made her its ruler. She was later granted longevity by Apollo who turned her into a nymph. The couple had two sons, Aristaeus, and Idmon. Evadne was a nymph daughter of Poseidon and a lover of Apollo. She bore him a son, Iamos. During the time of the childbirth, Apollo sent Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth to assist her. Rhoeo, a princess of the island of Naxos was loved by Apollo. Out of affection for her, Apollo turned her sisters into goddesses. On the island Delos she bore Apollo a son named Anius. Not wanting to have the child, she entrusted the infant to Apollo and left. Apollo raised and educated the child on his own. Ourea, a daughter of Poseidon, fell in love with Apollo when he and Poseidon were serving the Trojan king Laomedon. They both united on the day the walls of Troy were built. She bore to Apollo a son, whom Apollo named Ileus, after the city of his birth, Ilion (Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo. Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant Apollo, and she loved him in return. By their union, she became mother of Chaeron, who was famed as "the tamer of horses". He later built the city Chaeronea. Hyrie or Thyrie was the mother of Cycnus. Apollo turned both the mother and son into swans when they jumped into a lake and tried to kill themselves. Hecuba was the wife of King Priam of Troy, and Apollo had a son with her named Troilus. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive. He was ambushed and killed by Achilleus, and Apollo avenged his death by killing Achilles. After the sack of Troy, Hecuba was taken to Lycia by Apollo. Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. While pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus and slept with him. When Apollo found out about her infidelity through his prophetic powers, he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis. Apollo rescued the baby by cutting open Koronis' belly and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. In Euripides' play Ion, Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa, wife of Xuthus. He used his powers to conceal her pregnancy from her father. Later, when Creusa left Ion to die in the wild, Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi, where he was raised by a priestess. Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief: out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection , meaning alas. He was later resurrected and taken to heaven. The festival Hyacinthia was a national celebration of Sparta, which commemorated the death and rebirth of Hyacinthus. Another male lover was Cyparissus, a descendant of Heracles. Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth. Cyparissus was so saddened by its death that he asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever. Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him, which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk. Admetus, the king of Pherae, was also Apollo's lover. During his exile, which lasted either for one year or nine years, Apollo served Admetus as a herdsman. Developing a passion for the king there, he herded and fed the cattle, and caused the cows to give birth to twin calves. He would make cheese and serve it to Admetus and was often seen being domestic, causing embarrassment to his family. When Admetus wanted to marry princess Alcestis, Apollo provided a chariot pulled by a lion and a boar he had tamed. This satisfied Alcestis' father and he let Admetus marry his daughter. Further, Apollo saved the king from Artemis' wrath and also convinced the Moirai to postpone Admetus' death once. Branchus, a shepherd, one day came across Apollo in the woods. Captivated by the god's beauty, he kissed Apollo. Apollo requited his affections and wanting to reward him, bestowed prophetic skills on him. His descendants, the Branchides, were an influential clan of prophets. Other male lovers of Apollo include: *Adonis, who is said to have been the lover of both Apollo and Aphrodite. *Atymnius, otherwise known as a beloved of Sarpedon *Helenus, the son of Priam and a Trojan Prince, was a lover of Apollo and received from him an ivory bow with which he later wounded Achilles in the hand. * Hippolytus of Sicyon (not the same as Hippolytus, the son of Theseus) *Hymenaios, god of marriage hymns (here, the son of Magnes) *Iapis *Phorbas, the dragon slayer (probably the son of Triopas) Apollo sired many children, from mortal women and nymphs as well as the goddesses. His children grew up to be physicians, musicians, poets, seers or archers. Many of his sons founded new cities and became kings. They were all usually very beautiful. Asclepius is the most famous son of Apollo. His skills as a physician surpassed that of Apollo's. Zeus killed him for bringing back the dead, but upon Apollo's request, he was resurrected as a god. Aristaeus was placed under the care of Chiron after his birth. He became the god of beekeeping, cheese making, animal husbandry and more. He was ultimately given immortality for the benefits he bestowed upon the humanity. The Corybantes were spear-clashing, dancing demigods. The sons of Apollo who participated in the Trojan War include the Trojan princes Hector and Troilus, as well as Tenes, the king of Tenedos, all three of whom were killed by Achilles over the course of the war. Apollo's children who became musicians and bards include Orpheus, Linus, Ialemus, Hymenaeus, Philammon, Eumolpus and Eleuther. Apollo fathered 3 daughters, Apollonis, Borysthenis and Cephisso, who formed a group of minor Muses, the "Musa Apollonides". They were nicknamed Nete, Mese and Hypate after the highest, middle and lowest strings of his lyre. Phemonoe was a seer and a poetess who was the inventor of Hexameter. Apis, Idmon, Iamus, Tenerus, Mopsus, Galeus, Telmessus and others were gifted seers. Anius, Pythaeus and Ismenus lived as high priests. Most of them were trained by Apollo himself. Arabus, Delphos, Dryops, Miletos, Tenes, Epidaurus, Ceos, Lycoras, Syrus, Pisus, Marathus, Megarus, Patarus, Acraepheus, Cicon, Chaeron and many other sons of Apollo, under the guidance of his words, founded eponymous cities. He also had a son named Chrysorrhoas who was a mechanic artist. His other daughters include Eurynome, Chariclo wife of Chiron, Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, Eriopis, famous for her beautiful hair, Melite the heroine, Pamphile the silk weaver, Parthenos, and by some accounts, Phoebe, Hilyra and Scylla. Apollo turned Parthenos into a constellation after her early death. Additionally, Apollo fostered and educated Chiron, the centaur who later became the greatest teacher and educated many demigods, including Apollo's sons. Apollo also fostered Carnus, the son of Zeus and Europa. Marpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well. Zeus made her choose between them, and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo, being immortal, would tire of her when she grew old. Sinope, a nymph, was approached by the amorous Apollo. She made him promise that he would grant to her whatever she would ask for, and then cleverly asked him to let her stay a virgin. Apollo kept his promise and went back. Bolina was admired by Apollo but she refused him and jumped into the sea. To avoid her death, Apollo turned her into a nymph and let her go. Castalia was a nymph whom Apollo loved. She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi, at the base of Mt. Parnassos, which was then named after her. Water from this spring was sacred; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire the priestesses. Cassandra, was a daughter of Hecuba and Priam. Apollo wished to court her. Cassandra promised to return his love on one condition - he should give her the power to see the future. Apollo fulfilled her wish, but she went back on her word and rejected him soon after. Angered that she broke her promise, Apollo cursed her that even though she would see the future, no one would ever believe her prophecies. Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, rejected both Apollo's and Poseidon's marriage proposals and swore that she would always stay unmarried. Artemis as the sister of Apollo, is thea apollousa, that is, she as a female divinity represented the same idea that Apollo did as a male divinity. In the pre-Hellenic period, their relationship was described as the one between husband and wife, and there seems to have been a tradition which actually described Artemis as the wife of Apollo. However, this relationship was never sexual but spiritual, which is why they both are seen being unmarried in the Hellenic period. Artemis, like her brother, is armed with a bow and arrows. She is the cause of sudden deaths of women. She also is the protector of the young, especially girls. Though she has nothing to do with oracles, music or poetry, she sometimes led the female chorus on Olympus while Apollo sang. The laurel (daphne) was sacred to both. Artemis Daphnaia had her temple among the Lacedemonians, at a place called Hypsoi. Apollo Daphnephoros had a temple in Eretria, a "place where the citizens are to take the oaths". In later times when Apollo was regarded as identical with the sun or Helios, Artemis was naturally regarded as Selene or the moon. Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft and magic, is the chthonic counterpart of Apollo. They both are cousins, since their mothers - Leto and Asteria - are sisters. One of Apollo's epithets, Hecatos, is the masculine form of Hecate, and both the names mean "working from afar". While Apollo presided over the prophetic powers and magic of light and heaven, Hecate presided over the prophetic powers and magic of night and chthonian darkness. If Hecate is the "gate-keeper", Apollo Agyieus is the "door-keeper". Hecate is the goddess of crossroads and Apollo is the god and protector of streets. The oldest evidence found for Hecate's worship is at Apollo's temple in Miletos. There, Hecate was taken to be Apollo's sister counterpart in the absence of Artemis. Hecate's lunar nature makes her the goddess of the waning moon and contrasts and complements, at the same time, Apollo's solar nature. As a deity of knowledge and great power, Apollo was seen being the male counterpart of Athena. Being Zeus' favorite children, they were given more powers and duties. Apollo and Athena often took up the role as protectors of cities, and were patrons of some of the important cities. Athena was the principle goddess of Athens, Apollo was the principle god of Sparta. As patrons of arts, Apollo and Athena were companions of the Muses, the former a much more frequent companion than the latter. Apollo was sometimes called the son of Athena and Hephaestus due to his wise and artistic nature. In the Trojan war, as Zeus' executive, Apollo is seen holding the aegis like Athena usually does. Apollo's decisions were usually approved by his sister Athena, and they both worked to establish the law and order set forth by Zeus. In Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war. Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover. Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes or Furies (female personifications of vengeance). Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he drives them away. He says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo. The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks. As a quintessentially Greek god, Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent, although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus. There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares ("Apollonian Games") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome. After the battle of Actium, which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo, Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple, dedicated a portion of the spoils to him, and instituted quinquennial games in his honour. He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill. Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games, held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era.
|
[
{
"start": 465,
"end": 469,
"label": [
"13208"
]
},
{
"start": 486,
"end": 490,
"label": [
"18574"
]
},
{
"start": 553,
"end": 564,
"label": [
"43936526"
]
},
{
"start": 816,
"end": 821,
"label": [
"79077"
]
},
{
"start": 965,
"end": 975,
"label": [
"78960"
]
},
{
"start": 1448,
"end": 1454,
"label": [
"79022"
]
},
{
"start": 1506,
"end": 1514,
"label": [
"1369"
]
},
{
"start": 1639,
"end": 1643,
"label": [
"81774"
]
},
{
"start": 2277,
"end": 2284,
"label": [
"2905"
]
},
{
"start": 2394,
"end": 2401,
"label": [
"2900109"
]
},
{
"start": 2488,
"end": 2498,
"label": [
"232942"
]
},
{
"start": 2639,
"end": 2652,
"label": [
"80113"
]
},
{
"start": 3003,
"end": 3009,
"label": [
"7951"
]
},
{
"start": 3666,
"end": 3672,
"label": [
"379264"
]
},
{
"start": 3677,
"end": 3685,
"label": [
"416871"
]
},
{
"start": 3905,
"end": 3913,
"label": [
"55870"
]
},
{
"start": 4152,
"end": 4162,
"label": [
"54336120"
]
},
{
"start": 4386,
"end": 4392,
"label": [
"83131"
]
},
{
"start": 4666,
"end": 4672,
"label": [
"7951"
]
},
{
"start": 4767,
"end": 4773,
"label": [
"83036"
]
},
{
"start": 4777,
"end": 4785,
"label": [
"444886"
]
},
{
"start": 4846,
"end": 4860,
"label": [
"53258"
]
},
{
"start": 4965,
"end": 4971,
"label": [
"81768"
]
},
{
"start": 5243,
"end": 5253,
"label": [
"14388"
]
},
{
"start": 5431,
"end": 5436,
"label": [
"78397"
]
},
{
"start": 5509,
"end": 5522,
"label": [
"79922"
]
},
{
"start": 5778,
"end": 5787,
"label": [
"9808"
]
},
{
"start": 5795,
"end": 5813,
"label": [
"969550"
]
},
{
"start": 7370,
"end": 7374,
"label": [
"19272020"
]
},
{
"start": 7489,
"end": 7496,
"label": [
"12418604"
]
},
{
"start": 7662,
"end": 7675,
"label": [
"2327917"
]
},
{
"start": 7697,
"end": 7703,
"label": [
"2108237"
]
},
{
"start": 7813,
"end": 7819,
"label": [
"1182"
]
},
{
"start": 7964,
"end": 7972,
"label": [
"54090032"
]
},
{
"start": 8044,
"end": 8057,
"label": [
"80113"
]
},
{
"start": 8338,
"end": 8348,
"label": [
"232942"
]
},
{
"start": 9000,
"end": 9006,
"label": [
"53258"
]
},
{
"start": 9193,
"end": 9199,
"label": [
"5994248"
]
},
{
"start": 9484,
"end": 9492,
"label": [
"57095"
]
},
{
"start": 9572,
"end": 9579,
"label": [
"32557"
]
},
{
"start": 9609,
"end": 9621,
"label": [
"77273"
]
},
{
"start": 9638,
"end": 9644,
"label": [
"745987"
]
},
{
"start": 10181,
"end": 10189,
"label": [
"77274"
]
},
{
"start": 10207,
"end": 10218,
"label": [
"77275"
]
},
{
"start": 10433,
"end": 10438,
"label": [
"79317"
]
},
{
"start": 10574,
"end": 10583,
"label": [
"78995"
]
},
{
"start": 10662,
"end": 10670,
"label": [
"55870"
]
},
{
"start": 10744,
"end": 10752,
"label": [
"57095"
]
},
{
"start": 10786,
"end": 10790,
"label": [
"18574"
]
},
{
"start": 10925,
"end": 10935,
"label": [
"2388271"
]
},
{
"start": 11038,
"end": 11042,
"label": [
"37802"
]
},
{
"start": 11047,
"end": 11054,
"label": [
"158392"
]
},
{
"start": 11068,
"end": 11073,
"label": [
"78968"
]
},
{
"start": 11157,
"end": 11163,
"label": [
"65806"
]
},
{
"start": 11199,
"end": 11205,
"label": [
"14282"
]
},
{
"start": 11285,
"end": 11292,
"label": [
"78973"
]
},
{
"start": 11891,
"end": 11904,
"label": [
"880468"
]
},
{
"start": 11981,
"end": 11989,
"label": [
"77218"
]
},
{
"start": 12215,
"end": 12221,
"label": [
"602506"
]
},
{
"start": 12342,
"end": 12348,
"label": [
"1182"
]
},
{
"start": 12353,
"end": 12361,
"label": [
"22948"
]
},
{
"start": 12556,
"end": 12562,
"label": [
"37552"
]
},
{
"start": 12661,
"end": 12669,
"label": [
"81508"
]
},
{
"start": 12907,
"end": 12913,
"label": [
"79616"
]
},
{
"start": 12954,
"end": 12960,
"label": [
"2618"
]
},
{
"start": 13263,
"end": 13267,
"label": [
"30059"
]
},
{
"start": 13321,
"end": 13329,
"label": [
"9331306"
]
},
{
"start": 13360,
"end": 13368,
"label": [
"13815"
]
},
{
"start": 13443,
"end": 13454,
"label": [
"81730"
]
},
{
"start": 13779,
"end": 13786,
"label": [
"77733"
]
},
{
"start": 13816,
"end": 13824,
"label": [
"13815"
]
},
{
"start": 14000,
"end": 14010,
"label": [
"30058"
]
},
{
"start": 14075,
"end": 14084,
"label": [
"1544"
]
},
{
"start": 14108,
"end": 14116,
"label": [
"80599"
]
},
{
"start": 14150,
"end": 14157,
"label": [
"80601"
]
},
{
"start": 14358,
"end": 14363,
"label": [
"19381951"
]
},
{
"start": 14379,
"end": 14384,
"label": [
"2628"
]
},
{
"start": 14873,
"end": 14881,
"label": [
"81927"
]
},
{
"start": 14907,
"end": 14913,
"label": [
"1540"
]
},
{
"start": 14930,
"end": 14939,
"label": [
"1174"
]
},
{
"start": 15222,
"end": 15226,
"label": [
"30059"
]
},
{
"start": 15268,
"end": 15276,
"label": [
"60314862"
]
},
{
"start": 15407,
"end": 15413,
"label": [
"13629"
]
},
{
"start": 15426,
"end": 15434,
"label": [
"83102"
]
},
{
"start": 15578,
"end": 15584,
"label": [
"13207"
]
},
{
"start": 15657,
"end": 15663,
"label": [
"78986"
]
},
{
"start": 16020,
"end": 16029,
"label": [
"81949"
]
},
{
"start": 16339,
"end": 16344,
"label": [
"81973"
]
},
{
"start": 16411,
"end": 16418,
"label": [
"1247736"
]
},
{
"start": 16734,
"end": 16739,
"label": [
"63416"
]
},
{
"start": 16745,
"end": 16753,
"label": [
"305"
]
},
{
"start": 16889,
"end": 16895,
"label": [
"78367"
]
},
{
"start": 16897,
"end": 16906,
"label": [
"84684"
]
},
{
"start": 16908,
"end": 16915,
"label": [
"22734670"
]
},
{
"start": 17073,
"end": 17081,
"label": [
"13815"
]
},
{
"start": 17270,
"end": 17280,
"label": [
"10164"
]
},
{
"start": 17491,
"end": 17505,
"label": [
"83763"
]
},
{
"start": 18313,
"end": 18319,
"label": [
"22589"
]
},
{
"start": 18696,
"end": 18703,
"label": [
"84604"
]
},
{
"start": 18714,
"end": 18719,
"label": [
"18039"
]
},
{
"start": 19873,
"end": 19877,
"label": [
"78535"
]
},
{
"start": 19882,
"end": 19891,
"label": [
"78535"
]
},
{
"start": 19912,
"end": 19925,
"label": [
"12418604"
]
},
{
"start": 20278,
"end": 20285,
"label": [
"3191861"
]
},
{
"start": 20357,
"end": 20362,
"label": [
"231386"
]
},
{
"start": 21463,
"end": 21468,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 21607,
"end": 21613,
"label": [
"42183"
]
},
{
"start": 21629,
"end": 21636,
"label": [
"7401"
]
},
{
"start": 21897,
"end": 21906,
"label": [
"78995"
]
},
{
"start": 22055,
"end": 22060,
"label": [
"78741"
]
},
{
"start": 22078,
"end": 22083,
"label": [
"78740"
]
},
{
"start": 22253,
"end": 22258,
"label": [
"81123"
]
},
{
"start": 22574,
"end": 22583,
"label": [
"77334"
]
},
{
"start": 22771,
"end": 22777,
"label": [
"31617459"
]
},
{
"start": 22809,
"end": 22815,
"label": [
"47219"
]
},
{
"start": 23272,
"end": 23277,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 23285,
"end": 23294,
"label": [
"594"
]
},
{
"start": 23409,
"end": 23413,
"label": [
"81774"
]
},
{
"start": 23454,
"end": 23463,
"label": [
"166543"
]
},
{
"start": 23589,
"end": 23593,
"label": [
"19191789"
]
},
{
"start": 23598,
"end": 23604,
"label": [
"760054"
]
},
{
"start": 23606,
"end": 23612,
"label": [
"38419"
]
},
{
"start": 23617,
"end": 23623,
"label": [
"37552"
]
},
{
"start": 23876,
"end": 23882,
"label": [
"14282"
]
},
{
"start": 24198,
"end": 24203,
"label": [
"45770"
]
},
{
"start": 24252,
"end": 24260,
"label": [
"140618"
]
},
{
"start": 24374,
"end": 24378,
"label": [
"81774"
]
},
{
"start": 24983,
"end": 24990,
"label": [
"78972"
]
},
{
"start": 25047,
"end": 25050,
"label": [
"78881"
]
},
{
"start": 25169,
"end": 25175,
"label": [
"82716"
]
},
{
"start": 25310,
"end": 25315,
"label": [
"20775"
]
},
{
"start": 25672,
"end": 25678,
"label": [
"55526"
]
},
{
"start": 25680,
"end": 25687,
"label": [
"78972"
]
},
{
"start": 25694,
"end": 25699,
"label": [
"29067"
]
},
{
"start": 25735,
"end": 25741,
"label": [
"14282"
]
},
{
"start": 25759,
"end": 25764,
"label": [
"538948"
]
},
{
"start": 25816,
"end": 25822,
"label": [
"1182"
]
},
{
"start": 26169,
"end": 26173,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 26193,
"end": 26197,
"label": [
"461178"
]
},
{
"start": 27374,
"end": 27381,
"label": [
"12221176"
]
},
{
"start": 28433,
"end": 28438,
"label": [
"10553"
]
},
{
"start": 28555,
"end": 28561,
"label": [
"899541"
]
},
{
"start": 28604,
"end": 28612,
"label": [
"2454021"
]
},
{
"start": 28616,
"end": 28623,
"label": [
"21491716"
]
},
{
"start": 28632,
"end": 28638,
"label": [
"14282"
]
},
{
"start": 28993,
"end": 28998,
"label": [
"54133335"
]
},
{
"start": 29003,
"end": 29010,
"label": [
"22877693"
]
},
{
"start": 29237,
"end": 29243,
"label": [
"78360"
]
},
{
"start": 29275,
"end": 29285,
"label": [
"232942"
]
},
{
"start": 29310,
"end": 29316,
"label": [
"5593"
]
},
{
"start": 29338,
"end": 29347,
"label": [
"1544"
]
},
{
"start": 29545,
"end": 29549,
"label": [
"81774"
]
},
{
"start": 29571,
"end": 29578,
"label": [
"81709"
]
},
{
"start": 29762,
"end": 29770,
"label": [
"22948"
]
},
{
"start": 30010,
"end": 30019,
"label": [
"77334"
]
},
{
"start": 30044,
"end": 30049,
"label": [
"15885"
]
},
{
"start": 30225,
"end": 30231,
"label": [
"4905447"
]
},
{
"start": 30294,
"end": 30302,
"label": [
"81927"
]
},
{
"start": 30493,
"end": 30501,
"label": [
"22537"
]
},
{
"start": 30578,
"end": 30585,
"label": [
"80601"
]
},
{
"start": 30733,
"end": 30738,
"label": [
"46725"
]
},
{
"start": 31111,
"end": 31115,
"label": [
"13208"
]
},
{
"start": 31165,
"end": 31169,
"label": [
"34398"
]
},
{
"start": 31240,
"end": 31253,
"label": [
"12418604"
]
},
{
"start": 31285,
"end": 31292,
"label": [
"2905"
]
},
{
"start": 31297,
"end": 31303,
"label": [
"1182"
]
},
{
"start": 31521,
"end": 31529,
"label": [
"305"
]
},
{
"start": 31534,
"end": 31543,
"label": [
"1544"
]
},
{
"start": 31572,
"end": 31581,
"label": [
"81949"
]
},
{
"start": 31686,
"end": 31692,
"label": [
"13207"
]
},
{
"start": 31722,
"end": 31728,
"label": [
"3033684"
]
},
{
"start": 31774,
"end": 31782,
"label": [
"22537"
]
},
{
"start": 31804,
"end": 31808,
"label": [
"2041"
]
},
{
"start": 32128,
"end": 32136,
"label": [
"63325"
]
},
{
"start": 32291,
"end": 32301,
"label": [
"77235"
]
},
{
"start": 32306,
"end": 32312,
"label": [
"29067"
]
},
{
"start": 32337,
"end": 32346,
"label": [
"78983"
]
},
{
"start": 32570,
"end": 32576,
"label": [
"22058"
]
},
{
"start": 32776,
"end": 32783,
"label": [
"77363"
]
},
{
"start": 32800,
"end": 32810,
"label": [
"79152"
]
},
{
"start": 33025,
"end": 33032,
"label": [
"78982"
]
},
{
"start": 33610,
"end": 33622,
"label": [
"78470"
]
},
{
"start": 33702,
"end": 33712,
"label": [
"83017"
]
},
{
"start": 33821,
"end": 33828,
"label": [
"78535"
]
},
{
"start": 34451,
"end": 34459,
"label": [
"58782637"
]
},
{
"start": 35027,
"end": 35040,
"label": [
"22576"
]
},
{
"start": 35058,
"end": 35062,
"label": [
"2041"
]
},
{
"start": 35109,
"end": 35115,
"label": [
"14410"
]
},
{
"start": 35245,
"end": 35255,
"label": [
"232942"
]
},
{
"start": 35395,
"end": 35403,
"label": [
"63325"
]
},
{
"start": 35493,
"end": 35498,
"label": [
"78740"
]
},
{
"start": 36129,
"end": 36139,
"label": [
"23250"
]
},
{
"start": 36666,
"end": 36672,
"label": [
"239164"
]
},
{
"start": 36859,
"end": 36865,
"label": [
"77280"
]
},
{
"start": 38507,
"end": 38513,
"label": [
"78978"
]
},
{
"start": 38520,
"end": 38525,
"label": [
"22058"
]
},
{
"start": 38762,
"end": 38766,
"label": [
"19272020"
]
},
{
"start": 38859,
"end": 38863,
"label": [
"37802"
]
},
{
"start": 38896,
"end": 38901,
"label": [
"20924853"
]
},
{
"start": 39020,
"end": 39026,
"label": [
"429044"
]
},
{
"start": 39116,
"end": 39122,
"label": [
"7951"
]
},
{
"start": 39216,
"end": 39229,
"label": [
"80113"
]
},
{
"start": 39281,
"end": 39286,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 39371,
"end": 39381,
"label": [
"65731"
]
},
{
"start": 39394,
"end": 39400,
"label": [
"78777"
]
},
{
"start": 39402,
"end": 39409,
"label": [
"22877693"
]
},
{
"start": 39413,
"end": 39421,
"label": [
"1363380"
]
},
{
"start": 39423,
"end": 39438,
"label": [
"54133335"
]
},
{
"start": 39454,
"end": 39460,
"label": [
"78776"
]
},
{
"start": 39465,
"end": 39474,
"label": [
"82515"
]
},
{
"start": 39492,
"end": 39503,
"label": [
"78775"
]
},
{
"start": 39507,
"end": 39511,
"label": [
"543409"
]
},
{
"start": 39525,
"end": 39531,
"label": [
"78979"
]
},
{
"start": 39737,
"end": 39746,
"label": [
"78983"
]
},
{
"start": 39842,
"end": 39847,
"label": [
"81123"
]
},
{
"start": 39896,
"end": 39906,
"label": [
"78960"
]
},
{
"start": 39949,
"end": 39954,
"label": [
"78740"
]
},
{
"start": 40127,
"end": 40132,
"label": [
"78741"
]
},
{
"start": 40280,
"end": 40288,
"label": [
"22948"
]
},
{
"start": 40365,
"end": 40373,
"label": [
"81508"
]
},
{
"start": 40416,
"end": 40420,
"label": [
"30059"
]
},
{
"start": 40520,
"end": 40524,
"label": [
"30059"
]
},
{
"start": 40797,
"end": 40806,
"label": [
"169187"
]
},
{
"start": 40842,
"end": 40848,
"label": [
"54217605"
]
},
{
"start": 40958,
"end": 40964,
"label": [
"78986"
]
},
{
"start": 40986,
"end": 40991,
"label": [
"24132"
]
},
{
"start": 40995,
"end": 40999,
"label": [
"30059"
]
},
{
"start": 41037,
"end": 41044,
"label": [
"1247736"
]
},
{
"start": 41049,
"end": 41055,
"label": [
"22589"
]
},
{
"start": 41181,
"end": 41190,
"label": [
"305"
]
},
{
"start": 41328,
"end": 41336,
"label": [
"78988"
]
},
{
"start": 41350,
"end": 41357,
"label": [
"84255"
]
},
{
"start": 41379,
"end": 41388,
"label": [
"78995"
]
},
{
"start": 41416,
"end": 41422,
"label": [
"78992"
]
},
{
"start": 41651,
"end": 41658,
"label": [
"7401"
]
},
{
"start": 41659,
"end": 41665,
"label": [
"42183"
]
},
{
"start": 41679,
"end": 41688,
"label": [
"9808"
]
},
{
"start": 41695,
"end": 41698,
"label": [
"3346862"
]
},
{
"start": 41716,
"end": 41719,
"label": [
"30864038"
]
},
{
"start": 41723,
"end": 41729,
"label": [
"53764121"
]
},
{
"start": 41739,
"end": 41745,
"label": [
"82136"
]
},
{
"start": 41869,
"end": 41875,
"label": [
"14410"
]
},
{
"start": 41925,
"end": 41931,
"label": [
"7951"
]
},
{
"start": 41969,
"end": 41977,
"label": [
"407853"
]
},
{
"start": 42034,
"end": 42040,
"label": [
"36487"
]
},
{
"start": 42111,
"end": 42117,
"label": [
"8490"
]
},
{
"start": 42185,
"end": 42193,
"label": [
"3510045"
]
},
{
"start": 42335,
"end": 42341,
"label": [
"407852"
]
},
{
"start": 42523,
"end": 42533,
"label": [
"10353018"
]
},
{
"start": 42651,
"end": 42661,
"label": [
"78974"
]
},
{
"start": 42679,
"end": 42687,
"label": [
"13815"
]
},
{
"start": 42777,
"end": 42784,
"label": [
"147287"
]
},
{
"start": 42965,
"end": 42972,
"label": [
"374662"
]
},
{
"start": 43078,
"end": 43085,
"label": [
"77273"
]
},
{
"start": 43511,
"end": 43519,
"label": [
"77274"
]
},
{
"start": 43734,
"end": 43740,
"label": [
"79317"
]
},
{
"start": 44088,
"end": 44094,
"label": [
"77280"
]
},
{
"start": 44204,
"end": 44212,
"label": [
"60314862"
]
},
{
"start": 44214,
"end": 44221,
"label": [
"81720"
]
},
{
"start": 44384,
"end": 44390,
"label": [
"82207"
]
},
{
"start": 44408,
"end": 44438,
"label": [
"724910"
]
},
{
"start": 44441,
"end": 44450,
"label": [
"82515"
]
},
{
"start": 44492,
"end": 44498,
"label": [
"53929039"
]
},
{
"start": 44501,
"end": 44506,
"label": [
"84260"
]
},
{
"start": 44815,
"end": 44824,
"label": [
"78995"
]
},
{
"start": 45013,
"end": 45022,
"label": [
"78983"
]
},
{
"start": 45239,
"end": 45249,
"label": [
"65731"
]
},
{
"start": 45370,
"end": 45376,
"label": [
"13207"
]
},
{
"start": 45381,
"end": 45388,
"label": [
"1247736"
]
},
{
"start": 45401,
"end": 45406,
"label": [
"81973"
]
},
{
"start": 45420,
"end": 45427,
"label": [
"575970"
]
},
{
"start": 45556,
"end": 45563,
"label": [
"22877693"
]
},
{
"start": 45572,
"end": 45579,
"label": [
"24238414"
]
},
{
"start": 45581,
"end": 45586,
"label": [
"82515"
]
},
{
"start": 45592,
"end": 45601,
"label": [
"83201"
]
},
{
"start": 45603,
"end": 45611,
"label": [
"84177"
]
},
{
"start": 45655,
"end": 45664,
"label": [
"14947232"
]
},
{
"start": 45666,
"end": 45677,
"label": [
"14947234"
]
},
{
"start": 45682,
"end": 45690,
"label": [
"14947230"
]
},
{
"start": 45851,
"end": 45859,
"label": [
"83728"
]
},
{
"start": 45933,
"end": 45938,
"label": [
"81123"
]
},
{
"start": 45940,
"end": 45947,
"label": [
"59025098"
]
},
{
"start": 46005,
"end": 46010,
"label": [
"78741"
]
},
{
"start": 46101,
"end": 46107,
"label": [
"59029886"
]
},
{
"start": 46109,
"end": 46116,
"label": [
"24874386"
]
},
{
"start": 46118,
"end": 46124,
"label": [
"60095209"
]
},
{
"start": 46126,
"end": 46133,
"label": [
"70997"
]
},
{
"start": 46135,
"end": 46140,
"label": [
"81973"
]
},
{
"start": 46142,
"end": 46151,
"label": [
"31093643"
]
},
{
"start": 46168,
"end": 46173,
"label": [
"83067"
]
},
{
"start": 46210,
"end": 46220,
"label": [
"13647466"
]
},
{
"start": 46446,
"end": 46452,
"label": [
"42183"
]
},
{
"start": 46454,
"end": 46462,
"label": [
"26157112"
]
},
{
"start": 46524,
"end": 46530,
"label": [
"34387205"
]
},
{
"start": 46544,
"end": 46552,
"label": [
"14503014"
]
},
{
"start": 46622,
"end": 46628,
"label": [
"27888"
]
},
{
"start": 46741,
"end": 46747,
"label": [
"42183"
]
},
{
"start": 46873,
"end": 46879,
"label": [
"31617459"
]
},
{
"start": 46892,
"end": 46896,
"label": [
"34398"
]
},
{
"start": 46901,
"end": 46907,
"label": [
"47219"
]
},
{
"start": 46935,
"end": 46939,
"label": [
"82578"
]
},
{
"start": 46973,
"end": 46977,
"label": [
"34398"
]
},
{
"start": 47108,
"end": 47114,
"label": [
"635811"
]
},
{
"start": 47332,
"end": 47338,
"label": [
"20700461"
]
},
{
"start": 47473,
"end": 47481,
"label": [
"46978"
]
},
{
"start": 47488,
"end": 47493,
"label": [
"22058"
]
},
{
"start": 47549,
"end": 47555,
"label": [
"80114"
]
},
{
"start": 47582,
"end": 47595,
"label": [
"166543"
]
},
{
"start": 47735,
"end": 47744,
"label": [
"6526"
]
},
{
"start": 48140,
"end": 48146,
"label": [
"36745"
]
},
{
"start": 48737,
"end": 48752,
"label": [
"11936957"
]
},
{
"start": 49053,
"end": 49059,
"label": [
"78978"
]
},
{
"start": 49200,
"end": 49207,
"label": [
"349177"
]
},
{
"start": 49330,
"end": 49336,
"label": [
"67230"
]
},
{
"start": 49372,
"end": 49378,
"label": [
"80963"
]
},
{
"start": 49392,
"end": 49398,
"label": [
"14372"
]
},
{
"start": 49521,
"end": 49525,
"label": [
"18574"
]
},
{
"start": 49530,
"end": 49537,
"label": [
"54419418"
]
},
{
"start": 50371,
"end": 50377,
"label": [
"1182"
]
},
{
"start": 50602,
"end": 50608,
"label": [
"1216"
]
},
{
"start": 50642,
"end": 50648,
"label": [
"36487"
]
},
{
"start": 50711,
"end": 50716,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 50941,
"end": 50946,
"label": [
"2628"
]
},
{
"start": 51110,
"end": 51119,
"label": [
"2023"
]
},
{
"start": 51121,
"end": 51129,
"label": [
"157180"
]
},
{
"start": 51139,
"end": 51151,
"label": [
"6000418"
]
},
{
"start": 51176,
"end": 51185,
"label": [
"1544"
]
},
{
"start": 51227,
"end": 51236,
"label": [
"79258"
]
},
{
"start": 51350,
"end": 51357,
"label": [
"77802"
]
},
{
"start": 51387,
"end": 51396,
"label": [
"2629"
]
},
{
"start": 51495,
"end": 51502,
"label": [
"10141"
]
},
{
"start": 51541,
"end": 51550,
"label": [
"181361"
]
},
{
"start": 51599,
"end": 51608,
"label": [
"1145196"
]
},
{
"start": 51999,
"end": 52009,
"label": [
"195127"
]
},
{
"start": 52378,
"end": 52391,
"label": [
"25882"
]
},
{
"start": 52412,
"end": 52431,
"label": [
"18047"
]
},
{
"start": 52491,
"end": 52503,
"label": [
"5588183"
]
},
{
"start": 52626,
"end": 52642,
"label": [
"28563"
]
},
{
"start": 52659,
"end": 52675,
"label": [
"3781424"
]
},
{
"start": 52803,
"end": 52811,
"label": [
"1273"
]
},
{
"start": 52985,
"end": 53001,
"label": [
"5008"
]
},
{
"start": 53140,
"end": 53152,
"label": [
"477069"
]
},
{
"start": 53190,
"end": 53202,
"label": [
"8823431"
]
},
{
"start": 53221,
"end": 53234,
"label": [
"159890"
]
},
{
"start": 53289,
"end": 53294,
"label": [
"8391"
]
},
{
"start": 53325,
"end": 53338,
"label": [
"2109661"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
624_History
|
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge. At the Upward Sun River site in the Tanana River Valley in Alaska, remains of a six-week-old infant were found. The baby's DNA showed that she belonged to a population that was genetically separate from other native groups present elsewhere in the New World at the end of the Pleistocene. Ben Potter, the University of Alaska Fairbanks archaeologist who unearthed the remains at the Upward River Sun site in 2013, named this new group Ancient Beringians. The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption. The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people. Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River. The first European vessel to reach Alaska is generally held to be the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732, during an expedition of Siberian cossak A. F. Shestakov and Russian explorer Dmitry Pavlutsky (1729–1735). Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia with sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia toward the Aleutian Islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784. Between 1774 and 1800, Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound. These expeditions gave names to places such as Valdez, Bucareli Sound, and Cordova. Later, the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early-to-mid-19th century. Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America. It remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the United States. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. Evidence of Russian settlement in names and churches survive throughout southeast Alaska. On March 30, 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire for the sum of $7.2 million. It was not until October of that year that the commissioners arrived in Sitka and the formal transfer was arranged. The formal flag-raising took place at Fort Sitka on October 18, 1867. The original ceremony included 250 uniformed U.S. soldiers, who marched to the governor's house at "Castle Hill". Here the Russian troops lowered the Russian flag and the U.S. flag was raised. This event is celebrated as Alaska Day, a legal holiday on the 18th of October. William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the President of the United States. A federal district court was headquartered in Sitka. For most of Alaska's first decade under the United States flag, Sitka was the only community inhabited by American settlers. They organized a "provisional city government", which was Alaska's first municipal government, but not in a legal sense. Legislation allowing Alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities did not come about until 1900, and for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect in 1959. Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries. During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands – Attu, Agattu and Kiska – that were invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943. During the occupation, one Aleut civilian was killed by Japanese troops and nearly fifty were interned in Japan, where about half of them died. Unalaska/Dutch Harbor became a significant base for the United States Army Air Forces and Navy submariners. The United States Lend-Lease program involved the flying of American warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks and then Nome; Soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft, ferrying them to fight the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959. In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Alaska's population as 77.2% White, 3% Black, and 18.8% American Indian and Alaska Native. On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System led to an oil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward. That same year, not coincidentally, Alaska repealed its state income tax. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over of crude oil over of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the proposed Pebble Mine. The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoric sites within the state of Alaska; it is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology. The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, buildings, sites, districts, and travel ways, with a general provision that they are over 50 years old. , over 35,000 sites have been reported.
|
[
{
"start": 229,
"end": 247,
"label": [
"201203"
]
},
{
"start": 256,
"end": 277,
"label": [
"48426388"
]
},
{
"start": 497,
"end": 506,
"label": [
"2393552"
]
},
{
"start": 525,
"end": 536,
"label": [
"23310"
]
},
{
"start": 554,
"end": 584,
"label": [
"601485"
]
},
{
"start": 684,
"end": 702,
"label": [
"56212545"
]
},
{
"start": 708,
"end": 722,
"label": [
"50858"
]
},
{
"start": 750,
"end": 761,
"label": [
"84024"
]
},
{
"start": 927,
"end": 932,
"label": [
"74140"
]
},
{
"start": 976,
"end": 985,
"label": [
"589605"
]
},
{
"start": 1054,
"end": 1070,
"label": [
"12495"
]
},
{
"start": 1138,
"end": 1152,
"label": [
"926770"
]
},
{
"start": 1175,
"end": 1185,
"label": [
"105608"
]
},
{
"start": 1232,
"end": 1281,
"label": [
"10953469"
]
},
{
"start": 1295,
"end": 1303,
"label": [
"16829895"
]
},
{
"start": 1389,
"end": 1398,
"label": [
"66981"
]
},
{
"start": 1528,
"end": 1540,
"label": [
"3034"
]
},
{
"start": 1684,
"end": 1690,
"label": [
"10605127"
]
},
{
"start": 1716,
"end": 1733,
"label": [
"562482"
]
},
{
"start": 1780,
"end": 1795,
"label": [
"913091"
]
},
{
"start": 1832,
"end": 1842,
"label": [
"42204775"
]
},
{
"start": 1931,
"end": 1962,
"label": [
"82065"
]
},
{
"start": 1984,
"end": 2005,
"label": [
"524195"
]
},
{
"start": 2037,
"end": 2051,
"label": [
"213641"
]
},
{
"start": 2205,
"end": 2211,
"label": [
"414002"
]
},
{
"start": 2215,
"end": 2230,
"label": [
"413987"
]
},
{
"start": 2349,
"end": 2356,
"label": [
"57950"
]
},
{
"start": 2523,
"end": 2528,
"label": [
"14800"
]
},
{
"start": 2580,
"end": 2591,
"label": [
"5816800"
]
},
{
"start": 2711,
"end": 2724,
"label": [
"25284463"
]
},
{
"start": 2749,
"end": 2760,
"label": [
"413512"
]
},
{
"start": 2858,
"end": 2874,
"label": [
"23657433"
]
},
{
"start": 2948,
"end": 2960,
"label": [
"57931"
]
},
{
"start": 2968,
"end": 2978,
"label": [
"13456065"
]
},
{
"start": 3061,
"end": 3070,
"label": [
"567471"
]
},
{
"start": 3307,
"end": 3312,
"label": [
"64485"
]
},
{
"start": 3326,
"end": 3347,
"label": [
"10528111"
]
},
{
"start": 3438,
"end": 3442,
"label": [
"11192264"
]
},
{
"start": 3457,
"end": 3469,
"label": [
"924295"
]
},
{
"start": 3518,
"end": 3524,
"label": [
"105697"
]
},
{
"start": 3526,
"end": 3540,
"label": [
"17303603"
]
},
{
"start": 3546,
"end": 3553,
"label": [
"105677"
]
},
{
"start": 3566,
"end": 3590,
"label": [
"915861"
]
},
{
"start": 3674,
"end": 3679,
"label": [
"87486"
]
},
{
"start": 3689,
"end": 3702,
"label": [
"87486"
]
},
{
"start": 3725,
"end": 3739,
"label": [
"30873755"
]
},
{
"start": 3747,
"end": 3768,
"label": [
"915642"
]
},
{
"start": 3784,
"end": 3800,
"label": [
"2936"
]
},
{
"start": 3824,
"end": 3839,
"label": [
"2659655"
]
},
{
"start": 4614,
"end": 4624,
"label": [
"958562"
]
},
{
"start": 4666,
"end": 4683,
"label": [
"81455"
]
},
{
"start": 4689,
"end": 4721,
"label": [
"32293"
]
},
{
"start": 4738,
"end": 4753,
"label": [
"193703"
]
},
{
"start": 4915,
"end": 4923,
"label": [
"451487"
]
},
{
"start": 4975,
"end": 5005,
"label": [
"24113"
]
},
{
"start": 5017,
"end": 5031,
"label": [
"2104214"
]
},
{
"start": 5609,
"end": 5624,
"label": [
"34230"
]
},
{
"start": 5783,
"end": 5788,
"label": [
"87486"
]
},
{
"start": 5820,
"end": 5826,
"label": [
"87469"
]
},
{
"start": 5848,
"end": 5873,
"label": [
"8205646"
]
},
{
"start": 6053,
"end": 6078,
"label": [
"1095689"
]
},
{
"start": 6125,
"end": 6129,
"label": [
"226214"
]
},
{
"start": 6131,
"end": 6137,
"label": [
"2631046"
]
},
{
"start": 6142,
"end": 6147,
"label": [
"462492"
]
},
{
"start": 6262,
"end": 6267,
"label": [
"3034"
]
},
{
"start": 6379,
"end": 6387,
"label": [
"105213"
]
},
{
"start": 6388,
"end": 6400,
"label": [
"442120"
]
},
{
"start": 6435,
"end": 6464,
"label": [
"23508196"
]
},
{
"start": 6469,
"end": 6473,
"label": [
"20518076"
]
},
{
"start": 6474,
"end": 6483,
"label": [
"28825"
]
},
{
"start": 6505,
"end": 6515,
"label": [
"55832"
]
},
{
"start": 6865,
"end": 6881,
"label": [
"1610747"
]
},
{
"start": 7546,
"end": 7568,
"label": [
"240447"
]
},
{
"start": 7685,
"end": 7693,
"label": [
"31161"
]
},
{
"start": 7798,
"end": 7814,
"label": [
"631494"
]
},
{
"start": 7877,
"end": 7906,
"label": [
"261671"
]
},
{
"start": 8108,
"end": 8119,
"label": [
"105585"
]
},
{
"start": 8151,
"end": 8179,
"label": [
"197732"
]
},
{
"start": 8363,
"end": 8375,
"label": [
"189482"
]
},
{
"start": 8394,
"end": 8414,
"label": [
"197927"
]
},
{
"start": 8416,
"end": 8424,
"label": [
"10243"
]
},
{
"start": 8592,
"end": 8623,
"label": [
"82065"
]
},
{
"start": 8641,
"end": 8652,
"label": [
"8796651"
]
},
{
"start": 8714,
"end": 8723,
"label": [
"182655"
]
},
{
"start": 8740,
"end": 8748,
"label": [
"2699646"
]
},
{
"start": 8753,
"end": 8764,
"label": [
"18994022"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
624_Law and government
|
===State government=== Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: an executive branch consisting of the governor of Alaska and his or her appointees which head executive departments; a legislative branch consisting of the Alaska House of Representatives and Alaska Senate; and a judicial branch consisting of the Alaska Supreme Court and lower courts. The state of Alaska employs approximately 16,000 people statewide. The Alaska Legislature consists of a 40-member House of Representatives and a 20-member Senate. Senators serve four-year terms and House members two. The governor of Alaska serves four-year terms. The lieutenant governor runs separately from the governor in the primaries, but during the general election, the nominee for governor and nominee for lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket. Alaska's court system has four levels: the Alaska Supreme Court, the Alaska Court of Appeals, the superior courts and the district courts. The superior and district courts are trial courts. Superior courts are courts of general jurisdiction, while district courts only hear certain types of cases, including misdemeanor criminal cases and civil cases valued up to $100,000. The Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals are appellate courts. The Court of Appeals is required to hear appeals from certain lower-court decisions, including those regarding criminal prosecutions, juvenile delinquency, and habeas corpus. The Supreme Court hears civil appeals and may in its discretion hear criminal appeals. Although in its early years of statehood Alaska was a Democratic state, since the early 1970s it has been characterized as Republican-leaning. Local political communities have often worked on issues related to land use development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights. Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their communities, have been active within the Native corporations. These have been given ownership over large tracts of land, which require stewardship. Alaska was formerly the only state in which possession of one ounce or less of marijuana in one's home was completely legal under state law, though the federal law remains in force. The state has an independence movement favoring a vote on secession from the United States, with the Alaskan Independence Party. Six Republicans and four Democrats have served as governor of Alaska. In addition, Republican governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990 after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining the Alaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to be reelected. He officially rejoined the Republican party in 1994. Alaska's voter initiative making marijuana legal took effect on February 24, 2015, placing Alaska alongside Colorado and Washington as the first three U.S. states where recreational marijuana is legal. The new law means people over age 21 can consume small amounts of pot – if they can find it. There is a rather lengthy and involved application process, per Alaska Measure 2 (2014). The first legal marijuana store opened in Valdez in October 2016. To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither (New Hampshire is the other one) The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division. While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax, from 1.0–7.5%, typically 3–5%. Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes, hotel, motel, and bed-and-breakfast 'bed' taxes, severance taxes, liquor and tobacco taxes, gaming (pull tabs) taxes, tire taxes and fuel transfer taxes. A part of the revenue collected from certain state taxes and license fees (such as petroleum, aviation motor fuel, telephone cooperative) is shared with municipalities in Alaska. Fairbanks has one of the highest property taxes in the state as no sales or income taxes are assessed in the Fairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB). A sales tax for the FNSB has been voted on many times, but has yet to be approved, leading lawmakers to increase taxes dramatically on goods such as liquor and tobacco. In 2014 the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having the fourth most "business friendly" tax policy, behind only Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nevada. Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968. The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. , well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters. Because of its population relative to other U.S. states, Alaska has only one member in the U.S. House of Representatives. This seat is held by Republican Don Young, who was re-elected to his 21st consecutive term in 2012. Alaska's at-large congressional district is one of the largest parliamentary constituencies in the world by area. In 2008, Governor Sarah Palin became the first Republican woman to run on a national ticket when she became John McCain's running mate. She continued to be a prominent national figure even after resigning from the governor's job in July 2009. Alaska's United States senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3. In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor of Anchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator Ted Stevens. Stevens had been convicted on seven felony counts of failing to report gifts on Senate financial discloser forms one week before the election. The conviction was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prosecutorial misconduct emerged. Republican Frank Murkowski held the state's other senatorial position. After being elected governor in 2002, he resigned from the Senate and appointed his daughter, State representative Lisa Murkowski as his successor. She won full six-year terms in 2004, 2010 and 2016. <gallery mode="packed" widths="160" heights="160" perrow="5" caption="Alaska's current statewide elected officials"> File:Mike Dunleavy official photo (cropped).jpg|Mike Dunleavy, Governor File:Lisa Murkowski official photo (cropped).jpg|Lisa Murkowski, senior United States Senator File:Senator Dan Sullivan official.jpg|Dan Sullivan, junior United States Senator File:Don Young, official 115th Congress photo portrait (cropped).jpg|Don Young, United States Representative </gallery>
|
[
{
"start": 96,
"end": 118,
"label": [
"28561"
]
},
{
"start": 123,
"end": 139,
"label": [
"10263"
]
},
{
"start": 239,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"44421"
]
},
{
"start": 276,
"end": 307,
"label": [
"1071790"
]
},
{
"start": 312,
"end": 325,
"label": [
"1071782"
]
},
{
"start": 333,
"end": 348,
"label": [
"59564"
]
},
{
"start": 367,
"end": 387,
"label": [
"1709543"
]
},
{
"start": 477,
"end": 495,
"label": [
"426213"
]
},
{
"start": 520,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"1071790"
]
},
{
"start": 561,
"end": 567,
"label": [
"1071782"
]
},
{
"start": 735,
"end": 744,
"label": [
"169131"
]
},
{
"start": 916,
"end": 936,
"label": [
"1709543"
]
},
{
"start": 942,
"end": 965,
"label": [
"1709555"
]
},
{
"start": 1049,
"end": 1060,
"label": [
"306967"
]
},
{
"start": 1294,
"end": 1309,
"label": [
"643"
]
},
{
"start": 1472,
"end": 1485,
"label": [
"14091"
]
},
{
"start": 1628,
"end": 1638,
"label": [
"5043544"
]
},
{
"start": 1697,
"end": 1707,
"label": [
"32070"
]
},
{
"start": 1847,
"end": 1861,
"label": [
"525001"
]
},
{
"start": 1940,
"end": 1959,
"label": [
"2878752"
]
},
{
"start": 2330,
"end": 2356,
"label": [
"298819"
]
},
{
"start": 2362,
"end": 2373,
"label": [
"32070"
]
},
{
"start": 2383,
"end": 2392,
"label": [
"5043544"
]
},
{
"start": 2461,
"end": 2473,
"label": [
"332169"
]
},
{
"start": 3065,
"end": 3088,
"label": [
"46463145"
]
},
{
"start": 3383,
"end": 3392,
"label": [
"296328"
]
},
{
"start": 3445,
"end": 3455,
"label": [
"50845"
]
},
{
"start": 3961,
"end": 3974,
"label": [
"12056220"
]
},
{
"start": 4245,
"end": 4254,
"label": [
"105445"
]
},
{
"start": 4354,
"end": 4382,
"label": [
"87467"
]
},
{
"start": 4572,
"end": 4586,
"label": [
"947890"
]
},
{
"start": 4671,
"end": 4678,
"label": [
"33611"
]
},
{
"start": 4680,
"end": 4692,
"label": [
"26746"
]
},
{
"start": 4698,
"end": 4704,
"label": [
"21216"
]
},
{
"start": 4732,
"end": 4743,
"label": [
"32070"
]
},
{
"start": 4836,
"end": 4853,
"label": [
"85533"
]
},
{
"start": 4913,
"end": 4917,
"label": [
"40566"
]
},
{
"start": 4945,
"end": 4955,
"label": [
"5043544"
]
},
{
"start": 5033,
"end": 5050,
"label": [
"54533"
]
},
{
"start": 5084,
"end": 5088,
"label": [
"40566"
]
},
{
"start": 5100,
"end": 5104,
"label": [
"40565"
]
},
{
"start": 5109,
"end": 5113,
"label": [
"40567"
]
},
{
"start": 5142,
"end": 5146,
"label": [
"40568"
]
},
{
"start": 5213,
"end": 5217,
"label": [
"406859"
]
},
{
"start": 5230,
"end": 5241,
"label": [
"43715"
]
},
{
"start": 5260,
"end": 5272,
"label": [
"534366"
]
},
{
"start": 5328,
"end": 5339,
"label": [
"2941511"
]
},
{
"start": 5436,
"end": 5440,
"label": [
"20102947"
]
},
{
"start": 5555,
"end": 5566,
"label": [
"2941"
]
},
{
"start": 5646,
"end": 5676,
"label": [
"601485"
]
},
{
"start": 6178,
"end": 6207,
"label": [
"19468510"
]
},
{
"start": 6241,
"end": 6250,
"label": [
"407894"
]
},
{
"start": 6309,
"end": 6349,
"label": [
"3204173"
]
},
{
"start": 6441,
"end": 6452,
"label": [
"2941511"
]
},
{
"start": 6531,
"end": 6542,
"label": [
"43715"
]
},
{
"start": 6708,
"end": 6727,
"label": [
"358612"
]
},
{
"start": 6747,
"end": 6758,
"label": [
"1703573"
]
},
{
"start": 6818,
"end": 6829,
"label": [
"181094"
]
},
{
"start": 7080,
"end": 7095,
"label": [
"276733"
]
},
{
"start": 7255,
"end": 7269,
"label": [
"367105"
]
},
{
"start": 7505,
"end": 7518,
"label": [
"40933016"
]
},
{
"start": 7578,
"end": 7592,
"label": [
"367105"
]
},
{
"start": 7662,
"end": 7674,
"label": [
"24332024"
]
},
{
"start": 7774,
"end": 7783,
"label": [
"407894"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
640_Access to appellant status
|
A party who files an appeal is called an "appellant", "plaintiff in error", "petitioner" or "pursuer", and a party on the other side is called an "appellee". A "cross-appeal" is an appeal brought by the respondent. For example, suppose at trial the judge found for the plaintiff and ordered the defendant to pay $50,000. If the defendant files an appeal arguing that he should not have to pay any money, then the plaintiff might file a cross-appeal arguing that the defendant should have to pay $200,000 instead of $50,000. The appellant is the party who, having lost part or all their claim in a lower court decision, is appealing to a higher court to have their case reconsidered. This is usually done on the basis that the lower court judge erred in the application of law, but it may also be possible to appeal on the basis of court misconduct, or that a finding of fact was entirely unreasonable to make on the evidence. The appellant in the new case can be either the plaintiff (or claimant), defendant, third-party intervenor, or respondent (appellee) from the lower case, depending on who was the losing party. The winning party from the lower court, however, is now the respondent. In unusual cases the appellant can be the victor in the court below, but still appeal. An appellee is the party to an appeal in which the lower court judgment was in its favor. The appellee is required to respond to the petition, oral arguments, and legal briefs of the appellant. In general, the appellee takes the procedural posture that the lower court's decision should be affirmed.
|
[
{
"start": 586,
"end": 591,
"label": [
"113258"
]
},
{
"start": 597,
"end": 608,
"label": [
"306986"
]
},
{
"start": 974,
"end": 983,
"label": [
"24690"
]
},
{
"start": 999,
"end": 1008,
"label": [
"8865"
]
},
{
"start": 1022,
"end": 1032,
"label": [
"5161334"
]
},
{
"start": 1341,
"end": 1349,
"label": [
"161977"
]
},
{
"start": 1411,
"end": 1419,
"label": [
"340219"
]
},
{
"start": 1421,
"end": 1434,
"label": [
"425164"
]
},
{
"start": 1441,
"end": 1452,
"label": [
"425202"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
657_Modern use
|
===Global use=== The vast majority of refined asphalt is used in construction: primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications. According to the requirements of the end use, asphalt is produced to specification. This is achieved either by refining or blending. It is estimated that the current world use of asphalt is approximately 102 million tonnes per year. Approximately 85% of all the asphalt produced is used as the binder in asphalt concrete for roads. It is also used in other paved areas such as airport runways, car parks and footways. Typically, the production of asphalt concrete involves mixing fine and coarse aggregates such as sand, gravel and crushed rock with asphalt, which acts as the binding agent. Other materials, such as recycled polymers (e.g., rubber tyres), may be added to the asphalt to modify its properties according to the application for which the asphalt is ultimately intended. A further 10% of global asphalt production is used in roofing applications, where its waterproofing qualities are invaluable. The remaining 5% of asphalt is used mainly for sealing and insulating purposes in a variety of building materials, such as pipe coatings, carpet tile backing and paint. Asphalt is applied in the construction and maintenance of many structures, systems, and components, such as the following: * Highways * Airport runways * Footways and pedestrian ways * Car parks * Racetracks * Tennis courts * Roofing * Damp proofing * Dams * Reservoir and pool linings * Soundproofing * Pipe coatings * Cable coatings * Paints * Building water proofing * Tile underlying waterproofing * Newspaper ink production * and many other applications The largest use of asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces; this accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the US, and a similar number in Europe. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. The weight of an asphalt pavement depends upon the aggregate type, the asphalt, and the air void content. An average example in the United States is about 112 pounds per square yard, per inch of pavement thickness. When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments. Asphalt concrete paving is widely used in airports around the world. Due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways. Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt that differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% asphalt. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about thick. A number of technologies allow asphalt to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point or mixing with water to turn the asphalt into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth, and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements. Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States. In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States. Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude. Asphalt was used starting in the 1960s as a hydrophobic matrix aiming to encapsulate radioactive waste such as medium-activity salts (mainly soluble sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate) produced by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels or radioactive sludges from sedimentation ponds. Bituminised radioactive waste containing highly radiotoxic transuranic elements from nuclear reprocessing plants have been produced at industrial scale in France, Belgium and Japan, but this type of waste conditioning has been abandoned because operational safety issues (risks of fire, as occurred in a bituminisation plant at Tokai Works in Japan) and long-term stability problems related to their geological disposal in deep rock formations. One of the main problem is the swelling of asphalt exposed to radiation and to water. Asphalt swelling is first induced by radiation because of the presence of hydrogen gas bubbles generated by alpha and gamma radiolysis. A second mechanism is the matrix swelling when the encapsulated hygroscopic salts exposed to water or moisture start to rehydrate and to dissolve. The high concentration of salt in the pore solution inside the bituminised matrix is then responsible for osmotic effects inside the bituminised matrix. The water moves in the direction of the concentrated salts, the asphalt acting as a semi-permeable membrane. This also causes the matrix to swell. The swelling pressure due to osmotic effect under constant volume can be as high as 200 bar. If not properly managed, this high pressure can cause fractures in the near field of a disposal gallery of bituminised medium-level waste. When the bituminised matrix has been altered by swelling, encapsulated radionuclides are easily leached by the contact of ground water and released in the geosphere. The high ionic strength of the concentrated saline solution also favours the migration of radionuclides in clay host rocks. The presence of chemically reactive nitrate can also affect the redox conditions prevailing in the host rock by establishing oxidizing conditions, preventing the reduction of redox-sensitive radionuclides. Under their higher valences, radionuclides of elements such as selenium, technetium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium have a higher solubility and are also often present in water as non-retarded anions. This makes the disposal of medium-level bituminised waste very challenging. Different type of asphalt have been used: blown bitumen (partly oxidized with air oxygen at high temperature after distillation, and harder) and direct distillation bitumen (softer). Blown bitumens like Mexphalte, with a high content of saturated hydrocarbons, are more easily biodegraded by microorganisms than direct distillation bitumen, with a low content of saturated hydrocarbons and a high content of aromatic hydrocarbons. Concrete encapsulation of radwaste is presently considered a safer alternative by the nuclear industry and the waste management organisations. Roofing shingles and roll roofing account for most of the remaining asphalt consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some exterior paint supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color darker. Asphalt is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.
|
[
{
"start": 453,
"end": 459,
"label": [
"2076473"
]
},
{
"start": 655,
"end": 665,
"label": [
"7096085"
]
},
{
"start": 674,
"end": 678,
"label": [
"18994037"
]
},
{
"start": 680,
"end": 686,
"label": [
"167120"
]
},
{
"start": 801,
"end": 807,
"label": [
"38393"
]
},
{
"start": 808,
"end": 813,
"label": [
"65037"
]
},
{
"start": 1739,
"end": 1755,
"label": [
"387797"
]
},
{
"start": 2312,
"end": 2341,
"label": [
"387797"
]
},
{
"start": 2669,
"end": 2676,
"label": [
"42212963"
]
},
{
"start": 3112,
"end": 3142,
"label": [
"1339400"
]
},
{
"start": 3519,
"end": 3525,
"label": [
"165094"
]
},
{
"start": 3528,
"end": 3542,
"label": [
"387797"
]
},
{
"start": 3604,
"end": 3620,
"label": [
"387797"
]
},
{
"start": 3655,
"end": 3661,
"label": [
"2076473"
]
},
{
"start": 4248,
"end": 4256,
"label": [
"10290"
]
},
{
"start": 4429,
"end": 4437,
"label": [
"18963787"
]
},
{
"start": 4442,
"end": 4449,
"label": [
"18963787"
]
},
{
"start": 4513,
"end": 4521,
"label": [
"6005240"
]
},
{
"start": 5215,
"end": 5227,
"label": [
"7107907"
]
},
{
"start": 5276,
"end": 5287,
"label": [
"1110017"
]
},
{
"start": 5428,
"end": 5442,
"label": [
"8426130"
]
},
{
"start": 5450,
"end": 5471,
"label": [
"242057"
]
},
{
"start": 5548,
"end": 5564,
"label": [
"2055144"
]
},
{
"start": 5590,
"end": 5605,
"label": [
"2444991"
]
},
{
"start": 5698,
"end": 5710,
"label": [
"51111"
]
},
{
"start": 6044,
"end": 6057,
"label": [
"1724529"
]
},
{
"start": 6072,
"end": 6094,
"label": [
"329151"
]
},
{
"start": 6146,
"end": 6161,
"label": [
"2221329"
]
},
{
"start": 6163,
"end": 6189,
"label": [
"30872967"
]
},
{
"start": 6195,
"end": 6200,
"label": [
"2335829"
]
},
{
"start": 6273,
"end": 6290,
"label": [
"15007619"
]
},
{
"start": 6450,
"end": 6467,
"label": [
"3521846"
]
},
{
"start": 6741,
"end": 6750,
"label": [
"2445000"
]
},
{
"start": 6848,
"end": 6860,
"label": [
"51111"
]
},
{
"start": 7124,
"end": 7134,
"label": [
"11969"
]
},
{
"start": 7234,
"end": 7241,
"label": [
"104697"
]
},
{
"start": 7834,
"end": 7856,
"label": [
"613606"
]
},
{
"start": 7874,
"end": 7880,
"label": [
"6498360"
]
},
{
"start": 7917,
"end": 7923,
"label": [
"6498360"
]
},
{
"start": 8153,
"end": 8176,
"label": [
"38216008"
]
},
{
"start": 8324,
"end": 8337,
"label": [
"16854047"
]
},
{
"start": 8349,
"end": 8360,
"label": [
"2601742"
]
},
{
"start": 8406,
"end": 8417,
"label": [
"14136"
]
},
{
"start": 8511,
"end": 8525,
"label": [
"200310"
]
},
{
"start": 8530,
"end": 8544,
"label": [
"794439"
]
},
{
"start": 8578,
"end": 8596,
"label": [
"4094572"
]
},
{
"start": 8613,
"end": 8619,
"label": [
"44275839"
]
},
{
"start": 8695,
"end": 8705,
"label": [
"202522"
]
},
{
"start": 8706,
"end": 8725,
"label": [
"31537"
]
},
{
"start": 9047,
"end": 9066,
"label": [
"3885807"
]
},
{
"start": 9252,
"end": 9260,
"label": [
"13255"
]
},
{
"start": 9302,
"end": 9312,
"label": [
"2909744"
]
},
{
"start": 9378,
"end": 9389,
"label": [
"116790"
]
},
{
"start": 9567,
"end": 9574,
"label": [
"18600440"
]
},
{
"start": 9698,
"end": 9721,
"label": [
"213887"
]
},
{
"start": 10168,
"end": 10182,
"label": [
"2619023"
]
},
{
"start": 10347,
"end": 10352,
"label": [
"66313"
]
},
{
"start": 10552,
"end": 10560,
"label": [
"27117"
]
},
{
"start": 10562,
"end": 10572,
"label": [
"30041"
]
},
{
"start": 10574,
"end": 10581,
"label": [
"31743"
]
},
{
"start": 10583,
"end": 10592,
"label": [
"21277"
]
},
{
"start": 10597,
"end": 10606,
"label": [
"7987684"
]
},
{
"start": 10684,
"end": 10689,
"label": [
"18963787"
]
},
{
"start": 11285,
"end": 11301,
"label": [
"22153"
]
},
{
"start": 11342,
"end": 11357,
"label": [
"5241974"
]
},
{
"start": 11363,
"end": 11375,
"label": [
"23268911"
]
},
{
"start": 11543,
"end": 11554,
"label": [
"1513212"
]
},
{
"start": 11558,
"end": 11565,
"label": [
"216140"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
662_Mission
|
=== Launch and flight to lunar orbit === An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General William Westmoreland, four cabinet members, 19 state governors, 40 mayors, 60 ambassadors and 200 congressmen. Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with the former president, Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson. Around 3,500 media representatives were present. About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts. President Richard Nixon viewed the launch from his office in the White House with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman. Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 EDT). At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to roll into its flight azimuth of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9minutes and 8seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later. Apollo 11 entered Earth orbit at an altitude of by , twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver was performed. This involved separating Columbia from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with Eagle still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon. This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A slingshot effect from passing around the Moon threw it into an orbit around the Sun. On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about southwest of the crater Sabine D. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges. It lay about southeast of the Surveyor5 landing site, and southwest of Ranger8's crash site. At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered Eagle, and began the final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 Eagle separated from Columbia. Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed. Armstrong exclaimed: "The Eagle has wings!" As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. Eagle was traveling too fast. The problem could have been mascons—concentrations of high mass that could have altered the trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel. Or it could have been the result of Eagles pirouette maneuver. Five minutes into the descent burn, and above the surface of the Moon, the LM guidance computer (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer Jack Garman told Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them. Margaret Hamilton, the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory later recalled: During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time. Software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in Apollo 5. Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms. When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a crater (later determined to be West crater), so he took semi-automatic control. Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting Eagle. Now above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site. Armstrong found a clear patch of ground and maneuvered the spacecraft towards it. As he got closer, now above the surface, he discovered his new landing site had a crater in it. He cleared the crater and found another patch of level ground. They were now from the surface, with only 90 seconds of propellant remaining. Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion. Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed. A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the probes hanging from Eagle footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot. Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong shut the engine down. Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA—out of detent." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control—both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm—off. 413 is in." ACA was the Attitude Control Assembly—the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the reaction control system (RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. LGC address 413 contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed. Eagle landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe, but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds. Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this. Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful. Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot." Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth: He then took communion privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20. The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep. Preparations for Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to walk on the Moon began at 23:43. These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two. During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools. Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and Eagle was depressurized. Eagles hatch was opened at 02:39:33. Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his portable life support system (PLSS). Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress. At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle side and activate the TV camera. Apollo 11 used slow-scan television (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor, and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture. The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States, but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station near Canberra in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia. Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth. Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA. While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read: At the behest of the Nixon administration to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for Anno Domini, "in the year of our Lord" (although it should have been placed before the year, not after). After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder", at 02:56:15, six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off Eagle footpad and declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM. Twelve minutes after the sample was collected, he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a Hasselblad camera which could be operated hand held or mounted on Armstrong's Apollo space suit. Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation." Armstrong said moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around." Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow. The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits. The astronauts planted the Lunar Flag Assembly containing a flag of the United States on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising." But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only jam the pole a couple of inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute". Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House." Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief. They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismic experiment package used to measure moonquakes and a array used for the lunar laser ranging experiment. Then Armstrong walked from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core samples. He used the geologist's hammer to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled of soil into the box of rocks in order to pack them in tightly. Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples: basalt and breccia. Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth. Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension. In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon. Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand. Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep. Presidential speech writer William Safire had prepared an In Event of Moon Disaster announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon. The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster. According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to burial at sea. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke's First World War poem, "The Soldier". While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. A felt-tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch; had this not worked, the LM circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine. After more than hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an Apollo 1 mission patch in memory of astronauts Roger Chaffee, Gus Grissom, and Edward White, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management. After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, they lifted off in Eagle ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit. Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over." Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM. During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since Adam has any human known such solitude", Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two". In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while Columbia passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation". One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about four miles off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the fuel cells and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return. Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of Columbia might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature. When Columbia came back around to the near side of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for Eagle to meet up with Columbia, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly Columbia down to meet Eagle. Eagle rendezvoused with Columbia at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35. Eagles ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41. Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface. On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: Aldrin added: Armstrong concluded: On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong. The aircraft carrier , under the command of Captain Carl J. Seiberlich, was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing its sister ship, the LPH , which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. Hornet was then at her home port of Long Beach, California. On reaching Pearl Harbor on July 5, Hornet embarked the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters of HS-4, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of UDT Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of Hornets air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a boilerplate command module used for training. On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, Hornet departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific, in the vicinity of . A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State William P. Rogers and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger flew to Johnston Atoll on Air Force One, then to the command ship in Marine One. After a night on board, they would fly to Hornet in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard Hornet, the party was greeted by the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC), Admiral John S. McCain Jr., and NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine, who flew to Hornet from Pago Pago in one of Hornets carrier onboard delivery aircraft. Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force Captain Hank Brandli had access to top secret spy satellite images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli; posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission. Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, Rear Admiral Donald C. Davis, commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking their careers. A new location was selected northeast. This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67. The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to ; the second, to . Before dawn on July 24, Hornet launched four Sea King helicopters and three Grumman E-1 Tracers. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon. At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) Columbias drogue parachutes were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later Columbia struck the water forcefully east of Wake Island, south of Johnston Atoll, and from Hornet, at . with seas and winds at from the east were reported under broken clouds at with visibility of at the recovery site. Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted. During splashdown, Columbia landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts. A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to prevent it from drifting. More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction. The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and Columbia wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board Hornet. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk. After touchdown on Hornet at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine. This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped. Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before." After Nixon departed, Hornet was brought alongside the Columbia, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. Hornet returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at 10:00 UTC on July 28. Columbia was taken to Ford Island for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to Hickham Air Force Base, from whence it was flown to Houston in a Douglas C-133 Cargomaster, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30. In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol, the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on Hornet, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health. On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki), and on Columbia itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study. On August 13, the three astronauts rode in ticker-tape parades in their honor in New York and Chicago, with an estimated six million attendees. On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. Nixon and Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on September 16, 1969. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that they had carried with them to the surface of the Moon. The flag of American Samoa on Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa. This celebration began a 38-day world tour that brought the astronauts to 22 foreign countries and included visits with the leaders of many countries. The crew toured from September 29 to November 5. Many nations honored the first human Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.
|
[
{
"start": 200,
"end": 240,
"label": [
"485507"
]
},
{
"start": 242,
"end": 249,
"label": [
"2965165"
]
},
{
"start": 250,
"end": 270,
"label": [
"80208"
]
},
{
"start": 277,
"end": 292,
"label": [
"32290"
]
},
{
"start": 297,
"end": 312,
"label": [
"10179899"
]
},
{
"start": 317,
"end": 323,
"label": [
"30508139"
]
},
{
"start": 328,
"end": 338,
"label": [
"68651"
]
},
{
"start": 348,
"end": 359,
"label": [
"223225"
]
},
{
"start": 361,
"end": 375,
"label": [
"32759"
]
},
{
"start": 376,
"end": 387,
"label": [
"39075"
]
},
{
"start": 433,
"end": 450,
"label": [
"54533"
]
},
{
"start": 464,
"end": 481,
"label": [
"216416"
]
},
{
"start": 800,
"end": 813,
"label": [
"25473"
]
},
{
"start": 855,
"end": 866,
"label": [
"33057"
]
},
{
"start": 915,
"end": 927,
"label": [
"80897"
]
},
{
"start": 994,
"end": 997,
"label": [
"25453500"
]
},
{
"start": 1007,
"end": 1010,
"label": [
"496028"
]
},
{
"start": 1074,
"end": 1078,
"label": [
"16811582"
]
},
{
"start": 1088,
"end": 1102,
"label": [
"47487"
]
},
{
"start": 1654,
"end": 1675,
"label": [
"85757"
]
},
{
"start": 1783,
"end": 1821,
"label": [
"17671986"
]
},
{
"start": 2204,
"end": 2220,
"label": [
"155758"
]
},
{
"start": 2267,
"end": 2287,
"label": [
"2145009"
]
},
{
"start": 2399,
"end": 2410,
"label": [
"5908941"
]
},
{
"start": 2562,
"end": 2570,
"label": [
"940226"
]
},
{
"start": 2683,
"end": 2691,
"label": [
"884832"
]
},
{
"start": 2696,
"end": 2706,
"label": [
"99759"
]
},
{
"start": 3537,
"end": 3544,
"label": [
"577296"
]
},
{
"start": 3864,
"end": 3884,
"label": [
"188887"
]
},
{
"start": 4027,
"end": 4038,
"label": [
"7845166"
]
},
{
"start": 4044,
"end": 4055,
"label": [
"5945424"
]
},
{
"start": 4289,
"end": 4306,
"label": [
"28196618"
]
},
{
"start": 4366,
"end": 4369,
"label": [
"18879"
]
},
{
"start": 4370,
"end": 4401,
"label": [
"445258"
]
},
{
"start": 4639,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"61305127"
]
},
{
"start": 4816,
"end": 4824,
"label": [
"231435"
]
},
{
"start": 5230,
"end": 5244,
"label": [
"4073643"
]
},
{
"start": 5494,
"end": 5505,
"label": [
"44489562"
]
},
{
"start": 7018,
"end": 7024,
"label": [
"4723118"
]
},
{
"start": 7194,
"end": 7219,
"label": [
"30575830"
]
},
{
"start": 7282,
"end": 7305,
"label": [
"1027467"
]
},
{
"start": 8401,
"end": 8417,
"label": [
"1346879"
]
},
{
"start": 8916,
"end": 8925,
"label": [
"9767"
]
},
{
"start": 9003,
"end": 9024,
"label": [
"321478"
]
},
{
"start": 9050,
"end": 9095,
"label": [
"4648967"
]
},
{
"start": 9307,
"end": 9314,
"label": [
"136024"
]
},
{
"start": 9315,
"end": 9334,
"label": [
"24403"
]
},
{
"start": 9767,
"end": 9781,
"label": [
"21247"
]
},
{
"start": 9786,
"end": 9797,
"label": [
"65777"
]
},
{
"start": 10349,
"end": 10377,
"label": [
"7768768"
]
},
{
"start": 10803,
"end": 10823,
"label": [
"51210"
]
},
{
"start": 11031,
"end": 11040,
"label": [
"520739"
]
},
{
"start": 11091,
"end": 11125,
"label": [
"2277072"
]
},
{
"start": 11131,
"end": 11139,
"label": [
"51983"
]
},
{
"start": 11212,
"end": 11234,
"label": [
"639466"
]
},
{
"start": 11503,
"end": 11582,
"label": [
"6549167"
]
},
{
"start": 11699,
"end": 11705,
"label": [
"2236003"
]
},
{
"start": 11923,
"end": 11943,
"label": [
"14458938"
]
},
{
"start": 12046,
"end": 12057,
"label": [
"1400"
]
},
{
"start": 13732,
"end": 13742,
"label": [
"153832"
]
},
{
"start": 13810,
"end": 13827,
"label": [
"2439384"
]
},
{
"start": 13970,
"end": 13983,
"label": [
"8955537"
]
},
{
"start": 14895,
"end": 14914,
"label": [
"32744030"
]
},
{
"start": 14928,
"end": 14953,
"label": [
"11447"
]
},
{
"start": 15804,
"end": 15809,
"label": [
"30874175"
]
},
{
"start": 15879,
"end": 15888,
"label": [
"7900613"
]
},
{
"start": 15915,
"end": 15945,
"label": [
"148634"
]
},
{
"start": 16010,
"end": 16028,
"label": [
"47317530"
]
},
{
"start": 16056,
"end": 16067,
"label": [
"3086453"
]
},
{
"start": 16082,
"end": 16100,
"label": [
"7384997"
]
},
{
"start": 16588,
"end": 16594,
"label": [
"43534"
]
},
{
"start": 16599,
"end": 16606,
"label": [
"54125"
]
},
{
"start": 16692,
"end": 16703,
"label": [
"369945"
]
},
{
"start": 16705,
"end": 16720,
"label": [
"30637544"
]
},
{
"start": 16726,
"end": 16739,
"label": [
"3179500"
]
},
{
"start": 18003,
"end": 18015,
"label": [
"261763"
]
},
{
"start": 18314,
"end": 18328,
"label": [
"358716"
]
},
{
"start": 18517,
"end": 18543,
"label": [
"212934"
]
},
{
"start": 18544,
"end": 18558,
"label": [
"144113"
]
},
{
"start": 18848,
"end": 18861,
"label": [
"617383"
]
},
{
"start": 18923,
"end": 18936,
"label": [
"62355"
]
},
{
"start": 18962,
"end": 18973,
"label": [
"2142380"
]
},
{
"start": 19039,
"end": 19054,
"label": [
"235899"
]
},
{
"start": 19474,
"end": 19482,
"label": [
"1965"
]
},
{
"start": 19526,
"end": 19539,
"label": [
"36595"
]
},
{
"start": 19541,
"end": 19552,
"label": [
"36592"
]
},
{
"start": 19558,
"end": 19570,
"label": [
"36594"
]
},
{
"start": 19691,
"end": 19707,
"label": [
"65780"
]
},
{
"start": 19712,
"end": 19724,
"label": [
"34226"
]
},
{
"start": 19900,
"end": 19919,
"label": [
"14059844"
]
},
{
"start": 20860,
"end": 20878,
"label": [
"315968"
]
},
{
"start": 21112,
"end": 21116,
"label": [
"3775581"
]
},
{
"start": 22063,
"end": 22072,
"label": [
"11729"
]
},
{
"start": 23297,
"end": 23306,
"label": [
"1967"
]
},
{
"start": 24061,
"end": 24077,
"label": [
"2219"
]
},
{
"start": 24101,
"end": 24108,
"label": [
"38410533"
]
},
{
"start": 24109,
"end": 24127,
"label": [
"58154825"
]
},
{
"start": 24233,
"end": 24236,
"label": [
"632910"
]
},
{
"start": 24316,
"end": 24338,
"label": [
"94240"
]
},
{
"start": 24352,
"end": 24364,
"label": [
"21285632"
]
},
{
"start": 24383,
"end": 24391,
"label": [
"23802795"
]
},
{
"start": 24396,
"end": 24418,
"label": [
"147326"
]
},
{
"start": 24434,
"end": 24438,
"label": [
"12195651"
]
},
{
"start": 24521,
"end": 24524,
"label": [
"606406"
]
},
{
"start": 24736,
"end": 24747,
"label": [
"5752529"
]
},
{
"start": 24980,
"end": 24998,
"label": [
"32293"
]
},
{
"start": 24999,
"end": 25016,
"label": [
"400858"
]
},
{
"start": 25021,
"end": 25046,
"label": [
"44028"
]
},
{
"start": 25047,
"end": 25062,
"label": [
"13765"
]
},
{
"start": 25071,
"end": 25085,
"label": [
"15704"
]
},
{
"start": 25089,
"end": 25102,
"label": [
"148475"
]
},
{
"start": 25116,
"end": 25128,
"label": [
"957169"
]
},
{
"start": 25132,
"end": 25142,
"label": [
"440868"
]
},
{
"start": 25293,
"end": 25338,
"label": [
"797909"
]
},
{
"start": 25340,
"end": 25347,
"label": [
"2385768"
]
},
{
"start": 25348,
"end": 25366,
"label": [
"372481"
]
},
{
"start": 25391,
"end": 25406,
"label": [
"525195"
]
},
{
"start": 25432,
"end": 25441,
"label": [
"57874"
]
},
{
"start": 25460,
"end": 25484,
"label": [
"667473"
]
},
{
"start": 25552,
"end": 25559,
"label": [
"38410565"
]
},
{
"start": 25988,
"end": 26008,
"label": [
"1010055"
]
},
{
"start": 26092,
"end": 26104,
"label": [
"14156671"
]
},
{
"start": 26105,
"end": 26120,
"label": [
"35010624"
]
},
{
"start": 26955,
"end": 26973,
"label": [
"477229"
]
},
{
"start": 27299,
"end": 27315,
"label": [
"969586"
]
},
{
"start": 27435,
"end": 27446,
"label": [
"33189"
]
},
{
"start": 27743,
"end": 27753,
"label": [
"88259"
]
},
{
"start": 27924,
"end": 27934,
"label": [
"1004793"
]
},
{
"start": 28224,
"end": 28232,
"label": [
"35038133"
]
},
{
"start": 28367,
"end": 28386,
"label": [
"209959"
]
},
{
"start": 28420,
"end": 28428,
"label": [
"1817669"
]
},
{
"start": 28824,
"end": 28850,
"label": [
"23736776"
]
},
{
"start": 29010,
"end": 29019,
"label": [
"1968"
]
},
{
"start": 29371,
"end": 29376,
"label": [
"4468693"
]
},
{
"start": 29601,
"end": 29626,
"label": [
"2537540"
]
},
{
"start": 29704,
"end": 29730,
"label": [
"1769486"
]
},
{
"start": 29778,
"end": 29789,
"label": [
"42778913"
]
},
{
"start": 29861,
"end": 29883,
"label": [
"110508"
]
},
{
"start": 29926,
"end": 29951,
"label": [
"489095"
]
},
{
"start": 30028,
"end": 30058,
"label": [
"19050861"
]
},
{
"start": 30571,
"end": 30589,
"label": [
"55369126"
]
},
{
"start": 30615,
"end": 30628,
"label": [
"55663107"
]
},
{
"start": 30805,
"end": 30823,
"label": [
"459500"
]
},
{
"start": 30963,
"end": 30975,
"label": [
"6143251"
]
},
{
"start": 31052,
"end": 31086,
"label": [
"31739"
]
},
{
"start": 31127,
"end": 31146,
"label": [
"13421412"
]
},
{
"start": 31214,
"end": 31243,
"label": [
"22873"
]
},
{
"start": 31281,
"end": 31306,
"label": [
"2667749"
]
},
{
"start": 31370,
"end": 31394,
"label": [
"19468510"
]
},
{
"start": 31416,
"end": 31422,
"label": [
"24909346"
]
},
{
"start": 31488,
"end": 31510,
"label": [
"417861"
]
},
{
"start": 31545,
"end": 31566,
"label": [
"46985641"
]
},
{
"start": 31849,
"end": 31861,
"label": [
"1558077"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
665_Modern usage
|
A Modest Proposal is included in many literature courses as an example of . It also serves as an exceptional introduction to the concept and use of argumentative language, lending itself well to secondary and post-secondary essay courses. Outside of the realm of English studies, A Modest Proposal is included in many comparative and global literature and history courses, as well as those of numerous other disciplines in the arts, humanities, and even the social sciences. The essay's approach has been copied many times. In his book A Modest Proposal (1984), the evangelical author Frank Schaeffer emulated Swift's work in a social conservative polemic against abortion and euthanasia, imagining a future dystopia that advocates recycling of aborted embryos, fetuses, and some disabled infants with compound intellectual, physical and physiological difficulties. (Such Baby Doe Rules cases were then a major concern of the US pro-life movement of the early 1980s, which viewed selective treatment of those infants as disability discrimination.) In his book A Modest Proposal for America (2013), statistician Howard Friedman opens with a satirical reflection of the extreme drive to fiscal stability by ultra-conservatives. In the 1998 edition of The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood there is a quote from A Modest Proposal before the introduction. A Modest Video Game Proposal is the title of an open letter sent by activist/former attorney Jack Thompson on 10 October 2005. He proposed that someone should "create, manufacture, distribute, and sell a video game" that would allow players to act out a scenario in which the game character kills video game developers.<sup>]</sup> Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist includes a letter in which he uses Swift's approach in connection with the Vietnam War. Thompson writes a letter to a local Aspen newspaper informing them that, on Christmas Eve, he is going to use napalm to burn a number of dogs and hopefully any humans they find. The letter protests against the burning of Vietnamese people occurring overseas. The 2012 film Butcher Boys, written by Kim Henkel, is said to be loosely based on Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal. The film's opening scene takes place in a restaurant named "J. Swift's". On November 30, 2017, Jonathan Swift's 350th birthday, The Washington Post published a column entitled 'Why Alabamians should consider eating Democrats' babies", by Alexandra Petri. In July 2019, E. Jean Carroll published a book titled What Do We Need Men For?: A Modest Proposal, discussing problematic behaviour of male humans. On October 3, 2019, a satirist spoke up at an event for Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, claiming that a solution to the climate crisis was "we need to eat the babies". The individual also wore a T-shirt saying "Save The Planet, Eat The Children". This stunt was understood by many as a modern application of "A Modest Proposal".
|
[
{
"start": 585,
"end": 600,
"label": [
"6420577"
]
},
{
"start": 677,
"end": 687,
"label": [
"9587"
]
},
{
"start": 708,
"end": 716,
"label": [
"20785969"
]
},
{
"start": 732,
"end": 741,
"label": [
"70157"
]
},
{
"start": 753,
"end": 760,
"label": [
"36624"
]
},
{
"start": 762,
"end": 769,
"label": [
"20130936"
]
},
{
"start": 872,
"end": 886,
"label": [
"4769089"
]
},
{
"start": 929,
"end": 937,
"label": [
"37600900"
]
},
{
"start": 1020,
"end": 1045,
"label": [
"29555364"
]
},
{
"start": 1111,
"end": 1126,
"label": [
"26728083"
]
},
{
"start": 1249,
"end": 1268,
"label": [
"165026"
]
},
{
"start": 1272,
"end": 1287,
"label": [
"60280"
]
},
{
"start": 1446,
"end": 1459,
"label": [
"5043505"
]
},
{
"start": 1685,
"end": 1703,
"label": [
"14328"
]
},
{
"start": 1706,
"end": 1778,
"label": [
"9960814"
]
},
{
"start": 1854,
"end": 1865,
"label": [
"32611"
]
},
{
"start": 1903,
"end": 1908,
"label": [
"48921"
]
},
{
"start": 1977,
"end": 1983,
"label": [
"21920"
]
},
{
"start": 2165,
"end": 2175,
"label": [
"6762956"
]
},
{
"start": 2372,
"end": 2391,
"label": [
"102226"
]
},
{
"start": 2482,
"end": 2497,
"label": [
"52794941"
]
},
{
"start": 2513,
"end": 2528,
"label": [
"10973250"
]
},
{
"start": 2553,
"end": 2596,
"label": [
"10973250"
]
},
{
"start": 2703,
"end": 2727,
"label": [
"54885332"
]
},
{
"start": 2761,
"end": 2775,
"label": [
"5042951"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
690_Culture
|
Aruba has a varied culture. According to the Bureau Burgelijke Stand en Bevolkingsregister (BBSB), in 2005 there were ninety-two different nationalities living on the island. Dutch influence can still be seen, as in the celebration of "Sinterklaas" on 5 and 6 December and other national holidays like 27 April, when in Aruba and the rest of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the King's birthday or "Dia di Rey" (Koningsdag) is celebrated. On 18 March, Aruba celebrates its National Day. Christmas and New Year's Eve are celebrated with the typical music and songs for gaitas for Christmas and the Dande for New Year, and ayaca, ponche crema, ham, and other typical foods and drinks. On 25 January, Betico Croes' birthday is celebrated. Dia di San Juan is celebrated on 24 June. Besides Christmas, the religious holy days of the Feast of the Ascension and Good Friday are also holidays on the island. The festival of Carnaval is also an important one in Aruba, as it is in many Caribbean and Latin American countries. Its celebration in Aruba started in the 1950s, influenced by the inhabitants from Venezuela and the nearby islands (Curaçao, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Barbados, St. Maarten, and Anguilla) who came to work for the oil refinery. Over the years, the Carnival Celebration has changed and now starts from the beginning of January until the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, with a large parade on the last Sunday of the festivities (the Sunday before Ash Wednesday). Tourism from the United States has recently increased the visibility of American culture on the island, with such celebrations as Halloween in October and Thanksgiving Day in November.
|
[
{
"start": 236,
"end": 247,
"label": [
"520006"
]
},
{
"start": 410,
"end": 420,
"label": [
"24104048"
]
},
{
"start": 499,
"end": 513,
"label": [
"277922"
]
},
{
"start": 566,
"end": 571,
"label": [
"24038737"
]
},
{
"start": 619,
"end": 624,
"label": [
"1689660"
]
},
{
"start": 626,
"end": 638,
"label": [
"1929568"
]
},
{
"start": 696,
"end": 708,
"label": [
"891933"
]
},
{
"start": 734,
"end": 749,
"label": [
"474728"
]
},
{
"start": 826,
"end": 848,
"label": [
"1325485"
]
},
{
"start": 853,
"end": 864,
"label": [
"58009"
]
},
{
"start": 914,
"end": 922,
"label": [
"38483"
]
},
{
"start": 1600,
"end": 1609,
"label": [
"13855"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
717_Geography
|
Alberta, with an area of , is the fourth-largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Alberta's southern border is the 49th parallel north, which separates it from the U.S. state of Montana; while the 60th parallel north divides it from the Northwest Territories. The 110th meridian west separates it from the province of Saskatchewan; while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the 120th meridian west south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the Continental Divide at the Rocky Mountains, and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N. The province extends north to south and east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is at the summit of Mount Columbia in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border while its lowest point is on the Slave River in Wood Buffalo National Park in the northeast. With the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, Lake Claire () in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake (), and Lake Athabasca () which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca. The largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m<sup>3</sup>/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River. Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, is located at about the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada, and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. The region, with its proximity to Canada's largest oil fields, has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is about south of Edmonton and north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the railroads served as a means to populate the province in its early years. Most of the northern half of the province is boreal forest, while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely forested (see Alberta Mountain forests and Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests). The southern quarter of the province is prairie, ranging from shortgrass prairie in the southeastern corner to mixed grass prairie in an arc to the west and north of it. The central aspen parkland region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to Lloydminster, contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to dairy farming, with mixed farming more common in the north and centre, while ranching and irrigated agriculture predominate in the south. The Alberta badlands are located in southeastern Alberta, where the Red Deer River crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyons and striking landforms. Dinosaur Provincial Park, near Brooks, Alberta, showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape. Alberta has a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, the temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from in northern Alberta to in southern Alberta, although temperatures at these extremes are rare. In the summer, continental air masses have produced record maximum temperatures from in the mountains to over in southeastern Alberta. Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1,900 up to just under 2,600 hours per year. Northern Alberta gets about 18 hours of daylight in the summer. Alberta extends for over from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average high temperatures in January range from in the southwest to in the far north. The climate is also influenced by the presence of the Rocky Mountains to the southwest, which disrupt the flow of the prevailing westerly winds and cause them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a rain shadow over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from in the southeast to in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where total precipitation including snowfall can reach annually. The province is the namesake of the Alberta clipper, a type of intense, fast-moving winter storm that generally forms over or near the province and pushed with great speed by the continental polar jetstream descends over the rest of Southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. In the summer, the average daytime temperatures range from around in the Rocky Mountain valleys and far north, up to around in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation, sometimes resulting in flooding. In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry chinook winds blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one chinook recorded at Pincher Creek, temperatures soared from in just one hour. The region around Lethbridge has the most chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 chinook days per year. Calgary has a 56% chance of a white Christmas, while Edmonton has an 86% chance. Northern Alberta is mostly covered by boreal forest and has a subarctic climate. The agricultural area of southern Alberta has a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that evaporates or is used by plants. The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the Palliser Triangle, experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result suffers frequent crop yield problems and occasional severe droughts. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter chinook winds. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a biome transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north. After Saskatchewan, Alberta experiences the most tornadoes in Canada with an average of 15 verified per year. Thunderstorms, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is notable for having the highest frequency of hail in Canada, which is caused by orographic lifting from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail. <center> </center> In central and northern Alberta the arrival of spring is marked by the early flowering of the prairie crocus anemone; this member of the buttercup family has been recorded flowering as early as March, though April is the usual month for the general population. Other prairie flora known to flower early are the golden bean and wild rose. Members of the sunflower family blossom on the prairie in the summer months between July and September. The southern and east central parts of Alberta are covered by short prairie grass, which dries up as summer lengthens, to be replaced by hardy perennials such as the prairie coneflower, fleabane, and sage. Both yellow and white sweet clover can be found throughout the southern and central areas of the province. The trees in the parkland region of the province grow in clumps and belts on the hillsides. These are largely deciduous, typically aspen, poplar, and willow. Many species of willow and other shrubs grow in virtually any terrain. On the north side of the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests prevail for thousands of square kilometres. Aspen poplar, balsam poplar (or in some parts cottonwood), and paper birch are the primary large deciduous species. Conifers include jack pine, Rocky Mountain pine, lodgepole pine, both white and black spruce, and the deciduous conifer tamarack. The four climatic regions (alpine, boreal forest, parkland, and prairie) of Alberta are home to many different species of animals. The south and central prairie was the land of the bison, commonly known as buffalo, its grasses providing pasture and breeding ground for millions of buffalo. The buffalo population was decimated during early settlement, but since then buffalo have made a comeback, living on farms and in parks all over Alberta. Herbivorous animals are found throughout the province. Moose, mule deer, elk, and white-tailed deer are found in the wooded regions, and pronghorn can be found in the prairies of southern Alberta. Bighorn sheep and mountain goats live in the Rocky Mountains. Rabbits, porcupines, skunks, squirrels and many species of rodents and reptiles live in every corner of the province. Alberta is home to only one variety of venomous snake, the prairie rattlesnake. Alberta is home to many large carnivores. Among them are the grizzly bears and black bears, which are found in the mountains and wooded regions. Smaller carnivores of the canine and feline families include coyotes, wolves, fox, lynx, bobcat and mountain lion (cougar). Central and northern Alberta and the region farther north is the nesting ground of many migratory birds. Vast numbers of ducks, geese, swans and pelicans arrive in Alberta every spring and nest on or near one of the hundreds of small lakes that dot northern Alberta. Eagles, hawks, owls and crows are plentiful, and a huge variety of smaller seed and insect-eating birds can be found. Alberta, like other temperate regions, is home to mosquitoes, flies, wasps, and bees. Rivers and lakes are populated with pike, walleye, whitefish, rainbow, speckled, brown trout, and sturgeon. Bull trout, native to the province, is Alberta's provincial fish. Turtles are found in some water bodies in the southern part of the province. Frogs and salamanders are a few of the amphibians that make their homes in Alberta. Alberta is the only province in Canada—as well as one of the few places in the world—that is free of Norwegian rats. Since the early 1950s, the Government of Alberta has operated a rat-control program, which has been so successful that only isolated instances of wild rat sightings are reported, usually of rats arriving in the province aboard trucks or by rail. In 2006, Alberta Agriculture reported zero findings of wild rats; the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that have been seized from their owners. It is illegal for individual Albertans to own or keep Norwegian rats of any description; the animals can only be kept in the province by zoos, universities and colleges, and recognized research institutions. In 2009, several rats were found and captured, in small pockets in southern Alberta, putting Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy. A colony of rats were subsequently found in a landfill near Medicine Hat in 2012, and again in 2014. Alberta has one of the greatest diversities and abundances of Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in the world. Taxa are represented by complete fossil skeletons, isolated material, microvertebrate remains, and even mass graves. At least 38 dinosaur type specimens were collected in the province. The Foremost Formation, Oldman Formation and Dinosaur Park Formations collectively comprise the Judith River Group and are the most thoroughly studied dinosaur-bearing strata in Alberta. Dinosaur-bearing strata are distributed widely throughout Alberta. The Dinosaur Provincial Park area contains outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation. In the central and southern regions of Alberta are intermittent Scollard Formation outcrops. In the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions there are exposed Horseshoe Canyon facies. Other formations have been recorded as well, like the Milk River and Foremost Formations. However, these latter two have a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs, primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of exposed outcrops. Their dinosaur fossils are primarily teeth recovered from microvertebrate fossil sites. Additional geologic formations that have produced only few fossils are the Belly River Group and St. Mary River Formations of the southwest and the northwestern Wapiti Formation. The Wapiti Formation contains two Pachyrhinosaurus bone beds that break its general trend of low productivity, however. The Bearpaw Formation represents strata deposited during a marine transgression. Dinosaurs are known from this formation, but represent specimens washed out to sea or reworked from older sediments.
|
[
{
"start": 64,
"end": 70,
"label": [
"7954867"
]
},
{
"start": 72,
"end": 79,
"label": [
"22218"
]
},
{
"start": 84,
"end": 100,
"label": [
"3392"
]
},
{
"start": 135,
"end": 154,
"label": [
"328341"
]
},
{
"start": 217,
"end": 236,
"label": [
"18165258"
]
},
{
"start": 257,
"end": 278,
"label": [
"21186"
]
},
{
"start": 284,
"end": 303,
"label": [
"8756530"
]
},
{
"start": 338,
"end": 350,
"label": [
"26840"
]
},
{
"start": 417,
"end": 436,
"label": [
"18491348"
]
},
{
"start": 503,
"end": 521,
"label": [
"145792"
]
},
{
"start": 529,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"25459"
]
},
{
"start": 820,
"end": 834,
"label": [
"358892"
]
},
{
"start": 918,
"end": 929,
"label": [
"1302978"
]
},
{
"start": 933,
"end": 959,
"label": [
"448817"
]
},
{
"start": 1004,
"end": 1013,
"label": [
"569881"
]
},
{
"start": 1014,
"end": 1020,
"label": [
"54048"
]
},
{
"start": 1077,
"end": 1092,
"label": [
"18581463"
]
},
{
"start": 1215,
"end": 1226,
"label": [
"1888729"
]
},
{
"start": 1233,
"end": 1259,
"label": [
"448817"
]
},
{
"start": 1261,
"end": 1278,
"label": [
"939500"
]
},
{
"start": 1287,
"end": 1301,
"label": [
"406227"
]
},
{
"start": 1391,
"end": 1406,
"label": [
"247748"
]
},
{
"start": 1430,
"end": 1447,
"label": [
"785933"
]
},
{
"start": 1515,
"end": 1526,
"label": [
"749287"
]
},
{
"start": 1577,
"end": 1588,
"label": [
"749287"
]
},
{
"start": 1700,
"end": 1711,
"label": [
"1302978"
]
},
{
"start": 1732,
"end": 1747,
"label": [
"249853"
]
},
{
"start": 2233,
"end": 2258,
"label": [
"2134521"
]
},
{
"start": 2407,
"end": 2420,
"label": [
"31302"
]
},
{
"start": 2506,
"end": 2530,
"label": [
"28336648"
]
},
{
"start": 2535,
"end": 2577,
"label": [
"28341736"
]
},
{
"start": 2620,
"end": 2627,
"label": [
"66549"
]
},
{
"start": 2642,
"end": 2660,
"label": [
"13713794"
]
},
{
"start": 2762,
"end": 2776,
"label": [
"1985938"
]
},
{
"start": 2897,
"end": 2909,
"label": [
"386593"
]
},
{
"start": 3061,
"end": 3074,
"label": [
"449934"
]
},
{
"start": 3081,
"end": 3094,
"label": [
"11786026"
]
},
{
"start": 3138,
"end": 3143,
"label": [
"30865437"
]
},
{
"start": 3151,
"end": 3172,
"label": [
"42261"
]
},
{
"start": 3211,
"end": 3219,
"label": [
"239021"
]
},
{
"start": 3267,
"end": 3281,
"label": [
"1924060"
]
},
{
"start": 3371,
"end": 3395,
"label": [
"1684288"
]
},
{
"start": 3402,
"end": 3417,
"label": [
"1062410"
]
},
{
"start": 3559,
"end": 3584,
"label": [
"1225918"
]
},
{
"start": 4645,
"end": 4670,
"label": [
"786501"
]
},
{
"start": 4802,
"end": 4813,
"label": [
"426426"
]
},
{
"start": 5209,
"end": 5224,
"label": [
"1301275"
]
},
{
"start": 5370,
"end": 5379,
"label": [
"16472"
]
},
{
"start": 6054,
"end": 6066,
"label": [
"529760"
]
},
{
"start": 6244,
"end": 6257,
"label": [
"439638"
]
},
{
"start": 6320,
"end": 6330,
"label": [
"293349"
]
},
{
"start": 6426,
"end": 6441,
"label": [
"176827"
]
},
{
"start": 6515,
"end": 6528,
"label": [
"31302"
]
},
{
"start": 6539,
"end": 6556,
"label": [
"50049"
]
},
{
"start": 6606,
"end": 6615,
"label": [
"569881"
]
},
{
"start": 6616,
"end": 6622,
"label": [
"54048"
]
},
{
"start": 6692,
"end": 6723,
"label": [
"78481"
]
},
{
"start": 6773,
"end": 6790,
"label": [
"351186"
]
},
{
"start": 6907,
"end": 6917,
"label": [
"2792729"
]
},
{
"start": 7056,
"end": 7068,
"label": [
"529760"
]
},
{
"start": 7169,
"end": 7174,
"label": [
"4802"
]
},
{
"start": 7298,
"end": 7305,
"label": [
"37530"
]
},
{
"start": 7494,
"end": 7519,
"label": [
"2134521"
]
},
{
"start": 7567,
"end": 7571,
"label": [
"14458"
]
},
{
"start": 7602,
"end": 7617,
"label": [
"377177"
]
},
{
"start": 7857,
"end": 7864,
"label": [
"77590"
]
},
{
"start": 8059,
"end": 8070,
"label": [
"4898257"
]
},
{
"start": 8075,
"end": 8084,
"label": [
"8157400"
]
},
{
"start": 8101,
"end": 8110,
"label": [
"851640"
]
},
{
"start": 8376,
"end": 8384,
"label": [
"3473880"
]
},
{
"start": 8390,
"end": 8394,
"label": [
"22392045"
]
},
{
"start": 8418,
"end": 8430,
"label": [
"2659159"
]
},
{
"start": 8613,
"end": 8622,
"label": [
"66722"
]
},
{
"start": 8634,
"end": 8639,
"label": [
"33908941"
]
},
{
"start": 8641,
"end": 8647,
"label": [
"94248"
]
},
{
"start": 8653,
"end": 8659,
"label": [
"91983"
]
},
{
"start": 8844,
"end": 8856,
"label": [
"33908941"
]
},
{
"start": 8858,
"end": 8871,
"label": [
"11400410"
]
},
{
"start": 8890,
"end": 8900,
"label": [
"6801732"
]
},
{
"start": 8907,
"end": 8918,
"label": [
"1529114"
]
},
{
"start": 8960,
"end": 8968,
"label": [
"68085"
]
},
{
"start": 8977,
"end": 8986,
"label": [
"516949"
]
},
{
"start": 9009,
"end": 9023,
"label": [
"507717"
]
},
{
"start": 9046,
"end": 9052,
"label": [
"170718"
]
},
{
"start": 9080,
"end": 9088,
"label": [
"959759"
]
},
{
"start": 9117,
"end": 9123,
"label": [
"496730"
]
},
{
"start": 9125,
"end": 9138,
"label": [
"31302"
]
},
{
"start": 9140,
"end": 9148,
"label": [
"1985938"
]
},
{
"start": 9154,
"end": 9161,
"label": [
"66549"
]
},
{
"start": 9271,
"end": 9276,
"label": [
"49725"
]
},
{
"start": 9534,
"end": 9545,
"label": [
"44568"
]
},
{
"start": 9589,
"end": 9594,
"label": [
"20501"
]
},
{
"start": 9596,
"end": 9605,
"label": [
"651521"
]
},
{
"start": 9607,
"end": 9610,
"label": [
"7549995"
]
},
{
"start": 9616,
"end": 9633,
"label": [
"569459"
]
},
{
"start": 9671,
"end": 9680,
"label": [
"18952649"
]
},
{
"start": 9731,
"end": 9744,
"label": [
"525073"
]
},
{
"start": 9749,
"end": 9762,
"label": [
"619020"
]
},
{
"start": 9802,
"end": 9811,
"label": [
"44668"
]
},
{
"start": 9814,
"end": 9819,
"label": [
"79308"
]
},
{
"start": 9822,
"end": 9830,
"label": [
"28492"
]
},
{
"start": 9978,
"end": 9989,
"label": [
"458086"
]
},
{
"start": 10021,
"end": 10030,
"label": [
"6543"
]
},
{
"start": 10052,
"end": 10064,
"label": [
"35783123"
]
},
{
"start": 10070,
"end": 10081,
"label": [
"51054"
]
},
{
"start": 10162,
"end": 10168,
"label": [
"6736"
]
},
{
"start": 10173,
"end": 10179,
"label": [
"11302"
]
},
{
"start": 10197,
"end": 10203,
"label": [
"6710"
]
},
{
"start": 10206,
"end": 10212,
"label": [
"33702"
]
},
{
"start": 10219,
"end": 10223,
"label": [
"17479"
]
},
{
"start": 10225,
"end": 10231,
"label": [
"171808"
]
},
{
"start": 10236,
"end": 10249,
"label": [
"78160"
]
},
{
"start": 10381,
"end": 10385,
"label": [
"37674"
]
},
{
"start": 10388,
"end": 10393,
"label": [
"50484"
]
},
{
"start": 10395,
"end": 10399,
"label": [
"50952"
]
},
{
"start": 10405,
"end": 10412,
"label": [
"69785"
]
},
{
"start": 10527,
"end": 10532,
"label": [
"37602"
]
},
{
"start": 10535,
"end": 10539,
"label": [
"56890"
]
},
{
"start": 10542,
"end": 10545,
"label": [
"37654"
]
},
{
"start": 10551,
"end": 10555,
"label": [
"1315210"
]
},
{
"start": 10665,
"end": 10674,
"label": [
"50051"
]
},
{
"start": 10695,
"end": 10703,
"label": [
"37789"
]
},
{
"start": 10707,
"end": 10712,
"label": [
"63663"
]
},
{
"start": 10714,
"end": 10718,
"label": [
"20610164"
]
},
{
"start": 10767,
"end": 10771,
"label": [
"446430"
]
},
{
"start": 10773,
"end": 10780,
"label": [
"48853"
]
},
{
"start": 10782,
"end": 10791,
"label": [
"7652711"
]
},
{
"start": 10793,
"end": 10800,
"label": [
"948631"
]
},
{
"start": 10802,
"end": 10810,
"label": [
"1250490"
]
},
{
"start": 10812,
"end": 10823,
"label": [
"412877"
]
},
{
"start": 10829,
"end": 10837,
"label": [
"220776"
]
},
{
"start": 10839,
"end": 10849,
"label": [
"878865"
]
},
{
"start": 10992,
"end": 11002,
"label": [
"29657"
]
},
{
"start": 11021,
"end": 11030,
"label": [
"621"
]
},
{
"start": 11167,
"end": 11180,
"label": [
"56109"
]
},
{
"start": 11210,
"end": 11231,
"label": [
"998000"
]
},
{
"start": 12094,
"end": 12109,
"label": [
"648405"
]
},
{
"start": 12141,
"end": 12145,
"label": [
"199556"
]
},
{
"start": 12245,
"end": 12256,
"label": [
"1337147"
]
},
{
"start": 12279,
"end": 12293,
"label": [
"533069"
]
},
{
"start": 12330,
"end": 12348,
"label": [
"20813836"
]
},
{
"start": 12350,
"end": 12366,
"label": [
"4372022"
]
},
{
"start": 12371,
"end": 12394,
"label": [
"4371704"
]
},
{
"start": 12749,
"end": 12767,
"label": [
"10085487"
]
},
{
"start": 12785,
"end": 12795,
"label": [
"414326"
]
},
{
"start": 12807,
"end": 12815,
"label": [
"95405"
]
},
{
"start": 12842,
"end": 12858,
"label": [
"5460297"
]
},
{
"start": 12859,
"end": 12865,
"label": [
"1162141"
]
},
{
"start": 12921,
"end": 12931,
"label": [
"18388127"
]
},
{
"start": 13341,
"end": 13358,
"label": [
"20813833"
]
},
{
"start": 13363,
"end": 13387,
"label": [
"20813845"
]
},
{
"start": 13427,
"end": 13443,
"label": [
"20813844"
]
},
{
"start": 13479,
"end": 13495,
"label": [
"1792302"
]
},
{
"start": 13569,
"end": 13586,
"label": [
"11892386"
]
},
{
"start": 13624,
"end": 13644,
"label": [
"2811075"
]
},
{
"start": 13752,
"end": 13760,
"label": [
"60343"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
771_Course of the war
|
=== War breaks out (1775–1776) === On April 18, 1775, 700 British troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord. Fighting broke out, forcing the troops to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston. Overnight, the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston. On May 25, 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. The British seized the Charlestown peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault, leading Howe to replace Gage. Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack, which had gained them little, while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt. On July 3, George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston. Howe made no effort to attack, much to Washington's surprise. A plan was rejected to assault the city, and the Americans instead fortified Dorchester Heights in early March 1776 with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga. The British were permitted to withdraw unmolested on March 17, and they sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Washington then moved his army to New York. Starting in August 1775, American Privateers began to raid villages in Nova Scotia, first at Saint John, then Charlottetown and Yarmouth. They continued in 1776 at Canso and then a land assault on Fort Cumberland. Meanwhile, British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them, while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality. In April 1775, Congress feared an Anglo-Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec. Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years, and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from the British. The Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 after an arduous march but were defeated. After a loose siege, the Americans withdrew on May 6. 1776. A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec. However, the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit because of American ships on Lake Champlain. On October 11, the British defeated the American squadron, forcing them to withdraw to Ticonderoga and ending the campaign. The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion, while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadian support. The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim, though no further attempts to invade were ever made. In Virginia, Royal governor Lord Dunmore had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased, although no fighting broke out. He issued a proclamation on November 7, 1775, promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown. Dunmore's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge, and Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk. Subsequent negotiations broke down, so Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town. Fighting broke out on November 19 in South Carolina between Loyalist and Patriot militias, and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony. Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South, but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued. A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28, 1776, but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780. The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas colony in the British West Indies in order to secure ordnance there. On March 3, 1776, the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire, and the local militia offered no resistance. They confiscated all the supplies that they could load and sailed away on March 17. The squadron reached New London, Connecticut on April 8, after a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate on April 6. After fighting began, Congress launched a final attempt to avert war, which Parliament rejected as insincere. King George then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23, 1775, which only served to embolden the colonists in their determination to become independent. After a speech by the King, Parliament rejected coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes. British Tories refused to compromise, while Whigs argued that current policy would drive the colonists towards independence. Despite opposition, the King himself began micromanaging the war effort. The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America, and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time. Irish Protestants favored the Americans, while Catholics favored the King. The initial hostilities provided a sobering military lesson for the British, causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability. The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage, and the British lost control over every colony. The army had been deliberately kept small in England since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King. Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops and sent an army of 32,000 men to America after a year, the largest that it had ever sent outside Europe at the time. In the colonies, the success of Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence. On July 2, Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention, issuing its declaration on July 4. Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9, invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King and melting it to make bullets. British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves. Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws, requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived, intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence. Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment, exile, or even death. American Tories were barred from public office, forbidden from practising medicine and law, forced to pay increased taxes, or even barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans. Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war. Some Quakers who remained neutral had their property confiscated. States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts that they were owed. After regrouping at Halifax, William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans. He set sail in June 1776 and began landing troops on Staten Island near the entrance to New York Harbor on July 2. Based on poor military intelligence, Washington split his army to positions on Manhattan Island and across the East River in western Long Island, and an informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans. On August 27, Howe outflanked Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights. Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit, opting to besiege Washington instead. Washington withdrew to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance. Following the withdrawal, the Staten Island Peace Conference failed to negotiate peace, as the British delegates did not possess the authority to recognize independence. Howe then seized control of New York City on September 15, and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day. He attempted to encircle Washington, but the Americans successfully withdrew. On October 28, the British fought an indecisive action against Washington, in which Howe declined to attack Washington's army, instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value. Washington's retreat left his forces isolated, and the British captured an American fortification on November 16, taking 3,000 prisoners and amounting to what one historian terms "the most disastrous defeat of the entire war". Washington's army fell back four days later. Henry Clinton then captured Newport, Rhode Island, an operation which he opposed, feeling that the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington. The American prisoners were then sent to the in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined. Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, and Washington marched away unmolested. The outlook of the American cause was bleak; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year. Popular support wavered, morale ebbed away, and Congress abandoned Philadelphia. Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat, especially in New York. News of the campaign was well received in Britain. Festivities took place in London, public support reached a peak, and the King awarded the Order of the Bath to William Howe. The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year. The American defeat revealed what one writer views as Washington's strategic deficiencies, such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one, his inexperienced staff misreading the situation, and his troops fleeing in disorder when fighting began. In the meantime, the British entered winter quarters and were in a good place to resume campaigning. On December 25, 1776, Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River, and his army overwhelmed the Hessian (soldier) garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, the following morning, taking 900 prisoners. The decisive victory rescued the army's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton, but his efforts were repulsed on January 2. Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night, and defeated his rearguard the following day. The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies, as well as recovering morale in the army. Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, on January 6, though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued. While encamped, Howe made no attempt to attack, much to Washington's amazement. In December 1776, John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain. Burgoyne's plan was to establish control of the Champlain-George-Hudson route from New York to Quebec, isolating New England. Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies, where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance. Burgoyne's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain, while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River, and both would rendezvous at Albany. Burgoyne set out on June 14, 1777, quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5. Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison, Burgoyne continued the advance. Progress was slow; the Americans blocked roads, destroyed bridges, dammed streams and denuded the area of food. Meanwhile, Barry St. Ledger's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix. St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him. On August 16, a foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington, and more than 700 troops were captured. Meanwhile, the vast majority of Burgoyne's Indian support abandoned him and Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned, and would be unable to render aid. Burgoyne decided to continue the advance. On September 19, he attempted to flank the American position, and . The British won, but at the cost of 600 casualties. Burgoyne then dug in, but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters, and critical supplies were running low. On October 7, a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was . Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit, and by October 13, he was surrounded. With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted, Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, and 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans. The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States, securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain, that of foreign assistance. Meanwhile, Howe launched his campaign against Washington, though his to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed. Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey, or by sea via the Delaware Bay, even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary. Instead, he took his army on a time-consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay, leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne. This decision was so difficult to understand, Howe's critics accused him of treason. Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11, though he failed to follow-up on the victory and destroy his army. A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless, and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26. Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown, north of Philadelphia. Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe's garrison on October 4, which was eventually repulsed. Again, Howe did not follow-up on his victory, leaving the American army intact and able to fight. Later, after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh, Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia, astonishing both sides. Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear, where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies. On December 19, Washington's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge. Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops. Howe, only 20 miles (32 km) away, made no effort to attack, which critics observed could have ended the war. The Continental Army was put through a new training program, supervised by Baron von Steuben, introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling. Meanwhile, Howe resigned and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24, 1778. Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France's entry into the war. On June 18, the British departed Philadelphia, with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit. The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28, with the Americans holding the field, greatly boosting morale and confidence. By July, both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior. The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention. The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands, although Lord North refused to grant independence. No positive reply was received from the Americans. French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British, and he sought a pretext for going to war with Britain following the conquest of Canada in 1763. The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war, proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign. The French public favored war, though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant, owing to the military and financial risk. The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile, but doing so also brought major concerns. The King was concerned that Britain's concessions would be accepted, and that Britain would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean. To prevent this, France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, and followed with a military alliance. France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery, end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty, regain free trade in India, recover Senegal and Dominica, and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo-French trade. The first countries to recognize the United States were France on February 6, 1778 and the Netherlands on April 19, 1782., Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before being ready and opted to covertly supply the Patriots via its colonies in New Spain. Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance, so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776. Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment, owing to a lack of direct French involvement, the threat against their treasure fleets, and the possibility of war with Portugal, Spain's neighbor and a close ally of Britain. However, Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year, hoping to weaken Britain's empire. The Portuguese threat was neutralized in the Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77). On 12 April 1779, Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain. Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe, as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida, and also to expel the British from Central America. Meanwhile, George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight. He did not welcome war with France, but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years' War as a reason to remain optimistic. Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France, leaving it isolated, preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater, and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America. Despite this, the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely, or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown. Mahan argues that Britain's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed, citing impossible mutual support, exposing the forces to defeat in detail. Since the outbreak of the conflict, Britain had appealed to her ally, the neutral Dutch Republic, to lend her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America, but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request. Consequently, the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support, but the Republic still refused. Moreover, American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies. French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports. The Republic maintained free trade with France following France's declaration of war on Britain, citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue. Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping, and even firing upon it. Consequently, the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status. The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans. Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780. Soon after France declared war, French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on July 27, 1778. Spain entered the war on April 12, 1779 with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar, and Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock on June 24. The naval blockade, however, was relatively weak, and the British were able to resupply the garrison. Meanwhile, a plan was formulated for a combined Franco-Spanish invasion of the British mainland, but the expedition failed because of poor planning, disease, logistical issues, and high financial expenditures. However, a diversionary Franco-American squadron did meet with some success on September 23 under John Paul Jones. On 16 January 1780, the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish, weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar. A Franco-Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off the Azores led by John Moutray on August 9 which was bound for the West Indies. The defeat was catastrophic for Britain, which lost 52 merchant ships and five East Indiamen, as well as supplies and crews, making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made. The loss was valued at some £1.5 million (£ in today's money), dealing a severe blow to British commerce. The French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica, intending to damage British trade. French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on September 7, 1778, in order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands and to strike a blow against privateering. The British defeated a French naval force on December 15 and captured St. Lucia on December 28. Both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779, but the French under the Comte d'Estaing had superiority in the Caribbean and began capturing British territories, seizing St. Vincent on June 18 and Grenada on July 4. The British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated on July 6, having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada, the worst loss that the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690. Naval skirmishes continued until April 17, 1780, when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique. General Bernardo de Gálvez raised an army in New Orleans and drove the British out of the Gulf of Mexico. He captured five British forts in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and they repelled a British and Indian attack in St. Louis, Missouri and captured the British fort of St. Joseph in Niles, Michigan. He received reinforcements from Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, then captured Mobile and Pensacola, the capital of the British colony of West Florida. At Pensacola, Gálvez commanded a multinational army of more than 7,000 black and white soldiers born in Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and other Spanish colonies such as Venezuela. In Central America, the defense of Guatemala was a priority for Spain. The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region. After inadequate first attempts, 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on October 16, and they captured the fort on October 20. However, the British suffered terribly from disease and were forced to abandon the fort on November 29, and Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied it. In 1780, Jamaica's governor John Dalling planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two by capturing Granada, which would allow them full control of the San Juan River. A British expedition set out on February 3, 1780, led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson. They reached Fort San Juan on March 17 and laid siege, capturing it on April 29. The British were ravaged by disease and were running low on food because of poor logistics. They withdrew on November 8, the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat; some 2,500 troops had perished, making it the costliest British disaster of the war. The British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions in India when they learned about the hostilities with France, and they took Pondicherry on 19 October 1778 after a two-week siege. The Company resolved to drive the French completely out of India, and they captured the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 through which French ordnance passed. Mahé was under the protection of Mysore's ruler Hyder Ali (the Tipu Sultan), and tensions were already inflamed because the British had supported Malabar rebels who had risen against him; so the fall of Mahé precipitated war. Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic region in July 1780 and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot. A British relief force of 7,000 men under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September, the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India at the time. Ali then renewed the siege at Arcot instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second British army at Madras, capturing it on 3 November. The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year. Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia, consolidating his forces in New York following the British defeat at Saratoga and the entry of France into the war. French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to America in April 1778 to assist Washington, and he arrived shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York. The Franco-American forces felt that New York's defenses were too formidable for the French fleet, and they opted to attack Newport. This effort was launched on August 29, but it failed when the French opted to withdraw, and this displeased the Americans. The war then ground down to a stalemate, with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes, such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor. In the summer of 1779, the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook. In July, Clinton unsuccessfully attempted to coax Washington into a decisive engagement by making a major raid into Connecticut. That month, a large American naval operation attempted to retake Maine, but it resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941. The high frequency of compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition which destroyed a large number of Iroquois settlements, but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids. During the winter of 1779–80, the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge. Morale was poor, public support was being eroded by the long war, the national currency was virtually worthless, the army was plagued with supply problems, desertion was common, and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780. In 1780, Clinton launched an attempt to retake New Jersey. On June 7, 6,000 men invaded under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen, but they met stiff resistance from the local militia. The British held the field, but Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington's main army and withdrew. Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt two weeks later which was soundly defeated at Springfield, effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey. Meanwhile, American general Benedict Arnold turned traitor and joined the British army, and he conspired to betray the key American fortress of West Point by surrendering it to the enemy. The plot was foiled when British spy master John André was captured, so Arnold fled to British lines in New York. He attempted to justify his betrayal by appealing to Loyalist public opinion, but the Patriots strongly condemned him as a coward and turncoat. The war to the west of the Appalachians was largely confined to skirmishing and raids. An expedition of militia was halted by adverse weather in February 1778 after it set out to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River. Later in the year, a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British. The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 and then secured Vincennes, although Vincennes was recaptured by Henry Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit. In early 1779, the Americans counter-attacked by undertaking a risky winter march, and they secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes, taking Hamilton prisoner. On May 25, 1780, the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast. The expedition met with only limited success, though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured. The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success, but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier. French militia attempted to capture Detroit, but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5. The war in the west had become a stalemate; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy the land. The British turned their attention to conquering the South in 1778 after Loyalists in London assured them of a strong Loyalist base there. A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean, where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco-Spanish fleets. On December 29, 1778, an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah, and British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support. There was a promising initial turnout in early 1779, but then a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 and they had to recognize their dependence upon the British. The British, however, defeated Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3, and then launched an abortive assault on Charleston, South Carolina. The operation became notorious for its high degree of looting by British troops, enraging both Loyalists and Patriots. In October, a combined Franco-American effort failed to recapture Savannah. In May 1780, Henry Clinton captured Charleston, taking over 5,000 prisoners and effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south. Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29. Clinton returned to New York, leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort. Far fewer Loyalists joined him than expected. In the interim, the war was carried on by Patriot militias who effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County, Lincolnton, Huck's Defeat, Stanly County, and Lancaster County. The British launched a surprise offensive in Virginia in January 1781, with Benedict Arnold invading Richmond, Virginia to little resistance. Governor Thomas Jefferson escaped Richmond just ahead of the British forces, and the British burned the city to the ground. Jefferson sent an emergency dispatch to Colonel Sampson Mathews whose militia was traveling nearby, to thwart Arnold's efforts. Congress appointed Horatio Gates, victor at Saratoga, to lead the American effort in the south. He suffered a major defeat at Camden on August 16, 1780, setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina. The British attempted to subjugate the countryside, and Patriot militia continued to fight against them, so Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north. This wing of Cornwallis' army was virtually destroyed on October 7, irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas. Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina. In the interim, Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate Nathanael Greene. Greene was unable to confront the British directly, so he dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops. Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17, 1781 at Cowpens. Cornwallis was criticized for having detached a substantial part of his army without adequate support, but he advanced into North Carolina despite the setbacks, gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support there. Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis, instead wearing the British down through a protracted war of attrition. By March, Greene's army had increased in size enough that he felt confident in facing Cornwallis. The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15; Greene was beaten, but Cornwallis' army suffered irreplaceable casualties. Compounding this, far fewer Loyalists were joining than the British had previously expected. Cornwallis' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement, leaving the Patriots in control of the interior of the Carolinas and Georgia. Greene then proceeded to reclaim the South. The American troops suffered a reversal at Hobkirk's Hill on April 25; nonetheless, they continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area, capturing Fort Watson and Fort Motte. Augusta was the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah, but the Americans reclaimed possession of it on June 6. A British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 in a final effort to stop Greene, but the British casualties were so high that they withdrew to Charleston. Minor skirmishes continued in the Carolinas until the end of the war, and British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict. Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of American supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia, and he had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade. Cornwallis believed that a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South. Clinton strongly opposed the plan, favoring a campaign farther north in the Chesapeake Bay region. Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis to approve his plan and neglected to include Clinton in the decision-making, even though Clinton was Cornwallis' superior officer, and Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton. Clinton, however, had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781, owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart Marriot Arbuthnot. Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah, French planners realized that closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success. The French fleet led by the Comte de Grasse had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed. Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau discussed their options. Washington pushed for an attack on New York, while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia, where the British were less well-established and thus easier to defeat. Franco-American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety, fearing an attack on the city. His instructions were vague to Cornwallis during this time, rarely forming explicit orders. However, Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base and to transfer troops to the north to defend New York. Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown and awaited the Royal Navy. Washington still favored an assault on New York, but he acquiesced to the French when they opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown. In August, the combined Franco-American army moved south to coordinate with de Grasse in defeating Cornwallis. The British lacked sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French, but they dispatched a fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and attempt to gain naval dominance. On September 5, the French fleet decisively defeated Graves, giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown and cutting off Cornwallis from reinforcements and relief. Despite the continued urging of his subordinates, Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco-American army before it had established siege works, expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York, and the Franco-American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28. Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton, and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops—serving to hasten his subsequent defeat. The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit. Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17, 1781, and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans. The same day as the surrender, 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York, sailing to relieve Yorktown. On 25 November 1781, news arrived in London of the surrender at Yorktown. The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament, and a motion was proposed on December 12 to end the war which was defeated by only one vote. On 27 February 1782, the House voted against further war in America by 19 votes. Lord Germain was dismissed and a vote of no confidence was passed against North. The Rockingham Whigs came to power and opened negotiations for peace. Rockingham died and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne. Despite their defeat, the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned in New York, Charleston, and Savannah. Henry Clinton was recalled and was replaced by Guy Carleton who was under orders to suspend offensive operations. After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780, Britain had moved quickly, enforcing a blockade across the North Sea. Within weeks, the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen, and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports, though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum. The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain; however, the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts, hoping to secure an early peace. To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from Texel. Zoutman's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker, who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781. Though the contest was tactically inconclusive, the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war, and their merchant fleet remained crippled. On 6 January 1781, a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed. Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar, a Franco-Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon invaded Minorca on 19 August. After a long siege of St. Philip's, the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782, securing a primary war goal for the Spanish. At Gibraltar, a on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties. On 20 October 1782, following a successful resupply of Gibraltar, British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco-Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova, denying Córdova dominance at sea. On 7 February 1783, after 1,322 days of siege, the Franco-Spanish army withdrew, decisively defeated. Sint Eustatius, a key supply port for the Patriots, was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1781, who plundered the island's wealth. Few operations were conducted against the Dutch, although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781. After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez, an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted by a hurricane. Emboldened by the disaster, John Campbell, British commander at Pensacola, decided to recapture Mobile. Campbell's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781. After re-grouping at Havana, Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February. Arriving on 9 March, siege operations did not begin until 24 March, owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay. After a 45-day siege, Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison, securing the conquest of West Florida. In May, Spanish troops captured the Bahamas, although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April. In the West Indies, on 29–30 April 1781, a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French, led by the Comte de Grasse, who continued seizing British territories: Tobago fell on 2 June; Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782; St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February, despite a British naval victory on 25 January; and Montserrat on 22 February. In 1782, the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica, whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined. On 7 April 1782, de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco-Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica from the north. The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9–12 April. The Franco-Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins, and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy. In Guatemala, Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras. Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782, and then quickly took Black River. Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes, Archibald Campbell, the Royal governor of Jamaica, authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River, which he did on 22 August. However, with peace talks opening, and Franco-Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar, no further offensive operations took place. Following Dutch entry into the conflict, East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three-week siege on 11 October 1781. Soon after, British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782. In March 1781, French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts. Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782, where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes, winning a narrow tactical victory. After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore, Suffren's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April. There was no clear victor, though Hughes' fleet came off worse, and he withdrew to the British-held port of Trincomalee. Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British, and this task fell to Suffren. Suffren's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July. Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore, strategically defeated, and the British remained in control of Negapatam. Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore, Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September, and successfully engaged Hughes two days later. Meanwhile, Ali's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped. Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive, defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781, Pollilur on 27 August, and Sholinghur on 27 September, expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic. On 18 February 1782, Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore, taking his entire 1,800-strong force prisoner. The war had, by this point, reached an uneasy stalemate. On 7 December 1782, Hyder Ali died, and the rule of Mysore passed to his son, Tipu Sultan. Sultan advanced along the west coast, laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783. Meanwhile, on the east coast, an army under James Stuart besieged the French-held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783. On 20 June, key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes' fleet off Cuddalore, and though narrow, the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India. On 25 June, the Franco-Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines, though all assaults failed. On 30 June, news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers, and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege. Mangalore remained under siege, and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784. Little fighting took place thereafter, and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March.
|
[
{
"start": 124,
"end": 131,
"label": [
"116838"
]
},
{
"start": 133,
"end": 151,
"label": [
"4321886"
]
},
{
"start": 208,
"end": 214,
"label": [
"24437894"
]
},
{
"start": 262,
"end": 282,
"label": [
"239035"
]
},
{
"start": 346,
"end": 358,
"label": [
"218883"
]
},
{
"start": 360,
"end": 373,
"label": [
"163208"
]
},
{
"start": 379,
"end": 392,
"label": [
"218888"
]
},
{
"start": 406,
"end": 438,
"label": [
"163162"
]
},
{
"start": 690,
"end": 707,
"label": [
"11968"
]
},
{
"start": 728,
"end": 744,
"label": [
"168210"
]
},
{
"start": 892,
"end": 920,
"label": [
"3014713"
]
},
{
"start": 946,
"end": 961,
"label": [
"24952505"
]
},
{
"start": 971,
"end": 1002,
"label": [
"337140"
]
},
{
"start": 1021,
"end": 1042,
"label": [
"197776"
]
},
{
"start": 1086,
"end": 1093,
"label": [
"731832"
]
},
{
"start": 1095,
"end": 1106,
"label": [
"21184"
]
},
{
"start": 1142,
"end": 1150,
"label": [
"645042"
]
},
{
"start": 1223,
"end": 1234,
"label": [
"21184"
]
},
{
"start": 1245,
"end": 1255,
"label": [
"56884366"
]
},
{
"start": 1262,
"end": 1275,
"label": [
"56853370"
]
},
{
"start": 1280,
"end": 1288,
"label": [
"56886684"
]
},
{
"start": 1316,
"end": 1321,
"label": [
"56862271"
]
},
{
"start": 1349,
"end": 1364,
"label": [
"2260806"
]
},
{
"start": 1398,
"end": 1404,
"label": [
"391225"
]
},
{
"start": 1637,
"end": 1648,
"label": [
"10597"
]
},
{
"start": 1852,
"end": 1868,
"label": [
"2380593"
]
},
{
"start": 1878,
"end": 1886,
"label": [
"322298"
]
},
{
"start": 1950,
"end": 1971,
"label": [
"1428356"
]
},
{
"start": 2109,
"end": 2123,
"label": [
"18201"
]
},
{
"start": 2144,
"end": 2182,
"label": [
"88383"
]
},
{
"start": 2212,
"end": 2223,
"label": [
"46710"
]
},
{
"start": 2369,
"end": 2377,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 2501,
"end": 2509,
"label": [
"188900"
]
},
{
"start": 2526,
"end": 2538,
"label": [
"59367"
]
},
{
"start": 2556,
"end": 2574,
"label": [
"3046529"
]
},
{
"start": 2642,
"end": 2654,
"label": [
"13198715"
]
},
{
"start": 2782,
"end": 2805,
"label": [
"2430486"
]
},
{
"start": 2809,
"end": 2821,
"label": [
"2183368"
]
},
{
"start": 2868,
"end": 2875,
"label": [
"57898"
]
},
{
"start": 2945,
"end": 2961,
"label": [
"18310015"
]
},
{
"start": 2963,
"end": 2981,
"label": [
"34041607"
]
},
{
"start": 3000,
"end": 3014,
"label": [
"489586"
]
},
{
"start": 3090,
"end": 3114,
"label": [
"33919041"
]
},
{
"start": 3144,
"end": 3158,
"label": [
"491056"
]
},
{
"start": 3213,
"end": 3232,
"label": [
"3263647"
]
},
{
"start": 3288,
"end": 3296,
"label": [
"12928085"
]
},
{
"start": 3349,
"end": 3369,
"label": [
"13826321"
]
},
{
"start": 3542,
"end": 3553,
"label": [
"3451"
]
},
{
"start": 3568,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"294567"
]
},
{
"start": 3670,
"end": 3696,
"label": [
"3135955"
]
},
{
"start": 3848,
"end": 3871,
"label": [
"89514"
]
},
{
"start": 3892,
"end": 3906,
"label": [
"25735867"
]
},
{
"start": 3969,
"end": 3977,
"label": [
"365561"
]
},
{
"start": 3989,
"end": 4015,
"label": [
"337080"
]
},
{
"start": 4057,
"end": 4068,
"label": [
"42029"
]
},
{
"start": 4083,
"end": 4108,
"label": [
"1792914"
]
},
{
"start": 4227,
"end": 4245,
"label": [
"225024"
]
},
{
"start": 4323,
"end": 4329,
"label": [
"428227"
]
},
{
"start": 4359,
"end": 4364,
"label": [
"43729"
]
},
{
"start": 4517,
"end": 4533,
"label": [
"652301"
]
},
{
"start": 4644,
"end": 4661,
"label": [
"25226723"
]
},
{
"start": 4691,
"end": 4700,
"label": [
"545025"
]
},
{
"start": 4723,
"end": 4742,
"label": [
"1872146"
]
},
{
"start": 5133,
"end": 5150,
"label": [
"336315"
]
},
{
"start": 5301,
"end": 5313,
"label": [
"30795"
]
},
{
"start": 5325,
"end": 5337,
"label": [
"210471"
]
},
{
"start": 5479,
"end": 5502,
"label": [
"781729"
]
},
{
"start": 5534,
"end": 5545,
"label": [
"31874"
]
},
{
"start": 5785,
"end": 5791,
"label": [
"253264"
]
},
{
"start": 6318,
"end": 6324,
"label": [
"4812151"
]
},
{
"start": 6601,
"end": 6614,
"label": [
"127062"
]
},
{
"start": 6636,
"end": 6651,
"label": [
"276608"
]
},
{
"start": 6677,
"end": 6698,
"label": [
"146678"
]
},
{
"start": 6742,
"end": 6758,
"label": [
"45470"
]
},
{
"start": 6774,
"end": 6784,
"label": [
"9592"
]
},
{
"start": 6796,
"end": 6807,
"label": [
"18315"
]
},
{
"start": 6902,
"end": 6923,
"label": [
"218877"
]
},
{
"start": 6947,
"end": 6963,
"label": [
"856097"
]
},
{
"start": 7152,
"end": 7182,
"label": [
"18437301"
]
},
{
"start": 7302,
"end": 7316,
"label": [
"484555"
]
},
{
"start": 7370,
"end": 7391,
"label": [
"481086"
]
},
{
"start": 7427,
"end": 7446,
"label": [
"1249774"
]
},
{
"start": 7523,
"end": 7543,
"label": [
"404509"
]
},
{
"start": 7757,
"end": 7791,
"label": [
"3849801"
]
},
{
"start": 7966,
"end": 7979,
"label": [
"218888"
]
},
{
"start": 7994,
"end": 8015,
"label": [
"73352"
]
},
{
"start": 8320,
"end": 8338,
"label": [
"23362908"
]
},
{
"start": 8669,
"end": 8681,
"label": [
"50585"
]
},
{
"start": 8909,
"end": 8926,
"label": [
"311455"
]
},
{
"start": 9327,
"end": 9342,
"label": [
"2074294"
]
},
{
"start": 9435,
"end": 9442,
"label": [
"1847605"
]
},
{
"start": 9447,
"end": 9461,
"label": [
"52616"
]
},
{
"start": 9476,
"end": 9487,
"label": [
"230033"
]
},
{
"start": 9492,
"end": 9509,
"label": [
"336315"
]
},
{
"start": 9522,
"end": 9541,
"label": [
"57843"
]
},
{
"start": 9749,
"end": 9762,
"label": [
"2482150"
]
},
{
"start": 9829,
"end": 9851,
"label": [
"218910"
]
},
{
"start": 9923,
"end": 9929,
"label": [
"2687967"
]
},
{
"start": 9934,
"end": 9941,
"label": [
"303062"
]
},
{
"start": 10065,
"end": 10087,
"label": [
"125569"
]
},
{
"start": 10112,
"end": 10151,
"label": [
"5724586"
]
},
{
"start": 10251,
"end": 10264,
"label": [
"163208"
]
},
{
"start": 10305,
"end": 10324,
"label": [
"244245"
]
},
{
"start": 10374,
"end": 10383,
"label": [
"18201"
]
},
{
"start": 10384,
"end": 10390,
"label": [
"989428"
]
},
{
"start": 10391,
"end": 10397,
"label": [
"47911"
]
},
{
"start": 10612,
"end": 10626,
"label": [
"18201"
]
},
{
"start": 10675,
"end": 10687,
"label": [
"292708"
]
},
{
"start": 10718,
"end": 10724,
"label": [
"52106"
]
},
{
"start": 10761,
"end": 10790,
"label": [
"448121"
]
},
{
"start": 10960,
"end": 10976,
"label": [
"164406"
]
},
{
"start": 10997,
"end": 11013,
"label": [
"401338"
]
},
{
"start": 11036,
"end": 11062,
"label": [
"19540170"
]
},
{
"start": 11117,
"end": 11145,
"label": [
"401373"
]
},
{
"start": 11187,
"end": 11217,
"label": [
"39204"
]
},
{
"start": 11626,
"end": 11632,
"label": [
"401883"
]
},
{
"start": 11748,
"end": 11771,
"label": [
"146911"
]
},
{
"start": 12006,
"end": 12032,
"label": [
"614704"
]
},
{
"start": 12073,
"end": 12086,
"label": [
"2973792"
]
},
{
"start": 12093,
"end": 12118,
"label": [
"193597"
]
},
{
"start": 12402,
"end": 12414,
"label": [
"504068"
]
},
{
"start": 12561,
"end": 12575,
"label": [
"59473"
]
},
{
"start": 12717,
"end": 12751,
"label": [
"157363"
]
},
{
"start": 12838,
"end": 12867,
"label": [
"563513"
]
},
{
"start": 12982,
"end": 12992,
"label": [
"243355"
]
},
{
"start": 13028,
"end": 13054,
"label": [
"375707"
]
},
{
"start": 13230,
"end": 13253,
"label": [
"7098174"
]
},
{
"start": 13545,
"end": 13557,
"label": [
"10778278"
]
},
{
"start": 13829,
"end": 13846,
"label": [
"93561"
]
},
{
"start": 13876,
"end": 13884,
"label": [
"9098894"
]
},
{
"start": 14197,
"end": 14227,
"label": [
"241429"
]
},
{
"start": 14495,
"end": 14509,
"label": [
"1118581"
]
},
{
"start": 14517,
"end": 14549,
"label": [
"22487403"
]
},
{
"start": 14600,
"end": 14610,
"label": [
"221325"
]
},
{
"start": 14721,
"end": 14739,
"label": [
"148300"
]
},
{
"start": 14835,
"end": 14853,
"label": [
"18420108"
]
},
{
"start": 14878,
"end": 14895,
"label": [
"20838778"
]
},
{
"start": 15076,
"end": 15085,
"label": [
"51271"
]
},
{
"start": 15495,
"end": 15514,
"label": [
"7420045"
]
},
{
"start": 15574,
"end": 15591,
"label": [
"193597"
]
},
{
"start": 15769,
"end": 15786,
"label": [
"180936"
]
},
{
"start": 16081,
"end": 16090,
"label": [
"64485"
]
},
{
"start": 16194,
"end": 16209,
"label": [
"2114946"
]
},
{
"start": 16345,
"end": 16360,
"label": [
"878460"
]
},
{
"start": 16610,
"end": 16642,
"label": [
"16797498"
]
},
{
"start": 16679,
"end": 16697,
"label": [
"8302681"
]
},
{
"start": 16767,
"end": 16776,
"label": [
"7607314"
]
},
{
"start": 16781,
"end": 16788,
"label": [
"59742"
]
},
{
"start": 17114,
"end": 17143,
"label": [
"657604"
]
},
{
"start": 17604,
"end": 17609,
"label": [
"210133"
]
},
{
"start": 18274,
"end": 18294,
"label": [
"30931401"
]
},
{
"start": 18473,
"end": 18489,
"label": [
"367635"
]
},
{
"start": 18570,
"end": 18581,
"label": [
"23086748"
]
},
{
"start": 18629,
"end": 18661,
"label": [
"20094477"
]
},
{
"start": 18982,
"end": 19009,
"label": [
"600420"
]
},
{
"start": 19014,
"end": 19020,
"label": [
"476723"
]
},
{
"start": 19152,
"end": 19166,
"label": [
"20070201"
]
},
{
"start": 19167,
"end": 19177,
"label": [
"3482368"
]
},
{
"start": 19185,
"end": 19189,
"label": [
"456679"
]
},
{
"start": 19343,
"end": 19375,
"label": [
"14590886"
]
},
{
"start": 19567,
"end": 19589,
"label": [
"14037325"
]
},
{
"start": 19612,
"end": 19627,
"label": [
"16341"
]
},
{
"start": 19670,
"end": 19683,
"label": [
"279669"
]
},
{
"start": 19693,
"end": 19706,
"label": [
"157100"
]
},
{
"start": 19804,
"end": 19819,
"label": [
"7194047"
]
},
{
"start": 19820,
"end": 19855,
"label": [
"25759853"
]
},
{
"start": 19901,
"end": 19913,
"label": [
"27014405"
]
},
{
"start": 20042,
"end": 20055,
"label": [
"2185764"
]
},
{
"start": 20389,
"end": 20407,
"label": [
"250118"
]
},
{
"start": 20408,
"end": 20425,
"label": [
"28803740"
]
},
{
"start": 20568,
"end": 20576,
"label": [
"2921872"
]
},
{
"start": 20617,
"end": 20635,
"label": [
"28813177"
]
},
{
"start": 20745,
"end": 20760,
"label": [
"280518"
]
},
{
"start": 20843,
"end": 20854,
"label": [
"28803747"
]
},
{
"start": 20870,
"end": 20877,
"label": [
"28803743"
]
},
{
"start": 20913,
"end": 20923,
"label": [
"44085"
]
},
{
"start": 20928,
"end": 20947,
"label": [
"2748443"
]
},
{
"start": 21046,
"end": 21056,
"label": [
"424102"
]
},
{
"start": 21138,
"end": 21158,
"label": [
"2921801"
]
},
{
"start": 21183,
"end": 21201,
"label": [
"869687"
]
},
{
"start": 21365,
"end": 21390,
"label": [
"2638307"
]
},
{
"start": 21555,
"end": 21561,
"label": [
"2651664"
]
},
{
"start": 21566,
"end": 21575,
"label": [
"2621352"
]
},
{
"start": 21614,
"end": 21626,
"label": [
"18635104"
]
},
{
"start": 21862,
"end": 21871,
"label": [
"3821440"
]
},
{
"start": 21950,
"end": 21970,
"label": [
"339891"
]
},
{
"start": 22071,
"end": 22088,
"label": [
"3906625"
]
},
{
"start": 22121,
"end": 22138,
"label": [
"22683002"
]
},
{
"start": 22333,
"end": 22345,
"label": [
"10660733"
]
},
{
"start": 22405,
"end": 22412,
"label": [
"272915"
]
},
{
"start": 22457,
"end": 22471,
"label": [
"2021732"
]
},
{
"start": 22483,
"end": 22493,
"label": [
"27989652"
]
},
{
"start": 22546,
"end": 22560,
"label": [
"24874360"
]
},
{
"start": 22575,
"end": 22588,
"label": [
"29427097"
]
},
{
"start": 22911,
"end": 22929,
"label": [
"43281"
]
},
{
"start": 23011,
"end": 23034,
"label": [
"45154359"
]
},
{
"start": 23050,
"end": 23061,
"label": [
"68143"
]
},
{
"start": 23089,
"end": 23103,
"label": [
"23026600"
]
},
{
"start": 23193,
"end": 23200,
"label": [
"30874446"
]
},
{
"start": 23209,
"end": 23213,
"label": [
"730058"
]
},
{
"start": 23293,
"end": 23301,
"label": [
"938699"
]
},
{
"start": 23308,
"end": 23317,
"label": [
"158512"
]
},
{
"start": 23323,
"end": 23334,
"label": [
"31058"
]
},
{
"start": 23468,
"end": 23484,
"label": [
"1134334"
]
},
{
"start": 23508,
"end": 23523,
"label": [
"636251"
]
},
{
"start": 23541,
"end": 23551,
"label": [
"30035478"
]
},
{
"start": 23555,
"end": 23566,
"label": [
"1235269"
]
},
{
"start": 23571,
"end": 23576,
"label": [
"299068"
]
},
{
"start": 23620,
"end": 23634,
"label": [
"30371724"
]
},
{
"start": 23639,
"end": 23664,
"label": [
"796655"
]
},
{
"start": 23883,
"end": 23889,
"label": [
"45139"
]
},
{
"start": 24469,
"end": 24490,
"label": [
"3723555"
]
},
{
"start": 24691,
"end": 24704,
"label": [
"3617264"
]
},
{
"start": 24709,
"end": 24726,
"label": [
"767930"
]
},
{
"start": 24791,
"end": 24802,
"label": [
"625395"
]
},
{
"start": 24807,
"end": 24818,
"label": [
"3273283"
]
},
{
"start": 24920,
"end": 24947,
"label": [
"26611615"
]
},
{
"start": 24978,
"end": 24993,
"label": [
"977501"
]
},
{
"start": 25078,
"end": 25090,
"label": [
"60098"
]
},
{
"start": 25154,
"end": 25173,
"label": [
"339137"
]
},
{
"start": 25452,
"end": 25469,
"label": [
"3193951"
]
},
{
"start": 25734,
"end": 25756,
"label": [
"1203529"
]
},
{
"start": 25771,
"end": 25787,
"label": [
"5841779"
]
},
{
"start": 26004,
"end": 26035,
"label": [
"3351611"
]
},
{
"start": 26117,
"end": 26132,
"label": [
"417858"
]
},
{
"start": 26133,
"end": 26147,
"label": [
"1545248"
]
},
{
"start": 26233,
"end": 26243,
"label": [
"32173"
]
},
{
"start": 26321,
"end": 26331,
"label": [
"357059"
]
},
{
"start": 26525,
"end": 26533,
"label": [
"1064845"
]
},
{
"start": 26562,
"end": 26574,
"label": [
"85023"
]
},
{
"start": 26773,
"end": 26787,
"label": [
"285581"
]
},
{
"start": 26810,
"end": 26825,
"label": [
"656473"
]
},
{
"start": 26854,
"end": 26870,
"label": [
"554924"
]
},
{
"start": 26912,
"end": 26921,
"label": [
"111830"
]
},
{
"start": 26949,
"end": 26958,
"label": [
"112391"
]
},
{
"start": 26997,
"end": 27011,
"label": [
"714369"
]
},
{
"start": 27038,
"end": 27045,
"label": [
"2833392"
]
},
{
"start": 27139,
"end": 27160,
"label": [
"38285006"
]
},
{
"start": 27254,
"end": 27281,
"label": [
"4696180"
]
},
{
"start": 27518,
"end": 27527,
"label": [
"1694870"
]
},
{
"start": 27544,
"end": 27565,
"label": [
"18501110"
]
},
{
"start": 27703,
"end": 27716,
"label": [
"101664"
]
},
{
"start": 27717,
"end": 27738,
"label": [
"7463019"
]
},
{
"start": 28311,
"end": 28328,
"label": [
"15825487"
]
},
{
"start": 28499,
"end": 28511,
"label": [
"2678855"
]
},
{
"start": 28638,
"end": 28649,
"label": [
"9472653"
]
},
{
"start": 28683,
"end": 28699,
"label": [
"5247472"
]
},
{
"start": 28703,
"end": 28729,
"label": [
"61024"
]
},
{
"start": 28906,
"end": 28924,
"label": [
"1131138"
]
},
{
"start": 28953,
"end": 28972,
"label": [
"598072"
]
},
{
"start": 29123,
"end": 29140,
"label": [
"654400"
]
},
{
"start": 29179,
"end": 29186,
"label": [
"1479416"
]
},
{
"start": 29482,
"end": 29498,
"label": [
"9029934"
]
},
{
"start": 29500,
"end": 29510,
"label": [
"12020586"
]
},
{
"start": 29512,
"end": 29525,
"label": [
"16972881"
]
},
{
"start": 29527,
"end": 29540,
"label": [
"10045980"
]
},
{
"start": 29546,
"end": 29562,
"label": [
"15906921"
]
},
{
"start": 29640,
"end": 29655,
"label": [
"417858"
]
},
{
"start": 29656,
"end": 29683,
"label": [
"41686304"
]
},
{
"start": 29715,
"end": 29731,
"label": [
"29922"
]
},
{
"start": 29878,
"end": 29893,
"label": [
"37395136"
]
},
{
"start": 29977,
"end": 29990,
"label": [
"236759"
]
},
{
"start": 30068,
"end": 30090,
"label": [
"241321"
]
},
{
"start": 30409,
"end": 30428,
"label": [
"698848"
]
},
{
"start": 30655,
"end": 30671,
"label": [
"236764"
]
},
{
"start": 30756,
"end": 30769,
"label": [
"238317"
]
},
{
"start": 30825,
"end": 30850,
"label": [
"762165"
]
},
{
"start": 30889,
"end": 30896,
"label": [
"1246723"
]
},
{
"start": 31218,
"end": 31234,
"label": [
"343446"
]
},
{
"start": 31360,
"end": 31379,
"label": [
"197567"
]
},
{
"start": 31630,
"end": 31640,
"label": [
"128089"
]
},
{
"start": 31825,
"end": 31839,
"label": [
"1552321"
]
},
{
"start": 31940,
"end": 31951,
"label": [
"13544661"
]
},
{
"start": 31956,
"end": 31966,
"label": [
"3915381"
]
},
{
"start": 32105,
"end": 32114,
"label": [
"15907181"
]
},
{
"start": 32164,
"end": 32177,
"label": [
"596074"
]
},
{
"start": 32908,
"end": 32922,
"label": [
"59473"
]
},
{
"start": 33329,
"end": 33346,
"label": [
"1003539"
]
},
{
"start": 33538,
"end": 33553,
"label": [
"279671"
]
},
{
"start": 33684,
"end": 33703,
"label": [
"862259"
]
},
{
"start": 34254,
"end": 34262,
"label": [
"137817"
]
},
{
"start": 34673,
"end": 34686,
"label": [
"558895"
]
},
{
"start": 34778,
"end": 34804,
"label": [
"36771"
]
},
{
"start": 35171,
"end": 35193,
"label": [
"157770"
]
},
{
"start": 35492,
"end": 35508,
"label": [
"137619"
]
},
{
"start": 36182,
"end": 36194,
"label": [
"244245"
]
},
{
"start": 36267,
"end": 36283,
"label": [
"540366"
]
},
{
"start": 36374,
"end": 36391,
"label": [
"309008"
]
},
{
"start": 36548,
"end": 36560,
"label": [
"239613"
]
},
{
"start": 36727,
"end": 36736,
"label": [
"21179"
]
},
{
"start": 37071,
"end": 37082,
"label": [
"70855"
]
},
{
"start": 37191,
"end": 37204,
"label": [
"7424828"
]
},
{
"start": 37250,
"end": 37255,
"label": [
"120180"
]
},
{
"start": 37293,
"end": 37308,
"label": [
"8078078"
]
},
{
"start": 37314,
"end": 37344,
"label": [
"2921407"
]
},
{
"start": 37542,
"end": 37567,
"label": [
"5275495"
]
},
{
"start": 37709,
"end": 37721,
"label": [
"20070201"
]
},
{
"start": 37722,
"end": 37737,
"label": [
"14746309"
]
},
{
"start": 37774,
"end": 37786,
"label": [
"14753432"
]
},
{
"start": 37815,
"end": 37827,
"label": [
"581399"
]
},
{
"start": 38064,
"end": 38076,
"label": [
"224086"
]
},
{
"start": 38090,
"end": 38104,
"label": [
"4585735"
]
},
{
"start": 38139,
"end": 38154,
"label": [
"7194047"
]
},
{
"start": 38348,
"end": 38372,
"label": [
"30557052"
]
},
{
"start": 38529,
"end": 38542,
"label": [
"27523598"
]
},
{
"start": 38577,
"end": 38591,
"label": [
"2636636"
]
},
{
"start": 38616,
"end": 38634,
"label": [
"869687"
]
},
{
"start": 38725,
"end": 38738,
"label": [
"30846793"
]
},
{
"start": 38854,
"end": 38862,
"label": [
"2651664"
]
},
{
"start": 38903,
"end": 38909,
"label": [
"49719"
]
},
{
"start": 39111,
"end": 39130,
"label": [
"2621352"
]
},
{
"start": 39207,
"end": 39227,
"label": [
"25905153"
]
},
{
"start": 39262,
"end": 39284,
"label": [
"27986798"
]
},
{
"start": 39386,
"end": 39397,
"label": [
"279677"
]
},
{
"start": 39402,
"end": 39419,
"label": [
"2921833"
]
},
{
"start": 39506,
"end": 39512,
"label": [
"25963881"
]
},
{
"start": 39529,
"end": 39551,
"label": [
"28817000"
]
},
{
"start": 39572,
"end": 39591,
"label": [
"28803751"
]
},
{
"start": 39626,
"end": 39639,
"label": [
"2166298"
]
},
{
"start": 39659,
"end": 39669,
"label": [
"28803755"
]
},
{
"start": 39903,
"end": 39913,
"label": [
"19169"
]
},
{
"start": 39958,
"end": 39972,
"label": [
"212797"
]
},
{
"start": 40035,
"end": 40048,
"label": [
"279669"
]
},
{
"start": 40061,
"end": 40080,
"label": [
"365583"
]
},
{
"start": 40096,
"end": 40104,
"label": [
"11898195"
]
},
{
"start": 40271,
"end": 40287,
"label": [
"5255382"
]
},
{
"start": 40363,
"end": 40379,
"label": [
"658055"
]
},
{
"start": 40388,
"end": 40403,
"label": [
"23169749"
]
},
{
"start": 40444,
"end": 40455,
"label": [
"26311863"
]
},
{
"start": 40501,
"end": 40508,
"label": [
"365583"
]
},
{
"start": 40510,
"end": 40528,
"label": [
"8193946"
]
},
{
"start": 40572,
"end": 40586,
"label": [
"2320325"
]
},
{
"start": 40617,
"end": 40636,
"label": [
"28087643"
]
},
{
"start": 40856,
"end": 40868,
"label": [
"637417"
]
},
{
"start": 40896,
"end": 40905,
"label": [
"594871"
]
},
{
"start": 40914,
"end": 40930,
"label": [
"23036726"
]
},
{
"start": 40979,
"end": 40992,
"label": [
"2167302"
]
},
{
"start": 40993,
"end": 41013,
"label": [
"23036963"
]
},
{
"start": 41089,
"end": 41106,
"label": [
"23809287"
]
},
{
"start": 41223,
"end": 41235,
"label": [
"957070"
]
},
{
"start": 41325,
"end": 41335,
"label": [
"5805712"
]
},
{
"start": 41396,
"end": 41405,
"label": [
"2163514"
]
},
{
"start": 41713,
"end": 41726,
"label": [
"2163525"
]
},
{
"start": 41758,
"end": 41767,
"label": [
"1189997"
]
},
{
"start": 41960,
"end": 41974,
"label": [
"2163536"
]
},
{
"start": 42015,
"end": 42040,
"label": [
"28417606"
]
},
{
"start": 42099,
"end": 42113,
"label": [
"280494"
]
},
{
"start": 42156,
"end": 42166,
"label": [
"25408724"
]
},
{
"start": 42183,
"end": 42191,
"label": [
"28411982"
]
},
{
"start": 42210,
"end": 42220,
"label": [
"28412229"
]
},
{
"start": 42329,
"end": 42345,
"label": [
"42994089"
]
},
{
"start": 42351,
"end": 42358,
"label": [
"365919"
]
},
{
"start": 42593,
"end": 42618,
"label": [
"28435857"
]
},
{
"start": 42679,
"end": 42691,
"label": [
"5542164"
]
},
{
"start": 42692,
"end": 42700,
"label": [
"25414907"
]
},
{
"start": 42855,
"end": 42868,
"label": [
"2163445"
]
},
{
"start": 43114,
"end": 43131,
"label": [
"15032869"
]
},
{
"start": 43376,
"end": 43386,
"label": [
"16840819"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
783_Indian campaign
|
After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal. Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of "Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1,000 talents in gold". Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund, supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality. On the subsequent advance of the Macedonian king, Taxiles accompanied him with a force of 5,000 men and took part in the battle of the Hydaspes River. After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. In the winter of 327/326 BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against the Aspasioi of Kunar valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys. A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought against him from the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos. The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble." A similar slaughter followed at Ora. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against King Porus, who ruled a region lying between the Hydaspes and the Acesines (Chenab), in what is now the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. Alexander was impressed by Porus' bravery, and made him an ally. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus' territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece. Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, naming one Bucephala, in honour of his horse, who died around this time. The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. The elephant had gold rings around its tusks and an inscription was on them written in Greek: "Alexander the son of Zeus dedicates Ajax to the Helios" (ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ Ο ΔΙΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΙΑΝΤΑ ΤΩΙ ΗΛΙΩΙ). East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. Alexander tried to persuade his soldiers to march farther, but his general Coenus pleaded with him to change his opinion and return; the men, he said, "longed to again see their parents, their wives and children, their homeland". Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege. Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. Alexander reached Susa in 324 BC, but not before losing many men to the harsh desert.
|
[
{
"start": 19,
"end": 29,
"label": [
"2831351"
]
},
{
"start": 70,
"end": 81,
"label": [
"3402027"
]
},
{
"start": 151,
"end": 170,
"label": [
"20611562"
]
},
{
"start": 187,
"end": 197,
"label": [
"3512364"
]
},
{
"start": 223,
"end": 231,
"label": [
"496354"
]
},
{
"start": 271,
"end": 282,
"label": [
"737"
]
},
{
"start": 296,
"end": 304,
"label": [
"23235"
]
},
{
"start": 351,
"end": 357,
"label": [
"2899290"
]
},
{
"start": 371,
"end": 376,
"label": [
"2899290"
]
},
{
"start": 392,
"end": 398,
"label": [
"229666"
]
},
{
"start": 432,
"end": 437,
"label": [
"15490"
]
},
{
"start": 445,
"end": 462,
"label": [
"1022429"
]
},
{
"start": 527,
"end": 535,
"label": [
"2595823"
]
},
{
"start": 540,
"end": 549,
"label": [
"2595823"
]
},
{
"start": 566,
"end": 574,
"label": [
"1533700"
]
},
{
"start": 655,
"end": 660,
"label": [
"2899290"
]
},
{
"start": 1049,
"end": 1060,
"label": [
"203963"
]
},
{
"start": 1065,
"end": 1074,
"label": [
"84560"
]
},
{
"start": 1133,
"end": 1137,
"label": [
"9600909"
]
},
{
"start": 1367,
"end": 1374,
"label": [
"42012"
]
},
{
"start": 1455,
"end": 1483,
"label": [
"720543"
]
},
{
"start": 2029,
"end": 2035,
"label": [
"2899538"
]
},
{
"start": 2200,
"end": 2212,
"label": [
"6385030"
]
},
{
"start": 2316,
"end": 2321,
"label": [
"3734053"
]
},
{
"start": 2322,
"end": 2328,
"label": [
"32416"
]
},
{
"start": 2351,
"end": 2358,
"label": [
"3562235"
]
},
{
"start": 2392,
"end": 2396,
"label": [
"1236283"
]
},
{
"start": 2401,
"end": 2406,
"label": [
"3562530"
]
},
{
"start": 2650,
"end": 2656,
"label": [
"2966150"
]
},
{
"start": 2794,
"end": 2801,
"label": [
"617834"
]
},
{
"start": 3039,
"end": 3045,
"label": [
"2966150"
]
},
{
"start": 3224,
"end": 3234,
"label": [
"82975"
]
},
{
"start": 3273,
"end": 3281,
"label": [
"1022429"
]
},
{
"start": 3300,
"end": 3306,
"label": [
"1100160"
]
},
{
"start": 3328,
"end": 3334,
"label": [
"24717"
]
},
{
"start": 3343,
"end": 3365,
"label": [
"720543"
]
},
{
"start": 3588,
"end": 3592,
"label": [
"1096409"
]
},
{
"start": 3721,
"end": 3729,
"label": [
"1022429"
]
},
{
"start": 3748,
"end": 3757,
"label": [
"8919702"
]
},
{
"start": 3824,
"end": 3830,
"label": [
"9033058"
]
},
{
"start": 3890,
"end": 3902,
"label": [
"17983340"
]
},
{
"start": 3904,
"end": 3926,
"label": [
"29461429"
]
},
{
"start": 3934,
"end": 3961,
"label": [
"4438454"
]
},
{
"start": 4093,
"end": 4099,
"label": [
"67230"
]
},
{
"start": 4416,
"end": 4428,
"label": [
"12448"
]
},
{
"start": 4438,
"end": 4450,
"label": [
"817030"
]
},
{
"start": 4454,
"end": 4461,
"label": [
"371721"
]
},
{
"start": 4485,
"end": 4502,
"label": [
"4018935"
]
},
{
"start": 4506,
"end": 4512,
"label": [
"4862"
]
},
{
"start": 4527,
"end": 4546,
"label": [
"20611562"
]
},
{
"start": 4670,
"end": 4691,
"label": [
"349227"
]
},
{
"start": 4871,
"end": 4877,
"label": [
"2832783"
]
},
{
"start": 5091,
"end": 5096,
"label": [
"15490"
]
},
{
"start": 5135,
"end": 5140,
"label": [
"1942619"
]
},
{
"start": 5156,
"end": 5162,
"label": [
"433843"
]
},
{
"start": 5275,
"end": 5283,
"label": [
"448069"
]
},
{
"start": 5301,
"end": 5305,
"label": [
"14653"
]
},
{
"start": 5320,
"end": 5328,
"label": [
"665388"
]
},
{
"start": 5370,
"end": 5382,
"label": [
"24761"
]
},
{
"start": 5407,
"end": 5415,
"label": [
"101413"
]
},
{
"start": 5506,
"end": 5522,
"label": [
"839658"
]
},
{
"start": 5527,
"end": 5533,
"label": [
"20625"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
800_History
|
Japanese animation began in the early 20th century, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States and Russia. A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is Katsudō Shashin, an undated and private work by an unknown creator. In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear. Animators such as Ōten Shimokawa and Seitarou Kitayama produced numerous works, with the oldest surviving film being Kouchi's Namakura Gatana, a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target only to suffer defeat. The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake resulted in widespread destruction to Japan's infrastructure and the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse, destroying most of these early works. By the 1930s animation was well established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers and many animators—like Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata—still worked in cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation. Other creators, Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nonetheless made great strides in animation technique; they benefited from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts and propaganda. The first talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka, produced by Masaoka in 1933. By 1940, numerous anime artists' organizations had risen, including the Shin Mangaha Shudan and Shin Nippon Mangaka. The first feature-length animated film was Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors directed by Seo in 1944 with sponsorship by the Imperial Japanese Navy. The success of The Walt Disney Company's 1937 feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs profoundly influenced many Japanese animators. In the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and to limit the number of frames in productions. He intended this as a temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced animation staff. Three Tales, aired in 1960, was the first anime shown on television. The first anime television series was Otogi Manga Calendar, aired from 1961 to 1964. The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of manga, Japanese comic books and graphic novels, many of which were later animated. The work of Osamu Tezuka drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend" and the "god of manga". His work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (known as "mecha" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the Super Robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino who developed the Real Robot genre. Robot anime like the Gundam and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre of anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today. In the 1980s, anime became more accepted in the mainstream in Japan (although less than manga), and experienced a boom in production. Following a few successful adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the turn of the 21st century. In 2002, Spirited Away, a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
|
[
{
"start": 66,
"end": 76,
"label": [
"21554680"
]
},
{
"start": 232,
"end": 247,
"label": [
"24982510"
]
},
{
"start": 396,
"end": 410,
"label": [
"12745130"
]
},
{
"start": 415,
"end": 432,
"label": [
"39873936"
]
},
{
"start": 504,
"end": 519,
"label": [
"26182624"
]
},
{
"start": 620,
"end": 647,
"label": [
"314097"
]
},
{
"start": 971,
"end": 983,
"label": [
"23247356"
]
},
{
"start": 988,
"end": 1001,
"label": [
"25403492"
]
},
{
"start": 1026,
"end": 1042,
"label": [
"745626"
]
},
{
"start": 1055,
"end": 1068,
"label": [
"498464"
]
},
{
"start": 1086,
"end": 1099,
"label": [
"22497896"
]
},
{
"start": 1104,
"end": 1115,
"label": [
"25346256"
]
},
{
"start": 1284,
"end": 1294,
"label": [
"5934518"
]
},
{
"start": 1306,
"end": 1312,
"label": [
"70318"
]
},
{
"start": 1323,
"end": 1352,
"label": [
"22878285"
]
},
{
"start": 1543,
"end": 1573,
"label": [
"5997268"
]
},
{
"start": 1622,
"end": 1644,
"label": [
"236104"
]
},
{
"start": 1661,
"end": 1684,
"label": [
"37398"
]
},
{
"start": 1705,
"end": 1736,
"label": [
"76361"
]
},
{
"start": 1824,
"end": 1836,
"label": [
"321560"
]
},
{
"start": 2088,
"end": 2099,
"label": [
"8328334"
]
},
{
"start": 2195,
"end": 2215,
"label": [
"8322655"
]
},
{
"start": 2295,
"end": 2300,
"label": [
"18985"
]
},
{
"start": 2311,
"end": 2322,
"label": [
"145443"
]
},
{
"start": 2327,
"end": 2340,
"label": [
"102445"
]
},
{
"start": 2628,
"end": 2633,
"label": [
"25781"
]
},
{
"start": 2651,
"end": 2656,
"label": [
"20559"
]
},
{
"start": 2732,
"end": 2743,
"label": [
"12250739"
]
},
{
"start": 2756,
"end": 2764,
"label": [
"47818643"
]
},
{
"start": 2828,
"end": 2844,
"label": [
"163481"
]
},
{
"start": 2863,
"end": 2873,
"label": [
"12250739"
]
},
{
"start": 2902,
"end": 2908,
"label": [
"50709"
]
},
{
"start": 2913,
"end": 2949,
"label": [
"104619"
]
},
{
"start": 3174,
"end": 3179,
"label": [
"18985"
]
},
{
"start": 3422,
"end": 3435,
"label": [
"70091"
]
},
{
"start": 3439,
"end": 3452,
"label": [
"148415"
]
},
{
"start": 3476,
"end": 3490,
"label": [
"20312"
]
},
{
"start": 3499,
"end": 3510,
"label": [
"21547166"
]
},
{
"start": 3518,
"end": 3552,
"label": [
"18948039"
]
},
{
"start": 3572,
"end": 3591,
"label": [
"498172"
]
},
{
"start": 3603,
"end": 3642,
"label": [
"61830"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
803_As a foreign language
|
Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their foreign languages, Middle Eastern studies, and religious studies courses. Arabic language schools exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world and other Muslim countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic terms are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on the Internet provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.
|
[
{
"start": 41,
"end": 51,
"label": [
"25058"
]
},
{
"start": 56,
"end": 65,
"label": [
"554992"
]
},
{
"start": 180,
"end": 197,
"label": [
"1094802"
]
},
{
"start": 199,
"end": 221,
"label": [
"1912857"
]
},
{
"start": 227,
"end": 244,
"label": [
"354220"
]
},
{
"start": 254,
"end": 276,
"label": [
"12996836"
]
},
{
"start": 369,
"end": 384,
"label": [
"1266443"
]
},
{
"start": 414,
"end": 420,
"label": [
"191429"
]
},
{
"start": 878,
"end": 886,
"label": [
"14539"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
808_Biography
|
===Early life: 1899–1919=== Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his parents' leased grocer's shop at 517 High Road, Leytonstone, on the outskirts of east London (then part of Essex), the youngest of three children: William Daniel (born 1890), Ellen Kathleen ("Nellie") (1892), and Alfred Joseph (1899). His parents, Emma Jane Hitchcock, née Whelan (1863–1942), and William Edgar Hitchcock (1862–1914), were both Roman Catholics, with partial roots in Ireland; William was a greengrocer as his father had been. There was a large extended family, including Uncle John Hitchcock with his five-bedroom Victorian house on Campion Road, Putney, complete with maid, cook, chauffeur and gardener. Every summer John rented a seaside house for the family in Cliftonville, Kent. Hitchcock said that he first became class-conscious there, noticing the differences between tourists and locals. Describing himself as a well-behaved boy—his father called him his "little lamb without a spot"—Hitchcock said he could not remember ever having had a playmate. One of his favourite stories for interviewers was about his father sending him to the local police station with a note when he was five; the policeman looked at the note and locked him in a cell for a few minutes, saying, "This is what we do to naughty boys." The experience left him, he said, with a lifelong fear of policemen; in 1973 he told Tom Snyder that he was "scared stiff of anything ... to do with the law" and wouldn't even drive a car in case he got a parking ticket. When he was six, the family moved to Limehouse and leased two stores at 130 and 175 Salmon Lane, which they ran as a fish-and-chips shop and fishmongers' respectively; they lived above the former. It seems that Hitchcock was seven when he attended his first school, the Howrah House Convent in Poplar, which he entered in 1907. According to Patrick McGilligan, he stayed at Howrah House for at most two years. He also attended a convent school, the Wode Street School "for the daughters of gentlemen and little boys", run by the Faithful Companions of Jesus; briefly attended a primary school near his home; and was for a very short time, when he was nine, a boarder at Salesian College in Battersea. The family moved again when he was 11, this time to Stepney, and on 5 October 1910 Hitchcock was sent to St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, Tottenham (now in the London Borough of Haringey), a Jesuit grammar school with a reputation for discipline. The priests used a hard rubber cane on the boys, always at the end of the day, so the boys had to sit through classes anticipating the punishment once they knew they'd been written up for it. He said it was here that he developed his sense of fear. The school register lists his year of birth as 1900 rather than 1899; Spoto writes that it seems he was deliberately enrolled as a 10-year-old, perhaps because he was a year behind with his schooling. While biographer Gene Adair reports that Hitchcock was "an average, or slightly above-average, pupil", Hitchcock said he was "usually among the four or five at the top of the class"; at the end of his first year, his work in Latin, English, French and religious education was noted. His favourite subject was geography, and he became interested in maps, and railway and bus timetables; according to Taylor, he could recite all the stops on the Orient Express. He told Peter Bogdanovich: "The Jesuits taught me organization, control and, to some degree, analysis." Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer, and on 25 July 1913, he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a book-length interview in 1962, he told François Truffaut that he had studied "mechanics, electricity, acoustics, and navigation". Then on 12 December 1914 his father, who had been suffering from emphysema and kidney disease, died at the age of 52. To support himself and his mother—his older siblings had left home by then—Hitchcock took a job, for 15 shillings a week (£ in 2017), as a technical clerk at the Henley Telegraph and Cable Company in Blomfield Street near London Wall. He kept up his night classes, this time in art history, painting, economics, and political science. His older brother ran the family shops, while he and his mother continued to live in Salmon Lane. Hitchcock was too young to enlist when the First World War broke out in July 1914, and when he reached the required age of 18 in 1917, he received a C3 classification ("free from serious organic disease, able to stand service conditions in garrisons at home ... only suitable for sedentary work"). He joined a cadet regiment of the Royal Engineers and took part in theoretical briefings, weekend drills, and exercises. John Russell Taylor wrote that, in one session of practical exercises in Hyde Park, Hitchcock was required to wear puttees. He could never master wrapping them around his legs, and they repeatedly fell down around his ankles. After the war, Hitchcock began dabbling in creative writing. In June 1919 he became a founding editor and business manager of Henley's in-house publication, The Henley Telegraph (sixpence a copy), to which he submitted several short stories. Henley's promoted him to the advertising department, where he wrote copy and drew graphics for advertisements for electric cable. He apparently loved the job and would stay late at the office to examine the proofs; he told Truffaut that this was his "first step toward cinema". He enjoyed watching films, especially American cinema, and from the age of 16 read the trade papers; he watched Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith and Buster Keaton, and particularly liked Fritz Lang's Der müde Tod (1921). While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that Famous Players-Lasky, the production arm of Paramount Pictures, was opening a studio in London. They were planning to film The Sorrows of Satan by Marie Corelli, so he produced some drawings for the title cards and sent his work to the studio. They hired him, and in 1919 he began working for Islington Studios in Poole Street, Hoxton, as a title-card designer. Donald Spoto writes that most of the staff were Americans with strict job specifications, but the English workers were encouraged to try their hand at anything, which meant that Hitchcock gained experience as a co-writer, art director and production manager on at least 18 silent films. The Times wrote in February 1922 about the studio's "special art title department under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Hitchcock". His work there included Number 13 (1922), also known as Mrs. Peabody, cancelled because of financial problems—the few finished scenes are lost—and Always Tell Your Wife (1923), which he and Seymour Hicks finished together when Hicks was about to give up on it. Hicks wrote later about being helped by "a fat youth who was in charge of the property room ... [n]one other than Alfred Hitchcock". When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by Michael Balcon, later known as Gainsborough Pictures. Hitchcock worked on Woman to Woman (1923) with the director Graham Cutts, designing the set, writing the script and producing. He said: "It was the first film that I had really got my hands onto." The editor and "script girl" on Woman to Woman was Alma Reville, his future wife. He also worked as an assistant to Cutts on The White Shadow (1924), The Passionate Adventure (1924), The Blackguard (1925), and The Prude's Fall (1925). The Blackguard was produced at the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam, where Hitchcock watched part of the making of F. W. Murnau's film The Last Laugh (1924). He was impressed with Murnau's work and later used many of his techniques for the set design in his own productions. In the summer of 1925, Balcon asked Hitchcock to direct The Pleasure Garden (1925), starring Virginia Valli, a co-production of Gainsborough and the German firm Emelka at the Geiselgasteig studio near Munich. Reville, by then Hitchcock's fiancée, was assistant director-editor. Although the film was a commercial flop, Balcon liked Hitchcock's work; a Daily Express headline called him the "Young man with a master mind". Balcon asked him to direct a second film in Munich, The Mountain Eagle (1926), based on an original story titled Fear o' God. The film is lost; Hitchcock called it "a very bad movie". Hitchcock's luck changed with his first thriller, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1927), about the hunt for a serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent. To convey the impression footsteps were being heard from an upper floor, Hitchcock had a glass floor made so that the audience could see the lodger pacing up and down in his room above the landlady. Hitchcock had wanted the leading man to be guilty, or for the film at least to end ambiguously, but the star was Ivor Novello, a matinée idol, and the "star system" meant that Novello could not be the villain. Hitchcock told Truffaut: "You have to clearly spell it out in big letters: 'He is innocent.'" (He had the same problem years later with Cary Grant in (1941).) Released in January 1927, The Lodger was a commercial and critical success in the UK. Hitchcock told Truffaut that the film was the first of his to be influenced by the Expressionist techniques he had witnessed in Germany: "In truth, you might almost say that The Lodger was my first picture." He made his first cameo appearance in the film because an extra was needed, and was depicted sitting in a newsroom. A second appearance, standing in a crowd as the leading man is arrested, is in doubt. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English-American screenwriter Alma Reville (1899–1982) at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on the top two floors of 153 Cromwell Road, Kensington. Reville, who was born just hours after Hitchcock, converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, apparently at the insistence of Hitchcock's mother; she was baptized on 31 May 1927 and confirmed at Westminster Cathedral by Cardinal Francis Bourne on 5 June. In 1928, when they learned that she was pregnant, the Hitchcocks purchased "Winter's Grace", a Tudor farmhouse set in 11 acres on Stroud Lane, , Surrey, for £2,500. Their daughter and only child, Patricia Alma Hitchcock, was born on 7 July that year. Reville became her husband's closest collaborator; Charles Champlin wrote in 1982: "The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's.". When Hitchcock accepted the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, he said he wanted to mention "four people who have given me the most affection, appreciation and encouragement, and constant collaboration. The first of the four is a film editor, the second is a scriptwriter, the third is the mother of my daughter, Pat, and the fourth is as fine a cook as ever performed miracles in a domestic kitchen. And their names are Alma Reville". Reville wrote or co-wrote on many of Hitchcock's films, including Shadow of a Doubt, Suspicion (1941 film) and The 39 Steps (1935 film). Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, Blackmail (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British ""; it followed the first American sound feature film, The Jazz Singer (1927). Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series The Men Who Made The Movies, Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word "knife" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, Elstree Calling (1930), and directed a short film, An Elastic Affair (1930), featuring two Film Weekly scholarship winners. An Elastic Affair is one of the lost films. In 1933 Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont-British. His first film for the company, The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), was a success; his second, The 39 Steps (1935), was acclaimed in the UK and made Hitchcock a star in the US. It also established the quintessential English "Hitchcock blonde" (Madeleine Carroll) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies. Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, "It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with The 39 Steps". This film was one of the first to introduce the "MacGuffin" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter Angus MacPhail. The MacGuffin is an item or goal the protagonist is pursuing, one that otherwise has no narrative value; in The 39 Steps, the MacGuffin is a stolen set of design plans. Hitchcock released two spy thrillers in 1936. Sabotage was loosely based on Joseph Conrad's novel, The Secret Agent (1907), about a woman who discovers that her husband is a terrorist, and Secret Agent, based on two stories in Ashenden: Or the British Agent (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham. At this time, Hitchcock also became notorious for pranks against the cast and crew. These jokes ranged from simple and innocent to crazy and maniacal. For instance, he hosted a dinner party where he dyed all the food blue because, as he claimed, there weren't enough blue foods. He also had a horse delivered to the dressing room of his friend, actor Sir Gerald du Maurier. Hitchcock's next major success was The Lady Vanishes (1938), "one of the greatest train movies from the genre's golden era", according to Philip French, in which Miss Froy (May Whitty), a British spy posing as a governess, disappears on a train journey through the fictional European country of Bandrika. The film saw Hitchcock receive the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director, the only time he won an award for his direction. Benjamin Crisler, the New York Times film critic, wrote in June 1938: "Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: Magna Carta, the Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world."David O. Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in March 1939, and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood. In June that year Life magazine called him the "greatest master of melodrama in screen history". The working arrangements with Selznick were less than ideal. Selznick suffered from constant financial problems, and Hitchcock was often unhappy about Selznick's creative control over his films. In a later interview, Hitchcock said: "[Selznick] was the Big Producer. ... Producer was king. The most flattering thing Mr. Selznick ever said about me—and it shows you the amount of control—he said I was the 'only director' he'd 'trust with a film'." At the same time, Selznick complained about Hitchcock's "goddamn jigsaw cutting", which meant that the producer had to follow Hitchcock's vision of the finished product. Selznick lent Hitchcock to the larger studios more often than producing Hitchcock's films himself. Selznick made only a few films each year, as did fellow independent producer Samuel Goldwyn, so he did not always have projects for Hitchcock to direct. Goldwyn had also negotiated with Hitchcock on a possible contract, only to be outbid by Selznick. Hitchcock was quickly impressed by the superior resources of the American studios compared to the financial limits he had often faced in Britain. The Selznick picture Rebecca (1940) was Hitchcock's first American film, set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. The film stars Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. The story concerns a naïve (and unnamed) young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She goes to live in his huge English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won Best Picture at the 13th Academy Awards; the statuette was given to Selznick, as the film's producer. Hitchcock was nominated for Best Director, his first of five such nominations. Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller Foreign Correspondent (1940), set in Europe, based on Vincent Sheean's book Personal History (1935) and produced by Walter Wanger. It was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock felt uneasy living and working in Hollywood while his country was at war; his concern resulted in a film that overtly supported the British war effort. Filmed in the first year of the Second World War, it was inspired by the rapidly changing events in Europe, as covered by an American newspaper reporter played by Joel McCrea. Mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot, the film avoided direct references to Nazism, Nazi Germany, and Germans to comply with Hollywood's Motion Picture Production Code censorship at the time. In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the romantic comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) to the bleak film noir Shadow of a Doubt (1943). Suspicion (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer and director. It is set in England; Hitchcock used the north coast of Santa Cruz for the English coastline sequence. The film is the first of four projects on which Cary Grant worked with Hitchcock, and it is one of the rare occasions that Grant was cast in a sinister role. Grant plays Johnnie Aysgarth, an English con man whose actions raise suspicion and anxiety in his shy young English wife, Lina McLaidlaw (Joan Fontaine). In one scene Hitchcock placed a light inside a glass of milk, perhaps poisoned, that Grant is bringing to his wife; the light makes sure that the audience's attention is on the glass. Grant's character is a killer in the book on which the film was based, Before the Fact by Francis Iles, but the studio felt that Grant's image would be tarnished by that. Hitchcock therefore settled for an ambiguous finale, although, as he told François Truffaut, he would have preferred to end with the wife's murder. Fontaine won Best Actress for her performance. Saboteur (1942) is the first of two films that Hitchcock made for Universal during the decade. Hitchcock was forced by Universal Studios to use Universal contract player Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, a freelancer who signed a one-picture deal with Universal, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas. Breaking with Hollywood conventions of the time, Hitchcock did extensive location filming, especially in New York City, and depicted a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty. He also directed Have You Heard? (1942), a photographic dramatisation for Life magazine of the dangers of rumours during wartime. In 1943 he wrote a mystery story for Look magazine, "The Murder of Monty Woolley", a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to find clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves, such as Woolley, Doris Merrick, and make-up man Guy Pearce. Shadow of a Doubt (1943) was Hitchcock's personal favourite and the second of the early Universal films. Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright) suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial killer. Hitchcock again filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa. Working at 20th Century Fox, Hitchcock approached John Steinbeck with an idea for a film, which recorded the experiences of the survivors of a German U-boat attack. Steinbeck then began work on the script which would become the film Lifeboat (1944). However, Steinbeck was unhappy with the film and asked that his name be removed from the credits, to no avail. The idea was rewritten as a short story by Harry Sylvester and published in Collier's in 1943. The action sequences were shot in a small boat in the studio water tank. The locale posed problems for Hitchcock's traditional cameo appearance. That was solved by having Hitchcock's image appear in a newspaper that William Bendix is reading in the boat, showing the director in a before-and-after advertisement for "Reduco-Obesity Slayer". He told Truffaut in 1962: Hitchcock's typical dinner before the weight loss had been a roast chicken, boiled ham, potatoes, bread, vegetables, relishes, salad, dessert, a bottle of wine and some brandy. To lose weight, he stopped drinking, drank black coffee for breakfast and lunch, and ate steak and salad for dinner, but it was hard to maintain; Spoto writes that his weight fluctuated considerably over the next 40 years. At the end of 1943, despite the weight loss, the Occidental Insurance Company of Los Angeles refused him life insurance. Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short propaganda films, Bon Voyage (1944) and Aventure Malgache (1944), for the Ministry of Information. In June and July 1945 Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor" on a Holocaust documentary that used Allied Forces footage of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. The film was assembled in London and produced by Sidney Bernstein of the Ministry of Information, who brought Hitchcock (a friend of his) on board. It was originally intended to be broadcast to the Germans, but the British government deemed it too traumatic to be shown to a shocked post-war population. Instead, it was transferred in 1952 from the British War Office film vaults to London's Imperial War Museum and remained unreleased until 1985, when an edited version was broadcast as an episode of PBS Frontline, under the title the Imperial War Museum had given it: Memory of the Camps. The full-length version of the film, German Concentration Camps Factual Survey, was restored in 2014 by scholars at the Imperial War Museum. Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed Spellbound (1945), which explores psychoanalysis and features a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí. The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter than was originally envisioned; Selznick edited it to make it "play" more effectively. Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of analyst Dr. Peterson (Ingrid Bergman), who falls in love with him while trying to unlock his repressed past. Two point-of-view shots were achieved by building a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and out-sized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies of the black-and-white film. The original musical score by Miklós Rózsa makes use of the theremin, and some of it was later adapted by the composer into Rozsa's Piano Concerto Op. 31 (1967) for piano and orchestra. Notorious (1946) followed Spellbound. Hitchcock told François Truffaut that Selznick had sold him, Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant, and the screenplay by Ben Hecht, to RKO Radio Pictures as a "package" for $500,000 () because of cost overruns on Selznick's Duel in the Sun (1946). Notorious stars Bergman and Grant, both Hitchcock regulars, and features a plot about Nazis, uranium and South America. His prescient use of uranium as a plot device led to him being briefly placed under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to McGilligan, in or around March 1945 Hitchcock and Ben Hecht consulted Robert Millikan of the California Institute of Technology about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was "science fiction", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945. Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With Rope (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with Lifeboat (1944). The film appears to have been shot in a single take, but it was actually shot in 10 takes ranging from 4- to 10 minutes each; a 10-minute length of film was the most that a camera's film magazine could hold at the time. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. The film features James Stewart in the leading role, and was the first of four films that Stewart made with Hitchcock. It was inspired by the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s. The film was not well received. Under Capricorn (1949), set in 19th-century Australia, also uses the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black-and-white films for several years. Transatlantic Pictures became inactive after these two unsuccessful films. Hitchcock filmed Stage Fright (1950) at studios in Elstree, England, where he had worked during his British International Pictures contract many years before. He matched one of Warner Bros.' most popular stars, Jane Wyman, with the expatriate German actor Marlene Dietrich and used several prominent British actors, including Michael Wilding, Richard Todd and Alastair Sim. This was Hitchcock's first proper production for Warner Bros., which had distributed Rope and Under Capricorn, because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties. His film Strangers on a Train (1951) was based on the novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith. Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. He approached Dashiell Hammett to write the dialogue, but Raymond Chandler took over, then left over disagreements with the director. In the film, two men casually meet, one of whom speculates on a foolproof method to murder; he suggests that two people, each wishing to do away with someone, should each perform the other's murder. Farley Granger's role was as the innocent victim of the scheme, while Robert Walker, previously known for "boy-next-door" roles, played the villain. I Confess (1953) was set in Quebec with Montgomery Clift as a Catholic priest. I Confess was followed by three colour films starring Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955). In Dial M for Murder, Ray Milland plays the villain who tries to murder his unfaithful wife (Kelly) for her money. She kills the hired assassin in self-defence, so Milland manipulates the evidence to make it look like murder. Her lover, Mark Halliday (Robert Cummings), and Police Inspector Hubbard (John Williams) save her from execution. Hitchcock experimented with 3D cinematography for Dial M. Hitchcock moved to Paramount Pictures and filmed Rear Window (1954), starring James Stewart and Kelly again, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. Stewart's character is a photographer (based on Robert Capa) who must temporarily use a wheelchair. Out of boredom, he begins observing his neighbours across the courtyard, then becomes convinced that one of them (Raymond Burr) has murdered his wife. Stewart eventually manages to convince his policeman buddy (Wendell Corey) and his girlfriend (Kelly). As with Lifeboat and Rope, the principal characters are depicted in confined or cramped quarters, in this case Stewart's studio apartment. Hitchcock uses close-ups of Stewart's face to show his character's reactions, "from the comic voyeurism directed at his neighbours to his helpless terror watching Kelly and Burr in the villain's apartment". From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The title-sequence of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of only nine strokes), which his real silhouette then filled. The series theme tune was Funeral March of a Marionette by the French composer Charles Gounod (1818–1893). His introductions always included some sort of wry humour, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one electric chair, while two are shown with a sign "Two chairs—no waiting!" He directed 18 episodes of the series, which aired from 1955 to 1965. It became The Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1962, and NBC broadcast the final episode on 10 May 1965. In the 1980s, a new version of Alfred Hitchcock Presents was produced for television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colourised form. In 1955 Hitchcock became a United States citizen. The same year, his third Grace Kelly film, To Catch a Thief, was released; it is set in the French Riviera, and pairs Kelly with Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thrill-seeking American heiress played by Kelly surmises his true identity and tries to seduce him. "Despite the obvious age disparity between Grant and Kelly and a lightweight plot, the witty script (loaded with double entendres) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success." It was Hitchcock's last film with Kelly. She married Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956, and ended her film career. Hitchcock then remade his own 1934 film The Man Who Knew Too Much in 1956. This time, the film starred James Stewart and Doris Day, who sang the theme song "Que Sera, Sera", which won the Oscar for Best Original Song and became a big hit for her. They play a couple whose son is kidnapped to prevent them from interfering with an assassination. As in the 1934 film, the climax takes place at the Royal Albert Hall, London. The Wrong Man (1957), Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros., is a low-key black-and-white production based on a real-life case of mistaken identity reported in Life magazine in 1953. This was the only film of Hitchcock to star Henry Fonda, playing a Stork Club musician mistaken for a liquor store thief, who is arrested and tried for robbery while his wife (Vera Miles) emotionally collapses under the strain. Hitchcock told Truffaut that his lifelong fear of the police attracted him to the subject and was embedded in many scenes. Hitchcock's next film, Vertigo (1958) again starred James Stewart, this time with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. He had wanted Vera Miles to play the lead, but she was pregnant. He told Oriana Fallaci: "I was offering her a big part, the chance to become a beautiful sophisticated blonde, a real actress. We'd have spent a heap of dollars on it, and she has the bad taste to get pregnant. I hate pregnant women, because then they have children." In the film, James Stewart plays Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from acrophobia, who develops an obsession with a woman he has been hired to shadow (Kim Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock does not opt for a happy ending. Some critics, including Donald Spoto and Roger Ebert, agree that Vertigo is the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the Pygmalion-like obsessions of a man who crafts a woman into the woman he desires. Vertigo explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death than any other work in his filmography. Vertigo contains a camera technique developed by Irmin Roberts, commonly referred to as a dolly zoom, that has been copied many times by filmmakers. The film premiered at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, where Hitchcock won a Silver Seashell. Vertigo is considered a classic, but it attracted some negative reviews and poor box-office receipts at the time, and it was the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock. In the 2002 Sight & Sound polls, it ranked just behind Citizen Kane (1941); ten years later, in the same magazine, critics chose it as the best film ever made. Hitchcock followed Vertigo with three more successful films, which are also recognised as among his best: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960) and The Birds (1963). In North by Northwest, Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill, a Madison Avenue advertising executive who is mistaken for a government secret agent. He is hotly pursued across the United States by enemy agents, including (it appears) Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint). Thornhill at first believes Kendall is helping him, then that she is an enemy agent; he eventually learns that she is working undercover for the CIA. During its opening two-week run at Radio City Music Hall, the film grossed $404,056 (), setting a record in that theatre's non-holiday gross. Time magazine called the film "smoothly troweled and thoroughly entertaining". Psycho (1960) is arguably Hitchcock's best-known film. Based on Robert Bloch's novel Psycho (1959), which was inspired by the case of Ed Gein, the film was produced on a constrained budget of $800,000 () and shot in black-and-white on a spare set using crew members from Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The unprecedented violence of the shower scene, the early death of the heroine, and the innocent lives extinguished by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks of a new horror-film genre. The public loved the film, with lines stretching outside cinemas as people had to wait for the next showing. It broke box-office records in the United Kingdom, France, South America, the United States and Canada and was a moderate success in Australia for a brief period. The film was the most profitable of Hitchcock's career; he personally earned well in excess of $15 million (equivalent to $ million in ). He subsequently swapped his rights to Psycho and his TV anthology for 150,000 shares of MCA, making him the third largest shareholder and his own boss at Universal, in theory at least, although that did not stop them from interfering with him. Following the first film, Psycho became an American horror franchise: Psycho II, Psycho III, Bates Motel, Psycho IV: The Beginning, and a colour 1998 remake of the original. On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director François Truffaut began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organize the images; it was published as a book in 1967, which Truffaut nicknamed the "Hitchbook". The audio tapes were used as the basis of a documentary in 2015. Truffaut sought the interview because it was clear to him that Hitchcock was not simply the mass-market entertainer the American media made him out to be. It was obvious from his films, Truffaut wrote, that Hitchcock had "given more thought to the potential of his art than any of his colleagues". He compared the interview to "Oedipus' consultation of the oracle". The film scholar Peter William Evans writes that The Birds (1963) and Marnie (1964) are regarded as "undisputed masterpieces". Hitchcock had intended to film Marnie first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would come out of retirement to star in it. When Kelly asked Hitchcock to postpone Marnie until 1963 or 1964, he recruited Evan Hunter, author of The Blackboard Jungle (1954), to develop a screenplay based on a Daphne du Maurier short story, "The Birds" (1952), which Hitchcock had republished in his My Favorites in Suspense (1959). He hired Tippi Hedren to play the lead role. It was her first role; she had been a model in New York when Hitchcock saw her, in October 1961, in an NBC television ad for Sego, a diet drink: "I signed her because she is a classic beauty. Movies don't have them any more. Grace Kelly was the last." He insisted, without explanation, that her first name be written in single quotation marks: 'Tippi'. In The Birds, Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) in a bird shop; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay (where The Birds was filmed) carrying a pair of lovebirds as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds start gathering, watching, and attacking. The question: "What do the birds want?" is left unanswered. Hitchcock made the film with equipment from the Revue Studio, which made Alfred Hitchcock Presents. He said it was his most technically challenging film yet, using a combination of trained and mechanical birds against a backdrop of wild ones. Every shot was sketched in advance. An HBO/BBC television film, The Girl (2012), depicted Hedren's experiences on set; she said that Hitchcock and sexually harassed her. He reportedly isolated her from the rest of the crew, had her followed, whispered obscenities to her, had her handwriting analysed, and had a ramp built from his private office directly into her trailer. Diane Baker, her co-star in Marnie, said: "[N]othing could have been more horrible for me than to arrive on that movie set and to see her being treated the way she was." While filming the attack scene in the attic—which took a week to film—she was placed in a caged room while two men wearing elbow-length protective gloves threw live birds at her. Toward the end of the week, to stop the birds flying away from her too soon, one leg of each bird was attached by nylon thread to elastic bands sewn inside her clothes. She broke down after a bird cut her lower eyelid, and filming was halted on doctor's orders. In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in Marnie (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961, and he decided to cast her in the lead role opposite Sean Connery. In 2016, describing Hedren's performance as "one of the greatest in the history of cinema", Richard Brody called the film a "story of sexual violence" inflicted on the character played by Hedren: "The film is, to put it simply, sick, and it's so because Hitchcock was sick. He suffered all his life from furious sexual desire, suffered from the lack of its gratification, suffered from the inability to transform fantasy into reality, and then went ahead and did so virtually, by way of his art." A 1964 New York Times film review called it Hitchcock's "most disappointing film in years", citing Hedren's and Connery's lack of experience, an amateurish script and "glaringly fake cardboard backdrops". In the film, Marnie Edgar (Hedren) steals $10,000 () from her employer and goes on the run. She applies for a job at Mark Rutland's (Connery) company in Philadelphia and steals from there too. Earlier she is shown having a panic attack during a thunderstorm and fearing the colour red. Mark tracks her down and blackmails her into marrying him. She explains that she does not want to be touched, but during the "honeymoon", Mark rapes her. Marnie and Mark discover that Marnie's mother had been a prostitute when Marnie was a child, and that, while the mother was fighting with a client during a thunderstorm—the mother believed the client had tried to molest Marnie—Marnie had killed the client to save her mother. Cured of her fears when she remembers what happened, she decides to stay with Mark. No longer speaking to her because she had rebuffed him, Hitchcock apparently referred to Hedren throughout as "the girl" rather than by name. He told Robert Burks, the cinematographer, that the camera had to be placed as close as possible to Hedren when he filmed her face. Evan Hunter, the screenwriter of The Birds who was writing Marnie too, explained to Hitchcock that, if Mark loved Marnie, he would comfort her, not rape her. Hitchcock reportedly replied: "Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face!" When Hunter submitted two versions of the script, one without the rape scene, Hitchcock replaced him with Jay Presson Allen.Failing health reduced Hitchcock's output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer Stephen Rebello claimed Universal "forced" two movies on him, Torn Curtain (1966) and Topaz (1969). Both were spy thrillers with Cold War-related themes. Torn Curtain, with Paul Newman and Julie Andrews, precipitated the bitter end of the 12-year collaboration between Hitchcock and composer Bernard Herrmann. Hitchcock was unhappy with Herrmann's score and replaced him with John Addison, Jay Livingston and Ray Evans. Topaz (1967), based on a Leon Uris novel, is partly set in Cuba. Both films received mixed reviews. Hitchcock returned to Britain to make his penultimate film, Frenzy (1972), based on the novel Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square (1966). After two espionage films, the plot marked a return to the murder-thriller genre. Richard Blaney (Jon Finch), a volatile barman with a history of explosive anger, becomes the prime suspect in the investigation into the "Necktie Murders", which are actually committed by his friend Bob Rusk (Barry Foster). This time, Hitchcock makes the victim and villain kindreds, rather than opposites as in Strangers on a Train. In Frenzy, Hitchcock allowed nudity for the first time. Two scenes show naked women, one of whom is being raped and strangled; Spoto called the latter "one of the most repellent examples of a detailed murder in the history of film". Both actors, Barbara Leigh-Hunt and Anna Massey, refused to do the scenes, so models were used instead. Biographers have noted that Hitchcock had always pushed the limits of film censorship, often managing to fool Joseph Breen, the longtime head of Hollywood's Motion Picture Production Code. Many times Hitchcock slipped in subtle hints of improprieties forbidden by censorship until the mid-1960s. Yet McGilligan wrote that Breen and others often realised that Hitchcock was inserting such things and were actually amused, as well as alarmed by Hitchcock's "inescapable inferences". Family Plot (1976) was Hitchcock's last film. It relates the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler, played by Barbara Harris, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi-driver lover Bruce Dern, making a living from her phony powers. While Family Plot was based on the Victor Canning novel The Rainbird Pattern (1972), the novel's tone is more sinister. Screenwriter Ernest Lehman originally wrote the film with a dark tone but was pushed to a lighter, more comical tone by Hitchcock. Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, The Short Night, collaborating with James Costigan, Ernest Lehman and David Freeman. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried about his wife, who had suffered a stroke. The screenplay was eventually published in Freeman's book The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock (1999). Having refused a CBE in 1962, Hitchcock was appointed a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1980 New Year Honours. He was too ill to travel to London—he had a pacemaker and was being given cortisone injections for his arthritis—so on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him with the papers at Universal Studios. Asked by a reporter after the ceremony why it had taken the Queen so long, Hitchcock quipped, "I suppose it was a matter of carelessness." Cary Grant, Janet Leigh, and others attended a luncheon afterwards. His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980, when he introduced the next year's winner of the American Film Institute award. He died of kidney failure the following month, on 29 April, in his Bel Air home. Donald Spoto, one of Hitchcock's biographers, wrote that Hitchcock had declined to see a priest, but according to Jesuit priest Mark Henninger, he and another priest, Tom Sullivan, celebrated Mass at the filmmaker's home, and Sullivan heard his confession. Hitchcock was survived by his wife and daughter. His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills on 30 April, after which his body was cremated. His remains were scattered over the Pacific Ocean on 10 May 1980.
|
[
{
"start": 135,
"end": 146,
"label": [
"240225"
]
},
{
"start": 168,
"end": 179,
"label": [
"1429635"
]
},
{
"start": 194,
"end": 199,
"label": [
"40100758"
]
},
{
"start": 431,
"end": 446,
"label": [
"606848"
]
},
{
"start": 493,
"end": 504,
"label": [
"854986"
]
},
{
"start": 650,
"end": 656,
"label": [
"94255"
]
},
{
"start": 767,
"end": 779,
"label": [
"6671268"
]
},
{
"start": 1406,
"end": 1416,
"label": [
"931315"
]
},
{
"start": 1584,
"end": 1593,
"label": [
"94161"
]
},
{
"start": 1664,
"end": 1678,
"label": [
"46173"
]
},
{
"start": 1841,
"end": 1847,
"label": [
"94247"
]
},
{
"start": 1888,
"end": 1906,
"label": [
"27753686"
]
},
{
"start": 2076,
"end": 2104,
"label": [
"3041423"
]
},
{
"start": 2217,
"end": 2233,
"label": [
"3841267"
]
},
{
"start": 2237,
"end": 2246,
"label": [
"93865"
]
},
{
"start": 2300,
"end": 2307,
"label": [
"94299"
]
},
{
"start": 2353,
"end": 2372,
"label": [
"1777863"
]
},
{
"start": 2444,
"end": 2450,
"label": [
"16083"
]
},
{
"start": 2451,
"end": 2465,
"label": [
"156975"
]
},
{
"start": 3394,
"end": 3408,
"label": [
"176124"
]
},
{
"start": 3418,
"end": 3435,
"label": [
"43855"
]
},
{
"start": 3728,
"end": 3749,
"label": [
"47835701"
]
},
{
"start": 3767,
"end": 3784,
"label": [
"10770"
]
},
{
"start": 4080,
"end": 4089,
"label": [
"16522275"
]
},
{
"start": 4138,
"end": 4172,
"label": [
"9891515"
]
},
{
"start": 4198,
"end": 4209,
"label": [
"381305"
]
},
{
"start": 4452,
"end": 4467,
"label": [
"4764461"
]
},
{
"start": 4746,
"end": 4761,
"label": [
"269769"
]
},
{
"start": 4833,
"end": 4852,
"label": [
"2316682"
]
},
{
"start": 4906,
"end": 4915,
"label": [
"211289"
]
},
{
"start": 4948,
"end": 4955,
"label": [
"2287197"
]
},
{
"start": 5691,
"end": 5706,
"label": [
"5142"
]
},
{
"start": 5708,
"end": 5722,
"label": [
"7888"
]
},
{
"start": 5727,
"end": 5740,
"label": [
"43055"
]
},
{
"start": 5765,
"end": 5775,
"label": [
"11631"
]
},
{
"start": 5778,
"end": 5790,
"label": [
"2610460"
]
},
{
"start": 5854,
"end": 5874,
"label": [
"2653308"
]
},
{
"start": 5898,
"end": 5916,
"label": [
"22918"
]
},
{
"start": 5977,
"end": 5997,
"label": [
"7982488"
]
},
{
"start": 6001,
"end": 6014,
"label": [
"208586"
]
},
{
"start": 6053,
"end": 6064,
"label": [
"1922352"
]
},
{
"start": 6147,
"end": 6164,
"label": [
"36489619"
]
},
{
"start": 6182,
"end": 6188,
"label": [
"94117"
]
},
{
"start": 6216,
"end": 6228,
"label": [
"10372027"
]
},
{
"start": 6656,
"end": 6665,
"label": [
"5087077"
]
},
{
"start": 6770,
"end": 6774,
"label": [
"2044294"
]
},
{
"start": 6779,
"end": 6800,
"label": [
"14415689"
]
},
{
"start": 6822,
"end": 6835,
"label": [
"5106604"
]
},
{
"start": 7163,
"end": 7177,
"label": [
"744300"
]
},
{
"start": 7194,
"end": 7215,
"label": [
"822142"
]
},
{
"start": 7237,
"end": 7251,
"label": [
"28345206"
]
},
{
"start": 7277,
"end": 7289,
"label": [
"26655039"
]
},
{
"start": 7465,
"end": 7477,
"label": [
"217420"
]
},
{
"start": 7539,
"end": 7555,
"label": [
"31189851"
]
},
{
"start": 7564,
"end": 7588,
"label": [
"28576162"
]
},
{
"start": 7597,
"end": 7611,
"label": [
"31732621"
]
},
{
"start": 7624,
"end": 7640,
"label": [
"31744431"
]
},
{
"start": 7684,
"end": 7702,
"label": [
"5037674"
]
},
{
"start": 7761,
"end": 7773,
"label": [
"82417"
]
},
{
"start": 7781,
"end": 7795,
"label": [
"45488"
]
},
{
"start": 7977,
"end": 7996,
"label": [
"940668"
]
},
{
"start": 8014,
"end": 8028,
"label": [
"6834934"
]
},
{
"start": 8082,
"end": 8088,
"label": [
"5786446"
]
},
{
"start": 8395,
"end": 8413,
"label": [
"916546"
]
},
{
"start": 8481,
"end": 8485,
"label": [
"2044294"
]
},
{
"start": 8577,
"end": 8614,
"label": [
"287408"
]
},
{
"start": 9172,
"end": 9184,
"label": [
"47154"
]
},
{
"start": 9188,
"end": 9200,
"label": [
"5139737"
]
},
{
"start": 9211,
"end": 9222,
"label": [
"2421143"
]
},
{
"start": 9405,
"end": 9415,
"label": [
"38965"
]
},
{
"start": 9597,
"end": 9610,
"label": [
"1046537"
]
},
{
"start": 9996,
"end": 10008,
"label": [
"217420"
]
},
{
"start": 10028,
"end": 10044,
"label": [
"2684636"
]
},
{
"start": 10048,
"end": 10064,
"label": [
"542549"
]
},
{
"start": 10099,
"end": 10108,
"label": [
"250437"
]
},
{
"start": 10206,
"end": 10219,
"label": [
"413529"
]
},
{
"start": 10429,
"end": 10450,
"label": [
"391897"
]
},
{
"start": 10463,
"end": 10477,
"label": [
"6758813"
]
},
{
"start": 10529,
"end": 10537,
"label": [
"1771587"
]
},
{
"start": 10584,
"end": 10589,
"label": [
"2347662"
]
},
{
"start": 10685,
"end": 10708,
"label": [
"217418"
]
},
{
"start": 10791,
"end": 10807,
"label": [
"8896037"
]
},
{
"start": 10911,
"end": 10937,
"label": [
"585966"
]
},
{
"start": 11386,
"end": 11403,
"label": [
"76339"
]
},
{
"start": 11405,
"end": 11426,
"label": [
"74984"
]
},
{
"start": 11431,
"end": 11455,
"label": [
"3724436"
]
},
{
"start": 11497,
"end": 11506,
"label": [
"1237381"
]
},
{
"start": 11544,
"end": 11574,
"label": [
"3993800"
]
},
{
"start": 11596,
"end": 11611,
"label": [
"48552664"
]
},
{
"start": 11708,
"end": 11723,
"label": [
"68145"
]
},
{
"start": 11884,
"end": 11898,
"label": [
"4675"
]
},
{
"start": 12027,
"end": 12045,
"label": [
"17839"
]
},
{
"start": 12054,
"end": 12057,
"label": [
"29697498"
]
},
{
"start": 12321,
"end": 12326,
"label": [
"776763"
]
},
{
"start": 12328,
"end": 12343,
"label": [
"4263149"
]
},
{
"start": 12379,
"end": 12396,
"label": [
"20874218"
]
},
{
"start": 12559,
"end": 12574,
"label": [
"10725029"
]
},
{
"start": 12608,
"end": 12633,
"label": [
"2345042"
]
},
{
"start": 12669,
"end": 12681,
"label": [
"3724436"
]
},
{
"start": 12818,
"end": 12835,
"label": [
"287485"
]
},
{
"start": 12922,
"end": 12934,
"label": [
"68283"
]
},
{
"start": 13107,
"end": 13116,
"label": [
"61082"
]
},
{
"start": 13173,
"end": 13187,
"label": [
"11965050"
]
},
{
"start": 13404,
"end": 13412,
"label": [
"247098"
]
},
{
"start": 13434,
"end": 13447,
"label": [
"15823"
]
},
{
"start": 13457,
"end": 13473,
"label": [
"839388"
]
},
{
"start": 13547,
"end": 13559,
"label": [
"293623"
]
},
{
"start": 13585,
"end": 13615,
"label": [
"2773413"
]
},
{
"start": 13626,
"end": 13645,
"label": [
"33187"
]
},
{
"start": 14056,
"end": 14073,
"label": [
"9404578"
]
},
{
"start": 14159,
"end": 14172,
"label": [
"2472136"
]
},
{
"start": 14194,
"end": 14204,
"label": [
"559855"
]
},
{
"start": 14371,
"end": 14405,
"label": [
"1739880"
]
},
{
"start": 14630,
"end": 14641,
"label": [
"20958"
]
},
{
"start": 14647,
"end": 14659,
"label": [
"60646"
]
},
{
"start": 14739,
"end": 14756,
"label": [
"67370"
]
},
{
"start": 15759,
"end": 15773,
"label": [
"390766"
]
},
{
"start": 16100,
"end": 16107,
"label": [
"1259785"
]
},
{
"start": 16242,
"end": 16259,
"label": [
"66877"
]
},
{
"start": 16276,
"end": 16292,
"label": [
"43675"
]
},
{
"start": 16297,
"end": 16310,
"label": [
"180982"
]
},
{
"start": 16428,
"end": 16449,
"label": [
"1312933"
]
},
{
"start": 16596,
"end": 16608,
"label": [
"61702"
]
},
{
"start": 16616,
"end": 16635,
"label": [
"6234991"
]
},
{
"start": 16726,
"end": 16739,
"label": [
"62009"
]
},
{
"start": 16827,
"end": 16848,
"label": [
"62688"
]
},
{
"start": 16881,
"end": 16895,
"label": [
"8613601"
]
},
{
"start": 16943,
"end": 16956,
"label": [
"2945818"
]
},
{
"start": 17197,
"end": 17213,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 17328,
"end": 17339,
"label": [
"537253"
]
},
{
"start": 17456,
"end": 17462,
"label": [
"31045316"
]
},
{
"start": 17464,
"end": 17476,
"label": [
"21212"
]
},
{
"start": 17482,
"end": 17489,
"label": [
"152735"
]
},
{
"start": 17517,
"end": 17547,
"label": [
"167816"
]
},
{
"start": 17636,
"end": 17649,
"label": [
"108183"
]
},
{
"start": 17670,
"end": 17690,
"label": [
"206763"
]
},
{
"start": 17857,
"end": 17873,
"label": [
"1571083"
]
},
{
"start": 17894,
"end": 17903,
"label": [
"10802"
]
},
{
"start": 17904,
"end": 17921,
"label": [
"76339"
]
},
{
"start": 17930,
"end": 17939,
"label": [
"74984"
]
},
{
"start": 18061,
"end": 18071,
"label": [
"81726"
]
},
{
"start": 18156,
"end": 18166,
"label": [
"38965"
]
},
{
"start": 18307,
"end": 18314,
"label": [
"96637"
]
},
{
"start": 18404,
"end": 18417,
"label": [
"180982"
]
},
{
"start": 18675,
"end": 18690,
"label": [
"5385291"
]
},
{
"start": 18694,
"end": 18706,
"label": [
"625048"
]
},
{
"start": 18936,
"end": 18948,
"label": [
"23245556"
]
},
{
"start": 18970,
"end": 18978,
"label": [
"1576720"
]
},
{
"start": 19036,
"end": 19045,
"label": [
"170326"
]
},
{
"start": 19140,
"end": 19155,
"label": [
"1298267"
]
},
{
"start": 19160,
"end": 19174,
"label": [
"35028792"
]
},
{
"start": 19501,
"end": 19513,
"label": [
"6149297"
]
},
{
"start": 19524,
"end": 19541,
"label": [
"28617"
]
},
{
"start": 19617,
"end": 19621,
"label": [
"187479"
]
},
{
"start": 19638,
"end": 19671,
"label": [
"16993699"
]
},
{
"start": 19710,
"end": 19714,
"label": [
"5557770"
]
},
{
"start": 19740,
"end": 19753,
"label": [
"145645"
]
},
{
"start": 19959,
"end": 19976,
"label": [
"76339"
]
},
{
"start": 20092,
"end": 20105,
"label": [
"181011"
]
},
{
"start": 20150,
"end": 20163,
"label": [
"16219"
]
},
{
"start": 20284,
"end": 20294,
"label": [
"108243"
]
},
{
"start": 20307,
"end": 20323,
"label": [
"170318"
]
},
{
"start": 20346,
"end": 20360,
"label": [
"15825"
]
},
{
"start": 20529,
"end": 20537,
"label": [
"264869"
]
},
{
"start": 20700,
"end": 20715,
"label": [
"9505869"
]
},
{
"start": 20733,
"end": 20742,
"label": [
"401663"
]
},
{
"start": 20968,
"end": 20982,
"label": [
"529315"
]
},
{
"start": 21750,
"end": 21765,
"label": [
"23290"
]
},
{
"start": 21768,
"end": 21778,
"label": [
"3878392"
]
},
{
"start": 21790,
"end": 21807,
"label": [
"2075415"
]
},
{
"start": 21824,
"end": 21847,
"label": [
"1190694"
]
},
{
"start": 21916,
"end": 21925,
"label": [
"10396793"
]
},
{
"start": 21991,
"end": 22015,
"label": [
"514725"
]
},
{
"start": 22066,
"end": 22082,
"label": [
"8812595"
]
},
{
"start": 22366,
"end": 22384,
"label": [
"274472"
]
},
{
"start": 22409,
"end": 22428,
"label": [
"187432"
]
},
{
"start": 22519,
"end": 22522,
"label": [
"29697498"
]
},
{
"start": 22523,
"end": 22532,
"label": [
"235262"
]
},
{
"start": 22646,
"end": 22687,
"label": [
"45004186"
]
},
{
"start": 22809,
"end": 22819,
"label": [
"80488"
]
},
{
"start": 22843,
"end": 22857,
"label": [
"23585"
]
},
{
"start": 22873,
"end": 22887,
"label": [
"1903488"
]
},
{
"start": 22900,
"end": 22913,
"label": [
"40112"
]
},
{
"start": 23070,
"end": 23082,
"label": [
"77491"
]
},
{
"start": 23164,
"end": 23178,
"label": [
"41562"
]
},
{
"start": 23642,
"end": 23654,
"label": [
"609081"
]
},
{
"start": 23672,
"end": 23680,
"label": [
"30722"
]
},
{
"start": 23798,
"end": 23807,
"label": [
"255198"
]
},
{
"start": 23824,
"end": 23834,
"label": [
"80488"
]
},
{
"start": 23947,
"end": 23956,
"label": [
"62277"
]
},
{
"start": 24050,
"end": 24065,
"label": [
"183740"
]
},
{
"start": 24167,
"end": 24174,
"label": [
"31743"
]
},
{
"start": 24298,
"end": 24329,
"label": [
"11127"
]
},
{
"start": 24394,
"end": 24403,
"label": [
"62277"
]
},
{
"start": 24414,
"end": 24429,
"label": [
"49008"
]
},
{
"start": 24437,
"end": 24471,
"label": [
"5786"
]
},
{
"start": 24647,
"end": 24669,
"label": [
"11778948"
]
},
{
"start": 24747,
"end": 24769,
"label": [
"2915247"
]
},
{
"start": 24787,
"end": 24803,
"label": [
"8812595"
]
},
{
"start": 24888,
"end": 24892,
"label": [
"23477436"
]
},
{
"start": 25005,
"end": 25013,
"label": [
"264869"
]
},
{
"start": 25468,
"end": 25481,
"label": [
"16273"
]
},
{
"start": 25592,
"end": 25608,
"label": [
"158547"
]
},
{
"start": 25660,
"end": 25675,
"label": [
"1584981"
]
},
{
"start": 25992,
"end": 26004,
"label": [
"295973"
]
},
{
"start": 26026,
"end": 26033,
"label": [
"594188"
]
},
{
"start": 26152,
"end": 26164,
"label": [
"34052"
]
},
{
"start": 26186,
"end": 26196,
"label": [
"183753"
]
},
{
"start": 26231,
"end": 26247,
"label": [
"145325"
]
},
{
"start": 26301,
"end": 26316,
"label": [
"502289"
]
},
{
"start": 26318,
"end": 26330,
"label": [
"154690"
]
},
{
"start": 26335,
"end": 26347,
"label": [
"147576"
]
},
{
"start": 26541,
"end": 26561,
"label": [
"261107"
]
},
{
"start": 26599,
"end": 26608,
"label": [
"5359347"
]
},
{
"start": 26612,
"end": 26630,
"label": [
"63689"
]
},
{
"start": 26705,
"end": 26721,
"label": [
"144853"
]
},
{
"start": 26749,
"end": 26765,
"label": [
"25663"
]
},
{
"start": 27024,
"end": 27038,
"label": [
"961559"
]
},
{
"start": 27094,
"end": 27107,
"label": [
"1468416"
]
},
{
"start": 27173,
"end": 27182,
"label": [
"1093364"
]
},
{
"start": 27201,
"end": 27207,
"label": [
"100727"
]
},
{
"start": 27213,
"end": 27229,
"label": [
"149813"
]
},
{
"start": 27306,
"end": 27317,
"label": [
"42620"
]
},
{
"start": 27319,
"end": 27336,
"label": [
"77223"
]
},
{
"start": 27345,
"end": 27356,
"label": [
"74577"
]
},
{
"start": 27369,
"end": 27385,
"label": [
"239009"
]
},
{
"start": 27416,
"end": 27427,
"label": [
"53505"
]
},
{
"start": 27646,
"end": 27661,
"label": [
"1298267"
]
},
{
"start": 27694,
"end": 27707,
"label": [
"242101"
]
},
{
"start": 27762,
"end": 27779,
"label": [
"246007"
]
},
{
"start": 27811,
"end": 27829,
"label": [
"22918"
]
},
{
"start": 27841,
"end": 27852,
"label": [
"74577"
]
},
{
"start": 27912,
"end": 27925,
"label": [
"317856"
]
},
{
"start": 27930,
"end": 27942,
"label": [
"62123"
]
},
{
"start": 27992,
"end": 28003,
"label": [
"162711"
]
},
{
"start": 28255,
"end": 28268,
"label": [
"1519414"
]
},
{
"start": 28711,
"end": 28736,
"label": [
"247610"
]
},
{
"start": 29091,
"end": 29105,
"label": [
"87319"
]
},
{
"start": 29265,
"end": 29279,
"label": [
"75215"
]
},
{
"start": 29521,
"end": 29532,
"label": [
"10943732"
]
},
{
"start": 29645,
"end": 29655,
"label": [
"742784"
]
},
{
"start": 29755,
"end": 29771,
"label": [
"239009"
]
},
{
"start": 30306,
"end": 30320,
"label": [
"154987"
]
},
{
"start": 30397,
"end": 30406,
"label": [
"2345042"
]
},
{
"start": 30433,
"end": 30440,
"label": [
"2345044"
]
},
{
"start": 30488,
"end": 30497,
"label": [
"8300"
]
},
{
"start": 30524,
"end": 30538,
"label": [
"2127798"
]
},
{
"start": 30555,
"end": 30583,
"label": [
"24128375"
]
},
{
"start": 30763,
"end": 30780,
"label": [
"179238"
]
},
{
"start": 30790,
"end": 30803,
"label": [
"1582683"
]
},
{
"start": 31019,
"end": 31030,
"label": [
"46228"
]
},
{
"start": 31151,
"end": 31161,
"label": [
"884782"
]
},
{
"start": 31349,
"end": 31356,
"label": [
"76617"
]
},
{
"start": 31408,
"end": 31417,
"label": [
"261259"
]
},
{
"start": 31422,
"end": 31440,
"label": [
"2736686"
]
},
{
"start": 31456,
"end": 31466,
"label": [
"884782"
]
},
{
"start": 31515,
"end": 31529,
"label": [
"141030"
]
},
{
"start": 31861,
"end": 31871,
"label": [
"455905"
]
},
{
"start": 32072,
"end": 32084,
"label": [
"10372027"
]
},
{
"start": 32089,
"end": 32100,
"label": [
"50908"
]
},
{
"start": 32190,
"end": 32199,
"label": [
"1869085"
]
},
{
"start": 32504,
"end": 32514,
"label": [
"177117"
]
},
{
"start": 32589,
"end": 32630,
"label": [
"7725400"
]
},
{
"start": 32862,
"end": 32875,
"label": [
"938514"
]
},
{
"start": 32905,
"end": 32917,
"label": [
"5224"
]
},
{
"start": 33116,
"end": 33134,
"label": [
"73412"
]
},
{
"start": 33143,
"end": 33149,
"label": [
"23880"
]
},
{
"start": 33161,
"end": 33170,
"label": [
"304428"
]
},
{
"start": 33423,
"end": 33438,
"label": [
"216314"
]
},
{
"start": 33626,
"end": 33647,
"label": [
"170810"
]
},
{
"start": 33733,
"end": 33737,
"label": [
"31600"
]
},
{
"start": 33812,
"end": 33818,
"label": [
"23880"
]
},
{
"start": 33876,
"end": 33888,
"label": [
"26243"
]
},
{
"start": 33897,
"end": 33903,
"label": [
"5359189"
]
},
{
"start": 33946,
"end": 33953,
"label": [
"71376"
]
},
{
"start": 34083,
"end": 34108,
"label": [
"247610"
]
},
{
"start": 34807,
"end": 34810,
"label": [
"177270"
]
},
{
"start": 35022,
"end": 35031,
"label": [
"3592846"
]
},
{
"start": 35033,
"end": 35042,
"label": [
"2097287"
]
},
{
"start": 35044,
"end": 35054,
"label": [
"2097338"
]
},
{
"start": 35056,
"end": 35067,
"label": [
"3166983"
]
},
{
"start": 35069,
"end": 35093,
"label": [
"2011090"
]
},
{
"start": 35108,
"end": 35119,
"label": [
"4578695"
]
},
{
"start": 35203,
"end": 35220,
"label": [
"10770"
]
},
{
"start": 35987,
"end": 35996,
"label": [
"304428"
]
},
{
"start": 36008,
"end": 36014,
"label": [
"264851"
]
},
{
"start": 36150,
"end": 36161,
"label": [
"42620"
]
},
{
"start": 36323,
"end": 36334,
"label": [
"311359"
]
},
{
"start": 36411,
"end": 36428,
"label": [
"66877"
]
},
{
"start": 36443,
"end": 36452,
"label": [
"2795605"
]
},
{
"start": 36543,
"end": 36555,
"label": [
"287444"
]
},
{
"start": 36704,
"end": 36708,
"label": [
"39437845"
]
},
{
"start": 37010,
"end": 37020,
"label": [
"287454"
]
},
{
"start": 37038,
"end": 37051,
"label": [
"84047"
]
},
{
"start": 37102,
"end": 37112,
"label": [
"108225"
]
},
{
"start": 37161,
"end": 37169,
"label": [
"62404"
]
},
{
"start": 37590,
"end": 37593,
"label": [
"4765530"
]
},
{
"start": 37594,
"end": 37597,
"label": [
"19344654"
]
},
{
"start": 37615,
"end": 37623,
"label": [
"37597656"
]
},
{
"start": 37925,
"end": 37936,
"label": [
"1882935"
]
},
{
"start": 38614,
"end": 38620,
"label": [
"264851"
]
},
{
"start": 38778,
"end": 38790,
"label": [
"26709"
]
},
{
"start": 38884,
"end": 38897,
"label": [
"45520205"
]
},
{
"start": 40444,
"end": 40456,
"label": [
"5960027"
]
},
{
"start": 40568,
"end": 40579,
"label": [
"311359"
]
},
{
"start": 40934,
"end": 40951,
"label": [
"5018757"
]
},
{
"start": 41046,
"end": 41061,
"label": [
"19013946"
]
},
{
"start": 41108,
"end": 41120,
"label": [
"1556135"
]
},
{
"start": 41132,
"end": 41137,
"label": [
"239532"
]
},
{
"start": 41175,
"end": 41183,
"label": [
"325329"
]
},
{
"start": 41219,
"end": 41230,
"label": [
"49706"
]
},
{
"start": 41235,
"end": 41248,
"label": [
"78239"
]
},
{
"start": 41338,
"end": 41354,
"label": [
"164356"
]
},
{
"start": 41422,
"end": 41434,
"label": [
"1850532"
]
},
{
"start": 41436,
"end": 41450,
"label": [
"1692634"
]
},
{
"start": 41455,
"end": 41464,
"label": [
"1692690"
]
},
{
"start": 41466,
"end": 41471,
"label": [
"5052307"
]
},
{
"start": 41491,
"end": 41500,
"label": [
"252727"
]
},
{
"start": 41626,
"end": 41632,
"label": [
"508044"
]
},
{
"start": 41660,
"end": 41705,
"label": [
"5189343"
]
},
{
"start": 41812,
"end": 41821,
"label": [
"3050405"
]
},
{
"start": 42005,
"end": 42017,
"label": [
"2393534"
]
},
{
"start": 42376,
"end": 42394,
"label": [
"6598883"
]
},
{
"start": 42399,
"end": 42410,
"label": [
"580188"
]
},
{
"start": 42577,
"end": 42589,
"label": [
"11446405"
]
},
{
"start": 42624,
"end": 42654,
"label": [
"167816"
]
},
{
"start": 42948,
"end": 42959,
"label": [
"1573600"
]
},
{
"start": 43055,
"end": 43069,
"label": [
"2104301"
]
},
{
"start": 43124,
"end": 43134,
"label": [
"299085"
]
},
{
"start": 43210,
"end": 43224,
"label": [
"759304"
]
},
{
"start": 43231,
"end": 43251,
"label": [
"5051840"
]
},
{
"start": 43308,
"end": 43321,
"label": [
"959806"
]
},
{
"start": 43510,
"end": 43525,
"label": [
"6433632"
]
},
{
"start": 43546,
"end": 43560,
"label": [
"15293568"
]
},
{
"start": 43562,
"end": 43575,
"label": [
"959806"
]
},
{
"start": 43580,
"end": 43593,
"label": [
"42345133"
]
},
{
"start": 43854,
"end": 43857,
"label": [
"212182"
]
},
{
"start": 43893,
"end": 43959,
"label": [
"212182"
]
},
{
"start": 43973,
"end": 43994,
"label": [
"39615235"
]
},
{
"start": 44040,
"end": 44049,
"label": [
"80732"
]
},
{
"start": 44070,
"end": 44079,
"label": [
"197296"
]
},
{
"start": 44556,
"end": 44570,
"label": [
"284027"
]
},
{
"start": 44612,
"end": 44619,
"label": [
"425258"
]
},
{
"start": 44626,
"end": 44638,
"label": [
"10372027"
]
},
{
"start": 44871,
"end": 44881,
"label": [
"5589718"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
843_Adaptations
|
A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled Vinyl was an adaptation of Burgess's novel. The best known adaptation of the novella to other forms is the 1971 film A Clockwork Orange by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. In 1987 Burgess published a stage play titled A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music. The play includes songs, written by Burgess, which are inspired by Beethoven and Nadsat slang. In 1988, a German adaptation of A Clockwork Orange at the intimate theatre of Bad Godesberg featured a musical score by the German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen which, combined with orchestral clips of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and "other dirty melodies" (so stated by the subtitle), was released on the album Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau. The track Hier kommt Alex became one of the band's signature songs. In February 1990, another musical version was produced at the Barbican Theatre in London by the Royal Shakespeare Company. Titled A Clockwork Orange: 2004, it received mostly negative reviews, with John Peter of The Sunday Times of London calling it "only an intellectual Rocky Horror Show", and John Gross of The Sunday Telegraph calling it "a clockwork lemon". Even Burgess himself, who wrote the script based on his novel, was disappointed. According to The Evening Standard, he called the score, written by Bono and The Edge of the rock group U2, "neo-wallpaper." Burgess had originally worked alongside the director of the production, Ron Daniels, and envisioned a musical score that was entirely classical. Unhappy with the decision to abandon that score, he heavily criticised the band's experimental mix of hip hop, liturgical and gothic music. Lise Hand of The Irish Independent reported The Edge as saying that Burgess's original conception was "a score written by a novelist rather than a songwriter". Calling it "meaningless glitz", Jane Edwardes of 20/20 Magazine said that watching this production was "like being invited to an expensive French Restaurant – and being served with a Big Mac." In 1994, Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put on a production of A Clockwork Orange directed by Terry Kinney. The American premiere of novelist Anthony Burgess's own adaptation of his A Clockwork Orange starred K. Todd Freeman as Alex. In 2001, UNI Theatre (Mississauga, Ontario) presented the Canadian premiere of the play under the direction of Terry Costa. In 2002, Godlight Theatre Company presented the New York Premiere adaptation of A Clockwork Orange at Manhattan Theatre Source. The production went on to play at the SoHo Playhouse (2002), Ensemble Studio Theatre (2004), 59E59 Theaters (2005) and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (2005). While at Edinburgh, the production received rave reviews from the press while playing to sold-out audiences. The production was directed by Godlight's Artistic Director, Joe Tantalo. In 2003, Los Angeles director Brad Mays and the ARK Theatre Company staged a multi-media adaptation of A Clockwork Orange, which was named "Pick Of The Week" by the LA Weekly and nominated for three of the 2004 LA Weekly Theater Awards: Direction, Revival Production (of a 20th-century work), and Leading Female Performance. Vanessa Claire Smith won Best Actress for her gender-bending portrayal of Alex, the music-loving teenage sociopath. This production utilised three separate video streams outputted to seven onstage video monitors – six 19-inch and one 40-inch. In order to preserve the first-person narrative of the book, a pre-recorded video stream of Alex, "your humble narrator", was projected onto the 40-inch monitor, thereby freeing the onstage character during passages which would have been awkward or impossible to sustain in the breaking of the fourth wall. An adaptation of the work, based on the original novel, the film and Burgess's own stage version, was performed by The SiLo Theatre in Auckland, New Zealand in early 2007.
|
[
{
"start": 15,
"end": 26,
"label": [
"864"
]
},
{
"start": 36,
"end": 41,
"label": [
"4241594"
]
},
{
"start": 153,
"end": 171,
"label": [
"1659954"
]
},
{
"start": 175,
"end": 190,
"label": [
"26683"
]
},
{
"start": 201,
"end": 217,
"label": [
"198606"
]
},
{
"start": 485,
"end": 498,
"label": [
"665288"
]
},
{
"start": 538,
"end": 547,
"label": [
"23037"
]
},
{
"start": 553,
"end": 568,
"label": [
"345300"
]
},
{
"start": 610,
"end": 621,
"label": [
"17914"
]
},
{
"start": 622,
"end": 636,
"label": [
"3436"
]
},
{
"start": 719,
"end": 751,
"label": [
"6715908"
]
},
{
"start": 763,
"end": 778,
"label": [
"21499274"
]
},
{
"start": 917,
"end": 942,
"label": [
"167785"
]
},
{
"start": 1019,
"end": 1029,
"label": [
"42595144"
]
},
{
"start": 1033,
"end": 1049,
"label": [
"2313472"
]
},
{
"start": 1093,
"end": 1110,
"label": [
"157320"
]
},
{
"start": 1131,
"end": 1151,
"label": [
"446696"
]
},
{
"start": 1278,
"end": 1298,
"label": [
"58959"
]
},
{
"start": 1332,
"end": 1336,
"label": [
"76772"
]
},
{
"start": 1341,
"end": 1349,
"label": [
"123998"
]
},
{
"start": 1368,
"end": 1370,
"label": [
"52780"
]
},
{
"start": 1636,
"end": 1643,
"label": [
"2632114"
]
},
{
"start": 1645,
"end": 1655,
"label": [
"86364"
]
},
{
"start": 1660,
"end": 1672,
"label": [
"124877"
]
},
{
"start": 1687,
"end": 1708,
"label": [
"169544"
]
},
{
"start": 2017,
"end": 2024,
"label": [
"299395"
]
},
{
"start": 2120,
"end": 2132,
"label": [
"2879643"
]
},
{
"start": 2235,
"end": 2250,
"label": [
"38704485"
]
},
{
"start": 2635,
"end": 2660,
"label": [
"391974"
]
},
{
"start": 2678,
"end": 2687,
"label": [
"9602"
]
},
{
"start": 2882,
"end": 2891,
"label": [
"19767023"
]
},
{
"start": 2900,
"end": 2919,
"label": [
"26945734"
]
},
{
"start": 2929,
"end": 2940,
"label": [
"20420"
]
},
{
"start": 3017,
"end": 3026,
"label": [
"1147161"
]
},
{
"start": 3063,
"end": 3086,
"label": [
"21285653"
]
},
{
"start": 3177,
"end": 3197,
"label": [
"26243304"
]
},
{
"start": 3251,
"end": 3255,
"label": [
"882532"
]
},
{
"start": 3282,
"end": 3291,
"label": [
"199051"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
856_Products
|
Macintoshes currently in production: * iMac: Consumer all-in-one desktop computer, introduced in 1998. * Mac Mini: Consumer sub-desktop computer, introduced in 2005. * MacBook Pro: Professional notebook, introduced in 2006. * Mac Pro: Workstation desktop computer, introduced in 2006. * MacBook Air: Consumer ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in 2008. Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Macs, including Thunderbolt Display, Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad, Magic Keyboard, the AirPort wireless networking products, and Time Capsule. On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. Several updated models have since been introduced, and the iPod brand is now the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin. More than 390 million units have shipped . Apple has partnered with Nike to offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with iTunes and the Nike+ website. In late July 2017, Apple discontinued its iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle models, leaving only the iPod Touch available for purchase. At the Macworld Conference & Expo in January 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated iPhone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod. The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007, for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB) with an AT&T contract. On February 5, 2008, it was updated to have 16 GB of memory, in addition to the 8 GB and 4 GB models. It combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in handheld devices, running a scaled-down version of OS X (dubbed iPhone OS after the launch and later renamed to iOS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such as Google Maps and Weather. The iPhone features a touchscreen display, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both "b" and "g"). A second version, the iPhone 3G, was released on July 11, 2008, with a reduced price of $199 for the 8 GB model and $299 for the 16 GB model. This version added support for 3G networking and assisted GPS navigation. The flat silver back and large antenna square of the original model were eliminated in favor of a glossy, curved black or white back. Software capabilities were improved with the release of the App Store, which provided iPhone-compatible applications to download. On April 24, 2009, the App Store surpassed one billion downloads. On June 8, 2009, Apple announced the iPhone 3GS. It provided an incremental update to the device, including faster internal components, support for faster 3G speeds, video recording capability, and voice control. At the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 7, 2010, Apple announced the redesigned iPhone 4. It featured a 960 × 640 display, the Apple A4 processor, a gyroscope for enhanced gaming, a 5MP camera with LED flash, front-facing VGA camera and FaceTime video calling. Shortly after its release, reception issues were discovered by consumers, due to the stainless steel band around the edge of the device, which also serves as the phone's cellular signal and Wi-Fi antenna. The issue was corrected by a "Bumper Case" distributed by Apple for free to all owners for a few months. In June 2011, Apple overtook Nokia to become the world's biggest smartphone maker by volume. On October 4, 2011, Apple unveiled the iPhone 4S, which was first released on October 14, 2011. It features the Apple A5 processor and Siri voice assistant technology, the latter of which Apple had acquired in 2010 from SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center. It also features an updated 8MP camera with new optics. Apple began a new accessibility feature, Made for iPhone Hearing Aids with the iPhone 4S. Made for iPhone Hearing Aids feature Live Listen, it can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. Apple sold 4 million iPhone 4S phones in the first three days of availability. On September 12, 2012, Apple introduced the iPhone 5. It has a 4-inch display, 4G LTE connectivity, and the upgraded Apple A6 chip, among several other improvements. Two million iPhones were sold in the first twenty-four hours of pre-ordering and over five million handsets were sold in the first three days of its launch. Upon the launch of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C, Apple set a new record for first-weekend smartphone sales by selling over nine million devices in the first three days of its launch. The release of the iPhone 5S and 5C is the first time that Apple simultaneously launched two models. A patent filed in July 2013 revealed the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user's habits to moderate the handsets power settings accordingly. Apple is working towards a power management system that will provide features such as the ability of the iPhone to estimate the length of time a user will be away from a power source to modify energy usage and a detection function that adjusts the charging rate to best suit the type of power source that is being used. In a March 2014 interview, Apple designer Jonathan Ive used the iPhone as an example of Apple's ethos of creating high-quality, life-changing products. He explained that the phones are comparatively expensive due to the intensive effort that is used to make them: On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6, alongside the iPhone 6 Plus that both have screen sizes over 4-inches. One year later, Apple introduced the iPhone 6S, and iPhone 6S Plus, which introduced a new technology called 3D Touch, including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP, and the FaceTime camera to 5 MP. On March 21, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone SE that has a 4-inch screen size last used with the 5S and has nearly the same internal hardware as the 6S. In July 2016, Apple announced that one billion iPhones had been sold. On September 7, 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7 and the iPhone 7 Plus, which feature improved system and graphics performance, add water resistance, a new rear dual-camera system on the 7 Plus model, and, controversially, remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, standing as evolutionary updates to its previous phones with a faster processor, improved display technology, upgraded camera systems and wireless charging. The company also announced iPhone X, which radically changes the hardware of the iPhone lineup, removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring a near bezel-less design along with wireless charging. On September 12, 2018, Apple introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR. The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max features Super Retina displays, a faster and improved dual camera system that offers breakthrough photo and video features, the first 7-nanometer chip in a smartphone — the A12 Bionic chip with next-generation Neural Engine — faster Face ID, wider stereo sound and introduces Dual SIM to iPhone. The iPhone XR comes in an all-screen glass and aluminium design with the most advanced LCD in a smartphone featuring a 6.1-inch Liquid Retina display, A12 Bionic chip with next-generation Neural Engine, the TrueDepth camera system, Face ID and an advanced camera system that creates dramatic portraits using a single camera lens. On September 10, 2019, Apple introduced the iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and the iPhone 11 Pro Max. The iPhone 11 features the same Liquid Retina LCD display used in 2018's iPhone XR. Overall, the iPhone 11 retains the same glass and aluminum design as the iPhone XR while adding in new features such as the addition of an Ultra Wide 12mp camera, a battery that lasts 1 hour longer than the iPhone XR and an IP 68 rating. The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max features an all new textured matte glass and stainless steel design and a triple camera setup that included an Ultra Wide, Wide and Telephoto camera. The iPhone 11 Pro series' battery life was capable of lasting up to 5 hours more than the iPhone XS and XS Max. The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max also features a new Super Retina XDR OLED display that was capable of a screen brightness of 800 nits. All new iPhones announced at Apple's September 2019 feature an A13 Bionic chip with a third generation Neural Engine, an Apple U1 chip, spatial audio playback, a low light photo mode and an improved Face ID system. On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad. It offers multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch screen. It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user's computer. AT&T was initially the sole U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad. On March 2, 2011, Apple introduced the iPad 2, which had a faster processor and a camera on the front and back. It also added support for optional 3G service provided by Verizon in addition to AT&T. The availability of the iPad 2 was initially limited as a result of a devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan in March 2011. The third-generation iPad was released on March 7, 2012, and marketed as "the new iPad". It added LTE service from AT&T or Verizon, an upgraded A5X processor, and Retina display. The dimensions and form factor remained relatively unchanged, with the new iPad being a fraction thicker and heavier than the previous version and featuring minor positioning changes. On October 23, 2012, Apple's fourth-generation iPad came out, marketed as the "iPad with Retina display". It added the upgraded A6X processor and replaced the traditional 30-pin dock connector with the all-digital Lightning connector. The iPad Mini was also introduced. It featured a reduced 7.9-inch display and much of the same internal specifications as the iPad 2. On October 22, 2013, Apple introduced the iPad Air and the iPad Mini with Retina Display, both featuring a new 64-bit Apple A7 processor. The iPad Air 2 was unveiled on October 16, 2014. It added better graphics and central processing and a camera burst mode as well as minor updates. The iPad Mini 3 was unveiled at the same time. Since its launch, iPad users have downloaded over three billion apps. The total number of App Store downloads, , is over 100 billion. On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the iPad Pro, an iPad with a 12.9-inch display that supports two new accessories, the Smart Keyboard and Apple Pencil. An updated IPad Mini 4 was announced at the same time. A 9.7-inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016. On June 5, 2017, Apple announced a new iPad Pro with a 10.5-inch display to replace the 9.7 inch model and an updated 12.9-inch model. The original Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking. It was released on April 24, 2015. The second generation of Apple Watch, Apple Watch Series 2, was released in September 2016, featuring greater water resistance, a faster processor, and brighter display. It was also released alongside a cheaper Series 1. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the Apple Watch Series 3 featuring LTE cellular connectivity, giving the wearable independence from an iPhone except for the setup process. On September 12, 2018, Apple introduced the Apple Watch Series 4, featuring new display, electrocardiogram, and fall detection. On September 10, 2019, Apple introduced the Apple Watch Series 5, featuring a new magnetometer, a faster processor, and a new always-on display. The Series 4 was discontinued. At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV (Jobs accidentally referred to the device as "iTV", its codename, while on stage), a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device, running a variant of Mac OS X, links up to a user's TV and syncs over the wireless or wired network with one computer's iTunes library and can stream content from an additional four. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for HDMI and component video, and played video at a maximum resolution of 720p. On May 30, 2007, a 160 GB hard disk drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model. A software update released on January 15, 2008, allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV. In September 2009, Apple discontinued the original 40 GB Apple TV but continued to produce and sell the 160 GB Apple TV. On September 1, 2010, Apple released a completely redesigned Apple TV running on an iOS variant and discontinued the older model, which ran on a Mac OS X variant. The new device is 1/4 the size, runs quieter, and replaces the need for a hard drive with media streaming from any iTunes library on the network along with 8 GB of flash memory to cache downloaded media. Like the iPad and the iPhone, Apple TV runs on an A4 processor. The memory included in the device is half of that in the iPhone 4 at 256 MB; the same as the iPad, iPhone 3GS, third and fourth-generation iPod Touch. It has HDMI out as the only video output source. Features include access to the iTunes Store to rent movies and TV shows (purchasing has been discontinued), streaming from internet video sources, including YouTube and Netflix, and media streaming from an iTunes library. Apple also reduced the price of the device to $99. A third generation of the device was introduced at an Apple event on March 7, 2012, with new features such as higher resolution (1080p) and a new user interface. At the September 9, 2015, event, Apple unveiled an overhauled Apple TV, which now runs a subsequent variant of iOS called tvOS, and contains 32 GB or 64 GB of NAND Flash to store games, programs, and to cache the current media playing. The release also coincided with the opening of a separate Apple TV App Store and a new Siri Remote with a glass touchpad, gyroscope, and microphone. On December 12, 2016, Apple released a new iOS and tvOS media player app called TV to replace the existing "Videos" iOS application. At the September 12, 2017 event, Apple released a new 4K Apple TV with the same form factor as the 4th Generation model. The 4K model is powered by the A10X SoC designed in-house that also powers their second-generation iPad Pro. The 4K model also has support for high dynamic range. On March 25, 2019, Apple announced Apple TV+, their upcoming over-the-top subscription video on-demand web television service, will arrive Fall 2019. TV+ features exclusive original shows, movies, and documentaries. They also announced an update to the TV app with a new "Channels" feature and that the TV app will expand to macOS, numerous smart television models, Roku devices, and Amazon Fire TV devices later in 2019. Apple's first smart speaker, the HomePod was released on February 9, 2018 after being delayed from its initial December 2017 release. It also features 7 tweeters in the base, a four-inch woofer in the top, and six microphones for voice control and acoustic optimization On September 12, 2018, Apple announced that HomePod is adding new features—search by lyrics, set multiple timers, make and receive phone calls, Find My iPhone, Siri Shortcuts—and Siri languages. Apple develops its own operating systems to run on its devices, including macOS for Mac personal computers, iOS for its iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch smartphones and tablets, watchOS for its Apple Watch smartwatches, and tvOS for its Apple TV digital media player. For iOS and macOS, Apple also develops its own software titles, including Pages for writing, Numbers for spreadsheets, and Keynote for presentations, as part of its iWork productivity suite. For macOS, it also offers iMovie and Final Cut Pro X for video editing, and GarageBand and Logic Pro X for music creation. Apple's range of server software includes the operating system macOS Server; Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; and Xsan, a storage area network file system. Apple also offers online services with iCloud, which provides cloud storage and synchronization for a wide range of user data, including documents, photos, music, device backups, and application data, and Apple Music, its music and video streaming service. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Apple wants to start producing an electric car with autonomous driving as soon as 2020. Apple has made efforts to recruit battery development engineers and other electric automobile engineers from A123 Systems, LG Chem, Samsung Electronics, Panasonic, Toshiba, Johnson Controls and Tesla Motors.
|
[
{
"start": 39,
"end": 43,
"label": [
"21492980"
]
},
{
"start": 105,
"end": 113,
"label": [
"19769681"
]
},
{
"start": 168,
"end": 179,
"label": [
"3677824"
]
},
{
"start": 226,
"end": 233,
"label": [
"5285468"
]
},
{
"start": 287,
"end": 298,
"label": [
"15183570"
]
},
{
"start": 432,
"end": 451,
"label": [
"32482003"
]
},
{
"start": 453,
"end": 464,
"label": [
"24762412"
]
},
{
"start": 482,
"end": 496,
"label": [
"49765718"
]
},
{
"start": 544,
"end": 556,
"label": [
"15233899"
]
},
{
"start": 600,
"end": 604,
"label": [
"89847"
]
},
{
"start": 846,
"end": 850,
"label": [
"18998781"
]
},
{
"start": 864,
"end": 873,
"label": [
"5267064"
]
},
{
"start": 1018,
"end": 1027,
"label": [
"2635169"
]
},
{
"start": 1032,
"end": 1044,
"label": [
"1386785"
]
},
{
"start": 1070,
"end": 1080,
"label": [
"13111239"
]
},
{
"start": 1112,
"end": 1138,
"label": [
"285096"
]
},
{
"start": 1199,
"end": 1205,
"label": [
"8841749"
]
},
{
"start": 1244,
"end": 1254,
"label": [
"167079"
]
},
{
"start": 1269,
"end": 1292,
"label": [
"27761763"
]
},
{
"start": 1374,
"end": 1378,
"label": [
"17555269"
]
},
{
"start": 1520,
"end": 1524,
"label": [
"282460"
]
},
{
"start": 1525,
"end": 1534,
"label": [
"26274846"
]
},
{
"start": 1535,
"end": 1538,
"label": [
"12808"
]
},
{
"start": 1543,
"end": 1547,
"label": [
"10213"
]
},
{
"start": 1637,
"end": 1641,
"label": [
"20640"
]
},
{
"start": 1650,
"end": 1659,
"label": [
"16161443"
]
},
{
"start": 1698,
"end": 1701,
"label": [
"16161443"
]
},
{
"start": 1795,
"end": 1804,
"label": [
"1329168"
]
},
{
"start": 1818,
"end": 1829,
"label": [
"1494648"
]
},
{
"start": 1886,
"end": 1895,
"label": [
"3742"
]
},
{
"start": 1901,
"end": 1906,
"label": [
"63973"
]
},
{
"start": 1949,
"end": 1958,
"label": [
"17859897"
]
},
{
"start": 2110,
"end": 2112,
"label": [
"282450"
]
},
{
"start": 2128,
"end": 2140,
"label": [
"1509102"
]
},
{
"start": 2347,
"end": 2356,
"label": [
"16179920"
]
},
{
"start": 2520,
"end": 2530,
"label": [
"23146180"
]
},
{
"start": 2703,
"end": 2734,
"label": [
"409938"
]
},
{
"start": 2790,
"end": 2798,
"label": [
"23501895"
]
},
{
"start": 2837,
"end": 2845,
"label": [
"25970620"
]
},
{
"start": 2859,
"end": 2868,
"label": [
"44125"
]
},
{
"start": 2932,
"end": 2935,
"label": [
"73041"
]
},
{
"start": 3310,
"end": 3315,
"label": [
"21242"
]
},
{
"start": 3413,
"end": 3422,
"label": [
"31884571"
]
},
{
"start": 3486,
"end": 3494,
"label": [
"30518649"
]
},
{
"start": 3509,
"end": 3513,
"label": [
"26086272"
]
},
{
"start": 3718,
"end": 3731,
"label": [
"302109"
]
},
{
"start": 3757,
"end": 3769,
"label": [
"520289"
]
},
{
"start": 4067,
"end": 4075,
"label": [
"33304644"
]
},
{
"start": 4140,
"end": 4148,
"label": [
"34970416"
]
},
{
"start": 4369,
"end": 4378,
"label": [
"33409740"
]
},
{
"start": 4383,
"end": 4392,
"label": [
"40129189"
]
},
{
"start": 5198,
"end": 5210,
"label": [
"465931"
]
},
{
"start": 5463,
"end": 5471,
"label": [
"42259842"
]
},
{
"start": 5487,
"end": 5500,
"label": [
"42259842"
]
},
{
"start": 5581,
"end": 5590,
"label": [
"47451953"
]
},
{
"start": 5596,
"end": 5610,
"label": [
"47451953"
]
},
{
"start": 5787,
"end": 5796,
"label": [
"49597836"
]
},
{
"start": 6015,
"end": 6023,
"label": [
"51539250"
]
},
{
"start": 6032,
"end": 6045,
"label": [
"51539250"
]
},
{
"start": 6281,
"end": 6289,
"label": [
"55040042"
]
},
{
"start": 6294,
"end": 6307,
"label": [
"55040042"
]
},
{
"start": 6493,
"end": 6501,
"label": [
"55200177"
]
},
{
"start": 6599,
"end": 6628,
"label": [
"55217711"
]
},
{
"start": 6650,
"end": 6655,
"label": [
"450703"
]
},
{
"start": 6679,
"end": 6696,
"label": [
"6349042"
]
},
{
"start": 6742,
"end": 6751,
"label": [
"58332241"
]
},
{
"start": 6753,
"end": 6766,
"label": [
"58332241"
]
},
{
"start": 6771,
"end": 6780,
"label": [
"58468005"
]
},
{
"start": 7494,
"end": 7503,
"label": [
"61534344"
]
},
{
"start": 7505,
"end": 7518,
"label": [
"61743958"
]
},
{
"start": 7528,
"end": 7545,
"label": [
"61743958"
]
},
{
"start": 7620,
"end": 7629,
"label": [
"58468005"
]
},
{
"start": 8367,
"end": 8377,
"label": [
"61744453"
]
},
{
"start": 8586,
"end": 8592,
"label": [
"4182449"
]
},
{
"start": 8598,
"end": 8602,
"label": [
"25970423"
]
},
{
"start": 8909,
"end": 8915,
"label": [
"186266"
]
},
{
"start": 8925,
"end": 8935,
"label": [
"25970897"
]
},
{
"start": 8986,
"end": 8991,
"label": [
"63973"
]
},
{
"start": 9005,
"end": 9007,
"label": [
"282450"
]
},
{
"start": 9055,
"end": 9059,
"label": [
"17555269"
]
},
{
"start": 9172,
"end": 9178,
"label": [
"30209619"
]
},
{
"start": 9303,
"end": 9310,
"label": [
"468631"
]
},
{
"start": 9326,
"end": 9330,
"label": [
"17555269"
]
},
{
"start": 9414,
"end": 9436,
"label": [
"31150160"
]
},
{
"start": 9535,
"end": 9547,
"label": [
"34984839"
]
},
{
"start": 9559,
"end": 9562,
"label": [
"19752979"
]
},
{
"start": 9605,
"end": 9608,
"label": [
"34822584"
]
},
{
"start": 9903,
"end": 9927,
"label": [
"37422341"
]
},
{
"start": 9952,
"end": 9955,
"label": [
"37486405"
]
},
{
"start": 10038,
"end": 10057,
"label": [
"37019058"
]
},
{
"start": 10063,
"end": 10072,
"label": [
"37422285"
]
},
{
"start": 10235,
"end": 10243,
"label": [
"40858550"
]
},
{
"start": 10335,
"end": 10345,
"label": [
"44129907"
]
},
{
"start": 10482,
"end": 10493,
"label": [
"44130300"
]
},
{
"start": 10706,
"end": 10714,
"label": [
"47768148"
]
},
{
"start": 10788,
"end": 10802,
"label": [
"47768148"
]
},
{
"start": 10807,
"end": 10819,
"label": [
"47768380"
]
},
{
"start": 10832,
"end": 10843,
"label": [
"47768517"
]
},
{
"start": 11089,
"end": 11099,
"label": [
"28825877"
]
},
{
"start": 11692,
"end": 11712,
"label": [
"43239050"
]
},
{
"start": 11737,
"end": 11754,
"label": [
"76988"
]
},
{
"start": 12007,
"end": 12015,
"label": [
"6963544"
]
},
{
"start": 12497,
"end": 12501,
"label": [
"537442"
]
},
{
"start": 12506,
"end": 12521,
"label": [
"288212"
]
},
{
"start": 12567,
"end": 12571,
"label": [
"1176591"
]
},
{
"start": 13243,
"end": 13255,
"label": [
"50595"
]
},
{
"start": 13259,
"end": 13264,
"label": [
"6829"
]
},
{
"start": 13404,
"end": 13412,
"label": [
"23501895"
]
},
{
"start": 13491,
"end": 13501,
"label": [
"13111239"
]
},
{
"start": 13709,
"end": 13716,
"label": [
"3524766"
]
},
{
"start": 13721,
"end": 13728,
"label": [
"175537"
]
},
{
"start": 14109,
"end": 14113,
"label": [
"47770289"
]
},
{
"start": 14320,
"end": 14331,
"label": [
"48761315"
]
},
{
"start": 14345,
"end": 14353,
"label": [
"286775"
]
},
{
"start": 14355,
"end": 14364,
"label": [
"44125"
]
},
{
"start": 14370,
"end": 14380,
"label": [
"65886"
]
},
{
"start": 14438,
"end": 14450,
"label": [
"160223"
]
},
{
"start": 14569,
"end": 14571,
"label": [
"27168879"
]
},
{
"start": 14667,
"end": 14671,
"label": [
"54229821"
]
},
{
"start": 14834,
"end": 14843,
"label": [
"60328532"
]
},
{
"start": 14860,
"end": 14872,
"label": [
"28698611"
]
},
{
"start": 14886,
"end": 14901,
"label": [
"147143"
]
},
{
"start": 15124,
"end": 15129,
"label": [
"20640"
]
},
{
"start": 15140,
"end": 15156,
"label": [
"28230973"
]
},
{
"start": 15165,
"end": 15169,
"label": [
"42125403"
]
},
{
"start": 15183,
"end": 15197,
"label": [
"42380392"
]
},
{
"start": 15254,
"end": 15261,
"label": [
"54229946"
]
},
{
"start": 15374,
"end": 15382,
"label": [
"191606"
]
},
{
"start": 15408,
"end": 15414,
"label": [
"191608"
]
},
{
"start": 15709,
"end": 15725,
"label": [
"22194"
]
},
{
"start": 15760,
"end": 15765,
"label": [
"20640"
]
},
{
"start": 15794,
"end": 15797,
"label": [
"16161443"
]
},
{
"start": 15859,
"end": 15866,
"label": [
"43787294"
]
},
{
"start": 15905,
"end": 15909,
"label": [
"47770289"
]
},
{
"start": 16023,
"end": 16028,
"label": [
"1387542"
]
},
{
"start": 16042,
"end": 16049,
"label": [
"12665211"
]
},
{
"start": 16072,
"end": 16079,
"label": [
"290962"
]
},
{
"start": 16114,
"end": 16119,
"label": [
"1386692"
]
},
{
"start": 16166,
"end": 16172,
"label": [
"288454"
]
},
{
"start": 16177,
"end": 16192,
"label": [
"34625392"
]
},
{
"start": 16216,
"end": 16226,
"label": [
"424253"
]
},
{
"start": 16231,
"end": 16242,
"label": [
"1516685"
]
},
{
"start": 16326,
"end": 16338,
"label": [
"47086"
]
},
{
"start": 16340,
"end": 16360,
"label": [
"1715675"
]
},
{
"start": 16407,
"end": 16411,
"label": [
"1364072"
]
},
{
"start": 16415,
"end": 16435,
"label": [
"20444608"
]
},
{
"start": 16488,
"end": 16494,
"label": [
"31941849"
]
},
{
"start": 16511,
"end": 16524,
"label": [
"1693035"
]
},
{
"start": 16654,
"end": 16665,
"label": [
"46924608"
]
},
{
"start": 16687,
"end": 16704,
"label": [
"28682"
]
},
{
"start": 16723,
"end": 16744,
"label": [
"259082"
]
},
{
"start": 16780,
"end": 16792,
"label": [
"16105186"
]
},
{
"start": 16798,
"end": 16816,
"label": [
"245926"
]
},
{
"start": 16943,
"end": 16955,
"label": [
"9543352"
]
},
{
"start": 16957,
"end": 16964,
"label": [
"14158594"
]
},
{
"start": 16966,
"end": 16985,
"label": [
"46445426"
]
},
{
"start": 16987,
"end": 16996,
"label": [
"95171"
]
},
{
"start": 16998,
"end": 17005,
"label": [
"59703"
]
},
{
"start": 17007,
"end": 17023,
"label": [
"1359818"
]
},
{
"start": 17028,
"end": 17040,
"label": [
"5533631"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
857_Notable residents
|
*John Skinner, (1721–1807) author, poet and ecclesiastic. Penned the famous verse, Tullochgorum. *Hugh Mercer, (1726–1777), born in the manse of Pitsligo Kirk, near Rosehearty, brigadier general of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. *Alexander Garden, (1730–1791), born in Birse, noted naturalist and physician. He moved to North America in 1754, and discovered two species of lizards. He was a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War, which led to the confiscation of his property and his banishment in 1782. The gardenia flower is named in his honour. *John Kemp, (1763–1812), born in Auchlossan, was a noted educator at Columbia University who is said to have influenced DeWitt Clinton's opinions and policies. *George MacDonald (1824–1905), author, poet, and theologian born and raised in Huntly. *Dame Evelyn Glennie, DBE, born and raised in Ellon on 19 July 1965, is a virtuoso percussionist, and the first full-time solo percussionist in 20th-century western society. She is very highly regarded in the Scottish musical community, and has proven that her profound deafness does not inhibit her musical talent or day-to-day life. *Evan Duthie, (born 2000), an award-winning DJ & Producer. *Peter Nicol, MBE, born in Inverurie on 5 April 1973, is a former professional squash player who represented first Scotland and then England in international squash. *Peter Shepherd, (1841–1879), Surgeon Major, Royal Medical Corps *Johanna Basford (born 1983), illustrator and textile designer
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 13,
"label": [
"1241873"
]
},
{
"start": 98,
"end": 109,
"label": [
"1092658"
]
},
{
"start": 165,
"end": 175,
"label": [
"758235"
]
},
{
"start": 177,
"end": 194,
"label": [
"11035076"
]
},
{
"start": 202,
"end": 218,
"label": [
"168210"
]
},
{
"start": 252,
"end": 268,
"label": [
"4770263"
]
},
{
"start": 291,
"end": 296,
"label": [
"12780493"
]
},
{
"start": 413,
"end": 421,
"label": [
"1146288"
]
},
{
"start": 433,
"end": 459,
"label": [
"771"
]
},
{
"start": 539,
"end": 547,
"label": [
"710897"
]
},
{
"start": 648,
"end": 667,
"label": [
"6310"
]
},
{
"start": 699,
"end": 713,
"label": [
"55467"
]
},
{
"start": 740,
"end": 756,
"label": [
"146769"
]
},
{
"start": 827,
"end": 846,
"label": [
"276258"
]
},
{
"start": 872,
"end": 877,
"label": [
"988717"
]
},
{
"start": 1162,
"end": 1173,
"label": [
"52695655"
]
},
{
"start": 1221,
"end": 1232,
"label": [
"2947276"
]
},
{
"start": 1247,
"end": 1256,
"label": [
"408203"
]
},
{
"start": 1387,
"end": 1401,
"label": [
"30186779"
]
},
{
"start": 1452,
"end": 1467,
"label": [
"44623235"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
863_Lower Seaboard theater
|
The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan. ;South Carolina One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound, south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing Charleston. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches, by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each Union attack. One of the most famous of the land attacks was the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, in which the 54th Massachusetts Infantry took part. The Federals suffered a serious defeat in this battle, losing 1,500 men while the Confederates lost only 175. ;Georgia Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain Quincy A. Gillmore, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after making repair. ;Louisiana In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander David D. Porter attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, which guarded the river approach to New Orleans from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast". The following year, the Union Army of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid siege to Port Hudson for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the Bayou Teche Campaign, but surrendered after Vicksburg. These two surrenders gave the Union control over the entire Mississippi. ;Florida Several small skirmishes were fought in Florida, but no major battles. The biggest was the Battle of Olustee in early 1864.
|
[
{
"start": 394,
"end": 410,
"label": [
"4326059"
]
},
{
"start": 506,
"end": 516,
"label": [
"61024"
]
},
{
"start": 776,
"end": 804,
"label": [
"1896591"
]
},
{
"start": 819,
"end": 846,
"label": [
"160130"
]
},
{
"start": 1166,
"end": 1184,
"label": [
"8908909"
]
},
{
"start": 1371,
"end": 1386,
"label": [
"3854436"
]
},
{
"start": 1396,
"end": 1424,
"label": [
"4459227"
]
},
{
"start": 1707,
"end": 1722,
"label": [
"732946"
]
},
{
"start": 1882,
"end": 1898,
"label": [
"1466771"
]
},
{
"start": 1950,
"end": 1970,
"label": [
"261994"
]
},
{
"start": 2083,
"end": 2103,
"label": [
"18166033"
]
},
{
"start": 2311,
"end": 2328,
"label": [
"192998"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
872_Introduction
|
Akira Kurosawa ( or or Kurosawa Akira; March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter, who directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936, following a brief stint as a painter. After years of working on numerous films as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he made his debut as a director during World War II with the popular action film Sanshiro Sugata (a.k.a. Judo Saga). After the war, the critically acclaimed Drunken Angel (1948), in which Kurosawa cast then-unknown actor Toshiro Mifune in a starring role, cemented the director's reputation as one of the most important young filmmakers in Japan. The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films. Rashomon, which premiered in Tokyo, became the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the 1951 Venice Film Festival. The commercial and critical success of that film opened up Western film markets for the first time to the products of the Japanese film industry, which in turn led to international recognition for other Japanese filmmakers. Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, including a number of highly regarded (and often adapted) films, such as Ikiru (1952), Seven Samurai (1954) and Yojimbo (1961). After the 1960s he became much less prolific; even so, his later work—including his final two epics, Kagemusha (1980) and Ran (1985)—continued to win awards, though more often abroad than in Japan. In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. Posthumously, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by AsianWeek magazine and CNN, cited there as being among the five people who most prominently contributed to the improvement of Asia in the 20th century. His career has been honored by many retrospectives, critical studies and biographies in both print and video, and by releases in many consumer media formats.
|
[
{
"start": 293,
"end": 306,
"label": [
"10790"
]
},
{
"start": 410,
"end": 428,
"label": [
"631172"
]
},
{
"start": 516,
"end": 527,
"label": [
"43564"
]
},
{
"start": 528,
"end": 543,
"label": [
"477031"
]
},
{
"start": 604,
"end": 617,
"label": [
"867952"
]
},
{
"start": 668,
"end": 682,
"label": [
"139098"
]
},
{
"start": 854,
"end": 862,
"label": [
"187603"
]
},
{
"start": 924,
"end": 935,
"label": [
"2386128"
]
},
{
"start": 948,
"end": 968,
"label": [
"32497"
]
},
{
"start": 1355,
"end": 1360,
"label": [
"714228"
]
},
{
"start": 1369,
"end": 1382,
"label": [
"31371"
]
},
{
"start": 1394,
"end": 1401,
"label": [
"312498"
]
},
{
"start": 1511,
"end": 1520,
"label": [
"1183043"
]
},
{
"start": 1532,
"end": 1535,
"label": [
"75984"
]
},
{
"start": 1633,
"end": 1646,
"label": [
"324"
]
},
{
"start": 1651,
"end": 1671,
"label": [
"181774"
]
},
{
"start": 1701,
"end": 1721,
"label": [
"25548228"
]
},
{
"start": 1774,
"end": 1783,
"label": [
"4253676"
]
},
{
"start": 1797,
"end": 1800,
"label": [
"62028"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
874_History
|
The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization. Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region. In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this is also the period when many animals were first domesticated. By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper. The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast. Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at Nekhen (in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east, initiating a period of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations. The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or Menes in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette, in a symbolic act of unification. In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000 BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labour, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization. Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration. Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order. With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC, is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period. After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration could no longer support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political disputes escalated into famines and small-scale civil wars. Yet despite difficult problems, local leaders, owing no tribute to the king, used their new-found independence to establish a thriving culture in the provinces. Once in control of their own resources, the provinces became economically richer—which was demonstrated by larger and better burials among all social classes. In bursts of creativity, provincial artisans adopted and adapted cultural motifs formerly restricted to the royalty of the Old Kingdom, and scribes developed literary styles that expressed the optimism and originality of the period. Free from their loyalties to the king, local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power. By 2160 BC, rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north, while a rival clan based in Thebes, the Intef family, took control of Upper Egypt in the south. As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward, a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable. Around 2055 BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers, reuniting the Two Lands. They inaugurated a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the Middle Kingdom. The kings of the Middle Kingdom restored the country's stability and prosperity, thereby stimulating a resurgence of art, literature, and monumental building projects. Mentuhotep II and his Eleventh Dynasty successors ruled from Thebes, but the vizier Amenemhat I, upon assuming the kingship at the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty around 1985 BC, shifted the kingdom's capital to the city of Itjtawy, located in Faiyum. From Itjtawy, the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook a far-sighted land reclamation and irrigation scheme to increase agricultural output in the region. Moreover, the military reconquered territory in Nubia that was rich in quarries and gold mines, while laborers built a defensive structure in the Eastern Delta, called the "Walls-of-the-Ruler", to defend against foreign attack. With the kings having secured the country militarily and politically and with vast agricultural and mineral wealth at their disposal, the nation's population, arts, and religion flourished. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom displayed an increase in expressions of personal piety. Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident, eloquent style. The relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle, individual details that reached new heights of technical sophistication. The last great ruler of the Middle Kingdom, Amenemhat III, allowed Semitic-speaking Canaanite settlers from the Near East into the Delta region to provide a sufficient labour force for his especially active mining and building campaigns. These ambitious building and mining activities, however, combined with severe Nile floods later in his reign, strained the economy and precipitated the slow decline into the Second Intermediate Period during the later Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties. During this decline, the Canaanite settlers began to assume greater control of the Delta region, eventually coming to power in Egypt as the Hyksos. Around 1785 BC, as the power of the Middle Kingdom kings weakened, a Western Asian people called the Hyksos, who had already settled in the Delta, seized control of Egypt and established their capital at Avaris, forcing the former central government to retreat to Thebes. The king was treated as a vassal and expected to pay tribute. The Hyksos ("foreign rulers") retained Egyptian models of government and identified as kings, thereby integrating Egyptian elements into their culture. They and other invaders introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt, most notably the composite bow and the horse-drawn chariot. After retreating south, the native Theban kings found themselves trapped between the Canaanite Hyksos ruling the north and the Hyksos' Nubian allies, the Kushites, to the south. After years of vassalage, Thebes gathered enough strength to challenge the Hyksos in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years, until 1555 BC. The kings Seqenenre Tao II and Kamose were ultimately able to defeat the Nubians to the south of Egypt, but failed to defeat the Hyksos. That task fell to Kamose's successor, Ahmose I, who successfully waged a series of campaigns that permanently eradicated the Hyksos' presence in Egypt. He established a new dynasty and, in the New Kingdom that followed, the military became a central priority for the kings, who sought to expand Egypt's borders and attempted to gain mastery of the Near East. The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbours, including the Mitanni Empire, Assyria, and Canaan. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III extended the influence of the pharaohs to the largest empire Egypt had ever seen. Beginning with Merneptah the rulers of Egypt adopted the title of pharaoh. Between their reigns, Hatshepsut, a queen who established herself as pharaoh, launched many building projects, including restoration of temples damaged by the Hyksos, and sent trading expeditions to Punt and the Sinai. When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC, Egypt had an empire extending from Niya in north west Syria to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in Nubia, cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood. The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak. They also constructed monuments to glorify their own achievements, both real and imagined. The Karnak temple is the largest Egyptian temple ever built. Around 1350 BC, the stability of the New Kingdom was threatened when Amenhotep IV ascended the throne and instituted a series of radical and chaotic reforms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he touted the previously obscure sun deity Aten as the supreme deity, suppressed the worship of most other deities, and moved the capital to the new city of Akhetaten (modern-day Amarna). He was devoted to his new religion and artistic style. After his death, the cult of the Aten was quickly abandoned and the traditional religious order restored. The subsequent pharaohs, Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb, worked to erase all mention of Akhenaten's heresy, now known as the Amarna Period. Around 1279 BC, Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, ascended the throne, and went on to build more temples, erect more statues and obelisks, and sire more children than any other pharaoh in history. A bold military leader, Ramesses II led his army against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh (in modern Syria) and, after fighting to a stalemate, finally agreed to the first recorded peace treaty, around 1258 BC. Egypt's wealth, however, made it a tempting target for invasion, particularly by the Libyan Berbers to the west, and the Sea Peoples, a conjectured confederation of seafarers from the Aegean Sea. Initially, the military was able to repel these invasions, but Egypt eventually lost control of its remaining territories in southern Canaan, much of it falling to the Assyrians. The effects of external threats were exacerbated by internal problems such as corruption, tomb robbery, and civil unrest. After regaining their power, the high priests at the temple of Amun in Thebes accumulated vast tracts of land and wealth, and their expanded power splintered the country during the Third Intermediate Period. Following the death of Ramesses XI in 1078 BC, Smendes assumed authority over the northern part of Egypt, ruling from the city of Tanis. The south was effectively controlled by the High Priests of Amun at Thebes, who recognized Smendes in name only. During this time, Libyans had been settling in the western delta, and chieftains of these settlers began increasing their autonomy. Libyan princes took control of the delta under Shoshenq I in 945 BC, founding the so-called Libyan or Bubastite dynasty that would rule for some 200 years. Shoshenq also gained control of southern Egypt by placing his family members in important priestly positions. Libyan control began to erode as a rival dynasty in the delta arose in Leontopolis, and Kushites threatened from the south. Around 727 BC the Kushite king Piye invaded northward, seizing control of Thebes and eventually the Delta. Egypt's far-reaching prestige declined considerably toward the end of the Third Intermediate Period. Its foreign allies had fallen under the Assyrian sphere of influence, and by 700 BC war between the two states became inevitable. Between 671 and 667 BC the Assyrians began their attack on Egypt. The reigns of both Taharqa and his successor, Tanutamun, were filled with constant conflict with the Assyrians, against whom Egypt enjoyed several victories. Ultimately, the Assyrians pushed the Kushites back into Nubia, occupied Memphis, and sacked the temples of Thebes. The Assyrians left control of Egypt to a series of vassals who became known as the Saite kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. By 653 BC, the Saite king Psamtik I was able to oust the Assyrians with the help of Greek mercenaries, who were recruited to form Egypt's first navy. Greek influence expanded greatly as the city-state of Naukratis became the home of Greeks in the Nile Delta. The Saite kings based in the new capital of Sais witnessed a brief but spirited resurgence in the economy and culture, but in 525 BC, the powerful Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from Iran, leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. A few successful revolts against the Persians marked the 5th century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians. Following its annexation by Persia, Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. This first period of Persian rule over Egypt, also known as the Twenty-Seventh dynasty, ended in 402 BC, when Egypt regained independence under a series of native dynasties. The last of these dynasties, the Thirtieth, proved to be the last native royal house of ancient Egypt, ending with the kingship of Nectanebo II. A brief restoration of Persian rule, sometimes known as the Thirty-First Dynasty, began in 343 BC, but shortly after, in 332 BC, the Persian ruler Mazaces handed Egypt over to Alexander the Great without a fight. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. The administration established by Alexander's successors, the Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom, was based on an Egyptian model and based in the new capital city of Alexandria. The city showcased the power and prestige of Hellenistic rule, and became a seat of learning and culture, centered at the famous Library of Alexandria. The Lighthouse of Alexandria lit the way for the many ships that kept trade flowing through the city—as the Ptolemies made commerce and revenue-generating enterprises, such as papyrus manufacturing, their top priority. Hellenistic culture did not supplant native Egyptian culture, as the Ptolemies supported time-honored traditions in an effort to secure the loyalty of the populace. They built new temples in Egyptian style, supported traditional cults, and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Some traditions merged, as Greek and Egyptian gods were syncretized into composite deities, such as Serapis, and classical Greek forms of sculpture influenced traditional Egyptian motifs. Despite their efforts to appease the Egyptians, the Ptolemies were challenged by native rebellion, bitter family rivalries, and the powerful mob of Alexandria that formed after the death of Ptolemy IV. In addition, as Rome relied more heavily on imports of grain from Egypt, the Romans took great interest in the political situation in the country. Continued Egyptian revolts, ambitious politicians, and powerful opponents from the Near East made this situation unstable, leading Rome to send forces to secure the country as a province of its empire. Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC, following the defeat of Marc Antony and Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII by Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) in the Battle of Actium. The Romans relied heavily on grain shipments from Egypt, and the Roman army, under the control of a prefect appointed by the Emperor, quelled rebellions, strictly enforced the collection of heavy taxes, and prevented attacks by bandits, which had become a notorious problem during the period. Alexandria became an increasingly important center on the trade route with the orient, as exotic luxuries were in high demand in Rome. Although the Romans had a more hostile attitude than the Greeks towards the Egyptians, some traditions such as mummification and worship of the traditional gods continued. The art of mummy portraiture flourished, and some Roman emperors had themselves depicted as pharaohs, though not to the extent that the Ptolemies had. The former lived outside Egypt and did not perform the ceremonial functions of Egyptian kingship. Local administration became Roman in style and closed to native Egyptians. From the mid-first century AD, Christianity took root in Egypt and it was originally seen as another cult that could be accepted. However, it was an uncompromising religion that sought to win converts from Egyptian Religion and Greco-Roman religion and threatened popular religious traditions. This led to the persecution of converts to Christianity, culminating in the great purges of Diocletian starting in 303, but eventually Christianity won out. In 391 the Christian Emperor Theodosius introduced legislation that banned pagan rites and closed temples. Alexandria became the scene of great anti-pagan riots with public and private religious imagery destroyed. As a consequence, Egypt's native religious culture was continually in decline. While the native population certainly continued to speak their language, the ability to read hieroglyphic writing slowly disappeared as the role of the Egyptian temple priests and priestesses diminished. The temples themselves were sometimes converted to churches or abandoned to the desert. In the fourth century, as the Roman Empire divided, Egypt found itself in the Eastern Empire with its capital at Constantinople. In the waning years of the Empire, Egypt fell to the Sasanian Persian army (618–628 AD), was recaptured by the Roman Emperor Heraclius (629–639 AD), and then was finally captured by Muslim Rashidun army in 639–641 AD, ending Roman rule.
|
[
{
"start": 4,
"end": 8,
"label": [
"21244"
]
},
{
"start": 287,
"end": 294,
"label": [
"89908"
]
},
{
"start": 295,
"end": 307,
"label": [
"99645"
]
},
{
"start": 308,
"end": 323,
"label": [
"210098"
]
},
{
"start": 380,
"end": 398,
"label": [
"23310"
]
},
{
"start": 435,
"end": 446,
"label": [
"22860"
]
},
{
"start": 618,
"end": 632,
"label": [
"1107043"
]
},
{
"start": 644,
"end": 696,
"label": [
"59338634"
]
},
{
"start": 743,
"end": 750,
"label": [
"198843"
]
},
{
"start": 785,
"end": 794,
"label": [
"31744"
]
},
{
"start": 1018,
"end": 1030,
"label": [
"142586"
]
},
{
"start": 1041,
"end": 1053,
"label": [
"40179"
]
},
{
"start": 1180,
"end": 1196,
"label": [
"219640"
]
},
{
"start": 1224,
"end": 1231,
"label": [
"57140071"
]
},
{
"start": 1359,
"end": 1375,
"label": [
"2058367"
]
},
{
"start": 1470,
"end": 1480,
"label": [
"142839"
]
},
{
"start": 1537,
"end": 1551,
"label": [
"18429842"
]
},
{
"start": 1557,
"end": 1565,
"label": [
"9124833"
]
},
{
"start": 1582,
"end": 1588,
"label": [
"2256858"
]
},
{
"start": 1606,
"end": 1615,
"label": [
"4347429"
]
},
{
"start": 1748,
"end": 1756,
"label": [
"22721"
]
},
{
"start": 1762,
"end": 1770,
"label": [
"20609740"
]
},
{
"start": 1816,
"end": 1822,
"label": [
"140901"
]
},
{
"start": 1886,
"end": 1895,
"label": [
"214632"
]
},
{
"start": 1910,
"end": 1916,
"label": [
"50250"
]
},
{
"start": 1925,
"end": 1931,
"label": [
"176481"
]
},
{
"start": 2188,
"end": 2194,
"label": [
"704274"
]
},
{
"start": 2235,
"end": 2241,
"label": [
"1440"
]
},
{
"start": 2243,
"end": 2253,
"label": [
"4347429"
]
},
{
"start": 2315,
"end": 2319,
"label": [
"498611"
]
},
{
"start": 2343,
"end": 2348,
"label": [
"21492837"
]
},
{
"start": 2380,
"end": 2394,
"label": [
"202548"
]
},
{
"start": 2432,
"end": 2453,
"label": [
"20316339"
]
},
{
"start": 2458,
"end": 2467,
"label": [
"214632"
]
},
{
"start": 2504,
"end": 2531,
"label": [
"60383627"
]
},
{
"start": 2772,
"end": 2794,
"label": [
"17340458"
]
},
{
"start": 2796,
"end": 2812,
"label": [
"9042182"
]
},
{
"start": 2881,
"end": 2894,
"label": [
"6717182"
]
},
{
"start": 2904,
"end": 2911,
"label": [
"5657659"
]
},
{
"start": 3132,
"end": 3143,
"label": [
"50953"
]
},
{
"start": 3257,
"end": 3262,
"label": [
"50521"
]
},
{
"start": 3266,
"end": 3274,
"label": [
"1566"
]
},
{
"start": 3291,
"end": 3302,
"label": [
"20189"
]
},
{
"start": 3318,
"end": 3322,
"label": [
"206481"
]
},
{
"start": 3361,
"end": 3368,
"label": [
"555313"
]
},
{
"start": 3534,
"end": 3539,
"label": [
"245189"
]
},
{
"start": 3602,
"end": 3607,
"label": [
"234081"
]
},
{
"start": 3612,
"end": 3623,
"label": [
"234082"
]
},
{
"start": 3855,
"end": 3861,
"label": [
"411551"
]
},
{
"start": 3887,
"end": 3900,
"label": [
"1403809"
]
},
{
"start": 4128,
"end": 4135,
"label": [
"96603"
]
},
{
"start": 4169,
"end": 4181,
"label": [
"857255"
]
},
{
"start": 4265,
"end": 4276,
"label": [
"583117"
]
},
{
"start": 4285,
"end": 4291,
"label": [
"18138"
]
},
{
"start": 4404,
"end": 4411,
"label": [
"113084"
]
},
{
"start": 4805,
"end": 4816,
"label": [
"152500"
]
},
{
"start": 4842,
"end": 4867,
"label": [
"186712"
]
},
{
"start": 5003,
"end": 5016,
"label": [
"1979299"
]
},
{
"start": 5021,
"end": 5033,
"label": [
"245173"
]
},
{
"start": 5103,
"end": 5109,
"label": [
"11490565"
]
},
{
"start": 5187,
"end": 5197,
"label": [
"2792729"
]
},
{
"start": 5268,
"end": 5282,
"label": [
"21351321"
]
},
{
"start": 5911,
"end": 5918,
"label": [
"553494"
]
},
{
"start": 5995,
"end": 6010,
"label": [
"8928747"
]
},
{
"start": 6185,
"end": 6203,
"label": [
"1291806"
]
},
{
"start": 7017,
"end": 7025,
"label": [
"47487167"
]
},
{
"start": 7169,
"end": 7184,
"label": [
"147885"
]
},
{
"start": 7213,
"end": 7226,
"label": [
"1527178"
]
},
{
"start": 7292,
"end": 7298,
"label": [
"65811"
]
},
{
"start": 7304,
"end": 7316,
"label": [
"1590411"
]
},
{
"start": 7538,
"end": 7562,
"label": [
"1185646"
]
},
{
"start": 7709,
"end": 7723,
"label": [
"292602"
]
},
{
"start": 7915,
"end": 7931,
"label": [
"997320"
]
},
{
"start": 7977,
"end": 7988,
"label": [
"1840217"
]
},
{
"start": 8041,
"end": 8056,
"label": [
"878932"
]
},
{
"start": 8123,
"end": 8130,
"label": [
"2461733"
]
},
{
"start": 8143,
"end": 8149,
"label": [
"11526890"
]
},
{
"start": 8222,
"end": 8238,
"label": [
"579223"
]
},
{
"start": 8356,
"end": 8361,
"label": [
"21492837"
]
},
{
"start": 8481,
"end": 8499,
"label": [
"2005708"
]
},
{
"start": 8979,
"end": 8985,
"label": [
"545811"
]
},
{
"start": 9157,
"end": 9170,
"label": [
"211710"
]
},
{
"start": 9180,
"end": 9187,
"label": [
"26919"
]
},
{
"start": 9197,
"end": 9203,
"label": [
"50250"
]
},
{
"start": 9225,
"end": 9234,
"label": [
"214632"
]
},
{
"start": 9429,
"end": 9440,
"label": [
"5839243"
]
},
{
"start": 9631,
"end": 9637,
"label": [
"50250"
]
},
{
"start": 9746,
"end": 9752,
"label": [
"103525"
]
},
{
"start": 9828,
"end": 9840,
"label": [
"399656"
]
},
{
"start": 9860,
"end": 9866,
"label": [
"103525"
]
},
{
"start": 9963,
"end": 9969,
"label": [
"1086643"
]
},
{
"start": 10330,
"end": 10343,
"label": [
"789975"
]
},
{
"start": 10364,
"end": 10371,
"label": [
"45748"
]
},
{
"start": 10508,
"end": 10514,
"label": [
"247406"
]
},
{
"start": 10527,
"end": 10535,
"label": [
"21624273"
]
},
{
"start": 10709,
"end": 10725,
"label": [
"2319207"
]
},
{
"start": 10730,
"end": 10736,
"label": [
"1010902"
]
},
{
"start": 10772,
"end": 10779,
"label": [
"247406"
]
},
{
"start": 10874,
"end": 10882,
"label": [
"80900"
]
},
{
"start": 11184,
"end": 11193,
"label": [
"214632"
]
},
{
"start": 11366,
"end": 11373,
"label": [
"140389"
]
},
{
"start": 11382,
"end": 11389,
"label": [
"2085"
]
},
{
"start": 11395,
"end": 11401,
"label": [
"50250"
]
},
{
"start": 11434,
"end": 11445,
"label": [
"498263"
]
},
{
"start": 11463,
"end": 11476,
"label": [
"155730"
]
},
{
"start": 11574,
"end": 11583,
"label": [
"1168295"
]
},
{
"start": 11625,
"end": 11632,
"label": [
"23294"
]
},
{
"start": 11656,
"end": 11666,
"label": [
"60832"
]
},
{
"start": 11833,
"end": 11837,
"label": [
"22216173"
]
},
{
"start": 11929,
"end": 11933,
"label": [
"11131508"
]
},
{
"start": 11948,
"end": 11953,
"label": [
"7515849"
]
},
{
"start": 11961,
"end": 11976,
"label": [
"2465387"
]
},
{
"start": 11992,
"end": 11997,
"label": [
"21492837"
]
},
{
"start": 12066,
"end": 12072,
"label": [
"4169"
]
},
{
"start": 12077,
"end": 12081,
"label": [
"33550"
]
},
{
"start": 12165,
"end": 12169,
"label": [
"19230789"
]
},
{
"start": 12203,
"end": 12209,
"label": [
"158386"
]
},
{
"start": 12547,
"end": 12556,
"label": [
"89728"
]
},
{
"start": 12591,
"end": 12600,
"label": [
"27560"
]
},
{
"start": 12601,
"end": 12605,
"label": [
"47465"
]
},
{
"start": 12613,
"end": 12626,
"label": [
"5042765"
]
},
{
"start": 12737,
"end": 12743,
"label": [
"79845"
]
},
{
"start": 12932,
"end": 12943,
"label": [
"30437"
]
},
{
"start": 12945,
"end": 12947,
"label": [
"348227"
]
},
{
"start": 12953,
"end": 12961,
"label": [
"319063"
]
},
{
"start": 13031,
"end": 13044,
"label": [
"1723084"
]
},
{
"start": 13067,
"end": 13078,
"label": [
"21476519"
]
},
{
"start": 13322,
"end": 13330,
"label": [
"13308"
]
},
{
"start": 13338,
"end": 13354,
"label": [
"390045"
]
},
{
"start": 13366,
"end": 13371,
"label": [
"7515849"
]
},
{
"start": 13566,
"end": 13572,
"label": [
"6645651"
]
},
{
"start": 13573,
"end": 13580,
"label": [
"48132"
]
},
{
"start": 13602,
"end": 13613,
"label": [
"324954"
]
},
{
"start": 13665,
"end": 13675,
"label": [
"842"
]
},
{
"start": 13811,
"end": 13817,
"label": [
"50250"
]
},
{
"start": 14031,
"end": 14045,
"label": [
"2052837"
]
},
{
"start": 14209,
"end": 14220,
"label": [
"913833"
]
},
{
"start": 14233,
"end": 14240,
"label": [
"2578335"
]
},
{
"start": 14316,
"end": 14321,
"label": [
"178985"
]
},
{
"start": 14367,
"end": 14397,
"label": [
"13202102"
]
},
{
"start": 14615,
"end": 14625,
"label": [
"448554"
]
},
{
"start": 14910,
"end": 14921,
"label": [
"972549"
]
},
{
"start": 14927,
"end": 14935,
"label": [
"17401271"
]
},
{
"start": 14999,
"end": 15003,
"label": [
"410902"
]
},
{
"start": 15216,
"end": 15223,
"label": [
"2085"
]
},
{
"start": 15401,
"end": 15408,
"label": [
"160315"
]
},
{
"start": 15428,
"end": 15437,
"label": [
"1126266"
]
},
{
"start": 15625,
"end": 15653,
"label": [
"57837968"
]
},
{
"start": 15757,
"end": 15777,
"label": [
"43195853"
]
},
{
"start": 15810,
"end": 15819,
"label": [
"443935"
]
},
{
"start": 15934,
"end": 15949,
"label": [
"540271"
]
},
{
"start": 15974,
"end": 15984,
"label": [
"131855"
]
},
{
"start": 15988,
"end": 15997,
"label": [
"1261233"
]
},
{
"start": 16212,
"end": 16223,
"label": [
"46601"
]
},
{
"start": 16289,
"end": 16300,
"label": [
"1085616"
]
},
{
"start": 16318,
"end": 16326,
"label": [
"986790"
]
},
{
"start": 16650,
"end": 16656,
"label": [
"5593"
]
},
{
"start": 16661,
"end": 16670,
"label": [
"34076091"
]
},
{
"start": 16684,
"end": 16690,
"label": [
"80003"
]
},
{
"start": 16699,
"end": 16724,
"label": [
"30927438"
]
},
{
"start": 16938,
"end": 16947,
"label": [
"990046"
]
},
{
"start": 17036,
"end": 17048,
"label": [
"910969"
]
},
{
"start": 17110,
"end": 17130,
"label": [
"30927438"
]
},
{
"start": 17236,
"end": 17255,
"label": [
"783"
]
},
{
"start": 17289,
"end": 17308,
"label": [
"783"
]
},
{
"start": 17357,
"end": 17363,
"label": [
"14653"
]
},
{
"start": 17478,
"end": 17488,
"label": [
"2417624"
]
},
{
"start": 17489,
"end": 17506,
"label": [
"7606081"
]
},
{
"start": 17560,
"end": 17572,
"label": [
"181337"
]
},
{
"start": 17576,
"end": 17586,
"label": [
"3080"
]
},
{
"start": 17664,
"end": 17680,
"label": [
"2671024"
]
},
{
"start": 17717,
"end": 17738,
"label": [
"17726"
]
},
{
"start": 17744,
"end": 17768,
"label": [
"17724"
]
},
{
"start": 17959,
"end": 17978,
"label": [
"455379"
]
},
{
"start": 18270,
"end": 18283,
"label": [
"21069417"
]
},
{
"start": 18289,
"end": 18300,
"label": [
"50328762"
]
},
{
"start": 18333,
"end": 18340,
"label": [
"3586579"
]
},
{
"start": 18346,
"end": 18361,
"label": [
"148363"
]
},
{
"start": 18611,
"end": 18621,
"label": [
"84101"
]
},
{
"start": 18639,
"end": 18643,
"label": [
"521555"
]
},
{
"start": 18700,
"end": 18706,
"label": [
"521555"
]
},
{
"start": 18853,
"end": 18862,
"label": [
"214632"
]
},
{
"start": 19003,
"end": 19015,
"label": [
"25507"
]
},
{
"start": 19055,
"end": 19066,
"label": [
"19960"
]
},
{
"start": 19071,
"end": 19080,
"label": [
"7606081"
]
},
{
"start": 19087,
"end": 19100,
"label": [
"60827"
]
},
{
"start": 19104,
"end": 19112,
"label": [
"1273"
]
},
{
"start": 19120,
"end": 19127,
"label": [
"219117"
]
},
{
"start": 19145,
"end": 19161,
"label": [
"5008"
]
},
{
"start": 19228,
"end": 19238,
"label": [
"25994"
]
},
{
"start": 20118,
"end": 20130,
"label": [
"5211"
]
},
{
"start": 20293,
"end": 20310,
"label": [
"10331"
]
},
{
"start": 20315,
"end": 20326,
"label": [
"10532933"
]
},
{
"start": 20473,
"end": 20483,
"label": [
"8580"
]
},
{
"start": 20567,
"end": 20577,
"label": [
"31131"
]
},
{
"start": 20888,
"end": 20902,
"label": [
"46918"
]
},
{
"start": 20924,
"end": 20944,
"label": [
"50953"
]
},
{
"start": 21086,
"end": 21094,
"label": [
"6325"
]
},
{
"start": 21305,
"end": 21321,
"label": [
"5876413"
]
},
{
"start": 21377,
"end": 21386,
"label": [
"13956"
]
},
{
"start": 21434,
"end": 21454,
"label": [
"8588509"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
888_Method and themes
|
Van Vogt systematized his writing method, using scenes of 800 words or so where a new complication was added or something resolved. Several of his stories hinge on temporal conundra, a favorite theme. He stated that he acquired many of his writing techniques from three books: Narrative Technique by Thomas Uzzell, The Only Two Ways to Write a Story by John Gallishaw, and Twenty Problems of the Fiction Writer by Gallishaw. He also claimed many of his ideas came from dreams; throughout his writing life he arranged to be awakened every 90 minutes during his sleep period so he could write down his dreams. Van Vogt was also always interested in the idea of all-encompassing systems of knowledge (akin to modern meta-systems)—the characters in his very first story used a system called "Nexialism" to analyze the alien's behavior. Around this time, he became particularly interested in the general semantics of Alfred Korzybski. He subsequently wrote a novel merging these overarching themes, The World of Ā, originally serialized in Astounding in 1945. Ā (often rendered as Null-A), or non-Aristotelian logic, refers to the capacity for, and practice of, using intuitive, inductive reasoning (compare fuzzy logic), rather than reflexive, or conditioned, deductive reasoning. The novel recounts the adventures of an individual living in an apparent Utopia, where those with superior brainpower make up the ruling class... though all is not as it seems. A sequel, The Players of Ā (later re-titled The Pawns of Null-A) was serialized in 1948–49. At the same time, in his fiction, van Vogt was consistently sympathetic to absolute monarchy as a form of government. This was the case, for instance, in the Weapon Shop series, the Mixed Men series, and in single stories such as "Heir Apparent" (1945), whose protagonist was described as a "benevolent dictator". These sympathies were the subject of much critical discussion during van Vogt's career, and afterwards. Van Vogt published "Enchanted Village" in the July 1950 issue of Other Worlds Science Stories. It was reprinted in over 20 collections or anthologies, and appeared many times in translation. In 1950, van Vogt was briefly appointed as head of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics operation in California. Van Vogt had first met Hubbard in 1945, and became interested in his Dianetics theories, which were published shortly thereafter. Dianetics was the secular precursor to Hubbard's Church of Scientology; van Vogt would have no association with Scientology, as he did not approve of its mysticism. The California Dianetics operation went broke nine months later, but never went bankrupt, due to van Vogt's arrangements with creditors. Very shortly after that, van Vogt and his wife opened their own Dianetics center, partly financed by his writings, until he "signed off" around 1961. In practical terms, what this meant was that from 1951 through 1961, van Vogt's focus was on Dianetics, and no new story ideas flowed from his typewriter. However, during the 1950s, van Vogt retrospectively patched together many of his previously published stories into novels, sometimes creating new interstitial material to help bridge gaps in the narrative. Van Vogt referred to the resulting books as "fix-ups", a term that entered the vocabulary of science-fiction criticism. When the original stories were closely related this was often successful — although some van Vogt fix-ups featured disparate stories thrown together that bore little relation to each other, generally making for a less coherent plot. One of his best-known (and well-regarded) novels, The Voyage of the Space Beagle (1950) was a fix-up of four short stories including "Discord in Scarlet"; it was published in at least five European languages by 1955. Although Van Vogt averaged a new book title every ten months from 1951 to 1961, none of them were new stories. All of van Vogt's books from 1951 to 1961 were fix-ups, or collections of previously published stories, or expansions of previously published short stories to novel length, or republications of his books under new titles. All were based on story material written and originally published between 1939 and 1950. As well, one non-fiction work, The Hypnotism Handbook, appeared in 1956, though it had apparently been written much earlier. Some of van Vogt's more well-known work was still produced using the fix-up method. In 1951, he published the fix-up The Weapon Shops of Isher. In the same decade, van Vogt also produced collections and fixups such as The Mixed Men (1952), The War Against the Rull (1959), and the two "Clane" novels, Empire of the Atom (1957) and The Wizard of Linn (1962), which were inspired (like Asimov's Foundation series) by Roman imperial history, specifically the reign of Claudius. After more than a decade of running their Dianetics center, Hull and van Vogt closed it in 1961. Nevertheless, van Vogt maintained his association with the overall organization and was still president of the Californian Association of Dianetic Auditors into the 1980s.
|
[
{
"start": 173,
"end": 181,
"label": [
"268683"
]
},
{
"start": 353,
"end": 367,
"label": [
"9198256"
]
},
{
"start": 718,
"end": 730,
"label": [
"348044"
]
},
{
"start": 896,
"end": 913,
"label": [
"60524"
]
},
{
"start": 917,
"end": 933,
"label": [
"784"
]
},
{
"start": 999,
"end": 1013,
"label": [
"544984"
]
},
{
"start": 1093,
"end": 1115,
"label": [
"3192556"
]
},
{
"start": 1168,
"end": 1177,
"label": [
"154170"
]
},
{
"start": 1179,
"end": 1198,
"label": [
"393736"
]
},
{
"start": 1208,
"end": 1219,
"label": [
"49180"
]
},
{
"start": 1261,
"end": 1280,
"label": [
"61093"
]
},
{
"start": 1355,
"end": 1361,
"label": [
"31718"
]
},
{
"start": 1503,
"end": 1522,
"label": [
"3686880"
]
},
{
"start": 1626,
"end": 1643,
"label": [
"67366"
]
},
{
"start": 1709,
"end": 1720,
"label": [
"1234613"
]
},
{
"start": 1733,
"end": 1742,
"label": [
"15948609"
]
},
{
"start": 1843,
"end": 1862,
"label": [
"4028368"
]
},
{
"start": 2211,
"end": 2225,
"label": [
"17862"
]
},
{
"start": 2228,
"end": 2237,
"label": [
"7989"
]
},
{
"start": 2332,
"end": 2341,
"label": [
"7989"
]
},
{
"start": 2452,
"end": 2463,
"label": [
"13118744"
]
},
{
"start": 3251,
"end": 3257,
"label": [
"6503287"
]
},
{
"start": 3609,
"end": 3639,
"label": [
"623749"
]
},
{
"start": 4440,
"end": 4465,
"label": [
"1234613"
]
},
{
"start": 4526,
"end": 4531,
"label": [
"6503287"
]
},
{
"start": 4541,
"end": 4554,
"label": [
"15948609"
]
},
{
"start": 4563,
"end": 4587,
"label": [
"51259336"
]
},
{
"start": 4624,
"end": 4642,
"label": [
"17076520"
]
},
{
"start": 4654,
"end": 4672,
"label": [
"24107193"
]
},
{
"start": 4707,
"end": 4713,
"label": [
"14573"
]
},
{
"start": 4716,
"end": 4733,
"label": [
"60133"
]
},
{
"start": 4738,
"end": 4760,
"label": [
"25507"
]
},
{
"start": 4788,
"end": 4796,
"label": [
"6140"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
897_Applications
|
=== Agricultural === The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria, and fungi led to its use as a wood preservative. In the 1930s, a process of treating wood with chromated copper arsenate (also known as CCA or Tanalith) was invented, and for decades, this treatment was the most extensive industrial use of arsenic. An increased appreciation of the toxicity of arsenic led to a ban of CCA in consumer products in 2004, initiated by the European Union and United States. However, CCA remains in heavy use in other countries (such as on Malaysian rubber plantations). Arsenic was also used in various agricultural insecticides and poisons. For example, lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide on fruit trees, but contact with the compound sometimes resulted in brain damage among those working the sprayers. In the second half of the 20th century, monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) and disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) – less toxic organic forms of arsenic – replaced lead arsenate in agriculture. These organic arsenicals were in turn phased out by 2013 in all agricultural activities except cotton farming. The biogeochemistry of arsenic is complex and includes various adsorption and desorption processes. The toxicity of arsenic is connected to its solubility and is affected by pH. Arsenite () is more soluble than arsenate () and is more toxic; however, at a lower pH, arsenate becomes more mobile and toxic. It was found that addition of sulfur, phosphorus, and iron oxides to high-arsenite soils greatly reduces arsenic phytotoxicity. Arsenic is used as a feed additive in poultry and swine production, in particular in the U.S. to increase weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and to prevent disease. An example is roxarsone, which had been used as a broiler starter by about 70% of U.S. broiler growers. The Poison-Free Poultry Act of 2009 proposed to ban the use of roxarsone in industrial swine and poultry production. Alpharma, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc., which produces roxarsone, voluntarily suspended sales of the drug in response to studies showing elevated levels of inorganic arsenic, a carcinogen, in treated chickens. A successor to Alpharma, Zoetis, continues to sell nitarsone, primarily for use in turkeys. Arsenic is intentionally added to the feed of chickens raised for human consumption. Organic arsenic compounds are less toxic than pure arsenic, and promote the growth of chickens. Under some conditions, the arsenic in chicken feed is converted to the toxic inorganic form. A 2006 study of the remains of the Australian racehorse, Phar Lap, determined that the 1932 death of the famous champion was caused by a massive overdose of arsenic. Sydney veterinarian Percy Sykes stated, "In those days, arsenic was quite a common tonic, usually given in the form of a solution (Fowler's Solution) ... It was so common that I'd reckon 90 per cent of the horses had arsenic in their system." During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds were used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich) and arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler). Arsphenamine, as well as neosalvarsan, was indicated for syphilis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics. However, arsenicals such as melarsoprol are still used for the treatment of trypanosomiasis, since although these drugs suffer from severe toxicity, the disease is almost uniformly fatal if untreated. Arsenic trioxide has been used in a variety of ways over the past 500 years, most commonly in the treatment of cancer, but also in medications as diverse as Fowler's solution in psoriasis. The US Food and Drug Administration in the year 2000 approved this compound for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that is resistant to all-trans retinoic acid. Recently, researchers have been locating tumors using arsenic-74 (a positron emitter). This isotope produces clearer PET scan images than the previous radioactive agent, iodine-124, because the body tends to transport iodine to the thyroid gland producing signal noise. In subtoxic doses, soluble arsenic compounds act as stimulants, and were once popular in small doses as medicine by people in the mid-18th to 19th centuries. The main use of arsenic is in alloying with lead. Lead components in car batteries are strengthened by the presence of a very small percentage of arsenic. Dezincification of brass (a copper-zinc alloy) is greatly reduced by the addition of arsenic. "Phosphorus Deoxidized Arsenical Copper" with an arsenic content of 0.3% has an increased corrosion stability in certain environments. Gallium arsenide is an important semiconductor material, used in integrated circuits. Circuits made from GaAs are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made from silicon. Unlike silicon, GaAs has a direct bandgap, and can be used in laser diodes and LEDs to convert electrical energy directly into light. After World War I, the United States built a stockpile of 20,000 tons of weaponized lewisite (ClCH=CHAsCl<sub>2</sub>), an organoarsenic vesicant (blister agent) and lung irritant. The stockpile was neutralized with bleach and dumped into the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s. During the Vietnam War, the United States used Agent Blue, a mixture of sodium cacodylate and its acid form, as one of the rainbow herbicides to deprive North Vietnamese soldiers of foliage cover and rice. * Copper acetoarsenite was used as a green pigment known under many names, including Paris Green and Emerald Green. It caused numerous arsenic poisonings. Scheele's Green, a copper arsenate, was used in the 19th century as a coloring agent in sweets. * Arsenic is used in bronzing and pyrotechnics. * As much as 2% of produced arsenic is used in lead alloys for lead shot and bullets. * Arsenic is added in small quantities to alpha-brass to make it dezincification-resistant. This grade of brass is used in plumbing fittings and other wet environments. * Arsenic is also used for taxonomic sample preservation. * Until recently, arsenic was used in optical glass. Modern glass manufacturers, under pressure from environmentalists, have ceased using both arsenic and lead.
|
[
{
"start": 48,
"end": 54,
"label": [
"23366462"
]
},
{
"start": 57,
"end": 65,
"label": [
"9028799"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end": 76,
"label": [
"19178965"
]
},
{
"start": 162,
"end": 187,
"label": [
"3724279"
]
},
{
"start": 210,
"end": 218,
"label": [
"3724279"
]
},
{
"start": 436,
"end": 450,
"label": [
"9317"
]
},
{
"start": 651,
"end": 673,
"label": [
"2181154"
]
},
{
"start": 702,
"end": 712,
"label": [
"98341"
]
},
{
"start": 767,
"end": 779,
"label": [
"304588"
]
},
{
"start": 854,
"end": 880,
"label": [
"3722529"
]
},
{
"start": 892,
"end": 916,
"label": [
"20428804"
]
},
{
"start": 1586,
"end": 1593,
"label": [
"12116844"
]
},
{
"start": 1598,
"end": 1614,
"label": [
"15929223"
]
},
{
"start": 1675,
"end": 1690,
"label": [
"5608291"
]
},
{
"start": 1730,
"end": 1739,
"label": [
"10650891"
]
},
{
"start": 1766,
"end": 1773,
"label": [
"862804"
]
},
{
"start": 2171,
"end": 2177,
"label": [
"38395838"
]
},
{
"start": 2197,
"end": 2206,
"label": [
"39363358"
]
},
{
"start": 2284,
"end": 2292,
"label": [
"37402"
]
},
{
"start": 2457,
"end": 2469,
"label": [
"37572712"
]
},
{
"start": 2547,
"end": 2556,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 2569,
"end": 2577,
"label": [
"174003"
]
},
{
"start": 3028,
"end": 3040,
"label": [
"99714"
]
},
{
"start": 3045,
"end": 3057,
"label": [
"23010"
]
},
{
"start": 3063,
"end": 3079,
"label": [
"2067748"
]
},
{
"start": 3084,
"end": 3097,
"label": [
"2744215"
]
},
{
"start": 3125,
"end": 3137,
"label": [
"1963552"
]
},
{
"start": 3157,
"end": 3165,
"label": [
"28852"
]
},
{
"start": 3201,
"end": 3212,
"label": [
"1805"
]
},
{
"start": 3242,
"end": 3253,
"label": [
"1339605"
]
},
{
"start": 3290,
"end": 3305,
"label": [
"644499"
]
},
{
"start": 3526,
"end": 3532,
"label": [
"105219"
]
},
{
"start": 3572,
"end": 3589,
"label": [
"153250"
]
},
{
"start": 3593,
"end": 3602,
"label": [
"101965"
]
},
{
"start": 3611,
"end": 3639,
"label": [
"11632"
]
},
{
"start": 3715,
"end": 3743,
"label": [
"1214213"
]
},
{
"start": 3765,
"end": 3788,
"label": [
"637902"
]
},
{
"start": 3907,
"end": 3915,
"label": [
"24032"
]
},
{
"start": 3960,
"end": 3966,
"label": [
"14750"
]
},
{
"start": 4112,
"end": 4121,
"label": [
"66391"
]
},
{
"start": 4287,
"end": 4300,
"label": [
"1164345"
]
},
{
"start": 4373,
"end": 4388,
"label": [
"3312554"
]
},
{
"start": 4602,
"end": 4618,
"label": [
"144143"
]
},
{
"start": 4635,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"27709"
]
},
{
"start": 4667,
"end": 4685,
"label": [
"15150"
]
},
{
"start": 4780,
"end": 4787,
"label": [
"27114"
]
},
{
"start": 4816,
"end": 4830,
"label": [
"21784317"
]
},
{
"start": 4851,
"end": 4862,
"label": [
"142258"
]
},
{
"start": 4868,
"end": 4871,
"label": [
"18290"
]
},
{
"start": 4884,
"end": 4894,
"label": [
"9550"
]
},
{
"start": 4916,
"end": 4921,
"label": [
"17939"
]
},
{
"start": 4929,
"end": 4940,
"label": [
"4764461"
]
},
{
"start": 4996,
"end": 5006,
"label": [
"50073"
]
},
{
"start": 5007,
"end": 5015,
"label": [
"208283"
]
},
{
"start": 5046,
"end": 5059,
"label": [
"13022961"
]
},
{
"start": 5060,
"end": 5068,
"label": [
"624160"
]
},
{
"start": 5089,
"end": 5093,
"label": [
"36863"
]
},
{
"start": 5166,
"end": 5180,
"label": [
"21076367"
]
},
{
"start": 5206,
"end": 5217,
"label": [
"32611"
]
},
{
"start": 5242,
"end": 5252,
"label": [
"1965419"
]
},
{
"start": 5267,
"end": 5284,
"label": [
"2462915"
]
},
{
"start": 5318,
"end": 5336,
"label": [
"9239161"
]
},
{
"start": 5444,
"end": 5451,
"label": [
"49598"
]
},
{
"start": 5486,
"end": 5497,
"label": [
"2939274"
]
},
{
"start": 5536,
"end": 5553,
"label": [
"85490"
]
},
{
"start": 5556,
"end": 5571,
"label": [
"3724072"
]
},
{
"start": 5626,
"end": 5640,
"label": [
"164956"
]
},
{
"start": 5644,
"end": 5650,
"label": [
"61230"
]
},
{
"start": 5673,
"end": 5681,
"label": [
"2913560"
]
},
{
"start": 5686,
"end": 5698,
"label": [
"187584"
]
},
{
"start": 5763,
"end": 5772,
"label": [
"2381321"
]
},
{
"start": 5777,
"end": 5783,
"label": [
"67679"
]
},
{
"start": 5851,
"end": 5876,
"label": [
"3312554"
]
},
{
"start": 6168,
"end": 6172,
"label": [
"17747"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
899_History
|
André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, announced the discovery of a new element in 1899. He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it "emanium" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Harriet Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different times. Articles published in the 1970s and later suggest that Debierne's results published in 1904 conflict with those reported in 1899 and 1900. Furthermore, the now-known chemistry of actinium precludes its presence as anything other than a minor constituent of Debierne's 1899 and 1900 results; in fact, the chemical properties he reported make it likely that he had, instead, accidentally identified protactinium, which would not be discovered for another fourteen years, only to have it disappear due to its hydrolysis and adsorption onto his laboratory equipment. This has led some authors to advocate that Giesel alone should be credited with the discovery. A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff. He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the then nascent state of radiochemistry: highlighting the prudence of Debierne's claims in the original papers, he notes that nobody can contend that Debierne's substance did not contain actinium. Debierne, who is now considered by the vast majority of historians as the discoverer, lost interest in the element and left the topic. Giesel, on the other hand, can rightfully be credited with the first preparation of radiochemically pure actinium and with the identification of its atomic number 89. The name actinium originates from the Ancient Greek aktis, aktinos (ακτίς, ακτίνος), meaning beam or ray. Its symbol Ac is also used in abbreviations of other compounds that have nothing to do with actinium, such as acetyl, acetate and sometimes acetaldehyde.
|
[
{
"start": 0,
"end": 20,
"label": [
"256829"
]
},
{
"start": 111,
"end": 122,
"label": [
"43532"
]
},
{
"start": 140,
"end": 145,
"label": [
"20408"
]
},
{
"start": 150,
"end": 162,
"label": [
"24509"
]
},
{
"start": 188,
"end": 194,
"label": [
"25602"
]
},
{
"start": 252,
"end": 260,
"label": [
"30040"
]
},
{
"start": 289,
"end": 296,
"label": [
"30044"
]
},
{
"start": 298,
"end": 320,
"label": [
"24391439"
]
},
{
"start": 395,
"end": 404,
"label": [
"17744"
]
},
{
"start": 510,
"end": 524,
"label": [
"1426181"
]
},
{
"start": 538,
"end": 547,
"label": [
"46825"
]
},
{
"start": 552,
"end": 563,
"label": [
"23849709"
]
},
{
"start": 1145,
"end": 1157,
"label": [
"23322"
]
},
{
"start": 1289,
"end": 1309,
"label": [
"173351"
]
},
{
"start": 2107,
"end": 2120,
"label": [
"148363"
]
},
{
"start": 2285,
"end": 2291,
"label": [
"81632"
]
},
{
"start": 2293,
"end": 2300,
"label": [
"194637"
]
},
{
"start": 2315,
"end": 2327,
"label": [
"89195"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
909_Introduction
|
The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion. Founded in 1867 in London, England, the communion currently has 85 million members within the Church of England and other national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrines are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury (currently Justin Welby) in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter pares ("first among equals"), but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. The Anglican Communion was founded at the Lambeth Conference in 1867 in London, England, under the leadership of Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury. The churches of the Anglican Communion consider themselves to be part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church, and to be both catholic and reformed. Although aligned with the Church of England, the communion has a multitude of beliefs, liturgies, and practices, including evangelical, liberal and Anglo-Catholic. Each retains their own legislative process and episcopal polity under the leadership of local primates. For some adherents, Anglicanism represents a non-papal Catholicism, for others a form of Protestantism though without guiding figure such as Luther, Knox, Calvin, Zwingli or Wesley, or for yet others a combination of the two. Most of its 85 million members live in the Anglosphere of former British territories. Full participation in the sacramental life of each church is available to all communicant members. Due to their historical link to England (Ecclesia Anglicana means "English Church"), some of the member churches are known as "Anglican", such as the Anglican Church of Canada. Others, for example the Church of Ireland, the Scottish and American Episcopal churches have official names which do not include "Anglican". (Additionally, there are now breakaway churches called "Anglican" which are not of the Communion.)
|
[
{
"start": 44,
"end": 53,
"label": [
"5211"
]
},
{
"start": 54,
"end": 63,
"label": [
"2711834"
]
},
{
"start": 92,
"end": 99,
"label": [
"9316"
]
},
{
"start": 159,
"end": 176,
"label": [
"5955"
]
},
{
"start": 221,
"end": 235,
"label": [
"102689"
]
},
{
"start": 264,
"end": 281,
"label": [
"6175159"
]
},
{
"start": 305,
"end": 325,
"label": [
"59952"
]
},
{
"start": 338,
"end": 362,
"label": [
"2345"
]
},
{
"start": 374,
"end": 386,
"label": [
"15703656"
]
},
{
"start": 439,
"end": 457,
"label": [
"429857"
]
},
{
"start": 612,
"end": 630,
"label": [
"157966"
]
},
{
"start": 683,
"end": 698,
"label": [
"154543"
]
},
{
"start": 803,
"end": 843,
"label": [
"13687112"
]
},
{
"start": 860,
"end": 868,
"label": [
"7610"
]
},
{
"start": 873,
"end": 881,
"label": [
"37857"
]
},
{
"start": 970,
"end": 979,
"label": [
"86364"
]
},
{
"start": 1006,
"end": 1017,
"label": [
"10370"
]
},
{
"start": 1019,
"end": 1026,
"label": [
"1172493"
]
},
{
"start": 1031,
"end": 1045,
"label": [
"59949"
]
},
{
"start": 1094,
"end": 1110,
"label": [
"10067"
]
},
{
"start": 1141,
"end": 1149,
"label": [
"24672"
]
},
{
"start": 1171,
"end": 1182,
"label": [
"1214"
]
},
{
"start": 1200,
"end": 1205,
"label": [
"23056"
]
},
{
"start": 1206,
"end": 1217,
"label": [
"4559718"
]
},
{
"start": 1240,
"end": 1253,
"label": [
"25814008"
]
},
{
"start": 1292,
"end": 1298,
"label": [
"7567080"
]
},
{
"start": 1300,
"end": 1304,
"label": [
"37252"
]
},
{
"start": 1306,
"end": 1312,
"label": [
"15930"
]
},
{
"start": 1314,
"end": 1321,
"label": [
"13602"
]
},
{
"start": 1325,
"end": 1331,
"label": [
"42411"
]
},
{
"start": 1420,
"end": 1431,
"label": [
"250762"
]
},
{
"start": 1712,
"end": 1737,
"label": [
"1177740"
]
},
{
"start": 1763,
"end": 1780,
"label": [
"168130"
]
},
{
"start": 1786,
"end": 1794,
"label": [
"269882"
]
},
{
"start": 1799,
"end": 1807,
"label": [
"19280748"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
957_Toxicity
|
Many species in the family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called furanocoumarins) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause phytophotodermatitis, a serious skin inflammation. Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae. Phototoxic species include Ammi majus, the parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and numerous species of the genus Heracleum, especially the giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including poison hemlock, water hemlock, and fool's parsley. Some members of the family Apiaceae, including carrot, celery, fennel, parsley and parsnip, contain polyynes, an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects.
|
[
{
"start": 74,
"end": 89,
"label": [
"9954066"
]
},
{
"start": 229,
"end": 249,
"label": [
"17672651"
]
},
{
"start": 438,
"end": 448,
"label": [
"9684593"
]
},
{
"start": 454,
"end": 461,
"label": [
"335507"
]
},
{
"start": 463,
"end": 472,
"label": [
"21905935"
]
},
{
"start": 515,
"end": 524,
"label": [
"512150"
]
},
{
"start": 556,
"end": 580,
"label": [
"711848"
]
},
{
"start": 666,
"end": 680,
"label": [
"22438472"
]
},
{
"start": 682,
"end": 695,
"label": [
"2313520"
]
},
{
"start": 701,
"end": 715,
"label": [
"1976471"
]
},
{
"start": 764,
"end": 770,
"label": [
"5985739"
]
},
{
"start": 772,
"end": 778,
"label": [
"6535"
]
},
{
"start": 780,
"end": 786,
"label": [
"173548"
]
},
{
"start": 788,
"end": 795,
"label": [
"23206"
]
},
{
"start": 800,
"end": 807,
"label": [
"335507"
]
},
{
"start": 817,
"end": 824,
"label": [
"2784496"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
974_In popular culture
|
Lovelace has been portrayed in Romulus Linney's 1977 play Childe Byron, the 1990 steampunk novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, the 1997 film Conceiving Ada, and in John Crowley's 2005 novel Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land, where she is featured as an unseen character whose personality is forcefully depicted in her annotations and anti-heroic efforts to archive her father's lost novel. In Tom Stoppard's 1993 play Arcadia, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina Coverly (a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace—the play also involves Lord Byron) comes to understand chaos theory, and theorises the second law of thermodynamics, before either is officially recognised. The 2015 play Ada and the Memory Engine by Lauren Gunderson portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting between Lovelace and her father. Lovelace and Babbage are the main characters in Sydney Padua's webcomic and graphic novel The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada Lovelace, and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence. Lovelace and Mary Shelley as teenagers are the central characters in Jordan Stratford's steampunk series, The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency. Lovelace, identified as Ada Augusta Byron, is portrayed by Lily Lesser in the second season of The Frankenstein Chronicles. She is employed as an "analyst" to provide the workings of a life-sized humanoid automaton. The brass workings of the machine are reminiscent of Babbage's analytical engine. Her employment is described as keeping her occupied until she returns to her studies in advanced mathematics. As of November 2015, all new British passports have included an illustration of Lovelace and Babbage on pages 46 and 47. In 2017, a Google Doodle honoured her on International Women's Day. Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the second season of the ITV series Victoria (2017). Emerald Fennell portrays Lovelace in the episode, "The Green-Eyed Monster". The Cardano platform uses ADA as the name for their cryptocurrency and Lovelace as the smallest sub-unit of an ADA. On 2 February 2018, Satellogic, a high-resolution Earth observation imaging and analytics company, launched a ÑuSat type micro-satellite named in honour of Ada Lovelace.
|
[
{
"start": 31,
"end": 45,
"label": [
"1443396"
]
},
{
"start": 58,
"end": 70,
"label": [
"38745827"
]
},
{
"start": 81,
"end": 90,
"label": [
"27684"
]
},
{
"start": 97,
"end": 118,
"label": [
"245885"
]
},
{
"start": 122,
"end": 136,
"label": [
"33119"
]
},
{
"start": 141,
"end": 155,
"label": [
"3838"
]
},
{
"start": 171,
"end": 185,
"label": [
"5176136"
]
},
{
"start": 194,
"end": 206,
"label": [
"292058"
]
},
{
"start": 426,
"end": 438,
"label": [
"30387"
]
},
{
"start": 451,
"end": 458,
"label": [
"58379"
]
},
{
"start": 579,
"end": 589,
"label": [
"17566665"
]
},
{
"start": 611,
"end": 623,
"label": [
"6295"
]
},
{
"start": 643,
"end": 671,
"label": [
"133017"
]
},
{
"start": 756,
"end": 772,
"label": [
"27071084"
]
},
{
"start": 949,
"end": 961,
"label": [
"27783948"
]
},
{
"start": 991,
"end": 1039,
"label": [
"45704099"
]
},
{
"start": 1190,
"end": 1202,
"label": [
"27885687"
]
},
{
"start": 1246,
"end": 1262,
"label": [
"22215038"
]
},
{
"start": 1415,
"end": 1442,
"label": [
"47145719"
]
},
{
"start": 1860,
"end": 1873,
"label": [
"1464549"
]
},
{
"start": 1890,
"end": 1915,
"label": [
"280746"
]
},
{
"start": 1998,
"end": 2006,
"label": [
"48470912"
]
},
{
"start": 2015,
"end": 2030,
"label": [
"42095271"
]
},
{
"start": 2227,
"end": 2237,
"label": [
"49321089"
]
},
{
"start": 2257,
"end": 2274,
"label": [
"4650693"
]
},
{
"start": 2317,
"end": 2322,
"label": [
"53188117"
]
},
{
"start": 2328,
"end": 2343,
"label": [
"1313703"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
981_Passes
|
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Col Agnel, the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, the Simplon Pass, and the Stelvio Pass. Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at , the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there, it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of , the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial and military road between Western Europe and Italy. The pass was crossed by many troops on their way to the Italian peninsula. From Constantine I, Pepin the Short and Charlemagne to Henry IV, Napoléon and more recently the German Gebirgsjägers during World War II. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Highway Tunnel (opened 1980) and Rail Tunnel (opened 1871). The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in 1882 the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. 98 years later followed Gotthard Road Tunnel ( long) connecting the A2 motorway in Göschenen on the German-Swiss side with Airolo on the Italian-Swiss side, exactly like the railway tunnel. On June 1, 2016 the world's longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel was opened, which connects Erstfeld in canton of Uri with Bodio in canton of Ticino by two single tubes of . It is the first tunnel that traverses the Alps on a flat route. From December 11, 2016 it is part of the regular railway timetable and be used hourly as standard way to ride between Basel/Lucerne/Zurich and Bellinzona/Lugano/Milano. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at , followed by the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy at ; the road was built in the 1820s.
|
[
{
"start": 297,
"end": 305,
"label": [
"21464996"
]
},
{
"start": 420,
"end": 435,
"label": [
"5772048"
]
},
{
"start": 455,
"end": 464,
"label": [
"1704967"
]
},
{
"start": 470,
"end": 482,
"label": [
"51534"
]
},
{
"start": 488,
"end": 498,
"label": [
"2372749"
]
},
{
"start": 504,
"end": 526,
"label": [
"293719"
]
},
{
"start": 532,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"1915894"
]
},
{
"start": 550,
"end": 563,
"label": [
"1674806"
]
},
{
"start": 569,
"end": 583,
"label": [
"1350703"
]
},
{
"start": 589,
"end": 601,
"label": [
"796351"
]
},
{
"start": 611,
"end": 623,
"label": [
"30864526"
]
},
{
"start": 694,
"end": 705,
"label": [
"884688"
]
},
{
"start": 710,
"end": 724,
"label": [
"2095377"
]
},
{
"start": 852,
"end": 865,
"label": [
"148988"
]
},
{
"start": 869,
"end": 875,
"label": [
"224474"
]
},
{
"start": 1246,
"end": 1264,
"label": [
"69880"
]
},
{
"start": 1301,
"end": 1311,
"label": [
"2372749"
]
},
{
"start": 1477,
"end": 1490,
"label": [
"7236"
]
},
{
"start": 1492,
"end": 1507,
"label": [
"2192581"
]
},
{
"start": 1512,
"end": 1523,
"label": [
"5314"
]
},
{
"start": 1527,
"end": 1535,
"label": [
"27485413"
]
},
{
"start": 1575,
"end": 1587,
"label": [
"2012512"
]
},
{
"start": 1596,
"end": 1608,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 1650,
"end": 1671,
"label": [
"1996860"
]
},
{
"start": 1690,
"end": 1701,
"label": [
"2305678"
]
},
{
"start": 1754,
"end": 1773,
"label": [
"1090352"
]
},
{
"start": 1777,
"end": 1783,
"label": [
"84147"
]
},
{
"start": 1797,
"end": 1826,
"label": [
"2361070"
]
},
{
"start": 1849,
"end": 1856,
"label": [
"184017"
]
},
{
"start": 1878,
"end": 1883,
"label": [
"36511"
]
},
{
"start": 1918,
"end": 1938,
"label": [
"740253"
]
},
{
"start": 1962,
"end": 1973,
"label": [
"928750"
]
},
{
"start": 1977,
"end": 1986,
"label": [
"740239"
]
},
{
"start": 2017,
"end": 2023,
"label": [
"840547"
]
},
{
"start": 2140,
"end": 2160,
"label": [
"692624"
]
},
{
"start": 2188,
"end": 2196,
"label": [
"6205181"
]
},
{
"start": 2200,
"end": 2213,
"label": [
"230971"
]
},
{
"start": 2219,
"end": 2224,
"label": [
"6930420"
]
},
{
"start": 2228,
"end": 2244,
"label": [
"84147"
]
},
{
"start": 2452,
"end": 2457,
"label": [
"4911"
]
},
{
"start": 2458,
"end": 2465,
"label": [
"184017"
]
},
{
"start": 2466,
"end": 2472,
"label": [
"40334603"
]
},
{
"start": 2477,
"end": 2487,
"label": [
"699601"
]
},
{
"start": 2488,
"end": 2494,
"label": [
"295861"
]
},
{
"start": 2495,
"end": 2501,
"label": [
"36511"
]
},
{
"start": 2539,
"end": 2554,
"label": [
"5772048"
]
},
{
"start": 2558,
"end": 2563,
"label": [
"27885"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1002_Television
|
American TV was the setting for the first screen portrayal of Miss Marple with Gracie Fields, the British actress and singer, playing her in a 1956 episode of Goodyear TV Playhouse based on A Murder Is Announced, the 1950 Christie novel. In 1970, the character of Miss Marple was portrayed by Inge Langen in a West German television adaptation of The Murder at the Vicarage (Mord im Pfarrhaus). In 2015, CBS planned a "much younger" version of the character, a granddaughter who takes over a California bookstore. In 2018, Miss Marple was portrayed by Yunjin Kim in the South Korean television series Ms. Ma, Nemesis. American stage and screen actress Helen Hayes portrayed Miss Marple in two American made-for-TV movies near the end of her decades long acting career, both for CBS: A Caribbean Mystery (1983) and Murder with Mirrors (1985). Sue Grafton contributed to the screenplay of the former. Hayes's Marple was benign and chirpy. She had earlier appeared in a TV movie adaptation of the non-Marple Christie story Murder Is Easy, playing an elderly lady somewhat similar to Miss Marple. From 1984 to 1992, the BBC adapted all of the original Miss Marple novels as a series titled Miss Marple. Joan Hickson played the lead role. In the 1940s she had appeared on stage in an Agatha Christie play, Appointment with Death, which was seen by Christie who wrote in a note to her, "I hope one day you will play my dear Miss Marple". She portrayed a maid in the 1937 film, Love from a Stranger, which starred Ann Harding and Basil Rathbone, another Agatha Christie play adaptation. As well as portraying Miss Marple on television, Hickson also narrated a number of Miss Marple stories on audio books. In the "Binge!" article of Entertainment Weekly Issue #1343–1344 (26 December 2014 – 3 January 2015), the writers picked Hickson as "Best Marple" in the "Hercule Poirot & Miss Marple" timeline. Listing of the TV series featuring Joan Hickson: * The Body in the Library (1984) * A Murder Is Announced (1985) * A Pocket Full of Rye (1985) * The Moving Finger (1985) * The Murder at the Vicarage (1986) – BAFTA nomination * Sleeping Murder (1987) * At Bertram's Hotel (1987) * Nemesis (1987) – BAFTA nomination * 4.50 from Paddington (1987) * A Caribbean Mystery (1989) * They Do It With Mirrors (1991) * The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (1992) Beginning in 2004, ITV broadcast a series of adaptations of Agatha Christie's books under the title Agatha Christie's Marple, usually referred to as Marple. Geraldine McEwan starred in the first three series. Julia McKenzie took over the role in the fourth season. The adaptations change the plots and characters of the original books (e.g. incorporating lesbian affairs, changing the identities of some killers, renaming or removing significant characters, and even using stories from other books in which Miss Marple did not originally feature). In the Geraldine McEwan series it is revealed that when she was young (portrayed by Julie Cox in a flashback), Miss Marple had an affair with a married soldier, Captain Ainsworth, who was killed in action in World War I, in December 1915. It is also said (in A Murder Is Announced) that she served as an ambulance driver during World War I. Listing of the TV series featuring Geraldine McEwan and Julia McKenzie: * The Body in the Library (2004) * The Murder at the Vicarage (2004) * 4.50 from Paddington (2004) * A Murder Is Announced (2005) * Sleeping Murder (2005) * The Moving Finger (2006) * By the Pricking of My Thumbs (2006) * The Sittaford Mystery (2006) * At Bertram's Hotel (2007) * Ordeal by Innocence (2007) * Towards Zero (2008) * Nemesis (2008) * A Pocket Full of Rye (2009) * Murder Is Easy (2009) * They Do It with Mirrors (2010) * Why Didn't They Ask Evans? (2011) * The Pale Horse (2010) * The Secret of Chimneys (2010) * (2010) * The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (2011) * A Caribbean Mystery (2013) * (2013) * Endless Night (2013) From 2004 to 2005, Japanese TV network NHK produced a 39 episode anime series titled Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple, which features both Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple's voice is provided by Kaoru Yachigusa. Episodes adapted both short stories and novels. The anime series dramatised the following Miss Marple stories: * (EP 3) * (EP 4) * (EP 13) * (EP 14) * (EP 15) * 4.50 from Paddington (EP 21–24) * (EP 27) * Sleeping Murder (EP 30–33)
|
[
{
"start": 79,
"end": 92,
"label": [
"398338"
]
},
{
"start": 552,
"end": 562,
"label": [
"1084663"
]
},
{
"start": 601,
"end": 616,
"label": [
"58507228"
]
},
{
"start": 778,
"end": 781,
"label": [
"37653"
]
},
{
"start": 783,
"end": 802,
"label": [
"57985180"
]
},
{
"start": 814,
"end": 833,
"label": [
"596141"
]
},
{
"start": 842,
"end": 853,
"label": [
"470006"
]
},
{
"start": 1116,
"end": 1119,
"label": [
"19344654"
]
},
{
"start": 1199,
"end": 1211,
"label": [
"596204"
]
},
{
"start": 1301,
"end": 1323,
"label": [
"2201832"
]
},
{
"start": 1471,
"end": 1491,
"label": [
"12852656"
]
},
{
"start": 1726,
"end": 1746,
"label": [
"541239"
]
},
{
"start": 1944,
"end": 1967,
"label": [
"2255162"
]
},
{
"start": 1977,
"end": 1998,
"label": [
"2292690"
]
},
{
"start": 2008,
"end": 2028,
"label": [
"2292761"
]
},
{
"start": 2038,
"end": 2055,
"label": [
"1702335"
]
},
{
"start": 2065,
"end": 2091,
"label": [
"2057934"
]
},
{
"start": 2120,
"end": 2135,
"label": [
"221479"
]
},
{
"start": 2145,
"end": 2163,
"label": [
"1633294"
]
},
{
"start": 2209,
"end": 2229,
"label": [
"2292805"
]
},
{
"start": 2239,
"end": 2258,
"label": [
"2300000"
]
},
{
"start": 2268,
"end": 2291,
"label": [
"2292748"
]
},
{
"start": 2301,
"end": 2337,
"label": [
"250486"
]
},
{
"start": 2364,
"end": 2367,
"label": [
"58089"
]
},
{
"start": 2502,
"end": 2518,
"label": [
"1244979"
]
},
{
"start": 2554,
"end": 2568,
"label": [
"4344196"
]
},
{
"start": 2977,
"end": 2986,
"label": [
"1875896"
]
},
{
"start": 3152,
"end": 3173,
"label": [
"2292690"
]
},
{
"start": 3308,
"end": 3331,
"label": [
"2255162"
]
},
{
"start": 3341,
"end": 3367,
"label": [
"2057934"
]
},
{
"start": 3377,
"end": 3397,
"label": [
"2292805"
]
},
{
"start": 3407,
"end": 3428,
"label": [
"2292690"
]
},
{
"start": 3438,
"end": 3453,
"label": [
"221479"
]
},
{
"start": 3463,
"end": 3480,
"label": [
"1702335"
]
},
{
"start": 3490,
"end": 3518,
"label": [
"2305280"
]
},
{
"start": 3528,
"end": 3549,
"label": [
"2179536"
]
},
{
"start": 3559,
"end": 3577,
"label": [
"1633294"
]
},
{
"start": 3587,
"end": 3606,
"label": [
"2299915"
]
},
{
"start": 3616,
"end": 3628,
"label": [
"2257192"
]
},
{
"start": 3638,
"end": 3645,
"label": [
"2300302"
]
},
{
"start": 3655,
"end": 3675,
"label": [
"2292761"
]
},
{
"start": 3685,
"end": 3699,
"label": [
"2255151"
]
},
{
"start": 3709,
"end": 3732,
"label": [
"2292748"
]
},
{
"start": 3742,
"end": 3768,
"label": [
"2241111"
]
},
{
"start": 3778,
"end": 3792,
"label": [
"2299941"
]
},
{
"start": 3802,
"end": 3824,
"label": [
"542507"
]
},
{
"start": 3843,
"end": 3879,
"label": [
"250486"
]
},
{
"start": 3889,
"end": 3908,
"label": [
"2300000"
]
},
{
"start": 3927,
"end": 3940,
"label": [
"2300163"
]
},
{
"start": 3987,
"end": 3990,
"label": [
"147782"
]
},
{
"start": 4013,
"end": 4018,
"label": [
"800"
]
},
{
"start": 4123,
"end": 4137,
"label": [
"1000"
]
},
{
"start": 4174,
"end": 4189,
"label": [
"5040707"
]
},
{
"start": 4352,
"end": 4372,
"label": [
"2292805"
]
},
{
"start": 4396,
"end": 4411,
"label": [
"221479"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1005_Observances
|
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. (All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.) *List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar *List of observances set by the Chinese calendar *List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar *List of observances set by the Islamic calendar *List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar * American Adventures Month (celebrating vacationing in the Americas) * Children's Eye Health and Safety Month * Digestive Tract Paralysis (DTP) Month * Get Ready for Kindergarten Month * Happiness Happens Month * Month of Philippine Languages (Philippines) * Neurosurgery Outreach Month * Psoriasis Awareness Month * Spinal Muscular Atrophy Awareness Month * What Will Be Your Legacy Month * National Black Business Month * National Children's Vision and Learning Month * National Immunization Awareness Month * National Water Quality Month * National Win with Civility Month * National Catfish Month * National Dippin' Dots Month * Family Meals Month * National Goat Cheese Month. * National Panini Month * Peach Month * Sandwich Month *Construction Holiday (Quebec): July 22 to August 4 *Earth Overshoot Day: August 1 *: August 5 -11 *National Science Week: August 11–19 (Australia) *Engineering Day (Egypt): August 31 – September 1 *See also Movable Western Christian observances *See also Movable Eastern Christian observances * (Bermuda) *Somer's Day (Bermuda) *International Beer Day *Food Day (Canada) *Mead Day (United States) * (United States) * (Ukraine) *American Family Day (Arizona, United States) *Children's Day (Uruguay) *Friendship Day (United States) *International Forgiveness Day * (Russia) *August Public Holiday (Ireland) *Children's Day (Tuvalu) *Civic Holiday (Canada) **British Columbia Day (British Columbia, Canada) **Natal Day (Nova Scotia, Canada) **New Brunswick Day Day (New Brunswick, Canada) **Saskatchewan Day (Saskatchewan, Canada ** (Manitoba, Canada) *Commerce Day (Iceland) *Emancipation Day (Anguilla, Antigua, The Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis) *Farmer's Day (Zambia) *Kadooment Day (Barbados) *Labor Day (Samoa) *National Day (Jamaica) *Picnic Day (Northern Territory, Australia) *Somers' Day (Bermuda) *Youth Day (Kiribati) *National Night Out (United States) * (Russia) *National Peacekeepers' Day (Canada) *Children's Day (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay) *Father's Day (Brazil, Samoa) *Melon Day (Turkmenistan) * (Bulgaria) *International Lefthanders Day *Dormition of the Mother of God (Armenian Apostolic Church) *Heroes' Day (Zimbabwe) *Victory Day (Hawaii and Rhode Island, United States) *Independence Day (Pakistan) *Defence Forces Day (Zimbabwe) *Hawaii Admission Day (Hawaii, United States) *National Honey Bee Day (United States) *Festa do Rosário (Córrego Danta, Brazil) *Children's Day (Argentina, Peru) *Grandparents Day (Hong Kong) *Discovery Day (Yukon, Canada) *Day of Hearts (Haarlem and Amsterdam, Netherlands) *National Mourning Day (Bangladesh) * (some former Soviet Union countries) *National Grandparents Day (Taiwan) *Father's Day (South Sudan) * (Philippines) *Liberation Day (Hong Kong) *Late Summer Bank Holiday (England, Northern Ireland and Wales) * (United Kingdom) *Season of Emancipation (Barbados) (April 14 to August 23) *International Clown Week (August 1–7) *World Breastfeeding Week (August 1–7) *August 1 **Armed Forces Day (China) **Armed Forces Day (Lebanon) **Azerbaijani Language and Alphabet Day (Azerbaijan) **Emancipation Day (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands) **Imbolc (Neopaganism, Southern Hemisphere only) **Lammas (England, Scotland, Neopaganism, Northern Hemisphere only) **Lughnasadh (Gaels, Ireland, Scotland, Neopaganism, Northern Hemisphere only) **Minden Day (United Kingdom) **National Day (Benin) ** (United States) ** (Tonga) **Pachamama Raymi (Quechua people in Ecuador and Peru) **Parents' Day (Democratic Republic of the Congo) ** and the beginning of (Eastern Orthodoxy) **Statehood Day (Colorado) **Swiss National Day (Switzerland) **Victory Day (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) ** **Yorkshire Day (Yorkshire, England) *August 2 ** (Ukraine) **Day of Azerbaijani cinema (Azerbaijan) **Our Lady of the Angels Day (Costa Rica) ** (Russia) **Republic Day (North Macedonia) *August 3 **Anniversary of the Killing of Pidjiguiti (Guinea-Bissau) **Armed Forces Day (Equatorial Guinea) ** (United States) **Flag Day (Venezuela) **Independence Day (Niger) ***Arbor Day (Niger) ** (Venezuela) ** (United States) ** (United States) *August 4 **Coast Guard Day (United States) **Constitution Day (Cook Islands) **Matica slovenská Day (Slovakia) **Revolution Day (Burkina Faso) *August 5 **Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary Major (Catholic Church) **Independence Day (Burkina Faso) ** (United States) **Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian defenders (Croatia) *August 6 **Feast of the Transfiguration **H.H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Accession Day. (United Arab Emirates) **Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony (Hiroshima, Japan) **Independence Day (Bolivia) **Independence Day (Jamaica) ** (Russia) *August 7 ** (Assyrian community) **Battle of Boyacá Day (Colombia) **Emancipation Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis) **Independence Day (Ivory Coast) **Republic Day (Ivory Coast) **Youth Day (Kiribati) *August 8 **Ceasefire Day (Iraqi Kurdistan) **Father's Day (Taiwan) **Happiness Happens Day (International observance) **International Cat Day **Namesday of Queen Silvia of Sweden, (Sweden) **Nane Nane Day (Tanzania) ** (Ukraine) *August 9 **Battle of Gangut Day (Russia) **International Day of the World's Indigenous People (United Nations) **National Day (Singapore) **National Women's Day (South Africa) ** (The Troth) *August 10 ** (Argentina) **Constitution Day (Anguilla) **Declaration of Independence of Quito (Ecuador) ** ** (United States) *August 11 **Flag Day (Pakistan) **Independence Day (Chad) **Mountain Day (Japan) *August 12 **Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom) **HM the Queen's Birthday and National Mother's Day (Thailand) **International Youth Day (United Nations) ** (Russia) **Sea Org Day (Scientology) **World Elephant Day *August 13 **Independence Day (Central African Republic) **International Lefthanders Day ** (United States) **Women's Day (Tunisia) *August 14 **Anniversary Day (Tristan da Cunha) **Commemoration of Wadi al-Dahab (Morocco) **Day of the Defenders of the Fatherland (Abkhazia) **Engineer's Day (Dominican Republic) **Falklands Day (Falkland Islands) **Independence Day (Pakistan) ** (United States) **Pramuka Day (Indonesia) *August 15 **Feast Day of the Assumption of Mary (Catholic holy days of obligation, a public holiday in many countries. ***Ferragosto (Italy) ***Māras (Latvia) ***Mother's Day (Antwerp and Costa Rica) ***National Acadian Day (Acadians) ***Virgin of Candelaria, patron of the Canary Islands. (Tenerife, Spain) **Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches) *** (Romania) **Armed Forces Day (Poland)**The first day of Flooding of the Nile, or Wafaa El-Nil (Egypt and Coptic Church) **The main day of Bon Festival (Japan), and its related observances: ***Awa Dance Festival (Tokushima Prefecture) **Constitution Day (Equatorial Guinea) **End-of-war Memorial Day, when the National Memorial Service for War Dead is held. (Japan) **Founding of Asunción (Paraguay) **Independence Day (Korea) ***Gwangbokjeol (South Korea) ***Jogukhaebangui nal, "Fatherland Liberation Day" (North Korea) **Independence Day (India) **Independence Day (Republic of the Congo) **National Day (Liechtenstein) **National Mourning Day (Bangladesh) **Victory over Japan Day (United Kingdom) ** (United States) *August 16 **Bennington Battle Day (Vermont, United States) ** (Paraguay) **Gozan no Okuribi (Kyoto, Japan) **The first day of the Independence Days (Gabon) **National Airborne Day (United States) ** (United States) ** (Dominican Republic) *August 17 ** (Rastafari) **Engineer's Day (Colombia) **Flag Day (Bolivia) **Independence Day (Indonesia) **Independence Days (Gabon) ** (United States) **Prekmurje Union Day (Slovenia) **San Martin Day (Argentina) *August 18 ** (Pakistan) ** (North Macedonia) ** ** (Roanoke Island) **Constitution Day (Indonesia) **Long Tan Day (Australia) ** (Thailand) *August 19 **Feast of the Transfiguration (Julian calendar), and its related observances: ***Buhe (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) ***Saviour's Transfiguration, popularly known as the "Apples Feast" (Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church) **Afghan Independence Day (Afghanistan) **August Revolution Commemoration Day (Vietnam) **Birthday of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (Norway) **Manuel Luis Quezón Day (Quezon City and other places in The Philippines named after Manuel L. Quezon) **National Aviation Day (United States) ** (United States) **World Humanitarian Day *August 20 **Indian Akshay Urja Day (India) **Restoration of Independence Day (Estonia) **Revolution of the King and People (Morocco) **Saint Stephen's Day (Hungary) **World Mosquito Day *August 21 **Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines) **Youth Day/King Mohammed VI's Birthday (Morocco) *August 22 **Feast of the Coronation of Mary **Flag Day (Russia) **Madras Day (Chennai and Tamil Nadu, India) **National Eat a Peach Day (United States) **National Pecan Torte Day (United States) ** (Chase's Calendar of Events, Southern Hemisphere) *August 23 **Battle of Kursk Day (Russia) **Day of the National Flag (Ukraine) **European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism or Black Ribbon Day (European Union and other countries), and related observances: ***Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day (Romania) **International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition **Umhlanga Day (Swaziland) *August 24 **Flag Day (Liberia) **Independence Day of Ukraine **International Strange Music Day **National Waffle Day (United States) **Nostalgia Night (Uruguay) **Willka Raymi (Cusco, Peru) *August 25 **Day of Songun (North Korea) **Independence Day (Uruguay) **Liberation Day (France) ** (United States) ** (United States) ** (Brazil) *August 26 **Herero Day (Namibia) **Heroes' Day (Namibia) **Repentance Day (Papua New Guinea) **Women's Equality Day (United States) *August 27 **Film and Movies Day (Russia) **Independence Day (Republic of Moldova) **Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (Texas, United States) ** (United States) ** (United States) *August 28 **Assumption of Mary (Eastern Orthodox Church (Public holiday in North Macedonia, Serbia, and Georgia (country)) ** ** ** (United States) *August 29 **International Day against Nuclear Tests **Miners' Day (Ukraine) ** ** (United States) ** (United States) **National Sports Day (India) **Slovak National Uprising Anniversary (Slovakia) **Telugu Language Day (India) *August 30 ** (Kazakhstan) **Constitution Day (Turks and Caicos Islands) **Independence Day (Tatarstan, Russia, unrecognized) **International Day of the Disappeared (International) ** (East Timor) **Saint Rose of Lima's Day (Peru) **Victory Day (Turkey) *August 31 **Baloch-Pakhtun Unity Day (Balochs and Pashtuns, International observance) **Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland) **Independence Day (Federation of Malaya, Malaysia) **Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan) **Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago) ** **National Language Day (Moldova) ** (United States) **North Borneo Self-government Day (Sabah, Borneo)
|
[
{
"start": 678,
"end": 701,
"label": [
"39847989"
]
},
{
"start": 750,
"end": 762,
"label": [
"21848"
]
},
{
"start": 780,
"end": 789,
"label": [
"101965"
]
},
{
"start": 808,
"end": 831,
"label": [
"5695295"
]
},
{
"start": 972,
"end": 984,
"label": [
"284029"
]
},
{
"start": 1078,
"end": 1085,
"label": [
"47335"
]
},
{
"start": 1103,
"end": 1115,
"label": [
"1460045"
]
},
{
"start": 1124,
"end": 1136,
"label": [
"35835568"
]
},
{
"start": 1154,
"end": 1165,
"label": [
"444368"
]
},
{
"start": 1184,
"end": 1190,
"label": [
"800169"
]
},
{
"start": 1199,
"end": 1204,
"label": [
"51257"
]
},
{
"start": 1213,
"end": 1221,
"label": [
"82425"
]
},
{
"start": 1229,
"end": 1258,
"label": [
"6310822"
]
},
{
"start": 1281,
"end": 1300,
"label": [
"22682173"
]
},
{
"start": 1328,
"end": 1349,
"label": [
"4703342"
]
},
{
"start": 1365,
"end": 1374,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 1377,
"end": 1400,
"label": [
"7132178"
]
},
{
"start": 1525,
"end": 1532,
"label": [
"3460"
]
},
{
"start": 1548,
"end": 1555,
"label": [
"3460"
]
},
{
"start": 1558,
"end": 1580,
"label": [
"23820600"
]
},
{
"start": 1582,
"end": 1590,
"label": [
"31243149"
]
},
{
"start": 1592,
"end": 1598,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 1601,
"end": 1609,
"label": [
"12425709"
]
},
{
"start": 1611,
"end": 1624,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 1647,
"end": 1654,
"label": [
"31750"
]
},
{
"start": 1657,
"end": 1676,
"label": [
"33431583"
]
},
{
"start": 1678,
"end": 1685,
"label": [
"21883824"
]
},
{
"start": 1687,
"end": 1700,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 1703,
"end": 1717,
"label": [
"494299"
]
},
{
"start": 1719,
"end": 1726,
"label": [
"31843"
]
},
{
"start": 1729,
"end": 1743,
"label": [
"2394215"
]
},
{
"start": 1761,
"end": 1790,
"label": [
"246042"
]
},
{
"start": 1794,
"end": 1800,
"label": [
"25391"
]
},
{
"start": 1826,
"end": 1833,
"label": [
"14560"
]
},
{
"start": 1836,
"end": 1850,
"label": [
"494299"
]
},
{
"start": 1852,
"end": 1858,
"label": [
"30227"
]
},
{
"start": 1861,
"end": 1874,
"label": [
"947024"
]
},
{
"start": 1876,
"end": 1882,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 1886,
"end": 1906,
"label": [
"947024"
]
},
{
"start": 1908,
"end": 1924,
"label": [
"3392"
]
},
{
"start": 1936,
"end": 1945,
"label": [
"947024"
]
},
{
"start": 1947,
"end": 1958,
"label": [
"21184"
]
},
{
"start": 1970,
"end": 1991,
"label": [
"947024"
]
},
{
"start": 1993,
"end": 2006,
"label": [
"21182"
]
},
{
"start": 2018,
"end": 2034,
"label": [
"947024"
]
},
{
"start": 2036,
"end": 2048,
"label": [
"26840"
]
},
{
"start": 2061,
"end": 2069,
"label": [
"18926"
]
},
{
"start": 2094,
"end": 2101,
"label": [
"14531"
]
},
{
"start": 2104,
"end": 2120,
"label": [
"1100593"
]
},
{
"start": 2122,
"end": 2130,
"label": [
"1217"
]
},
{
"start": 2132,
"end": 2139,
"label": [
"1967554"
]
},
{
"start": 2141,
"end": 2152,
"label": [
"3451"
]
},
{
"start": 2154,
"end": 2176,
"label": [
"3469"
]
},
{
"start": 2178,
"end": 2186,
"label": [
"11898195"
]
},
{
"start": 2188,
"end": 2195,
"label": [
"17238662"
]
},
{
"start": 2197,
"end": 2218,
"label": [
"27198"
]
},
{
"start": 2235,
"end": 2241,
"label": [
"34415"
]
},
{
"start": 2259,
"end": 2267,
"label": [
"3455"
]
},
{
"start": 2281,
"end": 2286,
"label": [
"27238"
]
},
{
"start": 2289,
"end": 2301,
"label": [
"381050"
]
},
{
"start": 2303,
"end": 2310,
"label": [
"15660"
]
},
{
"start": 2313,
"end": 2323,
"label": [
"10846114"
]
},
{
"start": 2325,
"end": 2343,
"label": [
"21638"
]
},
{
"start": 2345,
"end": 2354,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 2370,
"end": 2377,
"label": [
"3460"
]
},
{
"start": 2380,
"end": 2389,
"label": [
"358719"
]
},
{
"start": 2391,
"end": 2399,
"label": [
"16674"
]
},
{
"start": 2402,
"end": 2420,
"label": [
"2370564"
]
},
{
"start": 2422,
"end": 2435,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 2440,
"end": 2446,
"label": [
"25391"
]
},
{
"start": 2449,
"end": 2475,
"label": [
"19286134"
]
},
{
"start": 2477,
"end": 2483,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 2486,
"end": 2500,
"label": [
"494299"
]
},
{
"start": 2502,
"end": 2511,
"label": [
"18951905"
]
},
{
"start": 2513,
"end": 2518,
"label": [
"5489"
]
},
{
"start": 2520,
"end": 2527,
"label": [
"31843"
]
},
{
"start": 2530,
"end": 2542,
"label": [
"46280"
]
},
{
"start": 2544,
"end": 2550,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 2552,
"end": 2557,
"label": [
"27238"
]
},
{
"start": 2560,
"end": 2569,
"label": [
"8561733"
]
},
{
"start": 2571,
"end": 2583,
"label": [
"198149"
]
},
{
"start": 2588,
"end": 2596,
"label": [
"3415"
]
},
{
"start": 2599,
"end": 2628,
"label": [
"2970178"
]
},
{
"start": 2630,
"end": 2660,
"label": [
"343383"
]
},
{
"start": 2662,
"end": 2687,
"label": [
"229447"
]
},
{
"start": 2703,
"end": 2711,
"label": [
"34399"
]
},
{
"start": 2727,
"end": 2733,
"label": [
"13270"
]
},
{
"start": 2738,
"end": 2750,
"label": [
"25410"
]
},
{
"start": 2752,
"end": 2765,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 2768,
"end": 2795,
"label": [
"12860845"
]
},
{
"start": 2817,
"end": 2825,
"label": [
"34399"
]
},
{
"start": 2828,
"end": 2848,
"label": [
"11262598"
]
},
{
"start": 2850,
"end": 2856,
"label": [
"13270"
]
},
{
"start": 2858,
"end": 2871,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 2874,
"end": 2896,
"label": [
"36755797"
]
},
{
"start": 2898,
"end": 2911,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 2914,
"end": 2930,
"label": [
"4684485"
]
},
{
"start": 2932,
"end": 2945,
"label": [
"4664324"
]
},
{
"start": 2947,
"end": 2953,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 2956,
"end": 2970,
"label": [
"494299"
]
},
{
"start": 2972,
"end": 2981,
"label": [
"18951905"
]
},
{
"start": 2983,
"end": 2987,
"label": [
"170691"
]
},
{
"start": 2990,
"end": 3006,
"label": [
"6586413"
]
},
{
"start": 3008,
"end": 3017,
"label": [
"13404"
]
},
{
"start": 3020,
"end": 3033,
"label": [
"3895098"
]
},
{
"start": 3035,
"end": 3040,
"label": [
"34230"
]
},
{
"start": 3051,
"end": 3064,
"label": [
"5999878"
]
},
{
"start": 3066,
"end": 3073,
"label": [
"63278"
]
},
{
"start": 3078,
"end": 3087,
"label": [
"844"
]
},
{
"start": 3089,
"end": 3100,
"label": [
"21148"
]
},
{
"start": 3126,
"end": 3136,
"label": [
"3454"
]
},
{
"start": 3153,
"end": 3165,
"label": [
"26779"
]
},
{
"start": 3178,
"end": 3203,
"label": [
"6586413"
]
},
{
"start": 3205,
"end": 3211,
"label": [
"25734"
]
},
{
"start": 3214,
"end": 3226,
"label": [
"46280"
]
},
{
"start": 3228,
"end": 3239,
"label": [
"32350676"
]
},
{
"start": 3244,
"end": 3255,
"label": [
"23440"
]
},
{
"start": 3258,
"end": 3284,
"label": [
"46693823"
]
},
{
"start": 3286,
"end": 3310,
"label": [
"158268"
]
},
{
"start": 3312,
"end": 3319,
"label": [
"9316"
]
},
{
"start": 3321,
"end": 3337,
"label": [
"21265"
]
},
{
"start": 3342,
"end": 3347,
"label": [
"69894"
]
},
{
"start": 3352,
"end": 3366,
"label": [
"31717"
]
},
{
"start": 3369,
"end": 3391,
"label": [
"1100593"
]
},
{
"start": 3393,
"end": 3401,
"label": [
"3455"
]
},
{
"start": 3428,
"end": 3452,
"label": [
"28278295"
]
},
{
"start": 3467,
"end": 3491,
"label": [
"29559391"
]
},
{
"start": 3506,
"end": 3514,
"label": [
"1254"
]
},
{
"start": 3544,
"end": 3570,
"label": [
"729807"
]
},
{
"start": 3612,
"end": 3622,
"label": [
"746"
]
},
{
"start": 3626,
"end": 3642,
"label": [
"1100593"
]
},
{
"start": 3644,
"end": 3652,
"label": [
"3455"
]
},
{
"start": 3654,
"end": 3660,
"label": [
"17238691"
]
},
{
"start": 3662,
"end": 3669,
"label": [
"15660"
]
},
{
"start": 3671,
"end": 3703,
"label": [
"27228"
]
},
{
"start": 3705,
"end": 3714,
"label": [
"27208"
]
},
{
"start": 3716,
"end": 3735,
"label": [
"3565457"
]
},
{
"start": 3737,
"end": 3761,
"label": [
"30217"
]
},
{
"start": 3765,
"end": 3771,
"label": [
"15087"
]
},
{
"start": 3773,
"end": 3784,
"label": [
"21686"
]
},
{
"start": 3786,
"end": 3805,
"label": [
"261273"
]
},
{
"start": 3814,
"end": 3820,
"label": [
"18179"
]
},
{
"start": 3822,
"end": 3829,
"label": [
"9316"
]
},
{
"start": 3831,
"end": 3839,
"label": [
"26994"
]
},
{
"start": 3841,
"end": 3852,
"label": [
"21686"
]
},
{
"start": 3854,
"end": 3873,
"label": [
"22126"
]
},
{
"start": 3882,
"end": 3892,
"label": [
"77936"
]
},
{
"start": 3894,
"end": 3899,
"label": [
"22216220"
]
},
{
"start": 3901,
"end": 3908,
"label": [
"147575"
]
},
{
"start": 3910,
"end": 3918,
"label": [
"26994"
]
},
{
"start": 3920,
"end": 3931,
"label": [
"21686"
]
},
{
"start": 3933,
"end": 3952,
"label": [
"22126"
]
},
{
"start": 3961,
"end": 3971,
"label": [
"7193873"
]
},
{
"start": 3973,
"end": 3987,
"label": [
"31717"
]
},
{
"start": 4016,
"end": 4029,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 4035,
"end": 4040,
"label": [
"30158"
]
},
{
"start": 4044,
"end": 4059,
"label": [
"41950134"
]
},
{
"start": 4061,
"end": 4075,
"label": [
"1891445"
]
},
{
"start": 4079,
"end": 4086,
"label": [
"9334"
]
},
{
"start": 4091,
"end": 4095,
"label": [
"170691"
]
},
{
"start": 4113,
"end": 4145,
"label": [
"76762"
]
},
{
"start": 4172,
"end": 4189,
"label": [
"10186"
]
},
{
"start": 4220,
"end": 4238,
"label": [
"6215445"
]
},
{
"start": 4240,
"end": 4251,
"label": [
"26748"
]
},
{
"start": 4268,
"end": 4276,
"label": [
"334751"
]
},
{
"start": 4278,
"end": 4282,
"label": [
"17752"
]
},
{
"start": 4284,
"end": 4291,
"label": [
"202354"
]
},
{
"start": 4298,
"end": 4311,
"label": [
"1972678"
]
},
{
"start": 4313,
"end": 4322,
"label": [
"36637"
]
},
{
"start": 4324,
"end": 4331,
"label": [
"9316"
]
},
{
"start": 4334,
"end": 4342,
"label": [
"1154"
]
},
{
"start": 4347,
"end": 4354,
"label": [
"31750"
]
},
{
"start": 4358,
"end": 4383,
"label": [
"10254803"
]
},
{
"start": 4385,
"end": 4395,
"label": [
"746"
]
},
{
"start": 4399,
"end": 4425,
"label": [
"17679950"
]
},
{
"start": 4427,
"end": 4437,
"label": [
"5551"
]
},
{
"start": 4443,
"end": 4449,
"label": [
"25391"
]
},
{
"start": 4453,
"end": 4483,
"label": [
"23543874"
]
},
{
"start": 4485,
"end": 4493,
"label": [
"1259"
]
},
{
"start": 4538,
"end": 4551,
"label": [
"12186"
]
},
{
"start": 4573,
"end": 4590,
"label": [
"9366"
]
},
{
"start": 4596,
"end": 4609,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 4636,
"end": 4660,
"label": [
"20761584"
]
},
{
"start": 4664,
"end": 4673,
"label": [
"2017"
]
},
{
"start": 4686,
"end": 4695,
"label": [
"32374"
]
},
{
"start": 4701,
"end": 4714,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 4720,
"end": 4733,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 4736,
"end": 4744,
"label": [
"2418"
]
},
{
"start": 4747,
"end": 4762,
"label": [
"18259578"
]
},
{
"start": 4764,
"end": 4777,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 4781,
"end": 4812,
"label": [
"7067"
]
},
{
"start": 4815,
"end": 4835,
"label": [
"375715"
]
},
{
"start": 4837,
"end": 4845,
"label": [
"26830"
]
},
{
"start": 4880,
"end": 4888,
"label": [
"1990"
]
},
{
"start": 4891,
"end": 4934,
"label": [
"5560053"
]
},
{
"start": 4936,
"end": 4951,
"label": [
"606848"
]
},
{
"start": 5008,
"end": 5079,
"label": [
"5105842"
]
},
{
"start": 5091,
"end": 5099,
"label": [
"1019"
]
},
{
"start": 5102,
"end": 5130,
"label": [
"1837213"
]
},
{
"start": 5133,
"end": 5171,
"label": [
"393639"
]
},
{
"start": 5174,
"end": 5187,
"label": [
"7105709"
]
},
{
"start": 5214,
"end": 5247,
"label": [
"7868343"
]
},
{
"start": 5249,
"end": 5258,
"label": [
"59062"
]
},
{
"start": 5338,
"end": 5346,
"label": [
"1332"
]
},
{
"start": 5351,
"end": 5369,
"label": [
"266350"
]
},
{
"start": 5483,
"end": 5495,
"label": [
"634021"
]
},
{
"start": 5512,
"end": 5521,
"label": [
"358719"
]
},
{
"start": 5534,
"end": 5542,
"label": [
"1333"
]
},
{
"start": 5560,
"end": 5575,
"label": [
"679693"
]
},
{
"start": 5579,
"end": 5591,
"label": [
"46280"
]
},
{
"start": 5603,
"end": 5624,
"label": [
"39847989"
]
},
{
"start": 5654,
"end": 5675,
"label": [
"40926398"
]
},
{
"start": 5725,
"end": 5738,
"label": [
"45454943"
]
},
{
"start": 5764,
"end": 5772,
"label": [
"1027"
]
},
{
"start": 5775,
"end": 5795,
"label": [
"27865138"
]
},
{
"start": 5807,
"end": 5857,
"label": [
"28311789"
]
},
{
"start": 5859,
"end": 5873,
"label": [
"31769"
]
},
{
"start": 5877,
"end": 5901,
"label": [
"19381587"
]
},
{
"start": 5904,
"end": 5924,
"label": [
"6308029"
]
},
{
"start": 5944,
"end": 5953,
"label": [
"2559796"
]
},
{
"start": 5956,
"end": 5965,
"label": [
"2315"
]
},
{
"start": 5970,
"end": 5979,
"label": [
"18951905"
]
},
{
"start": 6001,
"end": 6009,
"label": [
"1217"
]
},
{
"start": 6051,
"end": 6058,
"label": [
"9334"
]
},
{
"start": 6067,
"end": 6080,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 6083,
"end": 6092,
"label": [
"2192"
]
},
{
"start": 6095,
"end": 6103,
"label": [
"1458391"
]
},
{
"start": 6143,
"end": 6155,
"label": [
"28526183"
]
},
{
"start": 6165,
"end": 6174,
"label": [
"1491"
]
},
{
"start": 6177,
"end": 6193,
"label": [
"3581572"
]
},
{
"start": 6213,
"end": 6236,
"label": [
"846986"
]
},
{
"start": 6241,
"end": 6262,
"label": [
"46276"
]
},
{
"start": 6276,
"end": 6299,
"label": [
"5792458"
]
},
{
"start": 6301,
"end": 6315,
"label": [
"31769"
]
},
{
"start": 6344,
"end": 6355,
"label": [
"13118744"
]
},
{
"start": 6359,
"end": 6377,
"label": [
"43185049"
]
},
{
"start": 6379,
"end": 6388,
"label": [
"1129"
]
},
{
"start": 6437,
"end": 6466,
"label": [
"2970178"
]
},
{
"start": 6471,
"end": 6484,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 6488,
"end": 6499,
"label": [
"31497530"
]
},
{
"start": 6511,
"end": 6520,
"label": [
"1417"
]
},
{
"start": 6540,
"end": 6556,
"label": [
"31361"
]
},
{
"start": 6655,
"end": 6669,
"label": [
"7132178"
]
},
{
"start": 6693,
"end": 6706,
"label": [
"54193347"
]
},
{
"start": 6728,
"end": 6755,
"label": [
"12860845"
]
},
{
"start": 6760,
"end": 6773,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 6777,
"end": 6788,
"label": [
"3253305"
]
},
{
"start": 6802,
"end": 6811,
"label": [
"1442"
]
},
{
"start": 6814,
"end": 6849,
"label": [
"259335"
]
},
{
"start": 6851,
"end": 6859,
"label": [
"606848"
]
},
{
"start": 6924,
"end": 6934,
"label": [
"8414750"
]
},
{
"start": 6946,
"end": 6951,
"label": [
"89601"
]
},
{
"start": 6964,
"end": 6976,
"label": [
"46276"
]
},
{
"start": 6978,
"end": 6985,
"label": [
"32149462"
]
},
{
"start": 7005,
"end": 7025,
"label": [
"15691152"
]
},
{
"start": 7027,
"end": 7035,
"label": [
"44515"
]
},
{
"start": 7040,
"end": 7060,
"label": [
"18009446"
]
},
{
"start": 7076,
"end": 7090,
"label": [
"5717"
]
},
{
"start": 7093,
"end": 7101,
"label": [
"269223"
]
},
{
"start": 7125,
"end": 7151,
"label": [
"343383"
]
},
{
"start": 7153,
"end": 7169,
"label": [
"10186"
]
},
{
"start": 7171,
"end": 7188,
"label": [
"21468377"
]
},
{
"start": 7193,
"end": 7218,
"label": [
"214903"
]
},
{
"start": 7236,
"end": 7261,
"label": [
"41216599"
]
},
{
"start": 7280,
"end": 7300,
"label": [
"5839243"
]
},
{
"start": 7329,
"end": 7342,
"label": [
"7601"
]
},
{
"start": 7362,
"end": 7374,
"label": [
"490608"
]
},
{
"start": 7416,
"end": 7434,
"label": [
"891095"
]
},
{
"start": 7436,
"end": 7456,
"label": [
"183459"
]
},
{
"start": 7499,
"end": 7522,
"label": [
"41475908"
]
},
{
"start": 7533,
"end": 7571,
"label": [
"41475908"
]
},
{
"start": 7625,
"end": 7649,
"label": [
"2466018"
]
},
{
"start": 7653,
"end": 7665,
"label": [
"2466018"
]
},
{
"start": 7683,
"end": 7701,
"label": [
"2466018"
]
},
{
"start": 7747,
"end": 7771,
"label": [
"2499568"
]
},
{
"start": 7885,
"end": 7907,
"label": [
"365519"
]
},
{
"start": 7929,
"end": 7942,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 7945,
"end": 7954,
"label": [
"1448"
]
},
{
"start": 7957,
"end": 7978,
"label": [
"11868051"
]
},
{
"start": 7980,
"end": 7987,
"label": [
"32578"
]
},
{
"start": 8020,
"end": 8036,
"label": [
"3225440"
]
},
{
"start": 8038,
"end": 8043,
"label": [
"37652"
]
},
{
"start": 8103,
"end": 8124,
"label": [
"24056698"
]
},
{
"start": 8145,
"end": 8158,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 8185,
"end": 8194,
"label": [
"1490"
]
},
{
"start": 8199,
"end": 8208,
"label": [
"42132"
]
},
{
"start": 8212,
"end": 8226,
"label": [
"7132178"
]
},
{
"start": 8240,
"end": 8248,
"label": [
"1458391"
]
},
{
"start": 8400,
"end": 8409,
"label": [
"1496"
]
},
{
"start": 8414,
"end": 8422,
"label": [
"23235"
]
},
{
"start": 8428,
"end": 8443,
"label": [
"23564616"
]
},
{
"start": 8452,
"end": 8466,
"label": [
"74546"
]
},
{
"start": 8488,
"end": 8497,
"label": [
"14579"
]
},
{
"start": 8501,
"end": 8513,
"label": [
"984310"
]
},
{
"start": 8515,
"end": 8524,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 8530,
"end": 8538,
"label": [
"30128"
]
},
{
"start": 8541,
"end": 8550,
"label": [
"1497"
]
},
{
"start": 8553,
"end": 8581,
"label": [
"1837213"
]
},
{
"start": 8583,
"end": 8598,
"label": [
"15651"
]
},
{
"start": 8633,
"end": 8637,
"label": [
"2591557"
]
},
{
"start": 8639,
"end": 8673,
"label": [
"229435"
]
},
{
"start": 8678,
"end": 8703,
"label": [
"303916"
]
},
{
"start": 8729,
"end": 8741,
"label": [
"35101687"
]
},
{
"start": 8744,
"end": 8767,
"label": [
"40157"
]
},
{
"start": 8772,
"end": 8796,
"label": [
"433340"
]
},
{
"start": 8800,
"end": 8823,
"label": [
"1530679"
]
},
{
"start": 8938,
"end": 8960,
"label": [
"495001"
]
},
{
"start": 8962,
"end": 8973,
"label": [
"284223"
]
},
{
"start": 9022,
"end": 9038,
"label": [
"160753"
]
},
{
"start": 9042,
"end": 9063,
"label": [
"3136870"
]
},
{
"start": 9101,
"end": 9123,
"label": [
"22444430"
]
},
{
"start": 9125,
"end": 9134,
"label": [
"18933271"
]
},
{
"start": 9137,
"end": 9159,
"label": [
"36790350"
]
},
{
"start": 9292,
"end": 9310,
"label": [
"36790066"
]
},
{
"start": 9312,
"end": 9321,
"label": [
"1499"
]
},
{
"start": 9324,
"end": 9340,
"label": [
"6595461"
]
},
{
"start": 9357,
"end": 9366,
"label": [
"358719"
]
},
{
"start": 9367,
"end": 9383,
"label": [
"226113"
]
},
{
"start": 9406,
"end": 9415,
"label": [
"1012"
]
},
{
"start": 9431,
"end": 9449,
"label": [
"13945161"
]
},
{
"start": 9452,
"end": 9460,
"label": [
"1458391"
]
},
{
"start": 9472,
"end": 9482,
"label": [
"6568919"
]
},
{
"start": 9484,
"end": 9491,
"label": [
"45139"
]
},
{
"start": 9496,
"end": 9506,
"label": [
"29918"
]
},
{
"start": 9605,
"end": 9631,
"label": [
"26241411"
]
},
{
"start": 9633,
"end": 9652,
"label": [
"261273"
]
},
{
"start": 9655,
"end": 9664,
"label": [
"1628"
]
},
{
"start": 9667,
"end": 9686,
"label": [
"27865138"
]
},
{
"start": 9698,
"end": 9732,
"label": [
"38537018"
]
},
{
"start": 9735,
"end": 9798,
"label": [
"25966474"
]
},
{
"start": 9820,
"end": 9834,
"label": [
"9317"
]
},
{
"start": 9885,
"end": 9923,
"label": [
"10635094"
]
},
{
"start": 9936,
"end": 10010,
"label": [
"18475648"
]
},
{
"start": 10013,
"end": 10025,
"label": [
"24233921"
]
},
{
"start": 10039,
"end": 10048,
"label": [
"1629"
]
},
{
"start": 10072,
"end": 10099,
"label": [
"28557579"
]
},
{
"start": 10102,
"end": 10133,
"label": [
"40114296"
]
},
{
"start": 10136,
"end": 10155,
"label": [
"26226234"
]
},
{
"start": 10174,
"end": 10189,
"label": [
"16509633"
]
},
{
"start": 10202,
"end": 10214,
"label": [
"42292596"
]
},
{
"start": 10216,
"end": 10221,
"label": [
"72735"
]
},
{
"start": 10230,
"end": 10239,
"label": [
"1519"
]
},
{
"start": 10301,
"end": 10315,
"label": [
"1106409"
]
},
{
"start": 10376,
"end": 10385,
"label": [
"6048708"
]
},
{
"start": 10388,
"end": 10398,
"label": [
"18240140"
]
},
{
"start": 10411,
"end": 10432,
"label": [
"18240143"
]
},
{
"start": 10435,
"end": 10449,
"label": [
"32877953"
]
},
{
"start": 10471,
"end": 10491,
"label": [
"19045307"
]
},
{
"start": 10509,
"end": 10518,
"label": [
"1013"
]
},
{
"start": 10552,
"end": 10590,
"label": [
"27995148"
]
},
{
"start": 10593,
"end": 10618,
"label": [
"2153592"
]
},
{
"start": 10620,
"end": 10625,
"label": [
"29810"
]
},
{
"start": 10681,
"end": 10690,
"label": [
"1781"
]
},
{
"start": 10693,
"end": 10711,
"label": [
"259335"
]
},
{
"start": 10713,
"end": 10736,
"label": [
"10186"
]
},
{
"start": 10785,
"end": 10802,
"label": [
"48768"
]
},
{
"start": 10814,
"end": 10827,
"label": [
"3434750"
]
},
{
"start": 10830,
"end": 10839,
"label": [
"1793"
]
},
{
"start": 10842,
"end": 10881,
"label": [
"37945845"
]
},
{
"start": 10949,
"end": 10968,
"label": [
"34472713"
]
},
{
"start": 11029,
"end": 11048,
"label": [
"8936300"
]
},
{
"start": 11058,
"end": 11067,
"label": [
"1794"
]
},
{
"start": 11086,
"end": 11102,
"label": [
"381050"
]
},
{
"start": 11150,
"end": 11159,
"label": [
"67135"
]
},
{
"start": 11185,
"end": 11221,
"label": [
"2585344"
]
},
{
"start": 11290,
"end": 11310,
"label": [
"2533692"
]
},
{
"start": 11312,
"end": 11321,
"label": [
"1711"
]
},
{
"start": 11324,
"end": 11348,
"label": [
"48532081"
]
},
{
"start": 11350,
"end": 11356,
"label": [
"64985"
]
},
{
"start": 11362,
"end": 11370,
"label": [
"36973"
]
},
{
"start": 11441,
"end": 11457,
"label": [
"1539323"
]
},
{
"start": 11459,
"end": 11479,
"label": [
"304150"
]
},
{
"start": 11493,
"end": 11522,
"label": [
"47680563"
]
},
{
"start": 11569,
"end": 11590,
"label": [
"28292659"
]
},
{
"start": 11622,
"end": 11654,
"label": [
"42910363"
]
},
{
"start": 11656,
"end": 11661,
"label": [
"28678"
]
},
{
"start": 11663,
"end": 11669,
"label": [
"4518"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1009_Births
|
*811 – Muhammad al-Jawad, the ninth Imam of Shia Islam(d. 835 ) *959 – En'yū, emperor of Japan (d. 991) *1116 – Richeza of Poland, queen of Sweden and Grand Princess of Minsk (d. 1156) *1432 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia (d. 1462) *1484 – Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect, designed the Apostolic Palace and St. Peter's Basilica (d. 1546) * 1484 – Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (d. 1527) *1500 – Joachim Camerarius, German scholar and translator (d. 1574) *1526 – Muretus, French philosopher and author (d. 1585) *1550 – Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, English courtier and politician, Lord Great Chamberlain (d. 1604) *1577 – Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1648) *1612 – Simone Cantarini, Italian painter and engraver (d. 1648) *1639 – Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician (d. 1712) *1656 – Benoît de Maillet, French diplomat and natural historian (d. 1738) *1705 – William Cookworthy, English minister and pharmacist (d. 1780) *1710 – Caffarelli, Italian actor and singer (d. 1783) *1713 – Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French historian and author (d. 1796) *1716 – Felice Giardini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1796) *1722 – Pietro Nardini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1793) *1724 – Lyman Hall, American physician, clergyman, and politician, 16th Governor of Georgia (d. 1790) *1748 – Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist and author (d. 1836) *1777 – Henry Clay, American lawyer and politician, 9th United States Secretary of State (d. 1852) *1792 – John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, English soldier and politician, Lord Privy Seal (d. 1840) *1794 – Germinal Pierre Dandelin, Belgian mathematician and engineer (d. 1847) *1796 – George N. Briggs, American lawyer and politician, 19th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1861) *1799 – Henri Druey, Swiss lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1855) *1801 – Joseph Lanner, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1843) *1816 – Charles Gavan Duffy, Irish-Australian politician, 8th Premier of Victoria (d. 1903) *1823 – Alexander Ostrovsky, Russian playwright and translator (d. 1886) *1839 – Nikolay Przhevalsky, Russian geographer and explorer (d. 1888) *1845 – Gustaf Cederström, Swedish painter (d. 1933) *1851 – José Gautier Benítez, Puerto Rican soldier and poet (d. 1880) * 1851 – Edward Walter Maunder, English astronomer and author (d. 1928) *1852 – Ferdinand von Lindemann, German mathematician and academic (d. 1939) *1856 – Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, English mountaineer, cartographer, and politician (d. 1937) *1863 – Raul Pompeia, Brazilian writer (d. 1895) *1868 – Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1918) *1869 – Henri Désiré Landru, French serial killer (d. 1922) *1871 – Ioannis Metaxas, Greek general and politician, 130th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1941) *1874 – William B. Bankhead, American lawyer and politician, 47th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1940) *1880 – Addie Joss, American baseball player and journalist (d. 1911) *1883 – Imogen Cunningham, American photographer and educator (d. 1976) *1883 – Dally Messenger, Australian rugby player, cricketer, and sailor (d. 1959) *1884 – Tenby Davies, Welsh runner (d. 1932) * 1884 – Otto Meyerhof, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951) *1885 – Robert Delaunay, French painter (d. 1941) *1887 – Harold Lockwood, American actor and director (d. 1918) *1888 – Dan Ahearn, Irish-American long jumper and police officer (d. 1942) * 1888 – Cecil Kimber, English automobile engineer (d. 1945) *1892 – Henry Darger, American writer and artist (d. 1973) *1894 – Dorothy Cumming, Australian-American actress (d. 1983) * 1894 – Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Portuguese field marshal and politician, 13th President of Portugal (d. 1964) *1898 – Lily Pons, French-American soprano and actress (d. 1976) *1901 – Lowell Stockman, American farmer and politician (d. 1962) *1902 – Louis Beel, Dutch academic and politician, 36th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977) *1903 – Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) *1907 – Zawgyi, Burmese poet, author, literary historian, critic, scholar and academic (d. 1990) * 1907 – Felix de Weldon, Austrian-American sculptor, designed the Marine Corps War Memorial (d. 2003) *1908 – Ida Pollock, English author and painter (d. 2013) * 1908 – Robert Lee Scott, Jr., American pilot and general (d. 2006) *1910 – Gillo Dorfles, Italian art critic, painter and philosopher (d. 2018) * 1910 – Irma Rapuzzi, French politician (d. 2018) *1911 – Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian engineer (d. 1976) *1912 – Frank Dilio, Canadian businessman (d. 1997) * 1912 – Hamengkubuwono IX, Indonesian politician, 2nd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1988) * 1912 – Hound Dog Taylor, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975) *1913 – Keiko Fukuda, Japanese-American martial artist (d. 2013) *1914 – Armen Alchian, American economist and academic (d. 2013) *1916 – Beverly Cleary, American author * 1916 – Russell Garcia, American-New Zealander composer and conductor (d. 2011) * 1916 – Benjamin Libet, American neuropsychologist and academic (d. 2007) *1917 – Helen Forrest, American singer and actress (d. 1999) * 1917 – Vinoo Mankad, Indian cricketer (d. 1978) * 1917 – Robert Manzon, French racing driver (d. 2015) *1919 – István Anhalt, Hungarian-Canadian composer and educator (d. 2012) * 1919 – Billy Vaughn, American musician and bandleader (d. 1991) *1921 – Robert Cliche, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1978) *1922 – Simon Kapwepwe, Zambian politician, 2nd Vice President of Zambia (d. 1980) *1923 – Ann Miller, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2004) *1924 – Raymond Barre, French economist and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2007) * 1924 – Peter Safar, Austrian physician and academic (d. 2003) * 1924 – Curtis Turner, American race car driver (d. 1970) *1925 – Evelyn Berezin, American computer scientist and engineer * 1925 – Ned Miller, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2016) * 1925 – Oliver Postgate, English animator, puppeteer, and screenwriter (d. 2008) *1926 – Jane Withers, American actress *1927 – Thomas Hemsley, English baritone (d. 2013) * 1927 – Alvin Sargent, two-time Academy-Award-winning American screenwriter (d. 2019) *1928 – Hardy Krüger, German actor * 1928 – Jean-François Paillard, French conductor (d. 2013) *1929 – Elspet Gray, Scottish actress (d. 2013) * 1929 – Mukhran Machavariani, Georgian poet and educator (d. 2010) *1930 – John Landy, Australian runner and politician, 26th Governor of Victoria * 1930 – Bryan Magee, English philosopher and politician * 1930 – Manuel Neri, American sculptor and painter * 1930 – Michał Życzkowski, Polish technician and educator (d. 2006) *1931 – Leonid Derbenyov, Russian poet and songwriter (d. 1995) *1932 – Lakshman Kadirgamar, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, 5th Sri Lankan Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2005) * 1932 – Jean-Pierre Marielle, French actor (d. 2019) * 1932 – Tiny Tim, American singer and ukulele player (d. 1996) *1933 – Montserrat Caballé, Spanish soprano and actress (d. 2018) *1934 – Heinz Schneiter, Swiss footballer and manager *1936 – Charles Napier, American actor (d. 2011) * 1936 – Kennedy Simmonds, Kittitian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis *1937 – Dennis Banks, American author and activist (d.2017) * 1937 – Igor Volk, Ukrainian-Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut *1939 – Alan Ayckbourn, English director and playwright * 1939 – Johnny Raper, Australian rugby league player and coach *1940 – Woodie Fryman, American baseball player (d. 2011) * 1940 – Herbie Hancock, American pianist, composer, and bandleader *1941 – Bobby Moore, English footballer and manager (d. 1993) *1942 – Bill Bryden, Scottish actor, director, and screenwriter * 1942 – Carlos Reutemann, Argentinian race car driver and politician, Governor of Santa Fe * 1942 – Jacob Zuma, South African politician, 4th President of South Africa *1943 – Sumitra Mahajan, Indian politician, 16th Speaker of the Lok Sabha *1944 – Lisa Jardine, English historian, author, and academic (d. 2015) * 1944 – John Kay, German-Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1945 – Lee Jong-wook, South Korean physician and diplomat (d. 2006) *1946 – Ed O'Neill, American actor and comedian * 1946 – George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, Scottish politician and diplomat, 10th Secretary General of NATO *1947 – Roy M. Anderson, English epidemiologist, zoologist, and academic * 1947 – Martin Brasier, English palaeontologist, biologist, and academic (d. 2014) * 1947 – Alex Briley, American disco singer (Village People) * 1947 – Tom Clancy, American historian and author (d. 2013) * 1947 – Woody Johnson, American businessman and philanthropist * 1947 – Dan Lauria, American actor * 1947 – David Letterman, American comedian and talk show host *1948 – Jeremy Beadle, English television host and producer (d. 2008) * 1948 – Joschka Fischer, German academic and politician, Vice Chancellor of Germany * 1948 – Marcello Lippi, Italian footballer, manager, and coach *1949 – Scott Turow, American lawyer and author *1950 – Flavio Briatore, Italian businessman * 1950 – David Cassidy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) * 1950 – Joyce Banda, 4th president of Malawi * 1950 – Nick Sackman, English composer and educator *1951 – Tom Noonan, American actor *1952 – Reuben Gant, American football player * 1952 – Leicester Rutledge, New Zealand rugby player * 1952 – Gary Soto, American poet, novelist, and memoirist * 1952 – Ralph Wiley, American journalist (d. 2004) *1953 – Tanino Liberatore, Italian author and illustrator *1954 – John Faulkner, Australian educator and politician, 52nd Australian Minister for Defence * 1954 – Steve Stevaert, Belgian businessman and politician, Governor of Limburg (d. 2015) * 1954 – Pat Travers, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1955 – Fabian Hamilton, English graphic designer, engineer, and politician *1956 – Andy Garcia, Cuban-American actor, director, and producer * 1956 – Herbert Grönemeyer, German singer-songwriter and actor *1957 – Greg Child, Australian mountaineer and author * 1957 – Vince Gill, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1957 – Tama Janowitz, American novelist and short story writer *1958 – Will Sergeant, English guitarist * 1958 – Klaus Tafelmeier, German javelin thrower * 1958 – Ginka Zagorcheva, Bulgarian hurdler *1959 – Howard Stableford, English radio and television host *1961 – Corrado Fabi, Italian racing driver * 1961 – Charles Mann, American football player and sportscaster * 1961 – Magda Szubanski, English-Australian actress, comedian and writer *1962 – Art Alexakis, American singer-songwriter and musician (Everclear) * 1962 – Carlos Sainz, Spanish racing driver * 1962 – Nobuhiko Takada, Japanese mixed martial artist and wrestler, founded Hustle *1963 – Lydia Cacho, Mexican journalist and author *1964 – Amy Ray, American folk-rock singer-songwriter, musician, and music producer *1965 – Kim Bodnia, Danish actor and director * 1965 – Chi Onwurah, English politician * 1965 – Gervais Rufyikiri, Burundian politician * 1965 – Mihai Stoica, Romanian footballer and manager *1966 – Nils-Olav Johansen, Norwegian guitarist and singer * 1966 – Lorenzo White, American football player *1967 – Sarah Cracknell, English singer-songwriter *1968 – Alicia Coppola, American actress * 1968 – Toby Gad, German songwriter and producer * 1968 – Adam Graves, Canadian ice hockey player *1969 – Jörn Lenz, German footballer and manager * 1969 – Lucas Radebe, South African footballer and sportscaster * 1969 – Michael Jackson, American football player and politician (d. 2017) *1970 – Sylvain Bouchard, Canadian speed skater *1971 – Nicholas Brendon, American actor * 1971 – Shannen Doherty, American actress, director, and producer *1972 – Paul Lo Duca, American baseball player and sportscaster *1973 – J. Scott Campbell, American author and illustrator * 1973 – Ryan Kisor, American trumpet player and composer * 1973 – Antonio Osuna, Mexican-American baseball player * 1973 – Christian Panucci, Italian footballer and manager *1974 – Belinda Emmett, Australian actress (d. 2006) * 1974 – Bryan Fletcher, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster * 1974 – Roman Hamrlík, Czech ice hockey player * 1974 – Marley Shelton, American actress *1974 – Sylvinho, Brazilian footballer and manager *1976 – Olga Kotlyarova, Russian runner * 1976 – Brad Miller, American basketball player *1977 – Giovanny Espinoza, Ecuadorian footballer * 1977 – Sarah Monahan, Australian actress * 1977 – Jason Price, Welsh footballer * 1977 – Glenn Rogers, Australian-Scottish cricketer *1978 – Guy Berryman, Scottish bass player and producer * 1978 – Scott Crary, American director, producer, and screenwriter * 1978 – Svetlana Lapina, Russian high jumper * 1978 – Robin Walker, English businessman and politician *1979 – Claire Danes, American actress * 1979 – Elena Grosheva, Russian gymnast * 1979 – Mateja Kežman, Serbian footballer * 1979 – Jennifer Morrison, American actress * 1979 – Cristian Ranalli, Italian footballer * 1979 – Lee Soo-young, South Korean singer *1980 – Sara Head, Welsh Paralympic table tennis champion * 1980 – Brian McFadden, Irish singer-songwriter *1981 – Yuriy Borzakovskiy, Russian runner * 1981 – Nicolás Burdisso, Argentinian footballer * 1981 – Tulsi Gabbard, American politician * 1981 – Grant Holt, English footballer and professional wrestler * 1981 – Hisashi Iwakuma, Japanese baseball pitcher *1983 – Jelena Dokic, Serbian-Australian tennis player * 1983 – Luke Kibet, Kenyan runner *1984 – Aleksey Dmitrik, Russian high jumper *1985 – Brennan Boesch, American baseball player * 1985 – Hitomi Yoshizawa, Japanese singer *1986 – Brad Brach, American baseball pitcher * 1986 – Blerim Džemaili, Swiss footballer * 1986 – Marcel Granollers, Spanish tennis player * 1986 – Jonathan Pitroipa, Burkinabé footballer *1987 – Brooklyn Decker, American model and actress * 1987 – Shawn Gore, Canadian football player * 1987 – Josh McCrone, Australian rugby league player * 1987 – Luiz Adriano, Brazilian professional footballer * 1987 – Brendon Urie, American singer, songwriter, musician and multi-instrumentalist *1988 – Ricardo Gabriel Álvarez, Argentinian footballer * 1988 – Stephen Brogan, English footballer * 1988 – Amedeo Calliari, Italian footballer * 1988 – Jessie James Decker, American singer-songwriter *1989 – Bethan Dainton, Welsh rugby union player * 1989 – Miguel Ángel Ponce, American-Mexican footballer * 1989 – Ádám Hanga, Hungarian basketball player * 1989 – Kaitlyn Weaver, Canadian-American ice dancer * 1989 – Valentin Stocker, Swiss footballer *1990 – Francesca Halsall, English swimmer *1990 – Hiroki Sakai, Japanese footballer *1991 – Torey Krug, American ice hockey player * 1991 – Oliver Norwood, English footballer * 1991 – Magnus Pääjärvi, Swedish ice hockey player * 1991 – Lionel Carole, French professional footballer *1992 – Chad le Clos, South African swimmer *1993 – Jordan Archer, English-Scottish footballer * 1993 – Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, Canadian ice hockey player *1994 – Isabelle Drummond, Brazilian actress and singer * 1994 – Saoirse Ronan, American-born Irish actress * 1994 – Oh Sehun, South Korean musician * 1994 – Eric Bailly, Ivorian professional footballer * 1994 – Guido Rodríguez, Argentine footballer * 1995 – Pedro Cachín, Argentine tennis player *1996 – Elizaveta Kulichkova, Russian tennis player
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 4,
"label": [
"35326"
]
},
{
"start": 13,
"end": 30,
"label": [
"430186"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end": 74,
"label": [
"36434"
]
},
{
"start": 83,
"end": 88,
"label": [
"202224"
]
},
{
"start": 117,
"end": 121,
"label": [
"36268"
]
},
{
"start": 130,
"end": 147,
"label": [
"264967"
]
},
{
"start": 204,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"39916"
]
},
{
"start": 217,
"end": 258,
"label": [
"4158841"
]
},
{
"start": 270,
"end": 274,
"label": [
"39494"
]
},
{
"start": 283,
"end": 314,
"label": [
"991667"
]
},
{
"start": 348,
"end": 364,
"label": [
"313895"
]
},
{
"start": 369,
"end": 389,
"label": [
"73188"
]
},
{
"start": 415,
"end": 437,
"label": [
"675662"
]
},
{
"start": 464,
"end": 468,
"label": [
"35019"
]
},
{
"start": 477,
"end": 495,
"label": [
"190920"
]
},
{
"start": 538,
"end": 542,
"label": [
"38686"
]
},
{
"start": 551,
"end": 558,
"label": [
"165533"
]
},
{
"start": 601,
"end": 605,
"label": [
"35099"
]
},
{
"start": 614,
"end": 649,
"label": [
"10139"
]
},
{
"start": 684,
"end": 706,
"label": [
"317878"
]
},
{
"start": 718,
"end": 722,
"label": [
"38600"
]
},
{
"start": 731,
"end": 754,
"label": [
"150876"
]
},
{
"start": 766,
"end": 770,
"label": [
"35098"
]
},
{
"start": 779,
"end": 795,
"label": [
"2314842"
]
},
{
"start": 837,
"end": 841,
"label": [
"35195"
]
},
{
"start": 850,
"end": 863,
"label": [
"564721"
]
},
{
"start": 909,
"end": 913,
"label": [
"38613"
]
},
{
"start": 922,
"end": 939,
"label": [
"12618659"
]
},
{
"start": 990,
"end": 994,
"label": [
"38638"
]
},
{
"start": 1003,
"end": 1021,
"label": [
"1566502"
]
},
{
"start": 1066,
"end": 1070,
"label": [
"35945"
]
},
{
"start": 1079,
"end": 1089,
"label": [
"1384491"
]
},
{
"start": 1127,
"end": 1131,
"label": [
"38632"
]
},
{
"start": 1140,
"end": 1172,
"label": [
"175425"
]
},
{
"start": 1213,
"end": 1217,
"label": [
"35059"
]
},
{
"start": 1226,
"end": 1241,
"label": [
"9456031"
]
},
{
"start": 1285,
"end": 1289,
"label": [
"35858"
]
},
{
"start": 1298,
"end": 1312,
"label": [
"1518688"
]
},
{
"start": 1356,
"end": 1360,
"label": [
"35857"
]
},
{
"start": 1369,
"end": 1379,
"label": [
"261157"
]
},
{
"start": 1464,
"end": 1468,
"label": [
"35839"
]
},
{
"start": 1477,
"end": 1503,
"label": [
"63439"
]
},
{
"start": 1543,
"end": 1547,
"label": [
"35815"
]
},
{
"start": 1556,
"end": 1566,
"label": [
"47620"
]
},
{
"start": 1604,
"end": 1636,
"label": [
"32293"
]
},
{
"start": 1648,
"end": 1652,
"label": [
"34914"
]
},
{
"start": 1661,
"end": 1693,
"label": [
"190412"
]
},
{
"start": 1727,
"end": 1742,
"label": [
"225431"
]
},
{
"start": 1754,
"end": 1758,
"label": [
"34946"
]
},
{
"start": 1767,
"end": 1791,
"label": [
"685727"
]
},
{
"start": 1839,
"end": 1843,
"label": [
"34764"
]
},
{
"start": 1852,
"end": 1868,
"label": [
"3973049"
]
},
{
"start": 1907,
"end": 1932,
"label": [
"252510"
]
},
{
"start": 1944,
"end": 1948,
"label": [
"35496"
]
},
{
"start": 1957,
"end": 1968,
"label": [
"240426"
]
},
{
"start": 2051,
"end": 2055,
"label": [
"34704"
]
},
{
"start": 2064,
"end": 2077,
"label": [
"1173286"
]
},
{
"start": 2122,
"end": 2126,
"label": [
"35531"
]
},
{
"start": 2135,
"end": 2154,
"label": [
"744870"
]
},
{
"start": 2189,
"end": 2208,
"label": [
"24655"
]
},
{
"start": 2220,
"end": 2224,
"label": [
"34905"
]
},
{
"start": 2233,
"end": 2252,
"label": [
"1301136"
]
},
{
"start": 2299,
"end": 2303,
"label": [
"34903"
]
},
{
"start": 2312,
"end": 2331,
"label": [
"529282"
]
},
{
"start": 2376,
"end": 2380,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 2389,
"end": 2406,
"label": [
"2468198"
]
},
{
"start": 2435,
"end": 2439,
"label": [
"35014"
]
},
{
"start": 2448,
"end": 2468,
"label": [
"752184"
]
},
{
"start": 2525,
"end": 2546,
"label": [
"381852"
]
},
{
"start": 2589,
"end": 2593,
"label": [
"34952"
]
},
{
"start": 2602,
"end": 2625,
"label": [
"335736"
]
},
{
"start": 2672,
"end": 2676,
"label": [
"35491"
]
},
{
"start": 2685,
"end": 2729,
"label": [
"431208"
]
},
{
"start": 2792,
"end": 2796,
"label": [
"34641"
]
},
{
"start": 2805,
"end": 2817,
"label": [
"2122644"
]
},
{
"start": 2847,
"end": 2851,
"label": [
"34788"
]
},
{
"start": 2860,
"end": 2876,
"label": [
"532696"
]
},
{
"start": 2906,
"end": 2910,
"label": [
"34789"
]
},
{
"start": 2919,
"end": 2938,
"label": [
"182376"
]
},
{
"start": 2972,
"end": 2976,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 2985,
"end": 3000,
"label": [
"236295"
]
},
{
"start": 3038,
"end": 3062,
"label": [
"273647"
]
},
{
"start": 3074,
"end": 3078,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 3087,
"end": 3106,
"label": [
"265850"
]
},
{
"start": 3145,
"end": 3198,
"label": [
"46023"
]
},
{
"start": 3210,
"end": 3214,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 3223,
"end": 3233,
"label": [
"710288"
]
},
{
"start": 3286,
"end": 3290,
"label": [
"34701"
]
},
{
"start": 3299,
"end": 3316,
"label": [
"232539"
]
},
{
"start": 3364,
"end": 3368,
"label": [
"34701"
]
},
{
"start": 3377,
"end": 3392,
"label": [
"2072796"
]
},
{
"start": 3452,
"end": 3456,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 3465,
"end": 3477,
"label": [
"15981554"
]
},
{
"start": 3517,
"end": 3530,
"label": [
"475093"
]
},
{
"start": 3565,
"end": 3576,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 3597,
"end": 3601,
"label": [
"34715"
]
},
{
"start": 3610,
"end": 3625,
"label": [
"333376"
]
},
{
"start": 3653,
"end": 3657,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 3666,
"end": 3681,
"label": [
"2255575"
]
},
{
"start": 3722,
"end": 3726,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 3735,
"end": 3745,
"label": [
"16088714"
]
},
{
"start": 3818,
"end": 3830,
"label": [
"6431114"
]
},
{
"start": 3871,
"end": 3875,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 3884,
"end": 3896,
"label": [
"466610"
]
},
{
"start": 3936,
"end": 3940,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 3949,
"end": 3964,
"label": [
"14613001"
]
},
{
"start": 4019,
"end": 4043,
"label": [
"755557"
]
},
{
"start": 4091,
"end": 4112,
"label": [
"516093"
]
},
{
"start": 4124,
"end": 4128,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 4137,
"end": 4146,
"label": [
"764849"
]
},
{
"start": 4195,
"end": 4199,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 4208,
"end": 4223,
"label": [
"2417311"
]
},
{
"start": 4267,
"end": 4271,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 4280,
"end": 4290,
"label": [
"1393524"
]
},
{
"start": 4328,
"end": 4361,
"label": [
"273726"
]
},
{
"start": 4373,
"end": 4377,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 4386,
"end": 4399,
"label": [
"188098"
]
},
{
"start": 4431,
"end": 4442,
"label": [
"23535306"
]
},
{
"start": 4463,
"end": 4467,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 4476,
"end": 4482,
"label": [
"2933331"
]
},
{
"start": 4580,
"end": 4595,
"label": [
"299649"
]
},
{
"start": 4638,
"end": 4663,
"label": [
"229142"
]
},
{
"start": 4675,
"end": 4679,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 4688,
"end": 4699,
"label": [
"19721127"
]
},
{
"start": 4753,
"end": 4774,
"label": [
"3756797"
]
},
{
"start": 4814,
"end": 4818,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 4827,
"end": 4840,
"label": [
"39367651"
]
},
{
"start": 4911,
"end": 4923,
"label": [
"54359477"
]
},
{
"start": 4954,
"end": 4958,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 4967,
"end": 4981,
"label": [
"12819945"
]
},
{
"start": 5012,
"end": 5016,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 5025,
"end": 5036,
"label": [
"6171192"
]
},
{
"start": 5084,
"end": 5101,
"label": [
"2108174"
]
},
{
"start": 5183,
"end": 5199,
"label": [
"1315975"
]
},
{
"start": 5253,
"end": 5257,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 5266,
"end": 5278,
"label": [
"742802"
]
},
{
"start": 5324,
"end": 5328,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 5337,
"end": 5350,
"label": [
"1479817"
]
},
{
"start": 5395,
"end": 5399,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 5408,
"end": 5422,
"label": [
"181227"
]
},
{
"start": 5455,
"end": 5469,
"label": [
"6034316"
]
},
{
"start": 5542,
"end": 5556,
"label": [
"2029298"
]
},
{
"start": 5609,
"end": 5613,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 5622,
"end": 5635,
"label": [
"1941141"
]
},
{
"start": 5690,
"end": 5702,
"label": [
"1671054"
]
},
{
"start": 5746,
"end": 5759,
"label": [
"1226547"
]
},
{
"start": 5793,
"end": 5797,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 5806,
"end": 5819,
"label": [
"2167468"
]
},
{
"start": 5887,
"end": 5899,
"label": [
"421470"
]
},
{
"start": 5945,
"end": 5949,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 5958,
"end": 5971,
"label": [
"11578251"
]
},
{
"start": 6023,
"end": 6027,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 6036,
"end": 6050,
"label": [
"5282737"
]
},
{
"start": 6112,
"end": 6116,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 6125,
"end": 6135,
"label": [
"439589"
]
},
{
"start": 6185,
"end": 6189,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 6198,
"end": 6211,
"label": [
"585148"
]
},
{
"start": 6246,
"end": 6270,
"label": [
"218751"
]
},
{
"start": 6296,
"end": 6307,
"label": [
"374300"
]
},
{
"start": 6366,
"end": 6379,
"label": [
"2086950"
]
},
{
"start": 6417,
"end": 6421,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 6430,
"end": 6444,
"label": [
"37344121"
]
},
{
"start": 6502,
"end": 6512,
"label": [
"11874550"
]
},
{
"start": 6584,
"end": 6599,
"label": [
"100967"
]
},
{
"start": 6658,
"end": 6662,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 6671,
"end": 6683,
"label": [
"2533661"
]
},
{
"start": 6703,
"end": 6707,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 6716,
"end": 6730,
"label": [
"6894413"
]
},
{
"start": 6774,
"end": 6787,
"label": [
"2118985"
]
},
{
"start": 6853,
"end": 6857,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 6866,
"end": 6878,
"label": [
"2181937"
]
},
{
"start": 6908,
"end": 6930,
"label": [
"1253855"
]
},
{
"start": 6960,
"end": 6964,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 6973,
"end": 6984,
"label": [
"4365107"
]
},
{
"start": 7028,
"end": 7048,
"label": [
"10468511"
]
},
{
"start": 7088,
"end": 7092,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 7101,
"end": 7111,
"label": [
"887447"
]
},
{
"start": 7152,
"end": 7172,
"label": [
"12851"
]
},
{
"start": 7188,
"end": 7199,
"label": [
"851085"
]
},
{
"start": 7251,
"end": 7262,
"label": [
"8491764"
]
},
{
"start": 7309,
"end": 7326,
"label": [
"10110601"
]
},
{
"start": 7370,
"end": 7374,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 7383,
"end": 7399,
"label": [
"19385876"
]
},
{
"start": 7440,
"end": 7444,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 7453,
"end": 7472,
"label": [
"577400"
]
},
{
"start": 7512,
"end": 7550,
"label": [
"41819512"
]
},
{
"start": 7576,
"end": 7596,
"label": [
"3486187"
]
},
{
"start": 7636,
"end": 7644,
"label": [
"160388"
]
},
{
"start": 7692,
"end": 7696,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 7705,
"end": 7723,
"label": [
"614825"
]
},
{
"start": 7764,
"end": 7768,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 7777,
"end": 7792,
"label": [
"5194261"
]
},
{
"start": 7824,
"end": 7828,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 7837,
"end": 7851,
"label": [
"641742"
]
},
{
"start": 7893,
"end": 7909,
"label": [
"5691012"
]
},
{
"start": 7978,
"end": 7982,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 7991,
"end": 8003,
"label": [
"1527882"
]
},
{
"start": 8058,
"end": 8067,
"label": [
"873888"
]
},
{
"start": 8118,
"end": 8122,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 8131,
"end": 8145,
"label": [
"1975"
]
},
{
"start": 8194,
"end": 8206,
"label": [
"2682954"
]
},
{
"start": 8250,
"end": 8254,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 8263,
"end": 8276,
"label": [
"6189047"
]
},
{
"start": 8328,
"end": 8342,
"label": [
"38123"
]
},
{
"start": 8388,
"end": 8392,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 8401,
"end": 8412,
"label": [
"18826090"
]
},
{
"start": 8456,
"end": 8460,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 8469,
"end": 8480,
"label": [
"5264478"
]
},
{
"start": 8540,
"end": 8556,
"label": [
"7859379"
]
},
{
"start": 8602,
"end": 8622,
"label": [
"11124767"
]
},
{
"start": 8638,
"end": 8648,
"label": [
"1103138"
]
},
{
"start": 8680,
"end": 8705,
"label": [
"321700"
]
},
{
"start": 8707,
"end": 8711,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 8720,
"end": 8735,
"label": [
"6064438"
]
},
{
"start": 8761,
"end": 8785,
"label": [
"1527265"
]
},
{
"start": 8787,
"end": 8791,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 8800,
"end": 8812,
"label": [
"2341342"
]
},
{
"start": 8879,
"end": 8887,
"label": [
"615111"
]
},
{
"start": 8949,
"end": 8953,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8962,
"end": 8975,
"label": [
"274313"
]
},
{
"start": 9024,
"end": 9028,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 9037,
"end": 9047,
"label": [
"763936"
]
},
{
"start": 9092,
"end": 9139,
"label": [
"183376"
]
},
{
"start": 9180,
"end": 9205,
"label": [
"22194433"
]
},
{
"start": 9207,
"end": 9211,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 9220,
"end": 9235,
"label": [
"5608793"
]
},
{
"start": 9300,
"end": 9314,
"label": [
"31060966"
]
},
{
"start": 9390,
"end": 9401,
"label": [
"1137913"
]
},
{
"start": 9426,
"end": 9440,
"label": [
"23416939"
]
},
{
"start": 9457,
"end": 9467,
"label": [
"30265"
]
},
{
"start": 9524,
"end": 9537,
"label": [
"1229489"
]
},
{
"start": 9594,
"end": 9604,
"label": [
"2658289"
]
},
{
"start": 9636,
"end": 9651,
"label": [
"8340"
]
},
{
"start": 9691,
"end": 9695,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 9704,
"end": 9717,
"label": [
"610378"
]
},
{
"start": 9781,
"end": 9796,
"label": [
"101827"
]
},
{
"start": 9830,
"end": 9856,
"label": [
"72677"
]
},
{
"start": 9872,
"end": 9886,
"label": [
"1606746"
]
},
{
"start": 9928,
"end": 9932,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 9941,
"end": 9952,
"label": [
"209396"
]
},
{
"start": 9982,
"end": 9986,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 9995,
"end": 10010,
"label": [
"614426"
]
},
{
"start": 10047,
"end": 10060,
"label": [
"88604"
]
},
{
"start": 10128,
"end": 10139,
"label": [
"5503425"
]
},
{
"start": 10180,
"end": 10192,
"label": [
"21003710"
]
},
{
"start": 10225,
"end": 10229,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 10238,
"end": 10248,
"label": [
"1643378"
]
},
{
"start": 10266,
"end": 10270,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 10279,
"end": 10290,
"label": [
"13698754"
]
},
{
"start": 10332,
"end": 10350,
"label": [
"44072957"
]
},
{
"start": 10392,
"end": 10401,
"label": [
"364783"
]
},
{
"start": 10457,
"end": 10468,
"label": [
"726618"
]
},
{
"start": 10501,
"end": 10505,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 10514,
"end": 10531,
"label": [
"2446640"
]
},
{
"start": 10565,
"end": 10569,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 10578,
"end": 10591,
"label": [
"1258636"
]
},
{
"start": 10634,
"end": 10665,
"label": [
"593152"
]
},
{
"start": 10681,
"end": 10695,
"label": [
"875189"
]
},
{
"start": 10778,
"end": 10789,
"label": [
"1568893"
]
},
{
"start": 10833,
"end": 10837,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 10846,
"end": 10861,
"label": [
"434604"
]
},
{
"start": 10915,
"end": 10919,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 10928,
"end": 10939,
"label": [
"344124"
]
},
{
"start": 11001,
"end": 11019,
"label": [
"465237"
]
},
{
"start": 11057,
"end": 11061,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 11070,
"end": 11080,
"label": [
"9197348"
]
},
{
"start": 11131,
"end": 11141,
"label": [
"480735"
]
},
{
"start": 11199,
"end": 11212,
"label": [
"878420"
]
},
{
"start": 11256,
"end": 11260,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 11269,
"end": 11282,
"label": [
"2005901"
]
},
{
"start": 11317,
"end": 11333,
"label": [
"9071226"
]
},
{
"start": 11373,
"end": 11389,
"label": [
"3586311"
]
},
{
"start": 11410,
"end": 11414,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 11423,
"end": 11440,
"label": [
"2928648"
]
},
{
"start": 11477,
"end": 11481,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 11490,
"end": 11502,
"label": [
"1219743"
]
},
{
"start": 11541,
"end": 11553,
"label": [
"4291781"
]
},
{
"start": 11612,
"end": 11627,
"label": [
"379740"
]
},
{
"start": 11678,
"end": 11682,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 11691,
"end": 11703,
"label": [
"176546"
]
},
{
"start": 11746,
"end": 11755,
"label": [
"159479"
]
},
{
"start": 11772,
"end": 11784,
"label": [
"407139"
]
},
{
"start": 11823,
"end": 11838,
"label": [
"3022408"
]
},
{
"start": 11892,
"end": 11898,
"label": [
"4347856"
]
},
{
"start": 11900,
"end": 11904,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 11913,
"end": 11924,
"label": [
"3512370"
]
},
{
"start": 11957,
"end": 11961,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 11970,
"end": 11977,
"label": [
"655583"
]
},
{
"start": 12047,
"end": 12051,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 12060,
"end": 12070,
"label": [
"11473277"
]
},
{
"start": 12113,
"end": 12124,
"label": [
"27291778"
]
},
{
"start": 12160,
"end": 12177,
"label": [
"2518459"
]
},
{
"start": 12215,
"end": 12227,
"label": [
"6770732"
]
},
{
"start": 12262,
"end": 12266,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 12275,
"end": 12293,
"label": [
"36236046"
]
},
{
"start": 12341,
"end": 12354,
"label": [
"6392327"
]
},
{
"start": 12382,
"end": 12386,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 12395,
"end": 12410,
"label": [
"2130638"
]
},
{
"start": 12439,
"end": 12443,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 12452,
"end": 12466,
"label": [
"716059"
]
},
{
"start": 12500,
"end": 12508,
"label": [
"4026763"
]
},
{
"start": 12556,
"end": 12567,
"label": [
"2439033"
]
},
{
"start": 12597,
"end": 12601,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 12610,
"end": 12619,
"label": [
"18815153"
]
},
{
"start": 12666,
"end": 12678,
"label": [
"1155382"
]
},
{
"start": 12737,
"end": 12752,
"label": [
"3039104"
]
},
{
"start": 12805,
"end": 12809,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 12818,
"end": 12834,
"label": [
"26658546"
]
},
{
"start": 12859,
"end": 12863,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 12872,
"end": 12888,
"label": [
"213735"
]
},
{
"start": 12920,
"end": 12935,
"label": [
"21207432"
]
},
{
"start": 12979,
"end": 12983,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 12992,
"end": 13004,
"label": [
"1456934"
]
},
{
"start": 13049,
"end": 13053,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 13062,
"end": 13079,
"label": [
"1493223"
]
},
{
"start": 13128,
"end": 13138,
"label": [
"15642921"
]
},
{
"start": 13192,
"end": 13205,
"label": [
"7885803"
]
},
{
"start": 13255,
"end": 13272,
"label": [
"764659"
]
},
{
"start": 13306,
"end": 13310,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 13319,
"end": 13333,
"label": [
"1899266"
]
},
{
"start": 13379,
"end": 13393,
"label": [
"2730623"
]
},
{
"start": 13458,
"end": 13471,
"label": [
"568902"
]
},
{
"start": 13512,
"end": 13526,
"label": [
"2772312"
]
},
{
"start": 13546,
"end": 13550,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 13559,
"end": 13567,
"label": [
"2716964"
]
},
{
"start": 13603,
"end": 13607,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 13616,
"end": 13631,
"label": [
"3473442"
]
},
{
"start": 13663,
"end": 13674,
"label": [
"1042918"
]
},
{
"start": 13704,
"end": 13708,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 13717,
"end": 13734,
"label": [
"5275642"
]
},
{
"start": 13773,
"end": 13786,
"label": [
"6306981"
]
},
{
"start": 13822,
"end": 13833,
"label": [
"8807416"
]
},
{
"start": 13867,
"end": 13879,
"label": [
"9256463"
]
},
{
"start": 13912,
"end": 13916,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 13925,
"end": 13937,
"label": [
"1453182"
]
},
{
"start": 13988,
"end": 13999,
"label": [
"5724139"
]
},
{
"start": 14062,
"end": 14077,
"label": [
"6698401"
]
},
{
"start": 14114,
"end": 14126,
"label": [
"6304425"
]
},
{
"start": 14164,
"end": 14168,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 14177,
"end": 14189,
"label": [
"224484"
]
},
{
"start": 14223,
"end": 14237,
"label": [
"5599729"
]
},
{
"start": 14270,
"end": 14283,
"label": [
"849357"
]
},
{
"start": 14319,
"end": 14336,
"label": [
"1941975"
]
},
{
"start": 14370,
"end": 14386,
"label": [
"26892523"
]
},
{
"start": 14422,
"end": 14435,
"label": [
"3059438"
]
},
{
"start": 14458,
"end": 14462,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 14471,
"end": 14480,
"label": [
"38088162"
]
},
{
"start": 14536,
"end": 14550,
"label": [
"1013925"
]
},
{
"start": 14577,
"end": 14581,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 14590,
"end": 14608,
"label": [
"1441335"
]
},
{
"start": 14640,
"end": 14656,
"label": [
"1652935"
]
},
{
"start": 14696,
"end": 14709,
"label": [
"26328774"
]
},
{
"start": 14746,
"end": 14756,
"label": [
"4490949"
]
},
{
"start": 14818,
"end": 14833,
"label": [
"11332655"
]
},
{
"start": 14862,
"end": 14866,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 14875,
"end": 14887,
"label": [
"346733"
]
},
{
"start": 14937,
"end": 14947,
"label": [
"12941148"
]
},
{
"start": 14964,
"end": 14968,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 14977,
"end": 14992,
"label": [
"21864053"
]
},
{
"start": 15015,
"end": 15019,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 15028,
"end": 15042,
"label": [
"27076475"
]
},
{
"start": 15084,
"end": 15100,
"label": [
"1838869"
]
},
{
"start": 15119,
"end": 15123,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 15132,
"end": 15142,
"label": [
"32935776"
]
},
{
"start": 15185,
"end": 15200,
"label": [
"5320071"
]
},
{
"start": 15234,
"end": 15251,
"label": [
"11870943"
]
},
{
"start": 15290,
"end": 15307,
"label": [
"7096962"
]
},
{
"start": 15331,
"end": 15335,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 15344,
"end": 15359,
"label": [
"8898606"
]
},
{
"start": 15403,
"end": 15413,
"label": [
"27660379"
]
},
{
"start": 15455,
"end": 15467,
"label": [
"14932694"
]
},
{
"start": 15515,
"end": 15527,
"label": [
"7555627"
]
},
{
"start": 15578,
"end": 15590,
"label": [
"7144873"
]
},
{
"start": 15657,
"end": 15661,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 15670,
"end": 15693,
"label": [
"27872150"
]
},
{
"start": 15733,
"end": 15747,
"label": [
"8876325"
]
},
{
"start": 15783,
"end": 15798,
"label": [
"28119731"
]
},
{
"start": 15834,
"end": 15853,
"label": [
"18442704"
]
},
{
"start": 15883,
"end": 15887,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 15896,
"end": 15910,
"label": [
"50399770"
]
},
{
"start": 15952,
"end": 15970,
"label": [
"28080856"
]
},
{
"start": 16015,
"end": 16025,
"label": [
"28370040"
]
},
{
"start": 16070,
"end": 16084,
"label": [
"9066174"
]
},
{
"start": 16130,
"end": 16146,
"label": [
"12315253"
]
},
{
"start": 16166,
"end": 16170,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 16179,
"end": 16196,
"label": [
"17926137"
]
},
{
"start": 16215,
"end": 16219,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 16228,
"end": 16240,
"label": [
"32050786"
]
},
{
"start": 16263,
"end": 16267,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 16276,
"end": 16286,
"label": [
"31398216"
]
},
{
"start": 16330,
"end": 16344,
"label": [
"28352026"
]
},
{
"start": 16380,
"end": 16395,
"label": [
"14838941"
]
},
{
"start": 16438,
"end": 16451,
"label": [
"28988660"
]
},
{
"start": 16485,
"end": 16489,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 16498,
"end": 16510,
"label": [
"29053860"
]
},
{
"start": 16535,
"end": 16539,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 16548,
"end": 16561,
"label": [
"37311232"
]
},
{
"start": 16606,
"end": 16625,
"label": [
"27925083"
]
},
{
"start": 16655,
"end": 16659,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 16668,
"end": 16685,
"label": [
"35362190"
]
},
{
"start": 16731,
"end": 16744,
"label": [
"11061022"
]
},
{
"start": 16789,
"end": 16797,
"label": [
"35486580"
]
},
{
"start": 16836,
"end": 16847,
"label": [
"44318305"
]
},
{
"start": 16896,
"end": 16911,
"label": [
"44174683"
]
},
{
"start": 16949,
"end": 16961,
"label": [
"45468576"
]
},
{
"start": 16988,
"end": 16992,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 17001,
"end": 17021,
"label": [
"36036066"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1013_Births
|
* 865 – Rhazes, Persian polymath (d. 925) *1407 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1425) *1471 – George, Duke of Saxony (d. 1539) *1487 – Anna of Brandenburg (d. 1514) *1512 – Friedrich Staphylus, German theologian (d. 1564) *1542 – John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania and Protestant Bishop of Cammin (d. 1600) *1545 – Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1592) *1624 – Koxinga, Chinese-Japanese Ming loyalist (d. 1662) *1637 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, English politician, 2nd Proprietor of Maryland (d. 1715) *1665 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (d. 1751) *1669 – Anne Marie d'Orléans, queen of Sardinia (d. 1728) *1677 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian general (d. 1748) *1724 – John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-American pastor, planter, and politician (d. 1781) *1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher and author (d. 1788) *1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher and academic (d. 1831) *1795 – Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (d. 1885) *1803 – Edward Beecher, American minister and theologian (d. 1895) *1809 – Hannibal Hamlin, American publisher and politician, 15th Vice President of the United States (d. 1891) *1812 – Bertalan Szemere, Hungarian poet and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1869) *1827 – Charles Lilley, English-Australian politician, 4th Premier of Queensland (d. 1897) *1845 – Ödön Lechner, Hungarian architect, designed the Museum of Applied Arts and the Church of St Elisabeth (d. 1914) * 1845 – Friedrich Martens, Estonian-Russian historian, lawyer, and diplomat (d. 1909) *1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian author and poet (d. 1916) *1858 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1932) *1864 – Hermann Weingärtner, German gymnast (d. 1919) *1865 – James Henry Breasted, American archaeologist and historian (d. 1935) * 1865 – Charles G. Dawes, American general and politician, 30th Vice President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951) *1868 – Hong Beom-do, Korean general and activist (d. 1943) *1870 – Amado Nervo, Mexican journalist, poet, and diplomat (d. 1919) *1871 – Theodore Dreiser, American novelist and journalist (d. 1945) *1874 – Carl Bosch, German chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940) *1875 – Katharine McCormick, American biologist, philanthropist, and activist (d. 1967) *1877 – Charles Rolls, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Rolls-Royce Limited (d. 1910) * 1877 – Ernst Wetter, Swiss lawyer and politician, 48th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1963) *1878 – Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian general (d. 1928) *1884 – Vincent Auriol, French lawyer and politician, 16th President of the French Republic (d. 1966) * 1884 – Denis G. Lillie, British biologist, member of the 1910–1913 Terra Nova Expedition (d. 1963) *1886 – Rebecca Clarke, English viola player and composer (d. 1979) *1890 – Man Ray, American-French photographer and painter (d. 1976) *1895 – Andreas Alföldi, Hungarian archaeologist and historian (d. 1981) *1896 – Kenji Miyazawa, Japanese author and poet (d. 1933) * 1896 – Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (d. 1993) *1898 – Gaspard Fauteux, Canadian businessman and politician, 19th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1963) *1899 – C. S. Forester, English novelist (d. 1966) *1904 – Alar Kotli, Estonian architect (d. 1963) * 1904 – Norah Lofts, English author (d. 1983) * 1904 – John Hay Whitney, American businessman, publisher, and diplomat, founded J.H. Whitney & Company (d. 1982) *1905 – Aris Velouchiotis, Greek soldier (d. 1945) *1906 – Ed Gein, American murderer and body snatcher, The Butcher of Plainfield (d. 1982) *1908 – Don Bradman, Australian cricketer and manager (d. 2001) * 1908 – Lyndon B. Johnson, American commander and politician, 36th President of the United States (d. 1973) *1909 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966) * 1909 – Charles Pozzi, French race car driver (d. 2001) * 1909 – Lester Young, American saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 1959) *1911 – Kay Walsh, English actress and dancer (d. 2005) *1912 – Gloria Guinness, Mexican journalist (d. 1980) *1915 – Norman Foster Ramsey Jr., American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011) *1916 – Gordon Bashford, English engineer, co-designed the Range Rover (d. 1991) * 1916 – Tony Harris, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1993) * 1916 – Martha Raye, American actress and comedian (d. 1994) *1917 – Peanuts Lowrey, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1986) *1918 – Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch economist and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2001) *1919 – Pee Wee Butts, American baseball player and coach (d. 1972) * 1919 – Murray Grand, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2007) *1920 – Baptiste Manzini, American football player (d. 2008) * 1920 – James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead, Northern Irish soldier and politician (d. 2015) *1921 – Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1996) * 1921 – Leo Penn, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1998) *1922 – Roelof Kruisinga, Dutch physician and politician, Minister of Defence for The Netherlands (d. 2012) *1923 – Jimmy Greenhalgh, English footballer and manager (d. 2013) *1924 – David Rowbotham, Australian journalist and poet (d. 2010) * 1924 – Rosalie E. Wahl, American lawyer and jurist (d. 2013) *1925 – Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, Italian cardinal (d. 2017) * 1925 – Nat Lofthouse, English footballer and manager (d. 2011) * 1925 – Saiichi Maruya, Japanese author and critic (d. 2012) * 1925 – Bill Neilson, Australian politician, 34th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1989) * 1925 – Jaswant Singh Neki, Indian poet and academic (d. 2015) * 1925 – Carter Stanley, American bluegrass singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1966) *1926 – George Brecht, American-German chemist and composer (d. 2008) * 1926 – Kristen Nygaard, Norwegian computer scientist and academic (d. 2002) *1928 – Péter Boross, Hungarian lawyer and politician, 54th Prime Minister of Hungary * 1928 – Mangosuthu Buthelezi, South African politician, Chief Minister of KwaZulu * 1928 – Joan Kroc, American philanthropist (d. 2003) *1929 – Ira Levin, American novelist, playwright, and songwriter (d. 2007) * 1929 – George Scott, Canadian-American wrestler and promoter (d. 2014) *1930 – Gholamreza Takhti, Iranian wrestler and politician (d. 1968) *1931 – Sri Chinmoy, Indian-American guru and poet (d. 2007) * 1931 – Joe Cunningham, American baseball player and coach *1932 – Cor Brom, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2008) * 1932 – Antonia Fraser, English historian and author *1935 – Ernie Broglio, American baseball player (d. 2019) * 1935 – Michael Holroyd, English author * 1935 – Frank Yablans, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2014) *1936 – Joel Kovel, American scholar and author (d. 2018) * 1936 – Lien Chan, Taiwanese politician, Vice President of the Republic of China *1937 – Alice Coltrane, American pianist and composer (d. 2007) * 1937 – Tommy Sands, American pop singer and actor *1939 – William Least Heat-Moon, American travel writer and historian * 1939 – Edward Patten, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2005) *1939 – Nikola Pilić, Yugoslav tennis player and coach *1940 – Fernest Arceneaux, American singer and accordion player (d. 2008) * 1940 – Sonny Sharrock, American guitarist (d. 1994) *1941 – Cesária Évora, Cape Verdean singer (d. 2011) * 1941 – János Konrád, Hungarian water polo player and swimmer (d. 2014) * 1941 – Harrison Page, American actor *1942 – Daryl Dragon, American keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2019) * 1942 – Brian Peckford, Canadian educator and politician, 3rd Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador *1943 – Chuck Girard, American singer-songwriter and pianist * 1943 – Bob Kerrey, American lieutenant and politician, Medal of Honor recipient, 35th Governor of Nebraska * 1943 – Tuesday Weld, American model and actress *1944 – Tim Bogert, American singer and bass player *1945 – Douglas R. Campbell, Canadian lawyer and judge *1946 – Tony Howard, Barbadian cricketer and manager *1947 – Barbara Bach, American model and actress * 1947 – Halil Berktay, Turkish historian and academic * 1947 – Kirk Francis, American engineer and producer * 1947 – Peter Krieg, German director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2009) * 1947 – John Morrison, New Zealand cricketer and politician * 1947 – Gavin Pfuhl, South African cricketer and sportscaster (d. 2002) *1948 – John Mehler, American drummer * 1948 – Deborah Swallow, English historian and curator * 1948 – Philippe Vallois, French director and screenwriter *1949 – Jeff Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1949 – Leah Jamieson, American computer scientist, engineer, and academic * 1949 – Ann Murray, Irish soprano *1950 – Charles Fleischer, American comedian and actor * 1950 – Neil Murray, Scottish bass player and songwriter * 1950 – Edmund Weiner, English lexicographer and author *1951 – Buddy Bell, American baseball player and manager * 1951 – Mack Brown, American football player and coach * 1951 – Randall Garrison, American-Canadian criminologist and politician *1952 – Paul Reubens, American actor and comedian *1953 – Tom Berryhill, American businessman and politician * 1953 – Alex Lifeson, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1953 – Joan Smith, English journalist and author * 1953 – Peter Stormare, Swedish actor, director, and playwright *1954 – John Lloyd, English tennis player and sportscaster * 1954 – Rajesh Thakker, English physician and academic * 1954 – Derek Warwick, English race car driver *1955 – Robert Richardson, American cinematographer * 1955 – Diana Scarwid, American actress *1956 – Glen Matlock, English singer-songwriter and bass player *1957 – Jeff Grubb, American game designer and author * 1957 – Bernhard Langer, German golfer *1958 – Sergei Krikalev, Russian engineer and astronaut * 1958 – Tom Lanoye, Belgian author, poet, and playwright * 1958 – Hugh Orde, British police officer *1959 – Daniela Romo, Mexican singer, actress and TV hostess * 1959 – Gerhard Berger, Austrian race car driver * 1959 – Juan Fernando Cobo, Colombian painter and sculptor * 1959 – Denice Denton, American engineer and academic (d. 2006) * 1959 – Frode Fjellheim, Norwegian pianist and composer * 1959 – András Petőcz, Hungarian author and poet * 1959 – Jeanette Winterson, English journalist and novelist *1961 – Yolanda Adams, American singer, producer, and actress * 1961 – Mark Curry, English television host and actor * 1961 – Tom Ford, American fashion designer * 1961 – Steve McDowall, English rugby player * 1961 – Helmut Winklhofer, German footballer *1964 – Stephan Elliott, Australian actor, director, and screenwriter * 1964 – Paul Bernardo, Canadian serial rapist and murderer *1965 – Scott Dibble, American lawyer and politician * 1965 – Wayne James, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach * 1965 – Ange Postecoglou, Greek-Australian footballer and coach *1966 – Jeroen Duyster, Dutch rower * 1966 – René Higuita, Colombian footballer * 1966 – Juhan Parts, Estonian lawyer and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Estonia *1967 – Ogie Alcasid, Filipino singer-songwriter, producer, and actor * 1967 – Rob Burnett, American football player and sportscaster *1968 – Daphne Koller, Israeli-American computer scientist and academic * 1968 – Michael Long, New Zealand golfer * 1968 – Matthew Ridge, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster *1969 – Mark Ealham, English cricketer * 1969 – Cesar Millan, Mexican-American dog trainer, television personality, and author * 1969 – Reece Shearsmith, English actor, comedian and writer * 1969 – Chandra Wilson, American actress and director *1970 – Andy Bichel, Australian cricketer and coach * 1970 – Mark Ilott, English cricketer * 1970 – Tony Kanal, British-American bass player. songwriter, and record producer * 1970 – Jim Thome, American baseball player and manager * 1970 – Karl Unterkircher, Italian mountaineer (d. 2008) *1971 – Ernest Faber, Dutch footballer and manager * 1971 – Kyung Lah, South Korean-American journalist * 1971 – Hisayuki Okawa, Japanese runner * 1971 – Aygül Özkan, German lawyer and politician *1972 – Jaap-Derk Buma, Dutch field hockey player * 1972 – Denise Lewis, English heptathlete * 1972 – Jimmy Pop, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1972 – The Great Khali, Indian Professional Wrestler * 1973 – Danny Coyne, Welsh footballer * 1973 – Dietmar Hamann, German footballer and manager * 1973 – Burak Kut, Turkish singer-songwriter * 1973 – Johan Norberg, Swedish historian and author *1974 – Michael Mason, New Zealand cricketer * 1974 – José Vidro, Puerto Rican-American baseball player * 1974 – Mohammad Yousuf, Pakistani cricketer *1975 – Blake Adams, American golfer * 1975 – Mase, American rapper, songwriter and pastor * 1975 – Jonny Moseley, Puerto Rican-American skier and television host * 1975 – Mark Rudan, Australian footballer and manager *1976 – Sarah Chalke, Canadian actress * 1976 – Audrey C. Delsanti, French astronomer and biologist * 1976 – Milano Collection A.T., Japanese wrestler * 1976 – Carlos Moyá, Spanish-Swiss tennis player * 1976 – Mark Webber, Australian race car driver *1977 – Deco, Brazilian-Portuguese footballer * 1977 – Justin Miller, American baseball player (d. 2013) *1979 – Sarah Neufeld, Canadian violinist * 1979 – Aaron Paul, American actor and producer * 1979 – Rusty Smith, American speed skater *1981 – Patrick J. Adams, Canadian actor * 1981 – Maxwell Cabelino Andrade, Brazilian footballer * 1981 – Alessandro Gamberini, Italian footballer *1983 – Joanna McGilchrist, English rugby player and physiotherapist *1984 – David Bentley, English footballer * 1984 – Sulley Muntari, Ghanaian footballer *1985 – Kevan Hurst, English footballer * 1985 – Nikica Jelavić, Croatian footballer * 1985 – Alexandra Nechita, Romanian-American painter and sculptor *1986 – Sebastian Kurz, Austrian politician, 25th Chancellor of Austria *1987 – Joel Grant, English-Jamaican footballer * 1987 – Darren McFadden, American football player *1988 – Alexa PenaVega, American actress and singer *1989 – Romain Amalfitano, French footballer * 1989 – Juliana Cannarozzo, American figure skater and actress *1990 – Luuk de Jong, Dutch footballer *1991 – Lee Sung-yeol, South Korean actor and singer *1992 – Blake Jenner, American actor and singer * 1992 – Stephen Morris, American football player * 1992 – Kim Petras, German singer-songwriter * 1992 – Ayame Gouriki, Japanese actress and singer *1993 – Sarah Hecken, German figure skater * 1993 – Olivier Le Gac, French cyclist *1995 – Sergey Sirotkin, Russian race car driver *1998 – Kevin Huerter, American basketball player
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"35927"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 20,
"label": [
"78209"
]
},
{
"start": 49,
"end": 53,
"label": [
"39559"
]
},
{
"start": 62,
"end": 80,
"label": [
"234787"
]
},
{
"start": 109,
"end": 113,
"label": [
"35498"
]
},
{
"start": 122,
"end": 144,
"label": [
"13168"
]
},
{
"start": 156,
"end": 160,
"label": [
"36137"
]
},
{
"start": 169,
"end": 188,
"label": [
"4161641"
]
},
{
"start": 200,
"end": 204,
"label": [
"34887"
]
},
{
"start": 213,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"10139301"
]
},
{
"start": 263,
"end": 267,
"label": [
"34782"
]
},
{
"start": 276,
"end": 309,
"label": [
"23550859"
]
},
{
"start": 353,
"end": 357,
"label": [
"38675"
]
},
{
"start": 366,
"end": 398,
"label": [
"175056"
]
},
{
"start": 410,
"end": 414,
"label": [
"34585"
]
},
{
"start": 423,
"end": 430,
"label": [
"173434"
]
},
{
"start": 474,
"end": 478,
"label": [
"35193"
]
},
{
"start": 487,
"end": 523,
"label": [
"884054"
]
},
{
"start": 583,
"end": 587,
"label": [
"35095"
]
},
{
"start": 596,
"end": 628,
"label": [
"399863"
]
},
{
"start": 660,
"end": 664,
"label": [
"38625"
]
},
{
"start": 673,
"end": 693,
"label": [
"7883410"
]
},
{
"start": 724,
"end": 728,
"label": [
"35057"
]
},
{
"start": 737,
"end": 775,
"label": [
"761577"
]
},
{
"start": 805,
"end": 809,
"label": [
"35857"
]
},
{
"start": 818,
"end": 836,
"label": [
"450708"
]
},
{
"start": 896,
"end": 900,
"label": [
"34898"
]
},
{
"start": 909,
"end": 928,
"label": [
"243114"
]
},
{
"start": 971,
"end": 975,
"label": [
"35076"
]
},
{
"start": 984,
"end": 1013,
"label": [
"12598"
]
},
{
"start": 1058,
"end": 1062,
"label": [
"35799"
]
},
{
"start": 1071,
"end": 1088,
"label": [
"59479031"
]
},
{
"start": 1120,
"end": 1124,
"label": [
"35072"
]
},
{
"start": 1133,
"end": 1147,
"label": [
"8711604"
]
},
{
"start": 1193,
"end": 1197,
"label": [
"34705"
]
},
{
"start": 1206,
"end": 1221,
"label": [
"13976"
]
},
{
"start": 1263,
"end": 1298,
"label": [
"32759"
]
},
{
"start": 1310,
"end": 1314,
"label": [
"34949"
]
},
{
"start": 1323,
"end": 1339,
"label": [
"3449651"
]
},
{
"start": 1376,
"end": 1401,
"label": [
"378359"
]
},
{
"start": 1413,
"end": 1417,
"label": [
"35018"
]
},
{
"start": 1426,
"end": 1440,
"label": [
"936624"
]
},
{
"start": 1477,
"end": 1498,
"label": [
"24677"
]
},
{
"start": 1510,
"end": 1514,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 1523,
"end": 1535,
"label": [
"6763638"
]
},
{
"start": 1571,
"end": 1593,
"label": [
"4754405"
]
},
{
"start": 1602,
"end": 1624,
"label": [
"9350461"
]
},
{
"start": 1650,
"end": 1667,
"label": [
"1214871"
]
},
{
"start": 1729,
"end": 1733,
"label": [
"35491"
]
},
{
"start": 1742,
"end": 1753,
"label": [
"747162"
]
},
{
"start": 1792,
"end": 1796,
"label": [
"34937"
]
},
{
"start": 1805,
"end": 1819,
"label": [
"13043"
]
},
{
"start": 1870,
"end": 1874,
"label": [
"38275276"
]
},
{
"start": 1883,
"end": 1902,
"label": [
"2133876"
]
},
{
"start": 1930,
"end": 1934,
"label": [
"38275275"
]
},
{
"start": 1943,
"end": 1963,
"label": [
"572601"
]
},
{
"start": 2027,
"end": 2043,
"label": [
"92211"
]
},
{
"start": 2083,
"end": 2118,
"label": [
"32759"
]
},
{
"start": 2120,
"end": 2131,
"label": [
"26230922"
]
},
{
"start": 2152,
"end": 2156,
"label": [
"34788"
]
},
{
"start": 2165,
"end": 2177,
"label": [
"18677879"
]
},
{
"start": 2218,
"end": 2222,
"label": [
"34769"
]
},
{
"start": 2231,
"end": 2242,
"label": [
"658513"
]
},
{
"start": 2294,
"end": 2298,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 2307,
"end": 2323,
"label": [
"44213"
]
},
{
"start": 2369,
"end": 2373,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 2382,
"end": 2392,
"label": [
"174686"
]
},
{
"start": 2423,
"end": 2434,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 2455,
"end": 2459,
"label": [
"34763"
]
},
{
"start": 2468,
"end": 2487,
"label": [
"998712"
]
},
{
"start": 2549,
"end": 2553,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 2562,
"end": 2575,
"label": [
"53503"
]
},
{
"start": 2622,
"end": 2641,
"label": [
"5455080"
]
},
{
"start": 2667,
"end": 2679,
"label": [
"156450"
]
},
{
"start": 2763,
"end": 2767,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2776,
"end": 2802,
"label": [
"756335"
]
},
{
"start": 2831,
"end": 2835,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2844,
"end": 2858,
"label": [
"627760"
]
},
{
"start": 2895,
"end": 2927,
"label": [
"24899"
]
},
{
"start": 2953,
"end": 2968,
"label": [
"55001270"
]
},
{
"start": 3013,
"end": 3034,
"label": [
"4372977"
]
},
{
"start": 3046,
"end": 3050,
"label": [
"34845"
]
},
{
"start": 3059,
"end": 3073,
"label": [
"275536"
]
},
{
"start": 3120,
"end": 3124,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 3133,
"end": 3140,
"label": [
"62038"
]
},
{
"start": 3194,
"end": 3198,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 3207,
"end": 3222,
"label": [
"21761717"
]
},
{
"start": 3273,
"end": 3277,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 3286,
"end": 3300,
"label": [
"186589"
]
},
{
"start": 3352,
"end": 3365,
"label": [
"18571"
]
},
{
"start": 3412,
"end": 3420,
"label": [
"30722"
]
},
{
"start": 3432,
"end": 3436,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 3445,
"end": 3460,
"label": [
"887985"
]
},
{
"start": 3504,
"end": 3533,
"label": [
"839345"
]
},
{
"start": 3545,
"end": 3549,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 3558,
"end": 3572,
"label": [
"5769"
]
},
{
"start": 3602,
"end": 3606,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3615,
"end": 3625,
"label": [
"6509178"
]
},
{
"start": 3671,
"end": 3682,
"label": [
"2147857"
]
},
{
"start": 3724,
"end": 3740,
"label": [
"1967112"
]
},
{
"start": 3797,
"end": 3819,
"label": [
"17880794"
]
},
{
"start": 3831,
"end": 3835,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3844,
"end": 3861,
"label": [
"13623492"
]
},
{
"start": 3888,
"end": 3892,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 3901,
"end": 3908,
"label": [
"71376"
]
},
{
"start": 3984,
"end": 3988,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3997,
"end": 4008,
"label": [
"87021"
]
},
{
"start": 4068,
"end": 4085,
"label": [
"54533"
]
},
{
"start": 4127,
"end": 4157,
"label": [
"24113"
]
},
{
"start": 4169,
"end": 4173,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 4182,
"end": 4194,
"label": [
"2475879"
]
},
{
"start": 4237,
"end": 4250,
"label": [
"1228261"
]
},
{
"start": 4300,
"end": 4312,
"label": [
"2193014"
]
},
{
"start": 4366,
"end": 4370,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 4379,
"end": 4388,
"label": [
"1048612"
]
},
{
"start": 4428,
"end": 4432,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 4441,
"end": 4456,
"label": [
"406733"
]
},
{
"start": 4488,
"end": 4492,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 4501,
"end": 4525,
"label": [
"503394"
]
},
{
"start": 4560,
"end": 4571,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 4592,
"end": 4596,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4605,
"end": 4620,
"label": [
"32436638"
]
},
{
"start": 4656,
"end": 4667,
"label": [
"4407572"
]
},
{
"start": 4693,
"end": 4704,
"label": [
"3817201"
]
},
{
"start": 4772,
"end": 4783,
"label": [
"845462"
]
},
{
"start": 4826,
"end": 4830,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4839,
"end": 4853,
"label": [
"5813558"
]
},
{
"start": 4911,
"end": 4915,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4924,
"end": 4938,
"label": [
"98055"
]
},
{
"start": 4972,
"end": 5005,
"label": [
"273726"
]
},
{
"start": 5017,
"end": 5021,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 5030,
"end": 5043,
"label": [
"42549260"
]
},
{
"start": 5105,
"end": 5117,
"label": [
"15298531"
]
},
{
"start": 5169,
"end": 5173,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 5182,
"end": 5198,
"label": [
"23241101"
]
},
{
"start": 5250,
"end": 5293,
"label": [
"414548"
]
},
{
"start": 5344,
"end": 5348,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 5357,
"end": 5393,
"label": [
"9042052"
]
},
{
"start": 5419,
"end": 5427,
"label": [
"618826"
]
},
{
"start": 5483,
"end": 5487,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 5496,
"end": 5512,
"label": [
"23689511"
]
},
{
"start": 5597,
"end": 5601,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 5610,
"end": 5626,
"label": [
"12146577"
]
},
{
"start": 5670,
"end": 5674,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5683,
"end": 5698,
"label": [
"1357274"
]
},
{
"start": 5756,
"end": 5771,
"label": [
"21985692"
]
},
{
"start": 5811,
"end": 5815,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5824,
"end": 5859,
"label": [
"2050438"
]
},
{
"start": 5903,
"end": 5916,
"label": [
"1590930"
]
},
{
"start": 5974,
"end": 5988,
"label": [
"5897928"
]
},
{
"start": 6042,
"end": 6054,
"label": [
"2807476"
]
},
{
"start": 6084,
"end": 6103,
"label": [
"24658"
]
},
{
"start": 6129,
"end": 6147,
"label": [
"6307530"
]
},
{
"start": 6199,
"end": 6213,
"label": [
"3986638"
]
},
{
"start": 6277,
"end": 6281,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 6290,
"end": 6303,
"label": [
"1629034"
]
},
{
"start": 6367,
"end": 6382,
"label": [
"72741"
]
},
{
"start": 6437,
"end": 6441,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 6450,
"end": 6462,
"label": [
"1030630"
]
},
{
"start": 6543,
"end": 6563,
"label": [
"478139"
]
},
{
"start": 6632,
"end": 6641,
"label": [
"358691"
]
},
{
"start": 6678,
"end": 6682,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 6691,
"end": 6700,
"label": [
"143761"
]
},
{
"start": 6773,
"end": 6785,
"label": [
"18184609"
]
},
{
"start": 6838,
"end": 6842,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 6851,
"end": 6868,
"label": [
"1364840"
]
},
{
"start": 6913,
"end": 6917,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6926,
"end": 6937,
"label": [
"225620"
]
},
{
"start": 6994,
"end": 7008,
"label": [
"3822910"
]
},
{
"start": 7046,
"end": 7050,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 7059,
"end": 7067,
"label": [
"17305531"
]
},
{
"start": 7123,
"end": 7137,
"label": [
"140356"
]
},
{
"start": 7169,
"end": 7173,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 7182,
"end": 7195,
"label": [
"2672335"
]
},
{
"start": 7247,
"end": 7262,
"label": [
"485449"
]
},
{
"start": 7294,
"end": 7307,
"label": [
"924592"
]
},
{
"start": 7355,
"end": 7359,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 7368,
"end": 7378,
"label": [
"5919322"
]
},
{
"start": 7433,
"end": 7442,
"label": [
"140551"
]
},
{
"start": 7466,
"end": 7505,
"label": [
"3602898"
]
},
{
"start": 7507,
"end": 7511,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 7520,
"end": 7534,
"label": [
"1714150"
]
},
{
"start": 7591,
"end": 7602,
"label": [
"1558475"
]
},
{
"start": 7635,
"end": 7639,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7648,
"end": 7671,
"label": [
"1220681"
]
},
{
"start": 7725,
"end": 7738,
"label": [
"1690515"
]
},
{
"start": 7791,
"end": 7795,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7804,
"end": 7816,
"label": [
"2215153"
]
},
{
"start": 7852,
"end": 7856,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7865,
"end": 7882,
"label": [
"40347512"
]
},
{
"start": 7946,
"end": 7960,
"label": [
"327169"
]
},
{
"start": 7992,
"end": 7996,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 8005,
"end": 8018,
"label": [
"8611104"
]
},
{
"start": 8065,
"end": 8077,
"label": [
"20237824"
]
},
{
"start": 8144,
"end": 8157,
"label": [
"4441057"
]
},
{
"start": 8175,
"end": 8179,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 8188,
"end": 8200,
"label": [
"3049833"
]
},
{
"start": 8267,
"end": 8281,
"label": [
"534688"
]
},
{
"start": 8321,
"end": 8357,
"label": [
"473519"
]
},
{
"start": 8359,
"end": 8363,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 8372,
"end": 8384,
"label": [
"5605523"
]
},
{
"start": 8440,
"end": 8450,
"label": [
"395674"
]
},
{
"start": 8488,
"end": 8502,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 8555,
"end": 8567,
"label": [
"1201745"
]
},
{
"start": 8597,
"end": 8601,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 8610,
"end": 8620,
"label": [
"1072727"
]
},
{
"start": 8655,
"end": 8659,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8668,
"end": 8687,
"label": [
"24027626"
]
},
{
"start": 8716,
"end": 8720,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8729,
"end": 8740,
"label": [
"3076086"
]
},
{
"start": 8775,
"end": 8779,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8788,
"end": 8800,
"label": [
"313511"
]
},
{
"start": 8844,
"end": 8857,
"label": [
"2763900"
]
},
{
"start": 8905,
"end": 8917,
"label": [
"21213332"
]
},
{
"start": 8965,
"end": 8976,
"label": [
"11331427"
]
},
{
"start": 9047,
"end": 9060,
"label": [
"3128756"
]
},
{
"start": 9114,
"end": 9125,
"label": [
"10450745"
]
},
{
"start": 9179,
"end": 9183,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 9192,
"end": 9203,
"label": [
"5524991"
]
},
{
"start": 9237,
"end": 9252,
"label": [
"39161723"
]
},
{
"start": 9299,
"end": 9315,
"label": [
"27939026"
]
},
{
"start": 9351,
"end": 9355,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 9364,
"end": 9373,
"label": [
"11193804"
]
},
{
"start": 9431,
"end": 9444,
"label": [
"18294711"
]
},
{
"start": 9513,
"end": 9523,
"label": [
"4271946"
]
},
{
"start": 9540,
"end": 9544,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 9553,
"end": 9570,
"label": [
"2522981"
]
},
{
"start": 9615,
"end": 9626,
"label": [
"1924188"
]
},
{
"start": 9679,
"end": 9692,
"label": [
"2339076"
]
},
{
"start": 9728,
"end": 9732,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 9741,
"end": 9751,
"label": [
"1446777"
]
},
{
"start": 9805,
"end": 9815,
"label": [
"1806743"
]
},
{
"start": 9867,
"end": 9883,
"label": [
"14125982"
]
},
{
"start": 9933,
"end": 9937,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 9946,
"end": 9958,
"label": [
"23916"
]
},
{
"start": 9989,
"end": 9993,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 10002,
"end": 10015,
"label": [
"9453577"
]
},
{
"start": 10068,
"end": 10080,
"label": [
"2893"
]
},
{
"start": 10149,
"end": 10159,
"label": [
"2183339"
]
},
{
"start": 10206,
"end": 10220,
"label": [
"146676"
]
},
{
"start": 10263,
"end": 10267,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 10276,
"end": 10286,
"label": [
"1431698"
]
},
{
"start": 10342,
"end": 10356,
"label": [
"43534366"
]
},
{
"start": 10404,
"end": 10417,
"label": [
"1158017"
]
},
{
"start": 10444,
"end": 10448,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 10457,
"end": 10474,
"label": [
"2168928"
]
},
{
"start": 10516,
"end": 10529,
"label": [
"2748828"
]
},
{
"start": 10549,
"end": 10553,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 10562,
"end": 10574,
"label": [
"159352"
]
},
{
"start": 10619,
"end": 10623,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 10632,
"end": 10642,
"label": [
"501007"
]
},
{
"start": 10693,
"end": 10708,
"label": [
"575815"
]
},
{
"start": 10725,
"end": 10729,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 10738,
"end": 10753,
"label": [
"614929"
]
},
{
"start": 10801,
"end": 10811,
"label": [
"1669897"
]
},
{
"start": 10865,
"end": 10874,
"label": [
"1484250"
]
},
{
"start": 10900,
"end": 10904,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 10913,
"end": 10925,
"label": [
"8016517"
]
},
{
"start": 10981,
"end": 10995,
"label": [
"343833"
]
},
{
"start": 11037,
"end": 11055,
"label": [
"4693506"
]
},
{
"start": 11103,
"end": 11116,
"label": [
"2198232"
]
},
{
"start": 11174,
"end": 11189,
"label": [
"16359124"
]
},
{
"start": 11237,
"end": 11250,
"label": [
"14051225"
]
},
{
"start": 11293,
"end": 11311,
"label": [
"292930"
]
},
{
"start": 11346,
"end": 11350,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 11359,
"end": 11372,
"label": [
"1583428"
]
},
{
"start": 11428,
"end": 11438,
"label": [
"1610263"
]
},
{
"start": 11489,
"end": 11497,
"label": [
"174001"
]
},
{
"start": 11540,
"end": 11554,
"label": [
"36327550"
]
},
{
"start": 11592,
"end": 11609,
"label": [
"11451540"
]
},
{
"start": 11630,
"end": 11634,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 11643,
"end": 11658,
"label": [
"2251771"
]
},
{
"start": 11720,
"end": 11733,
"label": [
"234977"
]
},
{
"start": 11772,
"end": 11776,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 11785,
"end": 11797,
"label": [
"17313063"
]
},
{
"start": 11845,
"end": 11856,
"label": [
"3022225"
]
},
{
"start": 11904,
"end": 11920,
"label": [
"8029204"
]
},
{
"start": 11961,
"end": 11965,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 11974,
"end": 11988,
"label": [
"11774142"
]
},
{
"start": 12017,
"end": 12029,
"label": [
"1648431"
]
},
{
"start": 12067,
"end": 12078,
"label": [
"341459"
]
},
{
"start": 12117,
"end": 12142,
"label": [
"787995"
]
},
{
"start": 12144,
"end": 12148,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 12157,
"end": 12169,
"label": [
"15232970"
]
},
{
"start": 12234,
"end": 12245,
"label": [
"4156527"
]
},
{
"start": 12290,
"end": 12294,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 12303,
"end": 12316,
"label": [
"2179138"
]
},
{
"start": 12382,
"end": 12394,
"label": [
"22121425"
]
},
{
"start": 12430,
"end": 12443,
"label": [
"4962844"
]
},
{
"start": 12488,
"end": 12492,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 12501,
"end": 12512,
"label": [
"3311473"
]
},
{
"start": 12547,
"end": 12559,
"label": [
"4380577"
]
},
{
"start": 12641,
"end": 12657,
"label": [
"1915526"
]
},
{
"start": 12709,
"end": 12723,
"label": [
"3467041"
]
},
{
"start": 12756,
"end": 12760,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 12769,
"end": 12780,
"label": [
"953800"
]
},
{
"start": 12828,
"end": 12838,
"label": [
"3445394"
]
},
{
"start": 12873,
"end": 12883,
"label": [
"697913"
]
},
{
"start": 12962,
"end": 12971,
"label": [
"726320"
]
},
{
"start": 13025,
"end": 13042,
"label": [
"18474652"
]
},
{
"start": 13075,
"end": 13079,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 13088,
"end": 13100,
"label": [
"9426084"
]
},
{
"start": 13146,
"end": 13155,
"label": [
"20537965"
]
},
{
"start": 13205,
"end": 13219,
"label": [
"27901978"
]
},
{
"start": 13252,
"end": 13263,
"label": [
"27928671"
]
},
{
"start": 13295,
"end": 13299,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 13308,
"end": 13322,
"label": [
"3182040"
]
},
{
"start": 13365,
"end": 13377,
"label": [
"585122"
]
},
{
"start": 13414,
"end": 13423,
"label": [
"2778458"
]
},
{
"start": 13481,
"end": 13496,
"label": [
"1957097"
]
},
{
"start": 13542,
"end": 13553,
"label": [
"3945611"
]
},
{
"start": 13587,
"end": 13601,
"label": [
"549492"
]
},
{
"start": 13648,
"end": 13657,
"label": [
"10892240"
]
},
{
"start": 13700,
"end": 13713,
"label": [
"1119398"
]
},
{
"start": 13745,
"end": 13749,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 13758,
"end": 13771,
"label": [
"2911245"
]
},
{
"start": 13810,
"end": 13820,
"label": [
"625496"
]
},
{
"start": 13875,
"end": 13890,
"label": [
"554126"
]
},
{
"start": 13913,
"end": 13917,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 13926,
"end": 13937,
"label": [
"24406271"
]
},
{
"start": 13970,
"end": 13974,
"label": [
"4243085"
]
},
{
"start": 14030,
"end": 14043,
"label": [
"1484237"
]
},
{
"start": 14108,
"end": 14118,
"label": [
"2859099"
]
},
{
"start": 14155,
"end": 14159,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 14168,
"end": 14180,
"label": [
"716155"
]
},
{
"start": 14214,
"end": 14232,
"label": [
"1434186"
]
},
{
"start": 14281,
"end": 14303,
"label": [
"4885145"
]
},
{
"start": 14338,
"end": 14349,
"label": [
"669421"
]
},
{
"start": 14394,
"end": 14405,
"label": [
"564161"
]
},
{
"start": 14435,
"end": 14439,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 14448,
"end": 14452,
"label": [
"711941"
]
},
{
"start": 14501,
"end": 14514,
"label": [
"11086209"
]
},
{
"start": 14552,
"end": 14556,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 14565,
"end": 14578,
"label": [
"3115175"
]
},
{
"start": 14614,
"end": 14624,
"label": [
"15957378"
]
},
{
"start": 14669,
"end": 14680,
"label": [
"4317002"
]
},
{
"start": 14705,
"end": 14709,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 14718,
"end": 14734,
"label": [
"22938282"
]
},
{
"start": 14766,
"end": 14790,
"label": [
"5716615"
]
},
{
"start": 14828,
"end": 14848,
"label": [
"5041377"
]
},
{
"start": 14870,
"end": 14874,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 14883,
"end": 14901,
"label": [
"43399049"
]
},
{
"start": 14945,
"end": 14949,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 14958,
"end": 14971,
"label": [
"1356794"
]
},
{
"start": 15007,
"end": 15021,
"label": [
"2841881"
]
},
{
"start": 15044,
"end": 15048,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 15057,
"end": 15068,
"label": [
"5247979"
]
},
{
"start": 15104,
"end": 15118,
"label": [
"11272552"
]
},
{
"start": 15155,
"end": 15172,
"label": [
"515889"
]
},
{
"start": 15214,
"end": 15218,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 15227,
"end": 15241,
"label": [
"41350919"
]
},
{
"start": 15269,
"end": 15290,
"label": [
"60582"
]
},
{
"start": 15292,
"end": 15296,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 15305,
"end": 15315,
"label": [
"5598951"
]
},
{
"start": 15360,
"end": 15375,
"label": [
"4999613"
]
},
{
"start": 15403,
"end": 15407,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 15416,
"end": 15430,
"label": [
"636701"
]
},
{
"start": 15461,
"end": 15465,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 15474,
"end": 15491,
"label": [
"34053114"
]
},
{
"start": 15526,
"end": 15544,
"label": [
"7357887"
]
},
{
"start": 15582,
"end": 15586,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 15595,
"end": 15607,
"label": [
"20840639"
]
},
{
"start": 15627,
"end": 15631,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 15640,
"end": 15653,
"label": [
"41350457"
]
},
{
"start": 15686,
"end": 15690,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 15699,
"end": 15711,
"label": [
"36576064"
]
},
{
"start": 15754,
"end": 15768,
"label": [
"37804805"
]
},
{
"start": 15810,
"end": 15820,
"label": [
"19395616"
]
},
{
"start": 15862,
"end": 15875,
"label": [
"35893689"
]
},
{
"start": 15906,
"end": 15910,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 15919,
"end": 15931,
"label": [
"15077119"
]
},
{
"start": 15969,
"end": 15983,
"label": [
"45498273"
]
},
{
"start": 16001,
"end": 16005,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 16014,
"end": 16029,
"label": [
"33593307"
]
},
{
"start": 16056,
"end": 16060,
"label": [
"34647"
]
},
{
"start": 16069,
"end": 16082,
"label": [
"57525302"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1017_Social and political activism
|
===Free speech=== Ginsberg's willingness to talk about taboo subjects made him a controversial figure during the conservative 1950s, and a significant figure in the 1960s. In the mid-1950s, no reputable publishing company would even consider publishing "Howl". At the time, such "sex talk" employed in "Howl" was considered by some to be vulgar or even a form of pornography, and could be prosecuted under law. Ginsberg used phrases such as "cocksucker", "fucked in the ass", and "cunt" as part of the poem's depiction of different aspects of American culture. Numerous books that discussed sex were banned at the time, including Lady Chatterley's Lover. The sex that Ginsberg described did not portray the sex between heterosexual married couples, or even longtime lovers. Instead, Ginsberg portrayed casual sex. For example, in "Howl", Ginsberg praises the man "who sweetened the snatches of a million girls". Ginsberg used gritty descriptions and explicit sexual language, pointing out the man "who lounged hungry and lonesome through Houston seeking jazz or sex or soup." In his poetry, Ginsberg also discussed the then-taboo topic of homosexuality. The explicit sexual language that filled "Howl" eventually led to an important trial on First Amendment issues. Ginsberg's publisher was brought up on charges for publishing pornography, and the outcome led to a judge going on record dismissing charges, because the poem carried "redeeming social importance", thus setting an important legal precedent. Ginsberg continued to broach controversial subjects throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. From 1970–1996, Ginsberg had a long-term affiliation with PEN American Center with efforts to defend free expression. When explaining how he approached controversial topics, he often pointed to Herbert Huncke: he said that when he first got to know Huncke in the 1940s, Ginsberg saw that he was sick from his heroin addiction, but at the time heroin was a taboo subject and Huncke was left with nowhere to go for help. Ginsberg was a signer of the anti-war manifesto "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority," circulated among draft resistors in 1967 by members of the radical intellectual collective RESIST. Other signers and RESIST members included Mitchell Goodman, Henry Braun, Denise Levertov, Noam Chomsky, William Sloane Coffin, Dwight Macdonald, Robert Lowell, and Norman Mailer. In 1968, Ginsberg signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War, and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated tax resistance as a form of anti-war protest. He was present the night of the Tompkins Square Park riot in 1988 and provided an eyewitness account to The New York Times. Ginsberg talked openly about his connections with communism and his admiration for past communist heroes and the labor movement at a time when the Red Scare and McCarthyism were still raging. He admired Fidel Castro and many other Marxist figures from the 20th century. In "America" (1956), Ginsberg writes: "America, I used to be a communist when I was a kid I'm not sorry". Biographer Jonah Raskin has claimed that, despite his often stark opposition to communist orthodoxy, Ginsberg held "his own idiosyncratic version of communism". On the other hand, when Donald Manes, a New York City politician, publicly accused Ginsberg of being a member of the Communist Party, Ginsberg objected: "I am not, as a matter of fact, a member of the Communist party, nor am I dedicated to the overthrow of the U.S. government or any government by violence ... I must say that I see little difference between the armed and violent governments both Communist and Capitalist that I have observed". Ginsberg travelled to several communist countries to promote free speech. He claimed that communist countries, such as China, welcomed him, because they thought he was an enemy of capitalism, but often turned against him when they saw him as a troublemaker. For example, in 1965 Ginsberg was deported from Cuba for publicly protesting the persecution of homosexuals. The Cubans sent him to Czechoslovakia, where one week after being named the Král majálesu ("King of May", a students' festivity, celebrating spring and student life), Ginsberg was arrested for alleged drug use and public drunkenness, and the security agency StB confiscated several of his writings, which they considered to be lewd and morally dangerous. Ginsberg was then deported from Czechoslovakia on May 7, 1965 by order of the StB. Václav Havel points to Ginsberg as an important inspiration. One contribution that is often considered his most significant and most controversial was his openness about homosexuality. Ginsberg was an early proponent of freedom for gay people. In 1943, he discovered within himself "mountains of homosexuality." He expressed this desire openly and graphically in his poetry. He also struck a note for gay marriage by listing Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong companion, as his spouse in his Who's Who entry. Subsequent gay writers saw his frank talk about homosexuality as an opening to speak more openly and honestly about something often before only hinted at or spoken of in metaphor. In writing about sexuality in graphic detail and in his frequent use of language seen as indecent, he challenged—and ultimately changed—obscenity laws. He was a staunch supporter of others whose expression challenged obscenity laws (William S. Burroughs and Lenny Bruce, for example). Ginsberg was a supporter and member of the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), a pedophilia and pederasty advocacy organization in the United States that works to abolish age of consent laws and legalize sexual relations between adults and children. In "Thoughts on NAMBLA", a 1994 essay published in the collection Deliberate Prose, Ginsberg stated, "NAMBLA's a forum for reform of those laws on youthful sexuality which members deem oppressive, a discussion society not a sex club. I joined NAMBLA in defense of free speech." In 1994, Ginsberg appeared in a documentary on NAMBLA called Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys (playing on the gay male slang term "Chickenhawk"), in which he read a "graphic ode to youth". In her 2001 book, Heartbreak, Andrea Dworkin described her sense of Ginsberg's position: Ginsberg talked often about drug use. He organized the New York City chapter of LeMar (Legalize Marijuana). Throughout the 1960s he took an active role in the demystification of LSD, and, with Timothy Leary, worked to promote its common use. He remained for many decades an advocate of marijuana legalization, and, at the same time, warned his audiences against the hazards of tobacco in his Put Down Your Cigarette Rag (Don't Smoke): "Don't Smoke Don't Smoke Nicotine Nicotine No / No don't smoke the official Dope Smoke Dope Dope." on the latter's book The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, which claimed that the CIA was knowingly involved in the production of heroin in the Golden Triangle of Burma, Thailand, and Laos. In addition to working with McCoy, Ginsberg personally confronted Richard Helms, the director of the CIA in the 1970s, about the matter, but Helms denied that the CIA had anything to do with selling illegal drugs. Allen wrote many essays and articles, researching and compiling evidence of the CIA's alleged involvement in drug trafficking, but it would take 10 years, and the publication of McCoy's book in 1972, before anyone took him seriously. In 1978 Ginsberg received a note from the chief editor of The New York Times, apologizing for not taking his allegations seriously so many years previous. The political subject is dealt with in his song/poem "CIA Dope calypso". The United States Department of State responded to McCoy's initial allegations stating that they were "unable to find any evidence to substantiate them, much less proof." Subsequent investigations by the Inspector General of the CIA, United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a.k.a. the Church Committee, also found the charges to be unsubstantiated.
|
[
{
"start": 630,
"end": 653,
"label": [
"175656"
]
},
{
"start": 1242,
"end": 1257,
"label": [
"31653"
]
},
{
"start": 1657,
"end": 1676,
"label": [
"1750334"
]
},
{
"start": 1793,
"end": 1807,
"label": [
"1193663"
]
},
{
"start": 2047,
"end": 2055,
"label": [
"39766716"
]
},
{
"start": 2200,
"end": 2206,
"label": [
"42967597"
]
},
{
"start": 2250,
"end": 2266,
"label": [
"29995267"
]
},
{
"start": 2268,
"end": 2279,
"label": [
"48804263"
]
},
{
"start": 2281,
"end": 2296,
"label": [
"506924"
]
},
{
"start": 2298,
"end": 2310,
"label": [
"21566"
]
},
{
"start": 2312,
"end": 2333,
"label": [
"424217"
]
},
{
"start": 2335,
"end": 2351,
"label": [
"3319592"
]
},
{
"start": 2353,
"end": 2366,
"label": [
"341721"
]
},
{
"start": 2372,
"end": 2385,
"label": [
"189774"
]
},
{
"start": 2620,
"end": 2634,
"label": [
"1670509"
]
},
{
"start": 2698,
"end": 2723,
"label": [
"6299115"
]
},
{
"start": 2937,
"end": 2946,
"label": [
"43805"
]
},
{
"start": 2951,
"end": 2962,
"label": [
"43805"
]
},
{
"start": 2993,
"end": 3005,
"label": [
"38301"
]
},
{
"start": 3064,
"end": 3071,
"label": [
"2111078"
]
},
{
"start": 3290,
"end": 3303,
"label": [
"2309323"
]
},
{
"start": 3351,
"end": 3363,
"label": [
"2517472"
]
},
{
"start": 3444,
"end": 3459,
"label": [
"452981"
]
},
{
"start": 4084,
"end": 4088,
"label": [
"5042481"
]
},
{
"start": 4168,
"end": 4182,
"label": [
"1810963"
]
},
{
"start": 4403,
"end": 4406,
"label": [
"4408513"
]
},
{
"start": 4583,
"end": 4595,
"label": [
"63299"
]
},
{
"start": 5008,
"end": 5022,
"label": [
"1919143"
]
},
{
"start": 5069,
"end": 5078,
"label": [
"857323"
]
},
{
"start": 5499,
"end": 5519,
"label": [
"33594"
]
},
{
"start": 5524,
"end": 5535,
"label": [
"50016"
]
},
{
"start": 5594,
"end": 5633,
"label": [
"16365325"
]
},
{
"start": 5646,
"end": 5656,
"label": [
"6341469"
]
},
{
"start": 5661,
"end": 5670,
"label": [
"19629641"
]
},
{
"start": 5881,
"end": 5897,
"label": [
"6467977"
]
},
{
"start": 6154,
"end": 6185,
"label": [
"28802682"
]
},
{
"start": 6198,
"end": 6235,
"label": [
"2168123"
]
},
{
"start": 6311,
"end": 6325,
"label": [
"22320587"
]
},
{
"start": 6548,
"end": 6551,
"label": [
"17537"
]
},
{
"start": 6563,
"end": 6576,
"label": [
"31088"
]
},
{
"start": 6656,
"end": 6665,
"label": [
"1481886"
]
},
{
"start": 6925,
"end": 6965,
"label": [
"4478626"
]
},
{
"start": 7038,
"end": 7044,
"label": [
"14034"
]
},
{
"start": 7052,
"end": 7067,
"label": [
"4525386"
]
},
{
"start": 7071,
"end": 7076,
"label": [
"19457"
]
},
{
"start": 7164,
"end": 7177,
"label": [
"140842"
]
},
{
"start": 7604,
"end": 7622,
"label": [
"30680"
]
},
{
"start": 7778,
"end": 7811,
"label": [
"31975"
]
},
{
"start": 7978,
"end": 8006,
"label": [
"24107138"
]
},
{
"start": 8008,
"end": 8056,
"label": [
"1267657"
]
},
{
"start": 8185,
"end": 8201,
"label": [
"1250883"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1019_Births
|
*1180 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (d. 1239) *1504 – Matthew Parker, English archbishop (d. 1575) *1572 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman prince (d. 1635) *1605 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (d. 1675) *1609 – Richard Bennett, English-American politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1675) *1619 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian composer and singer-songwriter (d. 1677) *1622 – Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) *1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French priest and philosopher (d. 1715) *1644 – Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710) *1651 – François Fénelon, French archbishop and poet (d. 1715) *1656 – Claude de Forbin, French general (d. 1733) *1666 – Maria Sophia of Neuburg (d. 1699) *1667 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748) *1697 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1745) *1715 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French author (d. 1747) *1765 – Petros Mavromichalis, Greek general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1848) *1766 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist and physicist (d. 1828) *1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French general and politician (d. 1813) *1775 – Daniel O'Connell, Irish lawyer and politician, Lord Mayor of Dublin (d. 1847) *1809 – Alfred, Lord Tennyson, English poet (d. 1892) *1826 – Thomas Alexander Browne, English-Australian author (d. 1915) *1835 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (d. 1900) *1844 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900) * 1844 – James Henry Greathead, South African-English engineer (d. 1896) *1848 – Susie Taylor, American writer and first African-American Army nurse (d. 1912) *1846 – Anna Haining Bates, Canadian-American giant (d. 1888) *1868 – Paul Claudel, French poet and playwright (d. 1955) *1874 – Charles Fort, American author (d. 1932) *1877 – Wallace H. White Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1952) *1880 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor and singer (d. 1964) *1881 – Leo Carrillo, American actor (d. 1961) * 1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) * 1881 – Louella Parsons, American journalist (d. 1972) *1883 – Scott Nearing, American economist and educator (d. 1983) *1886 – Edward Ballantine, American composer and academic (d. 1971) *1887 – Dudley Benjafield, English racing driver (d. 1957) *1889 – George Kenney, Canadian-American general (d. 1977) * 1889 – John Middleton Murry, English poet and author (d. 1957) *1890 – Wentworth Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Allendale, English captain and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland (d. 1956) *1891 – William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim, English field marshal and politician, 13th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1970) *1892 – Hoot Gibson, American actor, director, and producer (d. 1962) *1893 – Wright Patman, American lieutenant and politician (d. 1976) *1895 – Ernesto Lecuona, Cuban pianist and composer (d. 1963) * 1895 – Frank Nicklin, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Queensland (d. 1978) *1900 – Cecil Howard Green, English-American geophysicist and businessman, co-founded Texas Instruments (d. 2003) *1902 – Dutch Schultz, American gangster (d. 1935) *1903 – Virginia Foster Durr, American civil rights activist (d. 1999) *1904 – Jean Dessès, Greek-Egyptian fashion designer (d. 1970) * 1904 – Henry Iba, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993) *1906 – Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (d. 1984) *1908 – Maria Ludwika Bernhard, Polish classical archaeologist and a member of WWII Polish resistance (d. 1998) * 1908 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis player and commander (d. 1997) * 1908 – Lajos Vajda, Hungarian painter and illustrator (d. 1941) *1909 – Diana Keppel, Countess of Albemarle (d. 2013) *1910 – Adoniran Barbosa, Brazilian musician, singer, composer, humorist, and actor (d. 1982) * 1910 – Charles Crichton, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1999) *1911 – Lucille Ball, American actress, television producer and businesswoman (d. 1989) * 1911 – Norman Gordon, South African cricketer (d. 2014) * 1911 – Constance Heaven, English author and actress (d. 1995) *1912 – Richard C. Miller, American photographer (d. 2010) *1914 – Gordon Freeth, Australian lawyer and politician, 24th Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 2001) *1916 – Richard Hofstadter, American historian and academic (d. 1970) * 1916 – Dom Mintoff, Maltese journalist and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012) *1917 – Barbara Cooney, American author and illustrator (d. 2000) * 1917 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997) *1918 – Norman Granz, American-Swiss record producer and manager (d. 2001) *1919 – Pauline Betz, American tennis player (d. 2011) *1920 – Selma Diamond, Canadian-American actress and screenwriter (d. 1985) * 1920 – John Graves, American author (d. 2013) * 1920 – Ella Raines, American actress (d. 1988) *1922 – Freddie Laker, English businessman, founded Laker Airways (d. 2006) * 1922 – Dan Walker, American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Illinois (d. 2015) *1923 – Jess Collins, American painter (d. 2004) * 1923 – Paul Hellyer, Canadian engineer and politician, 16th Canadian Minister of Defence *1924 – Samuel Bowers, American activist, co-founded the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 2006) *1926 – Elisabeth Beresford, French-English journalist and author (d. 2010) * 1926 – Frank Finlay, English actor (d. 2016) * 1926 – Clem Labine, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007) * 1926 – János Rózsás, Hungarian author (d. 2012) * 1926 – Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (d. 1999) *1928 – Herb Moford, American baseball player (d. 2005) * 1928 – Andy Warhol, American painter and photographer (d. 1987) *1929 – Mike Elliott, Jamaican saxophonist * 1929 – Roch La Salle, Canadian politician, 42nd Canadian Minister of Public Works (d. 2007) *1930 – Abbey Lincoln, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2010) *1931 – Chalmers Johnson, American scholar and author (d. 2010) *1932 – Michael Deeley, English screenwriter and producer * 1932 – Howard Hodgkin, English painter (d. 2017) * 1932 – Charles Wood, English playwright and screenwriter *1933 – A. G. Kripal Singh, Indian cricketer (d. 1987) *1934 – Piers Anthony, English-American soldier and author * 1934 – Chris Bonington, English mountaineer and author * 1934 – Billy Boston, Welsh rugby player and soldier *1935 – Fortunato Baldelli, Italian cardinal (d. 2012) * 1935 – Octavio Getino, Spanish-Argentinian director and screenwriter (d. 2012) *1937 – Baden Powell de Aquino, Brazilian guitarist and composer (d. 2000) * 1937 – Charlie Haden, American bassist and composer (d. 2014) * 1937 – Barbara Windsor, English actress *1938 – Paul Bartel, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2000) * 1938 – Peter Bonerz, American actor and director * 1938 – Bert Yancey, American golfer (d. 1994) *1940 – Mukhu Aliyev, Russian philologist and politician, 2nd President of Dagestan * 1940 – Egil Kapstad, Norwegian pianist and composer * 1940 – Louise Sorel, American actress *1941 – Ray Culp, American baseball player * 1941 – Andrew Green, Baron Green of Deddington, English diplomat *1942 – Byard Lancaster, American saxophonist and flute player (d. 2012) *1943 – Jon Postel, American computer scientist and academic (d. 1998) *1944 – Inday Badiday, Filipino journalist and actress (d. 2003) * 1944 – Michael Mingos, English chemist and academic * 1944 – Martin Wharton, English bishop *1945 – Ron Jones, English director and production manager (d. 1993) *1946 – Allan Holdsworth, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2017) *1947 – Radhia Cousot, French computer scientist and academic * 1947 – Tony Dell, English-Australian cricketer and soldier *1948 – William McCrea, Northern Irish politician *1949 – Dino Bravo, Italian-Canadian wrestler (d. 1993) * 1949 – Richard Prince, American painter and photographer * 1949 – Clarence Richard Silva, American bishop *1950 – Dorian Harewood, American actor *1951 – Catherine Hicks, American actress * 1951 – Daryl Somers, Australian television host and singer *1952 – Pat MacDonald, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1952 – David McLetchie, Scottish lawyer and politician (d. 2013) * 1952 – Ton Scherpenzeel, Dutch keyboard player, songwriter, and producer *1954 – Mark Hughes, English-Australian rugby league player *1956 – Bill Emmott, English journalist and author *1957 – Bob Horner, American baseball player * 1957 – Jim McGreevey, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Governor of New Jersey * 1958 – Randy DeBarge, American singer-songwriter and bass player *1959 – Rajendra Singh, Indian environmentalist *1960 – Dale Ellis, American basketball player *1961 – Mary Ann Sieghart, English journalist and radio host *1962 – Michelle Yeoh, Malaysian-Hong Kong actress and producer *1963 – Charles Ingram, English soldier, author, and game show contestant * 1963 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer hacker and author *1964 – Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo, Nigerian journalist, activist, social media expert, and pharmacist *1965 – Stéphane Peterhansel, French racing driver * 1965 – Yuki Kajiura, Japanese pianist and composer * 1965 – David Robinson, American basketball player and lieutenant * 1965 – Vince Wells, English cricketer *1967 – Lorna Fitzsimons, English businesswoman and politician * 1967 – Mike Greenberg, American journalist and sportscaster * 1967 – Julie Snyder, Canadian talk show host and producer *1968 – Jack de Gier, Dutch footballer *1969 – Simon Doull, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster * 1969 – Elliott Smith, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003) *1970 – M. Night Shyamalan, Indian-American director, producer, and screenwriter *1972 – Paolo Bacigalupi, American author * 1972 – Darren Eales, English footballer and lawyer * 1972 – Geri Halliwell, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress * 1972 – Ray Lucas, American football player and sportscaster *1973 – Vera Farmiga, American actress * 1973 – Max Kellerman, American sportscaster and radio host * 1973 – Iain Morris, English screenwriter and producer * 1973 – Stuart O'Grady, Australian cyclist *1974 – Bobby Petta, Dutch footballer * 1974 – Luis Vizcaíno, Dominican baseball player * 1974 – Alvin Williams, American basketball player and coach *1975 – Jason Crump, English-Australian motorcycle racer * 1975 – Renate Götschl, Austrian skier * 1975 – Víctor Zambrano, Venezuelan baseball player *1976 – Soleil Moon Frye, American actress and producer * 1976 – Melissa George, Australian-American actress * 1976 – Adam Ritson, Australian rugby league player * 1976 – Shaun Timmins, Australian rugby league player *1977 – Leandro Amaral, Brazilian footballer * 1977 – Rebecca Maddern, Australian journalist and television host * 1977 – Jimmy Nielsen, Danish footballer and manager * 1977 – Luciano Zavagno, Argentinian footballer *1978 – Marvel Smith, American football player *1979 – Francesco Bellotti, Italian cyclist * 1979 – Jaime Correa, Mexican footballer * 1979 – Travis Reed, American basketball player *1980 – Danny Collins, English-Welsh footballer * 1980 – Seneca Wallace, American football player * 1980 – Roman Weidenfeller, German footballer * 1980 – Vitantonio Liuzzi, Italian racing driver *1981 – Diána Póth, Hungarian figure skater *1983 – Neil Harvey, English-Barbadian footballer * 1983 – C. J. Mosley, American football player * 1983 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer *1984 – Vedad Ibišević, Bosnian footballer * 1984 – Jesse Ryder, New Zealand cricketer *1985 – Viktoria Baškite, Estonian chess player * 1985 – Mickaël Delage, French cyclist * 1985 – Bafétimbi Gomis, French footballer * 1985 – Garrett Weber-Gale, American swimmer *1986 – Mehmet Akgün, Turkish footballer * 1986 – Raphael Pyrasch, German rugby player *1991 – Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer *1992 – Tara Moore, British tennis player *1995 – Rebecca Peterson, Swedish tennis player
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"36395"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 29,
"label": [
"195040"
]
},
{
"start": 50,
"end": 54,
"label": [
"38702"
]
},
{
"start": 63,
"end": 77,
"label": [
"153638"
]
},
{
"start": 109,
"end": 113,
"label": [
"34686"
]
},
{
"start": 122,
"end": 137,
"label": [
"391038"
]
},
{
"start": 165,
"end": 169,
"label": [
"35085"
]
},
{
"start": 178,
"end": 198,
"label": [
"491271"
]
},
{
"start": 226,
"end": 230,
"label": [
"35096"
]
},
{
"start": 239,
"end": 254,
"label": [
"14479195"
]
},
{
"start": 326,
"end": 330,
"label": [
"35108"
]
},
{
"start": 339,
"end": 354,
"label": [
"408517"
]
},
{
"start": 406,
"end": 410,
"label": [
"34973"
]
},
{
"start": 419,
"end": 440,
"label": [
"11518492"
]
},
{
"start": 467,
"end": 471,
"label": [
"35146"
]
},
{
"start": 480,
"end": 499,
"label": [
"174019"
]
},
{
"start": 542,
"end": 546,
"label": [
"34860"
]
},
{
"start": 555,
"end": 576,
"label": [
"310745"
]
},
{
"start": 597,
"end": 616,
"label": [
"18553"
]
},
{
"start": 628,
"end": 632,
"label": [
"36373"
]
},
{
"start": 641,
"end": 657,
"label": [
"178847"
]
},
{
"start": 697,
"end": 701,
"label": [
"38613"
]
},
{
"start": 710,
"end": 726,
"label": [
"1103042"
]
},
{
"start": 754,
"end": 758,
"label": [
"36223"
]
},
{
"start": 767,
"end": 790,
"label": [
"6596820"
]
},
{
"start": 802,
"end": 806,
"label": [
"38623"
]
},
{
"start": 815,
"end": 831,
"label": [
"268886"
]
},
{
"start": 864,
"end": 868,
"label": [
"36178"
]
},
{
"start": 877,
"end": 908,
"label": [
"51109"
]
},
{
"start": 920,
"end": 924,
"label": [
"38627"
]
},
{
"start": 933,
"end": 973,
"label": [
"1804818"
]
},
{
"start": 1000,
"end": 1004,
"label": [
"34870"
]
},
{
"start": 1013,
"end": 1033,
"label": [
"1669114"
]
},
{
"start": 1105,
"end": 1109,
"label": [
"35821"
]
},
{
"start": 1118,
"end": 1140,
"label": [
"157164"
]
},
{
"start": 1183,
"end": 1187,
"label": [
"35820"
]
},
{
"start": 1196,
"end": 1219,
"label": [
"322542"
]
},
{
"start": 1262,
"end": 1266,
"label": [
"35816"
]
},
{
"start": 1275,
"end": 1291,
"label": [
"168154"
]
},
{
"start": 1322,
"end": 1342,
"label": [
"181426"
]
},
{
"start": 1354,
"end": 1358,
"label": [
"34705"
]
},
{
"start": 1367,
"end": 1388,
"label": [
"59209"
]
},
{
"start": 1414,
"end": 1418,
"label": [
"34597"
]
},
{
"start": 1427,
"end": 1450,
"label": [
"5738397"
]
},
{
"start": 1489,
"end": 1493,
"label": [
"35516"
]
},
{
"start": 1502,
"end": 1518,
"label": [
"22826248"
]
},
{
"start": 1547,
"end": 1551,
"label": [
"34955"
]
},
{
"start": 1560,
"end": 1597,
"label": [
"167608"
]
},
{
"start": 1623,
"end": 1644,
"label": [
"342842"
]
},
{
"start": 1688,
"end": 1692,
"label": [
"34666"
]
},
{
"start": 1701,
"end": 1713,
"label": [
"3136457"
]
},
{
"start": 1780,
"end": 1784,
"label": [
"35068"
]
},
{
"start": 1793,
"end": 1811,
"label": [
"264377"
]
},
{
"start": 1848,
"end": 1852,
"label": [
"34788"
]
},
{
"start": 1861,
"end": 1873,
"label": [
"99614"
]
},
{
"start": 1913,
"end": 1917,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 1926,
"end": 1938,
"label": [
"44490"
]
},
{
"start": 1967,
"end": 1971,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 1980,
"end": 2000,
"label": [
"1136523"
]
},
{
"start": 2044,
"end": 2048,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 2057,
"end": 2067,
"label": [
"846310"
]
},
{
"start": 2106,
"end": 2110,
"label": [
"34716"
]
},
{
"start": 2119,
"end": 2131,
"label": [
"239793"
]
},
{
"start": 2173,
"end": 2190,
"label": [
"1937"
]
},
{
"start": 2242,
"end": 2253,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 2288,
"end": 2303,
"label": [
"433343"
]
},
{
"start": 2336,
"end": 2340,
"label": [
"34701"
]
},
{
"start": 2349,
"end": 2362,
"label": [
"207960"
]
},
{
"start": 2407,
"end": 2411,
"label": [
"34845"
]
},
{
"start": 2420,
"end": 2437,
"label": [
"26314623"
]
},
{
"start": 2481,
"end": 2485,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2494,
"end": 2511,
"label": [
"3121461"
]
},
{
"start": 2546,
"end": 2550,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 2559,
"end": 2572,
"label": [
"3074047"
]
},
{
"start": 2625,
"end": 2645,
"label": [
"912493"
]
},
{
"start": 2682,
"end": 2686,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2695,
"end": 2737,
"label": [
"3319856"
]
},
{
"start": 2771,
"end": 2804,
"label": [
"2781192"
]
},
{
"start": 2816,
"end": 2820,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 2829,
"end": 2860,
"label": [
"353416"
]
},
{
"start": 2905,
"end": 2934,
"label": [
"12601"
]
},
{
"start": 2946,
"end": 2950,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 2959,
"end": 2970,
"label": [
"1585014"
]
},
{
"start": 3022,
"end": 3026,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 3035,
"end": 3048,
"label": [
"766078"
]
},
{
"start": 3096,
"end": 3100,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 3109,
"end": 3124,
"label": [
"1597515"
]
},
{
"start": 3178,
"end": 3191,
"label": [
"1721069"
]
},
{
"start": 3221,
"end": 3242,
"label": [
"24677"
]
},
{
"start": 3254,
"end": 3258,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 3267,
"end": 3285,
"label": [
"1274240"
]
},
{
"start": 3345,
"end": 3362,
"label": [
"47768"
]
},
{
"start": 3374,
"end": 3378,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 3387,
"end": 3400,
"label": [
"379568"
]
},
{
"start": 3444,
"end": 3464,
"label": [
"8876561"
]
},
{
"start": 3508,
"end": 3512,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3521,
"end": 3532,
"label": [
"5023650"
]
},
{
"start": 3591,
"end": 3600,
"label": [
"1677106"
]
},
{
"start": 3650,
"end": 3654,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 3663,
"end": 3676,
"label": [
"6305915"
]
},
{
"start": 3709,
"end": 3713,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3722,
"end": 3744,
"label": [
"57621979"
]
},
{
"start": 3753,
"end": 3776,
"label": [
"606810"
]
},
{
"start": 3841,
"end": 3853,
"label": [
"2144869"
]
},
{
"start": 3917,
"end": 3928,
"label": [
"8502457"
]
},
{
"start": 3975,
"end": 3979,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 3988,
"end": 4023,
"label": [
"9462833"
]
},
{
"start": 4035,
"end": 4039,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 4048,
"end": 4064,
"label": [
"3420375"
]
},
{
"start": 4149,
"end": 4165,
"label": [
"1210147"
]
},
{
"start": 4223,
"end": 4227,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 4236,
"end": 4248,
"label": [
"24191364"
]
},
{
"start": 4331,
"end": 4344,
"label": [
"3817090"
]
},
{
"start": 4395,
"end": 4411,
"label": [
"22413540"
]
},
{
"start": 4451,
"end": 4455,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 4464,
"end": 4481,
"label": [
"26360473"
]
},
{
"start": 4516,
"end": 4520,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 4529,
"end": 4542,
"label": [
"13565820"
]
},
{
"start": 4583,
"end": 4622,
"label": [
"591908"
]
},
{
"start": 4634,
"end": 4638,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4647,
"end": 4665,
"label": [
"514693"
]
},
{
"start": 4724,
"end": 4735,
"label": [
"382416"
]
},
{
"start": 4776,
"end": 4799,
"label": [
"464388"
]
},
{
"start": 4811,
"end": 4815,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4824,
"end": 4838,
"label": [
"5912238"
]
},
{
"start": 4897,
"end": 4911,
"label": [
"87603"
]
},
{
"start": 4939,
"end": 4943,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4952,
"end": 4964,
"label": [
"49906"
]
},
{
"start": 5020,
"end": 5024,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 5033,
"end": 5045,
"label": [
"2135999"
]
},
{
"start": 5081,
"end": 5085,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 5094,
"end": 5107,
"label": [
"2307764"
]
},
{
"start": 5177,
"end": 5188,
"label": [
"21608159"
]
},
{
"start": 5231,
"end": 5242,
"label": [
"1388206"
]
},
{
"start": 5272,
"end": 5276,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 5285,
"end": 5298,
"label": [
"204845"
]
},
{
"start": 5329,
"end": 5342,
"label": [
"1254208"
]
},
{
"start": 5368,
"end": 5378,
"label": [
"637125"
]
},
{
"start": 5417,
"end": 5437,
"label": [
"253070"
]
},
{
"start": 5449,
"end": 5453,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 5462,
"end": 5474,
"label": [
"898654"
]
},
{
"start": 5518,
"end": 5530,
"label": [
"396072"
]
},
{
"start": 5571,
"end": 5599,
"label": [
"601385"
]
},
{
"start": 5601,
"end": 5605,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5614,
"end": 5627,
"label": [
"3340918"
]
},
{
"start": 5663,
"end": 5696,
"label": [
"9537085"
]
},
{
"start": 5708,
"end": 5712,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 5721,
"end": 5740,
"label": [
"8371320"
]
},
{
"start": 5804,
"end": 5816,
"label": [
"1388987"
]
},
{
"start": 5857,
"end": 5868,
"label": [
"2653407"
]
},
{
"start": 5932,
"end": 5944,
"label": [
"7763577"
]
},
{
"start": 5988,
"end": 6001,
"label": [
"30860458"
]
},
{
"start": 6036,
"end": 6040,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 6049,
"end": 6060,
"label": [
"3501331"
]
},
{
"start": 6112,
"end": 6123,
"label": [
"864"
]
},
{
"start": 6170,
"end": 6174,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 6183,
"end": 6195,
"label": [
"23002397"
]
},
{
"start": 6233,
"end": 6246,
"label": [
"1383915"
]
},
{
"start": 6274,
"end": 6307,
"label": [
"852361"
]
},
{
"start": 6319,
"end": 6323,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 6332,
"end": 6345,
"label": [
"1655706"
]
},
{
"start": 6397,
"end": 6401,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6410,
"end": 6426,
"label": [
"630369"
]
},
{
"start": 6467,
"end": 6471,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 6480,
"end": 6494,
"label": [
"1856693"
]
},
{
"start": 6545,
"end": 6559,
"label": [
"186466"
]
},
{
"start": 6602,
"end": 6614,
"label": [
"7353418"
]
},
{
"start": 6653,
"end": 6657,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 6666,
"end": 6684,
"label": [
"2631862"
]
},
{
"start": 6714,
"end": 6718,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 6727,
"end": 6740,
"label": [
"23669"
]
},
{
"start": 6793,
"end": 6808,
"label": [
"410279"
]
},
{
"start": 6856,
"end": 6868,
"label": [
"2507081"
]
},
{
"start": 6902,
"end": 6906,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 6915,
"end": 6933,
"label": [
"22824988"
]
},
{
"start": 6977,
"end": 6991,
"label": [
"11015839"
]
},
{
"start": 7050,
"end": 7054,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 7063,
"end": 7085,
"label": [
"760797"
]
},
{
"start": 7145,
"end": 7158,
"label": [
"463277"
]
},
{
"start": 7215,
"end": 7230,
"label": [
"158991"
]
},
{
"start": 7249,
"end": 7253,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 7262,
"end": 7273,
"label": [
"2086582"
]
},
{
"start": 7343,
"end": 7355,
"label": [
"3429259"
]
},
{
"start": 7400,
"end": 7411,
"label": [
"6227648"
]
},
{
"start": 7440,
"end": 7444,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7453,
"end": 7465,
"label": [
"4164737"
]
},
{
"start": 7507,
"end": 7528,
"label": [
"23316010"
]
},
{
"start": 7544,
"end": 7556,
"label": [
"36792260"
]
},
{
"start": 7604,
"end": 7616,
"label": [
"697568"
]
},
{
"start": 7636,
"end": 7640,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 7649,
"end": 7657,
"label": [
"5936878"
]
},
{
"start": 7699,
"end": 7738,
"label": [
"4276414"
]
},
{
"start": 7758,
"end": 7762,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 7771,
"end": 7786,
"label": [
"15055150"
]
},
{
"start": 7837,
"end": 7841,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7850,
"end": 7860,
"label": [
"15767"
]
},
{
"start": 7914,
"end": 7918,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7927,
"end": 7940,
"label": [
"29594242"
]
},
{
"start": 7999,
"end": 8013,
"label": [
"11456236"
]
},
{
"start": 8059,
"end": 8073,
"label": [
"8120125"
]
},
{
"start": 8091,
"end": 8095,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8104,
"end": 8113,
"label": [
"2328623"
]
},
{
"start": 8166,
"end": 8170,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8179,
"end": 8195,
"label": [
"328261"
]
},
{
"start": 8252,
"end": 8256,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8265,
"end": 8278,
"label": [
"42793014"
]
},
{
"start": 8334,
"end": 8343,
"label": [
"3615690"
]
},
{
"start": 8387,
"end": 8391,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8400,
"end": 8414,
"label": [
"558068"
]
},
{
"start": 8443,
"end": 8447,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8456,
"end": 8466,
"label": [
"1666380"
]
},
{
"start": 8519,
"end": 8533,
"label": [
"671276"
]
},
{
"start": 8584,
"end": 8606,
"label": [
"1900824"
]
},
{
"start": 8625,
"end": 8629,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8638,
"end": 8653,
"label": [
"1595652"
]
},
{
"start": 8671,
"end": 8675,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8684,
"end": 8699,
"label": [
"1240271"
]
},
{
"start": 8733,
"end": 8745,
"label": [
"1625629"
]
},
{
"start": 8786,
"end": 8790,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8799,
"end": 8812,
"label": [
"5781040"
]
},
{
"start": 8870,
"end": 8885,
"label": [
"523604"
]
},
{
"start": 8943,
"end": 8959,
"label": [
"2197155"
]
},
{
"start": 9010,
"end": 9014,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9023,
"end": 9034,
"label": [
"54755900"
]
},
{
"start": 9076,
"end": 9080,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9089,
"end": 9100,
"label": [
"512222"
]
},
{
"start": 9133,
"end": 9137,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9146,
"end": 9156,
"label": [
"801983"
]
},
{
"start": 9198,
"end": 9211,
"label": [
"410892"
]
},
{
"start": 9250,
"end": 9272,
"label": [
"214884"
]
},
{
"start": 9288,
"end": 9301,
"label": [
"16837906"
]
},
{
"start": 9347,
"end": 9351,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9360,
"end": 9374,
"label": [
"5778574"
]
},
{
"start": 9401,
"end": 9405,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9414,
"end": 9424,
"label": [
"2094639"
]
},
{
"start": 9454,
"end": 9458,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9467,
"end": 9484,
"label": [
"6840699"
]
},
{
"start": 9521,
"end": 9525,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 9534,
"end": 9547,
"label": [
"147873"
]
},
{
"start": 9591,
"end": 9595,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 9604,
"end": 9618,
"label": [
"386112"
]
},
{
"start": 9685,
"end": 9698,
"label": [
"77934"
]
},
{
"start": 9737,
"end": 9741,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 9750,
"end": 9771,
"label": [
"46663467"
]
},
{
"start": 9841,
"end": 9845,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 9854,
"end": 9874,
"label": [
"3225966"
]
},
{
"start": 9912,
"end": 9924,
"label": [
"326257"
]
},
{
"start": 9971,
"end": 9985,
"label": [
"207750"
]
},
{
"start": 10044,
"end": 10055,
"label": [
"3605301"
]
},
{
"start": 10076,
"end": 10080,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10089,
"end": 10105,
"label": [
"421614"
]
},
{
"start": 10159,
"end": 10173,
"label": [
"1924730"
]
},
{
"start": 10227,
"end": 10239,
"label": [
"7731978"
]
},
{
"start": 10279,
"end": 10283,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10292,
"end": 10304,
"label": [
"9424853"
]
},
{
"start": 10324,
"end": 10328,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10337,
"end": 10348,
"label": [
"2799529"
]
},
{
"start": 10404,
"end": 10417,
"label": [
"80646"
]
},
{
"start": 10471,
"end": 10475,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 10484,
"end": 10502,
"label": [
"73631"
]
},
{
"start": 10558,
"end": 10562,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 10571,
"end": 10587,
"label": [
"7336385"
]
},
{
"start": 10620,
"end": 10632,
"label": [
"19828424"
]
},
{
"start": 10679,
"end": 10693,
"label": [
"256620"
]
},
{
"start": 10757,
"end": 10766,
"label": [
"4242049"
]
},
{
"start": 10811,
"end": 10815,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 10824,
"end": 10836,
"label": [
"2698384"
]
},
{
"start": 10870,
"end": 10883,
"label": [
"728806"
]
},
{
"start": 10937,
"end": 10948,
"label": [
"5006759"
]
},
{
"start": 10999,
"end": 11013,
"label": [
"931404"
]
},
{
"start": 11035,
"end": 11039,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11048,
"end": 11059,
"label": [
"6138097"
]
},
{
"start": 11093,
"end": 11106,
"label": [
"2991333"
]
},
{
"start": 11149,
"end": 11163,
"label": [
"2431400"
]
},
{
"start": 11203,
"end": 11207,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11216,
"end": 11227,
"label": [
"7259642"
]
},
{
"start": 11280,
"end": 11294,
"label": [
"2424607"
]
},
{
"start": 11326,
"end": 11341,
"label": [
"695458"
]
},
{
"start": 11371,
"end": 11375,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11384,
"end": 11400,
"label": [
"103930"
]
},
{
"start": 11447,
"end": 11461,
"label": [
"365318"
]
},
{
"start": 11506,
"end": 11517,
"label": [
"5677204"
]
},
{
"start": 11565,
"end": 11578,
"label": [
"4938404"
]
},
{
"start": 11612,
"end": 11616,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 11625,
"end": 11639,
"label": [
"12453262"
]
},
{
"start": 11677,
"end": 11692,
"label": [
"3183440"
]
},
{
"start": 11751,
"end": 11764,
"label": [
"3310097"
]
},
{
"start": 11811,
"end": 11826,
"label": [
"8662892"
]
},
{
"start": 11852,
"end": 11856,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 11865,
"end": 11877,
"label": [
"1975795"
]
},
{
"start": 11905,
"end": 11909,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 11918,
"end": 11936,
"label": [
"13106266"
]
},
{
"start": 11969,
"end": 11981,
"label": [
"19861306"
]
},
{
"start": 12017,
"end": 12028,
"label": [
"16826399"
]
},
{
"start": 12058,
"end": 12062,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12071,
"end": 12084,
"label": [
"1253831"
]
},
{
"start": 12126,
"end": 12140,
"label": [
"1780601"
]
},
{
"start": 12182,
"end": 12200,
"label": [
"3920700"
]
},
{
"start": 12235,
"end": 12252,
"label": [
"1393912"
]
},
{
"start": 12277,
"end": 12281,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12290,
"end": 12300,
"label": [
"9720912"
]
},
{
"start": 12327,
"end": 12331,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 12340,
"end": 12351,
"label": [
"17530938"
]
},
{
"start": 12397,
"end": 12409,
"label": [
"5222888"
]
},
{
"start": 12451,
"end": 12467,
"label": [
"22048328"
]
},
{
"start": 12487,
"end": 12491,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 12500,
"end": 12514,
"label": [
"2440104"
]
},
{
"start": 12550,
"end": 12561,
"label": [
"4529358"
]
},
{
"start": 12586,
"end": 12590,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 12599,
"end": 12615,
"label": [
"41730792"
]
},
{
"start": 12654,
"end": 12668,
"label": [
"12327640"
]
},
{
"start": 12700,
"end": 12715,
"label": [
"9438912"
]
},
{
"start": 12750,
"end": 12768,
"label": [
"17600848"
]
},
{
"start": 12788,
"end": 12792,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 12801,
"end": 12813,
"label": [
"3280357"
]
},
{
"start": 12849,
"end": 12864,
"label": [
"26588703"
]
},
{
"start": 12887,
"end": 12891,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 12900,
"end": 12912,
"label": [
"18744819"
]
},
{
"start": 12931,
"end": 12935,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 12944,
"end": 12954,
"label": [
"19961056"
]
},
{
"start": 12979,
"end": 12983,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 12992,
"end": 13008,
"label": [
"38287395"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1023_History
|
=== Classical liberalism === Classical liberalism is the primary influence with the longest history on anarcho-capitalist theory. Classical liberals have had two main themes since John Locke first expounded the philosophy: the liberty of man and limitations of state power. The liberty of man was expressed in terms of natural rights while limiting the state was based (for Locke) on a consent theory. In the 19th century, classical liberals led the attack against statism. One notable was Frédéric Bastiat (The Law), who wrote: "The state is the great fiction by which everybody seeks to live at the expense of everybody else". Henry David Thoreau wrote: "I heartily accept the motto, 'That government is best which governs least'; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, 'That government is best which governs not at all'; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have". The early liberals believed that the state should confine its role to protecting individual liberty and property and opposed all but the most minimal economic regulations. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that in an environment of laissez-faire, a spontaneous order of cooperation in exchanging goods and services emerges that satisfies human wants. Some individualists came to realize that the liberal state itself takes property forcefully through taxation in order to fund its protection services and therefore it seemed logically inconsistent to oppose theft while also supporting a tax-funded protector. So they advocated what may be seen as classical liberalism taken to the extreme by only supporting voluntarily funded defense by competing private providers. One of the first liberals to discuss the possibility of privatizing protection of individual liberty and property was France's Jakob Mauvillon in the 18th century. In the 1840s, Julius Faucher and Gustave de Molinari advocated the same. In his essay The Production of Security, Molinari argued: "No government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity". Molinari and this new type of anti-state liberal grounded their reasoning on liberal ideals and classical economics. Historian and libertarian Ralph Raico argues that what these liberal philosophers "had come up with was a form of individualist anarchism, or, as it would be called today, anarcho-capitalism or market anarchism". Unlike the liberalism of Locke, which saw the state as evolving from society, the anti-state liberals saw a fundamental conflict between the voluntary interactions of people, i.e. society; and the institutions of force, i.e. the state. This society vs. state idea was expressed in various ways: natural society vs. artificial society, liberty vs. authority, society of contract vs. society of authority and industrial society vs. militant society, just to name a few. The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of Herbert Spencer as well as in thinkers such as Paul Émile de Puydt and Auberon Herbert. In the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the Old Right. These were minarchists, anti-war, anti-imperialists and (later) anti-New Dealers. Some of the most notable members of the Old Right were Albert Jay Nock, Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, Frank Chodorov, Garet Garrett and H. L. Mencken. In the 1950s, the new "fusion conservatism", also called "Cold War conservatism", took hold of the right-wing in the United States, stressing anti-communism. This induced the libertarian Old Right to split off from the right and seek alliances with the (now left-wing) antiwar movement, and to start specifically libertarian organizations such as the Libertarian Party. Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). In the winter of 1949, influenced by several 19th century individualists anarchists, Rothbard decided to reject minimal state laissez-faire and embrace individualist anarchism. In 1965, he said: "Lysander Spooner and Benjamin R. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy". He thought they had a faulty understanding of economics as the 19th century individualists had a labor theory of value as influenced by the classical economists and Rothbard was a student of Austrian economics which does not agree with the labor theory of value. He sought to meld 19th-century American individualists' advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics: "There is, in the body of thought known as 'Austrian economics', a scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung". He held that the economic consequences of the political system they advocate would not result in an economy with people being paid in proportion to labor amounts, nor would profit and interest disappear as they expected. Tucker thought that unregulated banking and money issuance would cause increases in the money supply so that interest rates would drop to zero or near to it. Rothbard disagreed with this as he explains in The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View. He says that first of all Tucker was wrong to think that that would cause the money supply to increase because he says that the money supply in a free market would be self-regulating. If it were not, then inflation would occur so it is not necessarily desirable to increase the money supply in the first place. Secondly, he says that Tucker is wrong to think that interest would disappear regardless because people in general do not wish to lend their money to others without compensation so there is no reason why this would change just because banking was unregulated. Tucker held a labor theory of value and as a result he thought that in a free market people would be paid in proportion to how much labor they exerted and that if they were not then exploitation or "usury" was taking place. As he explains in State Socialism and Anarchism, his theory was that unregulated banking would cause more money to be available and that this would allow proliferation of new businesses, which would in turn raise demand for labor. This led him to believe that the labor theory of value would be vindicated and equal amounts of labor would receive equal pay. As an Austrian economist, Rothbard did not agree with the labor theory and believed that prices of goods and services are proportional to marginal utility rather than to labor amounts in the free market. He did not think that there was anything exploitative about people receiving an income according to how much buyers of their services value their labor or what that labor produces. Of particular importance to anarcho-capitalists and Tucker and Spooner are the ideas of "sovereignty of the individual", a market economy and the opposition to collectivism. A defining point upon which they agree is that defense of liberty and property should be provided in the free market rather than by the state. Tucker said: "[D]efense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices".
|
[
{
"start": 180,
"end": 190,
"label": [
"16143"
]
},
{
"start": 319,
"end": 333,
"label": [
"327672"
]
},
{
"start": 386,
"end": 400,
"label": [
"3962924"
]
},
{
"start": 490,
"end": 506,
"label": [
"11282"
]
},
{
"start": 508,
"end": 515,
"label": [
"9027995"
]
},
{
"start": 629,
"end": 648,
"label": [
"43421"
]
},
{
"start": 1286,
"end": 1303,
"label": [
"866764"
]
},
{
"start": 1932,
"end": 1947,
"label": [
"7314771"
]
},
{
"start": 1983,
"end": 1997,
"label": [
"7314515"
]
},
{
"start": 2002,
"end": 2021,
"label": [
"12719"
]
},
{
"start": 2430,
"end": 2441,
"label": [
"2748269"
]
},
{
"start": 3200,
"end": 3215,
"label": [
"248859"
]
},
{
"start": 3247,
"end": 3266,
"label": [
"222083"
]
},
{
"start": 3271,
"end": 3286,
"label": [
"433406"
]
},
{
"start": 3448,
"end": 3456,
"label": [
"19283361"
]
},
{
"start": 3516,
"end": 3531,
"label": [
"763913"
]
},
{
"start": 3533,
"end": 3549,
"label": [
"195726"
]
},
{
"start": 3551,
"end": 3566,
"label": [
"1400094"
]
},
{
"start": 3568,
"end": 3582,
"label": [
"2649355"
]
},
{
"start": 3584,
"end": 3597,
"label": [
"1394295"
]
},
{
"start": 3602,
"end": 3615,
"label": [
"54219"
]
},
{
"start": 3675,
"end": 3683,
"label": [
"325329"
]
},
{
"start": 4043,
"end": 4076,
"label": [
"5879835"
]
},
{
"start": 4325,
"end": 4341,
"label": [
"79355"
]
},
{
"start": 4346,
"end": 4364,
"label": [
"39490694"
]
},
{
"start": 4637,
"end": 4658,
"label": [
"17629"
]
},
{
"start": 4680,
"end": 4700,
"label": [
"227141"
]
},
{
"start": 4731,
"end": 4749,
"label": [
"1030"
]
},
{
"start": 7012,
"end": 7028,
"label": [
"23014670"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1027_Births
|
*1201 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English historian and merchant (d. 1274) *1537 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician and astronomer (d. 1604) *1544 – Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1606) *1590 – John Webster, Colonial settler and governor of Connecticut (d. 1661) *1593 – Izaak Walton, English writer (d. 1683) *1603 – Johannes Cocceius, German-Dutch theologian and academic (d. 1669) *1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694) *1653 – John Oldham, English poet and translator (d. 1683) *1674 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect, designed the Veltrusy Mansion (d. 1766) *1696 – Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1772) *1722 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (d. 1758) *1726 – Francesco Cetti, Italian priest, zoologist, and mathematician (d. 1778) *1748 – Bernhard Schott, German music publisher (d. 1809) *1757 – Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, American humanitarian; wife of Alexander Hamilton (d. 1854) * 1757 – Thomas Telford, Scottish architect and engineer, designed the Menai Suspension Bridge (d. 1834) *1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian physicist and chemist (d. 1856) *1783 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (d. 1801) *1788 – Adoniram Judson, American missionary and lexicographer (d. 1850) *1797 – Charles Robert Malden, English lieutenant and surveyor (d. 1855) *1805 – Joseph Locke, English engineer and politician (d. 1860) *1845 – André Bessette, Canadian saint (d. 1937) *1847 – Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, French-Italian wife of Amadeo I of Spain (d. 1876) *1848 – Alfred David Benjamin, Australian-born businessman and philanthropist. (d. 1900) *1861 – Dorothea Klumpke, American astronomer and academic (d. 1942) *1867 – Evelina Haverfield, Scottish nurse and activist (d. 1920) *1872 – Archduke Joseph August of Austria (d. 1962) *1874 – Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan composer and conductor (d. 1947) *1875 – Albert Ketèlbey, English pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1959) *1878 – Eileen Gray, Irish architect and furniture designer (d. 1976) *1879 – John Willcock, Australian politician, 15th Premier of Western Australia, (d. 1956) *1881 – Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, Brazilian prince (d. 1918) *1890 – Eino Kaila, Finnish philosopher and psychologist, attendant of the Vienna circle (d. 1958) *1896 – Erich Hückel, German physicist and chemist (d. 1980) * 1896 – Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist and philosopher (d. 1980) *1899 – P. L. Travers, Australian-English author and actress (d. 1996) *1901 – Charles Farrell, American actor and singer (d. 1990) *1902 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991) * 1902 – Panteleimon Ponomarenko, Russian general and politician (d. 1984) *1905 – Leo Genn, British actor and barrister (d. 1978) *1909 – Vinayaka Krishna Gokak, Indian scholar, author, and academic (d. 1992) *1909 – Willa Beatrice Player, Educator, First Black woman college president (d. 2003) * 1909 – Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer and diplomat (d. 1944) *1911 – William Alfred Fowler, American astronomer and astrophysicist, Nobel Laureate (d. 1996) * 1911 – Eddie Futch, American boxer and trainer (d. 2001) * 1911 – John McQuade, Northern Irish soldier, boxer, and politician (d. 1984) *1913 – Wilbur Norman Christiansen, Australian astronomer and engineer (d. 2007) *1914 – Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian-Austrian conductor and director (d. 1963) * 1914 – Tove Jansson, Finnish author and illustrator (d. 2001) * 1914 – Joe Mercer, English footballer and manager (d. 1990) *1915 – Mareta West, American astronomer and geologist (d. 1998) *1918 – Kermit Beahan, American colonel (d. 1989) * 1918 – Giles Cooper, Irish soldier and playwright (d. 1966) * 1918 – Albert Seedman, American police officer (d. 2013) *1919 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch journalist, economist, and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987) * 1919 – Ralph Houk, American baseball player and manager (d. 2010) *1920 – Enzo Biagi, Italian journalist and author (d. 2007) *1921 – Ernest Angley, American evangelist and author * 1921 – J. James Exon, American soldier and politician, 33rd Governor of Nebraska (d. 2005) *1922 – Philip Larkin, English poet and novelist (d. 1985) *1924 – Mathews Mar Barnabas, Indian metropolitan (d. 2012) * 1924 – Frank Martínez, American soldier and painter (d. 2013) *1925 – David A. Huffman, American computer scientist, developed Huffman coding (d. 1999) *1926 – Denis Atkinson, Barbadian cricketer (d. 2001) *1927 – Daniel Keyes, American short story writer and novelist (d. 2014) * 1927 – Robert Shaw, English actor and screenwriter (d. 1978) *1928 – Bob Cousy, American basketball player and coach * 1928 – Camilla Wicks, American violinist and educator * 1928 – Dolores Wilson, American soprano and actress (d. 2010) *1929 – Abdi İpekçi, Turkish journalist and activist (d. 1979) *1930 – Milt Bolling, American baseball player and scout (d. 2013) * 1930 – Jacques Parizeau, Canadian economist and politician, 26th Premier of Quebec (d. 2015) *1931 – Chuck Essegian, American baseball player and lawyer * 1931 – James Freeman Gilbert, American geophysicist and academic (d. 2014) * 1931 – Paula Kent Meehan, American businesswoman, co-founded Redken (d. 2014) * 1931 – Mário Zagallo, Brazilian footballer and coach *1932 – Tam Dalyell, Scottish academic and politician (d. 2017) * 1932 – John Gomery, Canadian lawyer and jurist *1933 – Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japanese actress, talk show host, and author *1935 – Beverlee McKinsey, American actress (d. 2008) *1936 – Julián Javier, Dominican-American baseball player * 1936 – Patrick Tse, Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1938 – Leonid Kuchma, Ukrainian engineer and politician, 2nd President of Ukraine * 1938 – Rod Laver, Australian tennis player and coach * 1938 – Otto Rehhagel, German footballer, coach, and manager *1939 – Hércules Brito Ruas, Brazilian footballer * 1939 – Vincent Hanna, Northern Irish journalist (d. 1997) * 1939 – The Mighty Hannibal, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2014) * 1939 – Billy Henderson, American singer (d. 2007) * 1939 – Bulle Ogier, French actress and screenwriter * 1939 – Romano Prodi, Italian academic and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Italy * 1939 – Butch Warren, American bassist (d. 2013) *1940 – Linda Keen, American mathematician and academic *1942 – Tommie Agee, American baseball player (d. 2001) * 1942 – Jack DeJohnette, American drummer, pianist, and composer * 1942 – David Steinberg, Canadian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1943 – Ken Norton, American boxer and actor (d. 2013) *1944 – George Armstrong, English footballer (d. 2000) * 1944 – Patrick Depailler, French race car driver (d. 1980) * 1944 – Sam Elliott, American actor and producer * 1944 – Patricia McKissack, American soldier, engineer, and author * 1944 – John Simpson, English journalist and author *1945 – Barbara Delinsky, American author * 1945 – Aleksandr Gorelik, Russian figure skater and sportscaster (d. 2012) * 1945 – Zurab Sakandelidze, Georgian basketball player (d. 2004) * 1945 – Posy Simmonds, English author and illustrator *1946 – Rinus Gerritsen, Dutch rock bass player * 1946 – Jim Kiick, American football player *1947 – Roy Hodgson, English footballer and manager * 1947 – Barbara Mason, American R&B/soul singer-songwriter * 1947 – John Varley, American author *1948 – Bill Campbell, American baseball player and coach *1949 – Jonathan Kellerman, American psychologist and author * 1949 – Ted Simmons, American baseball player and coach *1951 – James Naughtie, Scottish journalist and radio host * 1951 – Steve Swisher, American baseball player and manager *1952 – Prateep Ungsongtham Hata, Thai activist and politician *1953 – Kay Stenshjemmet, Norwegian speed skater * 1953 – Jean Tirole, French economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate * 1953 – Roberta Tovey, English actress and singer *1954 – Ray Jennings, South African cricketer and coach * 1954 – Pete Thomas, English drummer *1955 – John E. Sweeney, American lawyer and politician *1956 – Gordon Singleton, Canadian Olympic Cyclist *1957 – Melanie Griffith, American actress and producer *1958 – Amanda Bearse, American actress, comedian and director * 1958 – James Lileks, American journalist and blogger * 1958 – Calie Pistorius, South African engineer and academic *1959 – Kurtis Blow, American rapper, producer, and actor * 1959 – Michael Kors, American fashion designer *1961 – Brad Gilbert, American tennis player and sportscaster * 1961 – John Key, New Zealand businessman and politician, 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand *1962 – Louis Lipps, American football player and radio host * 1962 – Kevin Mack, American football player * 1962 – John "Hot Rod" Williams, American basketball player (d. 2015) *1963 – Whitney Houston, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress (d. 2012) * 1963 – Jay Leggett, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013) * 1963 – Barton Lynch, Australian surfer *1964 – Brett Hull, Canadian-American ice hockey player and manager * 1964 – Hoda Kotb, American journalist and television personality *1966 – Vinny Del Negro, American basketball player and coach * 1966 – Linn Ullmann, Norwegian journalist and author *1967 – Deion Sanders, American football and baseball player *1968 – Gillian Anderson, American-British actress, activist and writer * 1968 – Eric Bana, Australian actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter * 1968 – Sam Fogarino, American drummer * 1968 – McG, American director and producer *1969 – Troy Percival, American baseball player and coach *1970 – Rod Brind'Amour, Canadian ice hockey player and coach * 1970 – Chris Cuomo, American lawyer and journalist *1973 – Filippo Inzaghi, Italian footballer and manager * 1973 – Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor and director * 1973 – Gene Luen Yang, American author and illustrator *1974 – Derek Fisher, American basketball player and coach * 1974 – Stephen Fung, Hong Kong actor, singer, director, and screenwriter * 1974 – Matt Morris, American baseball player * 1974 – Kirill Reznik, American lawyer and politician * 1974 – Raphaël Poirée, French biathlete *1975 – Mahesh Babu, Indian actor and producer * 1975 – Valentin Kovalenko, Uzbek football referee * 1975 – Mike Lamb, American baseball player * 1975 – Robbie Middleby, Australian soccer player *1976 – Rhona Mitra, English actress and singer * 1976 – Audrey Tautou, French model and actress * 1976 – Jessica Capshaw, American actress *1977 – Jason Frasor, American baseball player * 1977 – Chamique Holdsclaw, American basketball player * 1977 – Ravshan Irmatov, Uzbek football referee * 1977 – Adewale Ogunleye, American football player * 1977 – Ime Udoka, American basketball player and coach * 1977 – Mikaël Silvestre, French footballer *1978 – Dorin Chirtoacă, Moldavian lawyer and politician, Mayor of Chișinău * 1978 – Ana Serradilla, Mexican actress and producer * 1978 – Wesley Sonck, Belgian footballer *1979 – Michael Kingma, Australian basketball player * 1979 – Lisa Nandy, British politician * 1979 – Tony Stewart, American football player *1981 – Jarvis Hayes, American basketball player * 1981 – Li Jiawei, Singaporean table tennis player *1982 – Joel Anthony, American basketball player * 1982 – Tyson Gay, American sprinter * 1982 – Yekaterina Samutsevich, Russian singer and activist * 1982 – Kanstantsin Sivtsov, Belorussian cyclist *1983 – Shane O'Brien, Canadian ice hockey player * 1983 – Alicja Smietana, Polish-English violinist *1984 – Paul Gallagher, Scottish footballer *1985 – Luca Filippi, Italian race car driver * 1985 – Filipe Luís, Brazilian footballer * 1985 – Anna Kendrick, American actress and singer * 1985 – Hayley Peirsol, American swimmer * 1985 – JaMarcus Russell, American football player * 1985 – Chandler Williams, American football player (d. 2013) *1986 – Michael Lerchl, German footballer * 1986 – Daniel Preussner, German rugby player * 1986 – Tyler Smith, American singer-songwriter and bass player *1987 – Marek Niit, Estonian sprinter *1988 – Anthony Castonzo, American football player *1988 – Willian, Brazilian footballer * 1988 – Vasilios Koutsianikoulis, Greek footballer *1989 – Jason Heyward, American baseball player * 1989 – Stefano Okaka, Italian footballer * 1989 – Kento Ono, Japanese actor and model *1990 – İshak Doğan, Turkish footballer * 1990 – Stuart McInally, Scottish rugby player * 1990 – Brice Roger, French skier * 1990 – Sarah McBride, American LGBT Activist *1991 – Alice Barlow, English actress * 1991 – Alexa Bliss, American bodybuilder and wrestler *1993 – Jun.Q, South Korean singer and actor *1994 – Kelli Hubly, American soccer player *1995 – Eli Apple, American football player *1996 – Sanya Lopez, Filipino actress and model *1999 – Deniss Vasiļjevs, Latvian figure skater
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"40003"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 33,
"label": [
"2683127"
]
},
{
"start": 77,
"end": 81,
"label": [
"35528"
]
},
{
"start": 90,
"end": 107,
"label": [
"2577671"
]
},
{
"start": 117,
"end": 130,
"label": [
"18902"
]
},
{
"start": 135,
"end": 145,
"label": [
"580"
]
},
{
"start": 157,
"end": 161,
"label": [
"38676"
]
},
{
"start": 170,
"end": 202,
"label": [
"12911889"
]
},
{
"start": 214,
"end": 218,
"label": [
"38590"
]
},
{
"start": 227,
"end": 239,
"label": [
"12277574"
]
},
{
"start": 297,
"end": 301,
"label": [
"35051"
]
},
{
"start": 310,
"end": 322,
"label": [
"164895"
]
},
{
"start": 350,
"end": 354,
"label": [
"34891"
]
},
{
"start": 363,
"end": 380,
"label": [
"1597713"
]
},
{
"start": 430,
"end": 434,
"label": [
"34685"
]
},
{
"start": 443,
"end": 462,
"label": [
"2158021"
]
},
{
"start": 491,
"end": 495,
"label": [
"38610"
]
},
{
"start": 504,
"end": 515,
"label": [
"1592291"
]
},
{
"start": 556,
"end": 560,
"label": [
"38658"
]
},
{
"start": 569,
"end": 594,
"label": [
"1204010"
]
},
{
"start": 626,
"end": 642,
"label": [
"19949350"
]
},
{
"start": 654,
"end": 658,
"label": [
"38645"
]
},
{
"start": 667,
"end": 707,
"label": [
"774447"
]
},
{
"start": 719,
"end": 723,
"label": [
"35858"
]
},
{
"start": 732,
"end": 766,
"label": [
"2872847"
]
},
{
"start": 778,
"end": 782,
"label": [
"35855"
]
},
{
"start": 791,
"end": 806,
"label": [
"401137"
]
},
{
"start": 824,
"end": 833,
"label": [
"34413"
]
},
{
"start": 839,
"end": 852,
"label": [
"18902"
]
},
{
"start": 864,
"end": 868,
"label": [
"35839"
]
},
{
"start": 877,
"end": 892,
"label": [
"42048103"
]
},
{
"start": 928,
"end": 932,
"label": [
"34900"
]
},
{
"start": 941,
"end": 968,
"label": [
"10508019"
]
},
{
"start": 1001,
"end": 1019,
"label": [
"40597"
]
},
{
"start": 1045,
"end": 1059,
"label": [
"43240"
]
},
{
"start": 1107,
"end": 1130,
"label": [
"667786"
]
},
{
"start": 1142,
"end": 1146,
"label": [
"8380114"
]
},
{
"start": 1155,
"end": 1170,
"label": [
"42009"
]
},
{
"start": 1213,
"end": 1217,
"label": [
"35523"
]
},
{
"start": 1226,
"end": 1268,
"label": [
"11866541"
]
},
{
"start": 1280,
"end": 1284,
"label": [
"34627"
]
},
{
"start": 1293,
"end": 1308,
"label": [
"359720"
]
},
{
"start": 1359,
"end": 1363,
"label": [
"34747"
]
},
{
"start": 1372,
"end": 1393,
"label": [
"6091"
]
},
{
"start": 1438,
"end": 1442,
"label": [
"35074"
]
},
{
"start": 1451,
"end": 1463,
"label": [
"354711"
]
},
{
"start": 1508,
"end": 1512,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 1521,
"end": 1535,
"label": [
"214341"
]
},
{
"start": 1563,
"end": 1567,
"label": [
"34954"
]
},
{
"start": 1576,
"end": 1600,
"label": [
"10300267"
]
},
{
"start": 1625,
"end": 1642,
"label": [
"73462"
]
},
{
"start": 1654,
"end": 1658,
"label": [
"34666"
]
},
{
"start": 1667,
"end": 1688,
"label": [
"27108728"
]
},
{
"start": 1749,
"end": 1753,
"label": [
"34680"
]
},
{
"start": 1762,
"end": 1778,
"label": [
"4848459"
]
},
{
"start": 1824,
"end": 1828,
"label": [
"34787"
]
},
{
"start": 1837,
"end": 1855,
"label": [
"25921514"
]
},
{
"start": 1896,
"end": 1900,
"label": [
"34768"
]
},
{
"start": 1909,
"end": 1942,
"label": [
"547863"
]
},
{
"start": 1954,
"end": 1958,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 1967,
"end": 1980,
"label": [
"787829"
]
},
{
"start": 2027,
"end": 2031,
"label": [
"34763"
]
},
{
"start": 2040,
"end": 2055,
"label": [
"732460"
]
},
{
"start": 2109,
"end": 2113,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2122,
"end": 2133,
"label": [
"609895"
]
},
{
"start": 2185,
"end": 2189,
"label": [
"34968"
]
},
{
"start": 2198,
"end": 2211,
"label": [
"5060480"
]
},
{
"start": 2241,
"end": 2269,
"label": [
"24680"
]
},
{
"start": 2282,
"end": 2286,
"label": [
"34716"
]
},
{
"start": 2295,
"end": 2336,
"label": [
"12660968"
]
},
{
"start": 2366,
"end": 2370,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2379,
"end": 2389,
"label": [
"1286759"
]
},
{
"start": 2471,
"end": 2475,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 2484,
"end": 2496,
"label": [
"38418"
]
},
{
"start": 2552,
"end": 2563,
"label": [
"95274"
]
},
{
"start": 2611,
"end": 2615,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 2624,
"end": 2637,
"label": [
"215141"
]
},
{
"start": 2688,
"end": 2692,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 2701,
"end": 2716,
"label": [
"4946558"
]
},
{
"start": 2755,
"end": 2759,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 2768,
"end": 2785,
"label": [
"1239391"
]
},
{
"start": 2829,
"end": 2852,
"label": [
"7688617"
]
},
{
"start": 2896,
"end": 2900,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 2909,
"end": 2917,
"label": [
"1369859"
]
},
{
"start": 2958,
"end": 2962,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 2971,
"end": 2993,
"label": [
"1710617"
]
},
{
"start": 3056,
"end": 3077,
"label": [
"46188400"
]
},
{
"start": 3150,
"end": 3172,
"label": [
"548963"
]
},
{
"start": 3212,
"end": 3216,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3225,
"end": 3246,
"label": [
"577678"
]
},
{
"start": 3288,
"end": 3302,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 3328,
"end": 3339,
"label": [
"3332957"
]
},
{
"start": 3393,
"end": 3405,
"label": [
"5784754"
]
},
{
"start": 3464,
"end": 3468,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3477,
"end": 3503,
"label": [
"11388330"
]
},
{
"start": 3551,
"end": 3555,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3564,
"end": 3578,
"label": [
"2190446"
]
},
{
"start": 3647,
"end": 3659,
"label": [
"49274"
]
},
{
"start": 3717,
"end": 3727,
"label": [
"760513"
]
},
{
"start": 3771,
"end": 3775,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3784,
"end": 3795,
"label": [
"2910421"
]
},
{
"start": 3842,
"end": 3846,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 3855,
"end": 3868,
"label": [
"3214426"
]
},
{
"start": 3912,
"end": 3924,
"label": [
"12041418"
]
},
{
"start": 3980,
"end": 3994,
"label": [
"39437911"
]
},
{
"start": 4031,
"end": 4035,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4044,
"end": 4056,
"label": [
"98052"
]
},
{
"start": 4103,
"end": 4143,
"label": [
"9499078"
]
},
{
"start": 4169,
"end": 4179,
"label": [
"2523027"
]
},
{
"start": 4229,
"end": 4233,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4242,
"end": 4252,
"label": [
"668450"
]
},
{
"start": 4295,
"end": 4299,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 4308,
"end": 4321,
"label": [
"1575787"
]
},
{
"start": 4369,
"end": 4382,
"label": [
"780720"
]
},
{
"start": 4454,
"end": 4458,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4467,
"end": 4480,
"label": [
"43923"
]
},
{
"start": 4519,
"end": 4523,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4532,
"end": 4552,
"label": [
"36563993"
]
},
{
"start": 4599,
"end": 4613,
"label": [
"40461144"
]
},
{
"start": 4655,
"end": 4659,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 4668,
"end": 4684,
"label": [
"32317463"
]
},
{
"start": 4725,
"end": 4739,
"label": [
"13883"
]
},
{
"start": 4751,
"end": 4755,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 4764,
"end": 4778,
"label": [
"1826225"
]
},
{
"start": 4811,
"end": 4815,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 4824,
"end": 4836,
"label": [
"884963"
]
},
{
"start": 4904,
"end": 4915,
"label": [
"166123"
]
},
{
"start": 4959,
"end": 4963,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 4972,
"end": 4981,
"label": [
"350762"
]
},
{
"start": 5035,
"end": 5048,
"label": [
"18622309"
]
},
{
"start": 5097,
"end": 5111,
"label": [
"29069491"
]
},
{
"start": 5153,
"end": 5157,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5166,
"end": 5177,
"label": [
"5426800"
]
},
{
"start": 5222,
"end": 5226,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5235,
"end": 5247,
"label": [
"8579236"
]
},
{
"start": 5309,
"end": 5325,
"label": [
"292157"
]
},
{
"start": 5367,
"end": 5384,
"label": [
"370751"
]
},
{
"start": 5396,
"end": 5400,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5409,
"end": 5423,
"label": [
"4502067"
]
},
{
"start": 5476,
"end": 5497,
"label": [
"32782764"
]
},
{
"start": 5559,
"end": 5576,
"label": [
"13999635"
]
},
{
"start": 5613,
"end": 5619,
"label": [
"13796669"
]
},
{
"start": 5645,
"end": 5658,
"label": [
"677558"
]
},
{
"start": 5692,
"end": 5696,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 5705,
"end": 5716,
"label": [
"77358"
]
},
{
"start": 5776,
"end": 5787,
"label": [
"1457844"
]
},
{
"start": 5817,
"end": 5821,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5830,
"end": 5848,
"label": [
"769500"
]
},
{
"start": 5896,
"end": 5900,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 5909,
"end": 5926,
"label": [
"715257"
]
},
{
"start": 5956,
"end": 5960,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 5969,
"end": 5982,
"label": [
"930755"
]
},
{
"start": 6034,
"end": 6045,
"label": [
"2575322"
]
},
{
"start": 6110,
"end": 6114,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6123,
"end": 6136,
"label": [
"383797"
]
},
{
"start": 6177,
"end": 6197,
"label": [
"20688479"
]
},
{
"start": 6213,
"end": 6222,
"label": [
"221421"
]
},
{
"start": 6274,
"end": 6287,
"label": [
"753750"
]
},
{
"start": 6328,
"end": 6332,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6341,
"end": 6360,
"label": [
"3131392"
]
},
{
"start": 6398,
"end": 6411,
"label": [
"575611"
]
},
{
"start": 6464,
"end": 6483,
"label": [
"27175628"
]
},
{
"start": 6550,
"end": 6565,
"label": [
"9307478"
]
},
{
"start": 6608,
"end": 6619,
"label": [
"1883808"
]
},
{
"start": 6668,
"end": 6680,
"label": [
"197983"
]
},
{
"start": 6720,
"end": 6743,
"label": [
"273741"
]
},
{
"start": 6759,
"end": 6771,
"label": [
"678525"
]
},
{
"start": 6801,
"end": 6805,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6814,
"end": 6824,
"label": [
"11567176"
]
},
{
"start": 6863,
"end": 6867,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6876,
"end": 6887,
"label": [
"866562"
]
},
{
"start": 6939,
"end": 6954,
"label": [
"511533"
]
},
{
"start": 7011,
"end": 7026,
"label": [
"1662226"
]
},
{
"start": 7082,
"end": 7086,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7095,
"end": 7105,
"label": [
"155524"
]
},
{
"start": 7143,
"end": 7147,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7156,
"end": 7172,
"label": [
"1781926"
]
},
{
"start": 7218,
"end": 7235,
"label": [
"1226335"
]
},
{
"start": 7285,
"end": 7296,
"label": [
"2101536"
]
},
{
"start": 7341,
"end": 7359,
"label": [
"6503654"
]
},
{
"start": 7415,
"end": 7427,
"label": [
"533212"
]
},
{
"start": 7460,
"end": 7464,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7473,
"end": 7489,
"label": [
"8859140"
]
},
{
"start": 7522,
"end": 7539,
"label": [
"10801640"
]
},
{
"start": 7605,
"end": 7623,
"label": [
"6517997"
]
},
{
"start": 7677,
"end": 7690,
"label": [
"869284"
]
},
{
"start": 7724,
"end": 7728,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 7737,
"end": 7752,
"label": [
"10231764"
]
},
{
"start": 7792,
"end": 7801,
"label": [
"2778253"
]
},
{
"start": 7829,
"end": 7833,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 7842,
"end": 7853,
"label": [
"2394550"
]
},
{
"start": 7901,
"end": 7914,
"label": [
"4170058"
]
},
{
"start": 7967,
"end": 7978,
"label": [
"90216"
]
},
{
"start": 7997,
"end": 8001,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8010,
"end": 8023,
"label": [
"2782381"
]
},
{
"start": 8061,
"end": 8065,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8074,
"end": 8092,
"label": [
"256752"
]
},
{
"start": 8142,
"end": 8153,
"label": [
"1816394"
]
},
{
"start": 8191,
"end": 8195,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8204,
"end": 8218,
"label": [
"600095"
]
},
{
"start": 8270,
"end": 8283,
"label": [
"7388226"
]
},
{
"start": 8323,
"end": 8327,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8336,
"end": 8360,
"label": [
"3811739"
]
},
{
"start": 8392,
"end": 8396,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8405,
"end": 8421,
"label": [
"4107348"
]
},
{
"start": 8461,
"end": 8472,
"label": [
"4455114"
]
},
{
"start": 8505,
"end": 8516,
"label": [
"23535306"
]
},
{
"start": 8541,
"end": 8554,
"label": [
"3400326"
]
},
{
"start": 8584,
"end": 8588,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 8597,
"end": 8609,
"label": [
"1958108"
]
},
{
"start": 8660,
"end": 8671,
"label": [
"2352512"
]
},
{
"start": 8690,
"end": 8694,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 8703,
"end": 8718,
"label": [
"963972"
]
},
{
"start": 8752,
"end": 8756,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 8765,
"end": 8781,
"label": [
"45063189"
]
},
{
"start": 8809,
"end": 8813,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 8822,
"end": 8838,
"label": [
"484101"
]
},
{
"start": 8871,
"end": 8875,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 8884,
"end": 8897,
"label": [
"212541"
]
},
{
"start": 8954,
"end": 8966,
"label": [
"1198099"
]
},
{
"start": 9015,
"end": 9030,
"label": [
"2626023"
]
},
{
"start": 9069,
"end": 9073,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9082,
"end": 9093,
"label": [
"16641"
]
},
{
"start": 9147,
"end": 9159,
"label": [
"2454625"
]
},
{
"start": 9188,
"end": 9192,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9201,
"end": 9213,
"label": [
"1829348"
]
},
{
"start": 9270,
"end": 9278,
"label": [
"1075887"
]
},
{
"start": 9325,
"end": 9354,
"label": [
"106321"
]
},
{
"start": 9356,
"end": 9360,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 9369,
"end": 9380,
"label": [
"2385166"
]
},
{
"start": 9437,
"end": 9447,
"label": [
"1306518"
]
},
{
"start": 9489,
"end": 9512,
"label": [
"3450668"
]
},
{
"start": 9552,
"end": 9556,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 9565,
"end": 9580,
"label": [
"34071"
]
},
{
"start": 9657,
"end": 9668,
"label": [
"39405348"
]
},
{
"start": 9748,
"end": 9760,
"label": [
"47643675"
]
},
{
"start": 9781,
"end": 9785,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 9794,
"end": 9804,
"label": [
"434907"
]
},
{
"start": 9869,
"end": 9878,
"label": [
"1807079"
]
},
{
"start": 9928,
"end": 9932,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 9941,
"end": 9956,
"label": [
"3216501"
]
},
{
"start": 10010,
"end": 10022,
"label": [
"354281"
]
},
{
"start": 10057,
"end": 10061,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10070,
"end": 10083,
"label": [
"901141"
]
},
{
"start": 10124,
"end": 10128,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10137,
"end": 10153,
"label": [
"42238"
]
},
{
"start": 10216,
"end": 10225,
"label": [
"177032"
]
},
{
"start": 10297,
"end": 10309,
"label": [
"2911968"
]
},
{
"start": 10343,
"end": 10346,
"label": [
"3005072"
]
},
{
"start": 10380,
"end": 10384,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10393,
"end": 10406,
"label": [
"1181585"
]
},
{
"start": 10444,
"end": 10448,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 10457,
"end": 10472,
"label": [
"850689"
]
},
{
"start": 10526,
"end": 10537,
"label": [
"2335095"
]
},
{
"start": 10571,
"end": 10575,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 10584,
"end": 10599,
"label": [
"968320"
]
},
{
"start": 10647,
"end": 10659,
"label": [
"19081292"
]
},
{
"start": 10704,
"end": 10718,
"label": [
"7619558"
]
},
{
"start": 10753,
"end": 10757,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 10766,
"end": 10778,
"label": [
"1246851"
]
},
{
"start": 10832,
"end": 10844,
"label": [
"4608894"
]
},
{
"start": 10913,
"end": 10924,
"label": [
"1601763"
]
},
{
"start": 10966,
"end": 10979,
"label": [
"14110280"
]
},
{
"start": 11027,
"end": 11041,
"label": [
"463373"
]
},
{
"start": 11061,
"end": 11065,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11074,
"end": 11085,
"label": [
"2633662"
]
},
{
"start": 11128,
"end": 11146,
"label": [
"36925761"
]
},
{
"start": 11186,
"end": 11195,
"label": [
"2407255"
]
},
{
"start": 11237,
"end": 11252,
"label": [
"2860794"
]
},
{
"start": 11280,
"end": 11284,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11293,
"end": 11304,
"label": [
"462070"
]
},
{
"start": 11348,
"end": 11361,
"label": [
"342753"
]
},
{
"start": 11403,
"end": 11418,
"label": [
"656668"
]
},
{
"start": 11438,
"end": 11442,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 11451,
"end": 11463,
"label": [
"2354655"
]
},
{
"start": 11505,
"end": 11523,
"label": [
"756297"
]
},
{
"start": 11567,
"end": 11582,
"label": [
"12139056"
]
},
{
"start": 11622,
"end": 11638,
"label": [
"1150391"
]
},
{
"start": 11680,
"end": 11689,
"label": [
"4186327"
]
},
{
"start": 11743,
"end": 11759,
"label": [
"1302425"
]
},
{
"start": 11780,
"end": 11784,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 11793,
"end": 11808,
"label": [
"14636390"
]
},
{
"start": 11876,
"end": 11890,
"label": [
"5107175"
]
},
{
"start": 11936,
"end": 11948,
"label": [
"2527088"
]
},
{
"start": 11970,
"end": 11974,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 11983,
"end": 11997,
"label": [
"3087614"
]
},
{
"start": 12043,
"end": 12053,
"label": [
"27266258"
]
},
{
"start": 12089,
"end": 12101,
"label": [
"4451487"
]
},
{
"start": 12129,
"end": 12133,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12142,
"end": 12154,
"label": [
"1723360"
]
},
{
"start": 12198,
"end": 12207,
"label": [
"1754380"
]
},
{
"start": 12242,
"end": 12246,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12255,
"end": 12267,
"label": [
"14008378"
]
},
{
"start": 12311,
"end": 12320,
"label": [
"2633317"
]
},
{
"start": 12355,
"end": 12377,
"label": [
"36746412"
]
},
{
"start": 12422,
"end": 12441,
"label": [
"12226670"
]
},
{
"start": 12464,
"end": 12468,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 12477,
"end": 12490,
"label": [
"7383083"
]
},
{
"start": 12534,
"end": 12549,
"label": [
"26727866"
]
},
{
"start": 12577,
"end": 12581,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 12590,
"end": 12604,
"label": [
"1370335"
]
},
{
"start": 12627,
"end": 12631,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 12640,
"end": 12652,
"label": [
"4023915"
]
},
{
"start": 12693,
"end": 12704,
"label": [
"5529117"
]
},
{
"start": 12742,
"end": 12755,
"label": [
"16789908"
]
},
{
"start": 12800,
"end": 12814,
"label": [
"6204220"
]
},
{
"start": 12848,
"end": 12864,
"label": [
"4707150"
]
},
{
"start": 12906,
"end": 12923,
"label": [
"10973810"
]
},
{
"start": 12961,
"end": 12965,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 12974,
"end": 12988,
"label": [
"11365008"
]
},
{
"start": 13023,
"end": 13039,
"label": [
"26676865"
]
},
{
"start": 13076,
"end": 13087,
"label": [
"25128450"
]
},
{
"start": 13133,
"end": 13137,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13146,
"end": 13156,
"label": [
"18844370"
]
},
{
"start": 13177,
"end": 13181,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 13190,
"end": 13206,
"label": [
"23862768"
]
},
{
"start": 13234,
"end": 13238,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 13247,
"end": 13254,
"label": [
"9431059"
]
},
{
"start": 13292,
"end": 13316,
"label": [
"20242337"
]
},
{
"start": 13336,
"end": 13340,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 13349,
"end": 13362,
"label": [
"11652868"
]
},
{
"start": 13404,
"end": 13417,
"label": [
"2831728"
]
},
{
"start": 13453,
"end": 13462,
"label": [
"46980177"
]
},
{
"start": 13490,
"end": 13494,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 13503,
"end": 13514,
"label": [
"38207031"
]
},
{
"start": 13550,
"end": 13565,
"label": [
"33277917"
]
},
{
"start": 13604,
"end": 13615,
"label": [
"42088768"
]
},
{
"start": 13645,
"end": 13658,
"label": [
"42422187"
]
},
{
"start": 13684,
"end": 13688,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13697,
"end": 13709,
"label": [
"27546447"
]
},
{
"start": 13742,
"end": 13753,
"label": [
"42301410"
]
},
{
"start": 13790,
"end": 13794,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 13803,
"end": 13808,
"label": [
"62353549"
]
},
{
"start": 13841,
"end": 13845,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 13854,
"end": 13865,
"label": [
"56938310"
]
},
{
"start": 13891,
"end": 13895,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 13904,
"end": 13913,
"label": [
"45688399"
]
},
{
"start": 13941,
"end": 13945,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 13954,
"end": 13965,
"label": [
"50782814"
]
},
{
"start": 13995,
"end": 13999,
"label": [
"34553"
]
},
{
"start": 14008,
"end": 14024,
"label": [
"42207594"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1032_Treatment
|
The standard treatment for an uncomplicated skin or soft tissue abscess is opening and draining. There does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics in most cases. A small amount of evidence did not find benefit from packing the abscess with gauze. The abscess should be inspected to identify if foreign objects are a cause, which may require their removal. If foreign objects are not the cause, incising and draining the abscess is standard treatment. In critical areas where surgery presents a high risk, it may be delayed or used as a last resort. The drainage of a lung abscess may be performed by positioning the patient in a way that enables the contents to be discharged via the respiratory tract. Warm compresses and elevation of the limb may be beneficial for a skin abscess. Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics. Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses, many sites of infection, rapid disease progression, the presence of cellulitis, symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body, or a health condition causing immunosuppression. People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics. If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage, or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain such as the face, hands, or genitals, then antibiotics may be indicated. In those cases of abscess which do require antibiotic treatment, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause and an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as flucloxacillin or dicloxacillin is used. The Infectious Diseases Society of America advises that the draining of an abscess is not enough to address community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and in those cases, traditional antibiotics may be ineffective. Alternative antibiotics effective against community-acquired MRSA often include clindamycin, doxycycline, minocycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The American College of Emergency Physicians advises that typical cases of abscess from MRSA get no benefit from having antibiotic treatment in addition to the standard treatment. If the condition is thought to be cellulitis rather than abscess, consideration should be given to possibility of strep species as cause that are still sensitive to traditional anti-staphylococcus agents such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin in patients able to tolerate penicillin. Antibiotic therapy alone without surgical drainage of the abscess is seldom effective due to antibiotics often being unable to get into the abscess and their ineffectiveness at low pH levels. Culturing the wound is not needed if standard follow-up care can be provided after the incision and drainage. Performing a wound culture is unnecessary because it rarely gives information which can be used to guide treatment. In North America, after drainage, an abscess cavity is often packed, perhaps with cloth, in an attempt to protect the healing wound. However, evidence from emergency medicine literature reports that packing wounds after draining causes pain to the person and does not decrease the rate of recurrence, nor bring faster healing or fewer physician visits. More recently, several North American hospitals have opted for less-invasive loop drainage over standard drainage and wound packing. In one study of 143 pediatric outcomes, a failure rate of 1.4% was reported in the loop group versus 10.5% in the packing group (P<.030), while a separate study reported a 5.5% failure rate among loop patients. Closing an abscess immediately after draining it appears to speed healing without increasing the risk of recurrence. This may not apply to anorectal abscesses. While they heal faster, there may be a higher rate of recurrence than those left open.
|
[
{
"start": 153,
"end": 163,
"label": [
"1805"
]
},
{
"start": 702,
"end": 719,
"label": [
"287885"
]
},
{
"start": 1055,
"end": 1065,
"label": [
"732173"
]
},
{
"start": 1156,
"end": 1173,
"label": [
"168944"
]
},
{
"start": 1499,
"end": 1520,
"label": [
"118212"
]
},
{
"start": 1594,
"end": 1608,
"label": [
"3219247"
]
},
{
"start": 1612,
"end": 1625,
"label": [
"3850556"
]
},
{
"start": 1639,
"end": 1677,
"label": [
"7340420"
]
},
{
"start": 1762,
"end": 1805,
"label": [
"192595"
]
},
{
"start": 1958,
"end": 1969,
"label": [
"635885"
]
},
{
"start": 1971,
"end": 1982,
"label": [
"660870"
]
},
{
"start": 1984,
"end": 1995,
"label": [
"249270"
]
},
{
"start": 2001,
"end": 2030,
"label": [
"995634"
]
},
{
"start": 2036,
"end": 2076,
"label": [
"896955"
]
},
{
"start": 2246,
"end": 2256,
"label": [
"732173"
]
},
{
"start": 2493,
"end": 2503,
"label": [
"1805"
]
},
{
"start": 2674,
"end": 2676,
"label": [
"24530"
]
},
{
"start": 2685,
"end": 2704,
"label": [
"1106830"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1078_Current situation
|
A March 2008 report by the U.S. State Department found that there was an increase in antisemitism across the world, and that both old and new expressions of antisemitism persist. A 2012 report by the U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor also noted a continued global increase in antisemitism, and found that Holocaust denial and opposition to Israeli policy at times was used to promote or justify blatant antisemitism. In 2014, the ADL conducted a study titled "", which also reported high antisemitism figures around the world and, among other findings, that as many as "27% of people who have never met a Jew nevertheless harbor strong prejudices against him". Their study also showed that 75% of Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa held antisemitic views. Almost all Jews in Algeria left upon independence in 1962. Algeria's 140,000 Jews had French citizenship since 1870 (briefly revoked by Vichy France in 1940), and they mainly went to France, with some going to Israel. In Egypt, Dar al-Fadhilah published a translation of Henry Ford's antisemitic treatise, The International Jew, complete with distinctly antisemitic imagery on the cover. On 5 May 2001, after Shimon Peres visited Egypt, the Egyptian al-Akhbar internet paper said that "lies and deceit are not foreign to Jews[...]. For this reason, Allah changed their shape and made them into monkeys and pigs." In July 2012, Egypt's Al Nahar channel fooled actors into thinking they were on an Israeli television show and filmed their reactions to being told it was an Israeli television show. In response, some of the actors launched into antisemitic rants or dialogue, and many became violent. Actress Mayer El Beblawi said that "Allah did not curse the worm and moth as much as he cursed the Jews" while actor Mahmoud Abdel Ghaffar launched into a violent rage and said, "You brought me someone who looks like a Jew... I hate the Jews to death" after finding out it was a prank. Libya had once one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, dating back to 300 BCE. Despite the repression of Jews in the late 1930, as a result of the pro-Nazi Fascist Italian regime, Jews were third of the population of Libya till 1941. In 1942 the Nazi German troops occupied the Jewish quarter of Benghazi, plundering shops and deporting more than 2,000 Jews across the desert. Sent to work in labor camps, more than one-fifth of this group of Jews perished. A series of pogroms started in November 1945, while more than 140 Jews were killed in Tripoli and most synagogues in the city looted. Upon Libya's independence in 1951, most of the Jewish community emigrated from Libya. After the Suez Crisis in 1956, another series of pogroms forced all but about 100 Jews to flee. When Muammar al-Gaddafi came to power in 1969, all remaining Jewish property was confiscated and all debts to Jews cancelled. Jewish communities, in Islamic times often living in ghettos known as mellah, have existed in Morocco for at least 2,000 years. Intermittent large scale massacres (such as that of 6,000 Jews in Fez in 1033, over 100,000 Jews in Fez and Marrakesh in 1146 and again in Marrakesh in 1232) were accompanied by systematic discrimination through the years. In 1875, 20 Jews were killed by a mob in Demnat, Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. While the pro-Nazi Vichy regime during World War II passed discriminatory laws against Jews, King Muhammad prevented deportation of Jews to death camps (although Jews with French, as opposed to Moroccan, citizenship, being directly subject to Vichy law, were still deported.) In 1948, approximately 265,000 Jews lived in Morocco. Between 5,000 and 8,000 live there now. In June 1948, soon after Israel was established and in the midst of the first Arab-Israeli war, riots against Jews broke out in Oujda and Djerada, killing 44 Jews. In 1948-9, 18,000 Jews left the country for Israel. After this, Jewish emigration continued (to Israel and elsewhere), but slowed to a few thousand a year. Through the early fifties, Zionist organizations encouraged emigration, particularly in the poorer south of the country, seeing Moroccan Jews as valuable contributors to the Jewish State: In 1955, Morocco attained independence and emigration to Israel has increased further until 1956 then it was prohibited until 1963, then resumed. By 1967, only 60,000 Jews remained in Morocco. The Six-Day War in 1967 led to increased Arab-Jewish tensions worldwide, including Morocco. By 1971, the Jewish population was down to 35,000; however, most of this wave of emigration went to Europe and North America rather than Israel. Antisemitism has been present in history of South Africa since Europeans first set foot ashore on the Cape Peninsula. In the years 1652–1795 Jews were not allowed to settle at the Cape. An 1868 Act would sanction religious discrimination. Antisemitism reached its apotheosis in the years leading up to World War II. Inspired by the rise of national socialism in Germany the Ossewabrandwag (OB) – whose membership accounted for almost 25% of the 1940 Afrikaner population – and the National Party faction New Order would champion a more programmatic solution to the 'Jewish problem'. Jews have lived in Tunisia for at least 2,300 years. In the 13th century, Jews were expelled from their homes in Kairouan and were ultimately restricted to ghettos, known as hara. Forced to wear distinctive clothing, several Jews earned high positions in the Tunisian government. Several prominent international traders were Tunisian Jews. From 1855 to 1864, Muhammad Bey relaxed dhimmi laws, but reinstated them in the face of anti-Jewish riots that continued at least until 1869. Tunisia, as the only Middle Eastern country under direct Nazi control during World War II, was also the site of racist antisemitic measures activities such as the yellow star, prison camps, deportations, and other persecution. In 1948, approximately 105,000 Jews lived in Tunisia. Only about 1,500 remain there today. Following Tunisia's independence from France in 1956, a number of anti-Jewish policies led to emigration, of which half went to Israel and the other half to France. After attacks in 1967, Jewish emigration both to Israel and France accelerated. There were also attacks in 1982, 1985, and most recently in 2002 when a suicide bombing in Djerba took 21 lives (most of them German tourists) near the local synagogue, in a terrorist attack claimed by Al-Qaeda. In modern-day Tunisia, there have been many instances of antisemitic acts and statements. Since the government is not quick to condemn them, antisemitism spreads throughout Tunisian society. Following the Ben Ali regime, there have been an increasing number of public offenses against Jews in Tunisia. For example, in February 2012, when Egyptian cleric Wagdi Ghanaim entered Tunisia, he was welcomed by Islamists who chanted "Death to the Jews" as a sign of their support. The following month, during protests in Tunis, a Salafi sheikh told young Tunisians to gather and learn to kill Jews. In the past, The Tunisian government has made efforts to block Jews from entering high positions, and some moderate members have tried to cover up the more extremist antisemitic efforts by appointing Jews to governmental positions, however, it is known that Muslim clerics believe that if the Muslim Brotherhood leads the regime, that will enhance their hatred towards Jews. In response to the prevalent antisemitism, the Tunisian government has publicly protected the dwindling population and its marks of Jewish culture, for example, synagogues, and advised them to settle in Djerba, a French tourist attraction. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former president of Iran, has frequently been accused of denying the Holocaust. In July 2012, the winner of Iran's first annual International Wall Street Downfall Cartoon Festival, jointly sponsored by the semi-state-run Iranian media outlet Fars News, was an antisemitic cartoon depicting Jews praying before the New York Stock Exchange, which is made to look like the Western Wall. Other cartoons in the contest were antisemitic as well. The national director of the Anti-Defamation League, Abraham Foxman, condemned the cartoon, stating that "Here's the anti-Semitic notion of Jews and their love for money, the canard that Jews 'control' Wall Street, and a cynical perversion of the Western Wall, the holiest site in Judaism," and "Once again Iran takes the prize for promoting antisemitism." The Japanese first learned about antisemitism in 1918, during the cooperation of the Imperial Japanese Army with the White movement in Siberia. soldiers had been issued copies of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and "The Protocols continue to be used as evidence of Jewish conspiracies even though they are widely acknowledged to be a forgery. During World War II, Nazi Germany encouraged Japan to adopt antisemitic policies. In the post-war period, extremist groups and ideologues have promoted conspiracy theories. In 2004, Al-Manar, a media network affiliated with Hezbollah, aired a drama series, The Diaspora, which observers allege is based on historical antisemitic allegations. BBC correspondents who have watched the program says it quotes extensively from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Although Malaysia presently has no substantial Jewish population, the country has reportedly become an example of a phenomenon called "antisemitism without Jews." In his treatise on Malay identity, "The Malay Dilemma," which was published in 1970, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad wrote: "The Jews are not only hooked-nosed... but understand money instinctively.... Jewish stinginess and financial wizardry gained them the economic control of Europe and provoked antisemitism which waxed and waned throughout Europe through the ages." The Malay-language Utusan Malaysia daily stated in an editorial that Malaysians "cannot allow anyone, especially the Jews, to interfere secretly in this country's business... When the drums are pounded hard in the name of human rights, the pro-Jewish people will have their best opportunity to interfere in any Islamic country," the newspaper said. "We might not realize that the enthusiasm to support actions such as demonstrations will cause us to help foreign groups succeed in their mission of controlling this country." Prime Minister Najib Razak's office subsequently issued a statement late Monday saying Utusan's claim did "not reflect the views of the government." In March 2011, the Israeli government issued a paper claiming that "Anti-Israel and anti-Semitic messages are heard regularly in the government and private media and in the mosques and are taught in school books," to the extent that they are "an integral part of the fabric of life inside the PA." In August 2012, Israeli Strategic Affairs Ministry director-general Yossi Kuperwasser stated that Palestinian incitement to antisemitism is "going on all the time" and that it is "worrying and disturbing." At an institutional level, he said the PA has been promoting three key messages to the Palestinian people that constitute incitement: "that the Palestinians would eventually be the sole sovereign on all the land from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea; that Jews, especially those who live in Israel, were not really human beings but rather 'the scum of mankind'; and that all tools were legitimate in the struggle against Israel and the Jews." In August 2014, the Hamas' spokesman in Doha said on live television that Jews use blood to make matzos. The U.S. State Department's first Report on Global Anti-Semitism mentioned a strong feeling of antisemitism in Pakistan. In Pakistan, a country without Jewish communities, antisemitic sentiment fanned by antisemitic articles in the press is widespread. In Pakistan, Jews are often regarded as miserly. After Israel's independence in 1948, violent incidents occurred against Pakistan's small Jewish community of about 2,000 Bene Israel Jews. The Magain Shalome Synagogue in Karachi was attacked, as were individual Jews. The persecution of Jews resulted in their exodus via India to Israel (see Pakistanis in Israel), the UK, Canada and other countries. The Peshawar Jewish community ceased to exist although a small community reportedly still exists in Karachi. A substantial number of people in Pakistan believe that the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York were a secret Jewish conspiracy organized by Israel's MOSSAD, as were the 7 July 2005 London bombings, allegedly perpetrated by Jews in order to discredit Muslims. Pakistani political commentator Zaid Hamid claimed that Indian Jews perpetrated the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Such allegations echo traditional antisemitic theories. The Jewish religious movement of Chabad Lubavich had a mission house in Mumbai, India that was attacked in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, perpetrated by militants connected to Pakistan led by Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani national. Antisemitic intents were evident from the testimonies of Kasab following his arrest and trial. Saudi textbooks vilify Jews, call Jews apes; demand that students avoid and not befriend Jews; claim that Jews worship the devil; and encourage Muslims to engage in Jihad to vanquish Jews. Saudi Arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that Jews are conspiring to take over the entire world; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as factual. In 2004, the official Saudi Arabia tourism website said that Jews and holders of Israeli passports would not be issued visas to enter the country. After an uproar, the restriction against Jews was removed from the website although the ban against Israeli passport-holders remained. In late 2014, a Saudi newspaper reported that foreign workers of most religions, including Judaism, were welcome in the kingdom, but Israeli citizens were not. In 2003, the Neve Shalom Synagogue was targeted in a car bombing, killing 21 Turkish Muslims and 6 Jews. In June 2011, the Economist suggested that "The best way for Turks to promote democracy would be to vote against the ruling party". Not long after, the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said that "The International media, as they are supported by Israel, would not be happy with the continuation of the AKP government". The Hurriyet Daily News quoted Erdoğan at the time as claiming "The Economist is part of an Israeli conspiracy that aims to topple the Turkish government". Moreover, during Erdogan's tenure, Hitler's Mein Kampf has once again become a best selling book in Turkey. Prime Minister Erdogan called antisemitism a "crime against humanity." He also said that "as a minority, they're our citizens. Both their security and the right to observe their faith are under our guarantee." According to a 2004 report from the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, antisemitism had increased significantly in Europe since 2000, with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries. Germany, France, Britain, and Russia are the countries with the highest rate of antisemitic incidents in Europe. The Netherlands and Sweden have also consistently had high rates of antisemitic attacks since 2000. Some claim that recent European antisemitic violence can actually be seen as a spillover from the long running Arab-Israeli conflict since the majority of the perpetrators are from the large Muslim immigrant communities in European cities. However, compared to France, the United Kingdom and much of the rest of Europe, in Germany Arab and pro-Palestinian groups are involved in only a small percentage of antisemitic incidents. According to The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, most of the more extreme attacks on Jewish sites and physical attacks on Jews in Europe come from militant Islamic and Muslim groups, and most Jews tend to be assaulted in countries where groups of young Muslim immigrants reside. On 1 January 2006, Britain's chief rabbi, Lord Jonathan Sacks, warned that what he called a "tsunami of antisemitism" was spreading globally. In an interview with BBC Radio 4, Sacks said: "A number of my rabbinical colleagues throughout Europe have been assaulted and attacked on the streets. We've had synagogues desecrated. We've had Jewish schools burnt to the ground—not here but in France. People are attempting to silence and even ban Jewish societies on campuses on the grounds that Jews must support the state of Israel, therefore they should be banned, which is quite extraordinary because... British Jews see themselves as British citizens. So it's that kind of feeling that you don't know what's going to happen next that's making... some European Jewish communities uncomfortable." Following an escalation in antisemitism in 2012, which included the deadly shooting of three children at a Jewish school in France, the European Jewish Congress demanded in July a more proactive response. EJC President Moshe Kantor explained, "We call on authorities to take a more proactive approach so there would be no reason for statements of regret and denunciation. All these smaller attacks remind me of smaller tremors before a massive earthquake. The Jewish community cannot afford to be subject to an earthquake and the authorities cannot say that the writing was not on the wall." He added that European countries should take legislative efforts to ban any form of incitement, as well as to equip the authorities with the necessary tools to confront any attempt to expand terrorist and violent activities against Jewish communities in Europe. France is home to the continent's largest Jewish community (about 600,000). Jewish leaders decry an intensifying antisemitism in France, mainly among Muslims of Arab or African heritage, but also growing among Caribbean islanders from former French colonies. Former Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy denounced the killing of Ilan Halimi on 13 February 2006 as an antisemitic crime. Jewish philanthropist Baron Eric de Rothschild suggests that the extent of antisemitism in France has been exaggerated. In an interview with The Jerusalem Post he says that "the one thing you can't say is that France is an anti-Semitic country." In March 2012, Mohammed Merah opened fire at a Jewish school in Toulouse, killing a teacher and three children. An 8-year-old girl was shot in the head at point blank range. President Nicolas Sarkozy said that it was "obvious" it was an antisemitic attack and that, "I want to say to all the leaders of the Jewish community, how close we feel to them. All of France is by their side." The Israeli Prime Minister condemned the "despicable anti-Semitic" murders. After a 32-hour siege and standoff with the police outside his house, and a French raid, Merah jumped off a balcony and was shot in the head and killed. Merah told police during the standoff that he intended to keep on attacking, and he loved death the way the police loved life. He also claimed connections with al-Qaeda. 4 months later, in July 2012, a French Jewish teenager wearing a "distinctive religious symbol" was the victim of a violent antisemitic attack on a train travelling between Toulouse and Lyon. The teen was first verbally harassed and later beaten up by two assailants. Richard Prasquier from the French Jewish umbrella group, CRIF, called the attack "another development in the worrying trend of anti-Semitism in our country." Another incident in July 2012 dealt with the vandalism of the synagogue of Noisy-le-Grand of the Seine-Saint-Denis district in Paris. The synagogue was vandalized three times in a ten-day period. Prayer books and shawls were thrown on the floor, windows were shattered, drawers were ransacked, and walls, tables, clocks, and floors were vandalized. The authorities were alerted of the incidents by the Bureau National de Vigilance Contre L'Antisémtisme (BNVCA), a French antisemitism watchdog group, which called for more measures to be taken to prevent future hate crimes. BNVCA President Sammy Ghozlan stated that, "Despite the measures taken, things persist, and I think that we need additional legislation, because the Jewish community is annoyed." In August 2012, Abraham Cooper, the dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, met French Interior Minister Manuel Valls and reported that antisemitic attacks against French Jews increased by 40% since Merah's shooting spree in Toulouse. Cooper pressed Valls to take extra measures to secure the safety of French Jews, as well as to discuss strategies to foil an increasing trend of lone-wolf terrorists on the Internet. Wolfgang Schäuble, the Interior Minister of Germany in 2006, pointed out the official policy of Germany: "We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism." Although the number of extreme right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001) to 182 (2006), especially in the formerly communist East Germany, Germany's measures against right-wing groups and antisemitism are effective, despite Germany having the highest rates of antisemitic acts in Europe. According to the annual reports of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany dropped during the last years from 49,700 (2001), 45,000 (2002), 41,500 (2003), 40,700 (2004), 39,000 (2005), to 38,600 in 2006. Germany provided several million euros to fund "nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims' groups." In July 2012, two women were assaulted in Germany, sprayed with tear gas, and were shown a "Hitler salute," apparently because of a Star of David necklace that they wore. In late August 2012, Berlin police investigated an attack on a 53-year-old rabbi and his 6-year-old daughter, allegedly by four Arab teens, after which the rabbi needed treatment for head wounds at a hospital. The police classified the attack as a hate crime. Jüdische Allgemeine reported that the rabbi was wearing a kippah and was approached by one of the teens, who asked the rabbi if he was Jewish. The teen then attacked the rabbi while yelling antisemitic comments, and threatened to kill the rabbi's daughter. Berlin's mayor condemned the attack, saying that "Berlin is an international city in which intolerance, xenophobia and anti-Semitism are not being tolerated. Police will undertake all efforts to find and arrest the perpetrators." In October 2012, various historians, including Dr. Julius H. Schoeps, a prominent German-Jewish historian and a member of the German Interior Ministry's commission to combat antisemitism, charged the majority of Bundestag deputies with failing to understand antisemitism and the imperativeness of periodic legislative reports on German antisemitism. Schoeps cited various antisemitic statements by German parliament members as well. The report in question determined that 15% of Germans are antisemitic while over 20% espouse "latent anti-Semitism," but the report has been criticized for downplaying the sharpness of antisemitism in Germany, as well as for failing to examine anti-Israel media coverage in Germany. Antisemitism in Greece manifests itself in religious, political and media discourse. The recent Greek government-debt crisis has facilitated the rise of far right groups in Greece, most notably the formerly obscure Golden Dawn. Jews have lived in Greece since antiquity, but the largest community of around 20,000 Sephardic Jews settled in Thessalonica after an invitation from the Ottoman Sultan in the 15th century. After Thessalonica was annexed to Greece in 1913, the Greek government recognized Jews as Greek citizens with full rights and attributed Judaism the status of a recognized and protected religion. Currently in Greece, Jewish communities representing the 5,000 Greek Jews are legal entities under public law. According to the ADL (Anti-Defamation League) report of 2015, the "ADL Global 100", a report of the status of antisemitism in 100 countries around the world, 69% of the adult population in Greece harbor antisemitic attitudes and 85% think that "Jews have too much power in the business world". In March 2015, a survey about the Greeks' perceptions of the holocaust was published. Its findings showed that less than 60 percent of the respondents think that holocaust teaching should be included in the curriculum. In the 21st century, antisemitism in Hungary has evolved and received an institutional framework, while verbal and physical aggression against Jews has escalated, creating a great difference between its earlier manifestations in the 1990s and recent developments. One of the major representatives of this institutionalized antisemitic ideology is the popular Hungarian party Jobbik, which received 17 percent of the vote in the April 2010 national election. The far-right subculture, which ranges from nationalist shops to radical-nationalist and neo-Nazi festivals and events, plays a major role in the institutionalization of Hungarian antisemitism in the 21st century. The contemporary antisemitic rhetoric has been updated and expanded, but is still based on the old antisemitic notions. The traditional accusations and motifs include such phrases as Jewish occupation, international Jewish conspiracy, Jewish responsibility for the Treaty of Trianon, Judeo-Bolshevism, as well as blood libels against Jews. Nevertheless, the past few years have seen the reemergence of the blood libel and an increase in Holocaust relativization and denial, while the monetary crisis has revived references to the "Jewish banker class". The ongoing political conflict between Israel and Palestine has played an important role in the development and expression of antisemitism in the 21st century, and in Italy as well. The Second Intifada, which began in late September 2000, has set in motion unexpected mechanisms, whereby traditional anti-Jewish prejudices were mixed with politically based stereotypes. In this belief system, Israeli Jews were charged with full responsibility for the fate of the peace process and with the conflict presented as embodying the struggle between good (the Palestinians) and evil (the Israeli Jews). The Netherlands has the second highest incidence of antisemitic incidents in the European Union. However, it is difficult to obtain exact figures because the specific groups against whom attacks are made are not specifically identified in police reports, and analyses of police data for antisemitism therefore relies on key-word searches, e.g. "Jew" or "Israel". According to Centre for Information and Documentation on Israel (CIDI), a pro-Israel lobby group in the Netherlands, the number of antisemitic incidents reported in the whole of the Netherlands was 108 in 2008, 93 in 2009, and 124 in 2010. Some two thirds of this are acts of aggression. There are approximately 52 000 Dutch Jews. According to the NRC Handelsblad newspaper, the number of antisemitic incidents in Amsterdam was 14 in 2008 and 30 in 2009. In 2010, Raphaël Evers, an orthodox rabbi in Amsterdam, told the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten that Jews can no longer be safe in the city anymore due to the risk of violent assaults. "We Jews no longer feel at home here in the Netherlands. Many people talk about moving to Israel," he said. According to the Anne Frank Foundation, antisemitism in the Netherlands in 2011 was roughly at the same level as in 2010. Actual antisemitic incidents increased from 19 in 2010 to 30 in 2011. Verbal antisemitic incidents dropped slightly from 1173 in 2010 to 1098 in 2011. This accounts for 75%–80% of all verbal racist incidents in the Netherlands. Antisemitism is more prevalent in the age group 23–27 years, which is a younger group than that of racist incidents in general. In 2010, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation after one year of research, revealed that antisemitism was common among some 8th, 9th, and 10th graders in Oslo's schools. Teachers at schools with large numbers of Muslims revealed that Muslim students often "praise or admire Adolf Hitler for his killing of Jews", that "Jew-hate is legitimate within vast groups of Muslim students" and that "Muslims laugh or command [teachers] to stop when trying to educate about the Holocaust". Additionally, "while some students might protest when some express support for terrorism, none object when students express hate of Jews", saying that it says in "the Quran that you shall kill Jews, all true Muslims hate Jews". Most of these students were said to be born and raised in Norway. One Jewish father also stated that his child had been taken by a Muslim mob after school (though the child managed to escape), reportedly "to be taken out to the forest and hung because he was a Jew". Norwegian Education Minister Kristin Halvorsen referred to the antisemitism reported in this study as being "completely unacceptable." The head of a local Islamic council joined Jewish leaders and Halvorsen in denouncing such antisemitism. In October 2012, the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe issued a report regarding antisemitism in Norway, criticizing Norway for an increase in antisemitism in the country and blaming Norwegian officials for failing to address antisemitism." The University of Warsaw's study in 2016 found that 37% of surveyed Poles expressed negative attitudes towards Jews (up from 32% in 2015); 56% said that they wouldn't accept a Jew in their family (up from 46%); and 32% wouldn't want Jewish neighbors (up from 27%). In November 2015, following Antoni Macierewicz's (Law and Justice party) designation as Minister of National Defence, he faced allegations of antisemitism and protests by the Anti Defamation League. In February 2018, the Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stated that "there were Jewish perpetrators" of the Holocaust, "not only German perpetrators." Ronald Lauder, the president of the World Jewish Congress, condemned Morawiecki's words: "This is nothing short of an attempt to falsify history, that is one of the very worst forms of anti-Semitism and Holocaust obfuscation." Israeli politician Yair Lapid, head of the centrist Yesh Atid party, said Morawiecki's remark is "anti-Semitism of the oldest kind." Since the early 2000s, levels of antisemitism in Russia have been low, and steadily decreasing. President of the Russian Jewish Congress attributes this in part to the vanished state sponsorship of antisemitism. At the same time experts warn that worsening economic conditions may lead to the surge of xenophobia and antisemitism in particular. The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 18% of Russians held unfavorable views of Jews. After Germany and Austria, Sweden has the highest rate of antisemitic incidents in Europe, though the Netherlands has reported a higher rate of antisemitism in some years. A government study in 2006 estimated that 15% of Swedes agree with the statement: "The Jews have too much influence in the world today". 5% of the total adult population and 39% of adult Muslims "harbour systematic antisemitic views". The former prime minister Göran Persson described these results as "surprising and terrifying". However, the rabbi of Stockholm's Orthodox Jewish community, Meir Horden, said that "It's not true to say that the Swedes are anti-Semitic. Some of them are hostile to Israel because they support the weak side, which they perceive the Palestinians to be." In 2009, a synagogue that served the Jewish community in Malmö was set ablaze. Jewish cemeteries were repeatedly desecrated, worshippers were abused while returning home from prayer, and masked men mockingly chanted "Hitler" in the streets. As a result of security concerns, Malmö's synagogue has guards and rocket-proof glass in the windows, and the Jewish kindergarten can only be reached through thick steel security doors. In early 2010, the Swedish publication The Local published series of articles about the growing antisemitism in Malmö, Sweden. In 2009, the Malmö police received reports of 79 antisemitic incidents, which was twice the number of the previous year (2008). Fredrik Sieradzki, spokesman for the Malmö Jewish community, estimated that the already small Jewish population is shrinking by 5% a year. "Malmö is a place to move away from," he said, citing antisemitism as the primary reason. In March 2010, Fredrik Sieradzk told Die Presse, an Austrian Internet publication, that Jews are being "harassed and physically attacked" by "people from the Middle East," although he added that only a small number of Malmö's 40,000 Muslims "exhibit hatred of Jews." In October 2010, The Forward reported on the current state of Jews and the level of antisemitism in Sweden. Henrik Bachner, a writer and professor of history at the University of Lund, claimed that members of the Swedish Parliament have attended anti-Israel rallies where the Israeli flag was burned while the flags of Hamas and Hezbollah were waved, and the rhetoric was often antisemitic—not just anti-Israel. Judith Popinski, an 86-year-old Holocaust survivor, stated that she is no longer invited to schools that have a large Muslim presence to tell her story of surviving the Holocaust. In December 2010, the Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center issued a travel advisory concerning Sweden, advising Jews to express "extreme caution" when visiting the southern parts of the country due to an alleged increase in verbal and physical harassment of Jewish citizens in the city of Malmö. Ilmar Reepalu, the mayor of Malmö for over 15 years, has been accused of failing to protect the Jewish community in Malmö, causing 30 Jewish families to leave the city in 2010, and more preparing to leave, which has left the possibility that Malmö's Jewish community will disappear soon. Critics of Reepalu say that his statements, such as antisemitism in Malmö actually being an "understandable" consequence of Israeli policy in the Middle East, have encouraged young Muslims to abuse and harass the Jewish community. In an interview with the Sunday Telegraph in February 2010, Reepalu said, "There haven't been any attacks on Jewish people, and if Jews from the city want to move to Israel that is not a matter for Malmö," which renewed concerns about Reepalu. Oleh Tyahnybok, the leader of the far-right Svoboda party, whose members hold senior positions in Ukraine's government, urged his party to fight "the Moscow-Jewish mafia ruling Ukraine." The Algemeiner Journal reported: "Svoboda supporters include among their heroes leaders of pro-Nazi World War II organizations known for their atrocities against Jews and Poles, such as the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and the 14th Waffen-SS Galicia Division". According to The Simon Wiesenthal Center (in January 2011) "Ukraine has, to the best of our knowledge, never conducted a single investigation of a local Nazi war criminal, let alone prosecuted a Holocaust perpetrator." According to Der Spiegel, Dmytro Yarosh, leader of the far-right Right Sector, wrote: "I wonder how it came to pass that most of the billionaires in Ukraine are Jews?" Late February 2014 Yarosh pledged during a meeting with Israel's ambassador in Kiev to fight all forms of racism. Right Sector's leader for West Ukraine, Oleksandr Muzychko, has talked about fighting "communists, Jews and Russians for as long as blood flows in my veins." Muzychko was shot dead on 24 March 2014. An official inquiry concluded he had shot himself in the heart at the end of a chase with the Ukrainian police.<br /></ref> In April 2014, Donetsk Chief Rabbi Pinchas Vishedski said that "Anti-Semitic incidents in the Russian-speaking east were rare, unlike in Kiev and western Ukraine." In an April 2014 article about anti-Jewish violence in Ukraine in Haaretz no incidents outside this "Russian-speaking east" were mentioned. According to the Israel's Ambassador to Ukraine, the antisemitism occurs here much less frequently than in other European countries, and has more a hooligan's nature rather than a system. In March 2017, Ukrainian politician Nadiya Savchenko said during a television interview that Jews held disproportionate control over Ukraine. In May 2017, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) senior officer Vasily Vovk wrote that Jews "aren't Ukrainians and I will destroy you along with [Ukrainian oligarch and Jewish lawmaker Vadim] Rabinovych. I'm telling you one more time - go to hell, zhidi [kikes], the Ukrainian people have had it to here with you. Ukraine must be governed by Ukrainians." The antisemitism report for 2017 that Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs under Naftali Bennett published in January 2018 stated that "A striking exception in the trend of decrease in antisemitic incidents in Eastern Europe was Ukraine, where the number of recorded antisemitic attacks was doubled from last year and surpassed the tally for all the incidents reported throughout the entire region combined.". In 2017 an Institute for Jewish Policy Research survey found that the levels of antisemitism in Great Britain were among the lowest in the world, with 2.4% expressing multiple antisemitic attitudes, and about 70% having a favourable opinion of Jews. However, only 17% had a favourable opinion of Israel, with 33% holding an unfavourable view. In 2017, a report by the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) found that the previous year, 2016, had been the worst on record for antisemitic hate crime in the UK. Prior to that, 2015 had been the worst year on record, and 2014 was the worst year on record before that. The report found that in 2016, antisemitic crime rose by 15% compared to 2015, or 45% compared to 2014. It also found that 1 in 10 antisemitic crimes was violent. Despite rising levels of antisemitic crime, the report said there had been a decrease in the charging of antisemitic crime. In the report's foreword, the CAA's Chairman wrote: "Britain has the political will to fight antisemitism and strong laws with which to do it, but those responsible for tackling the rapidly growing racist targeting of British Jews are failing to enforce the law. There is a very real danger of Jewish citizens emigrating, as has happened elsewhere in Europe unless there is radical change." Every year since 2015, the CAA has commissioned polling by YouGov concerning the attitude of the British public toward British Jews. In 2017, their polling found that 36% of British adults believed at least one of the antisemitic statements pollsters had shown them to be true, a reduction from 39% in 2016 and 45% in 2015. Additionally, the polling revealed widespread fear amongst British Jews, with almost 1 in 3 saying that they had considered emigrating in the last two years due to antisemitism, and 37% saying that they concealed their Judaism in public. The report gave various indications as to the cause of the fears, with British Jews identifying Islamist antisemitism, far-left antisemitism and far-right antisemitism as their main concerns, in that order. 78% of British Jews saying that they had witnessed antisemitism disguised as a political comment about Israel, 76% thoughts that political developments were contributing antisemitism, and 52% felt that the Crown Prosecution Service was not doing enough. In 2005, a group of British Members of Parliament set up an inquiry into antisemitism, which published its findings in 2006. Its report stated that "until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond [had been] that antisemitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society." It found a reversal of this progress since 2000. The inquiry was reconstituted following a surge in antisemitic incidents in Britain during the summer of 2014, and the new inquiry published its report in 2015, making recommendations for reducing antisemitism. In 2016, the Home Affairs Select Committee held an inquiry into the rise of antisemitism in the UK. The inquiry called David Cameron, Tim Farron, Angus Robertson, Jeremy Corbyn, Ken Livingstone and others to give evidence. Although antisemitism in Canada is less prevalent than in many other countries, there have been recent incidents. For example, a 2004 study identified 24 incidents of antisemitism between 14 March and 14 July 2004 in Newfoundland, Montreal, Quebec City, Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and some smaller Ontario communities. The incidents included vandalism and other attacks on four synagogues, six cemeteries, four schools, and a number of businesses and private residences. In November 2005, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights examined antisemitism on college campuses. It reported that "incidents of threatened bodily injury, physical intimidation or property damage are now rare", but antisemitism still occurs on many campuses and is a "serious problem." The Commission recommended that the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights protect college students from antisemitism through vigorous enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and further recommended that Congress clarify that Title VI applies to discrimination against Jewish students. On 19 September 2006, Yale University founded the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Anti-Semitism (YIISA), the first North American university-based center for study of the subject, as part of its Institution for Social and Policy Studies. Director Charles Small of the Center cited the increase in antisemitism worldwide in recent years as generating a "need to understand the current manifestation of this disease". In June 2011, Yale voted to close this initiative. After carrying out a routine review, the faculty review committee said that the initiative had not met its research and teaching standards. Donald Green, then head of Yale's Institution for Social and Policy Studies, the body under whose aegis the antisemitism initiative was run, said that it had not had many papers published in the relevant leading journals or attracted many students. As with other programs that had been in a similar situation, the initiative had therefore been cancelled. This decision has been criticized by figures such as former U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Staff Director Kenneth L. Marcus, who is now the director of the Initiative to Combat Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israelism in America's Educational Systems at the Institute for Jewish and Community Research, and Deborah Lipstadt, who described the decision as "weird" and "strange." Antony Lerman has supported Yale's decision, describing the YIISA as a politicized initiative that was devoted to the promotion of Israel rather than to serious research on antisemitism. A 2007 survey by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) concluded that 15% of Americans hold antisemitic views, which was in-line with the average of the previous ten years, but a decline from the 29% of the early sixties. The survey concluded that education was a strong predictor, "with most educated Americans being remarkably free of prejudicial views." The belief that Jews have too much power was considered a common antisemitic view by the ADL. Other views indicating antisemitism, according to the survey, include the view that Jews are more loyal to Israel than America, and that they are responsible for the death of Jesus of Nazareth. The survey found that antisemitic Americans are likely to be intolerant generally, e.g. regarding immigration and free-speech. The 2007 survey also found that 29% of foreign-born Hispanics and 32% of African-Americans hold strong antisemitic beliefs, three times more than the 10% for whites. A 2009 study published in Boston Review found that nearly 25% of non-Jewish Americans blamed Jews for the financial crisis of 2007–2008, with a higher percentage among Democrats than Republicans. 32% of Democrats blamed Jews for the financial crisis, versus 18% for Republicans. In August 2012, the California state assembly approved a non-binding resolution that "encourages university leaders to combat a wide array of anti-Jewish and anti-Israel actions," although the resolution "is purely symbolic and does not carry policy implications." In April 2017, Politico Magazine published an article purporting to show links between U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Jewish outreach organization Chabad-Lubavitch. The article was condemned, with the head of the Anti-Defamation League Jonathan Greenblatt saying that it "evokes age-old myths about Jews". In November 2017, Jonathan Greenblatt, national director and CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, stated in an interview, "While anti-Semitic attitudes have remained consistent at 14%... anti-Semitic incidents have been on the rise. In 2016 we saw a 34% increase over the prior year in acts of harassment, vandalism, or violence directed at Jewish individuals and institutions. During the first three quarters of 2017, there was a 67% increase over the same period in 2016. We've seen double the number of incidents in K-12 schools, and almost a 60% increase on college campuses." On October 29, 2018, an antisemitic terrorist attacked the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. On April 25, 2019, The New York Times international edition included a cartoon featuring U.S. President Donald Trump and Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu. Trump was shown wearing a kippah and Netanyahu was displayed as Trump's dog wearing a collar with the Star of David. After criticism from public and religious figures, The Times admitted to using "anti-Semitic tropes". On April 29, The New York Times came under scrutiny again for publishing another anti-Semitic cartoon featuring PM Netanyahu. In a 2009 news story, Michael Rowan and Douglas E. Schoen wrote, "In an infamous Christmas Eve speech several years ago, Chávez said the Jews killed Christ and have been gobbling up wealth and causing poverty and injustice worldwide ever since." Hugo Chávez stated that "[t]he world is for all of us, then, but it so happens that a minority, the descendants of the same ones that crucified Christ, the descendants of the same ones that kicked Bolívar out of here and also crucified him in their own way over there in Santa Marta, in Colombia. A minority has taken possession of all of the wealth of the world." In February 2012, opposition candidate for the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election Henrique Capriles was subject to what foreign journalists characterized as vicious attacks by state-run media sources. The Wall Street Journal said that Capriles "was vilified in a campaign in Venezuela's state-run media, which insinuated he was, among other things, a homosexual and a Zionist agent". A 13 February 2012 opinion article in the state-owned Radio Nacional de Venezuela, titled "The Enemy is Zionism" attacked Capriles' Jewish ancestry and linked him with Jewish national groups because of a meeting he had held with local Jewish leaders, saying, "This is our enemy, the Zionism that Capriles today represents... Zionism, along with capitalism, are responsible for 90% of world poverty and imperialist wars."
|
[
{
"start": 27,
"end": 48,
"label": [
"31975"
]
},
{
"start": 205,
"end": 248,
"label": [
"4664600"
]
},
{
"start": 799,
"end": 806,
"label": [
"358"
]
},
{
"start": 963,
"end": 969,
"label": [
"5843419"
]
},
{
"start": 990,
"end": 996,
"label": [
"9282173"
]
},
{
"start": 1001,
"end": 1006,
"label": [
"8087628"
]
},
{
"start": 1051,
"end": 1061,
"label": [
"13371"
]
},
{
"start": 1086,
"end": 1107,
"label": [
"6996393"
]
},
{
"start": 1189,
"end": 1201,
"label": [
"48569"
]
},
{
"start": 1210,
"end": 1215,
"label": [
"8087628"
]
},
{
"start": 1230,
"end": 1239,
"label": [
"4757052"
]
},
{
"start": 1964,
"end": 1969,
"label": [
"17633"
]
},
{
"start": 2192,
"end": 2197,
"label": [
"31232"
]
},
{
"start": 2519,
"end": 2526,
"label": [
"31232"
]
},
{
"start": 2663,
"end": 2674,
"label": [
"58568"
]
},
{
"start": 2754,
"end": 2772,
"label": [
"53029"
]
},
{
"start": 2875,
"end": 2878,
"label": [
"25955086"
]
},
{
"start": 2898,
"end": 2903,
"label": [
"6037917"
]
},
{
"start": 2928,
"end": 2934,
"label": [
"92903"
]
},
{
"start": 2945,
"end": 2951,
"label": [
"522749"
]
},
{
"start": 2969,
"end": 2976,
"label": [
"19291"
]
},
{
"start": 3055,
"end": 3072,
"label": [
"31343577"
]
},
{
"start": 3111,
"end": 3120,
"label": [
"20513"
]
},
{
"start": 3267,
"end": 3273,
"label": [
"3884355"
]
},
{
"start": 3389,
"end": 3394,
"label": [
"20599016"
]
},
{
"start": 3409,
"end": 3421,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 3463,
"end": 3476,
"label": [
"208567"
]
},
{
"start": 3765,
"end": 3771,
"label": [
"9282173"
]
},
{
"start": 3868,
"end": 3873,
"label": [
"400674"
]
},
{
"start": 3878,
"end": 3885,
"label": [
"4752575"
]
},
{
"start": 4087,
"end": 4094,
"label": [
"34484"
]
},
{
"start": 4445,
"end": 4456,
"label": [
"29328"
]
},
{
"start": 4633,
"end": 4639,
"label": [
"9239"
]
},
{
"start": 4644,
"end": 4657,
"label": [
"21139"
]
},
{
"start": 4670,
"end": 4676,
"label": [
"9282173"
]
},
{
"start": 4722,
"end": 4734,
"label": [
"17416221"
]
},
{
"start": 4780,
"end": 4794,
"label": [
"1687684"
]
},
{
"start": 4980,
"end": 4992,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 5018,
"end": 5036,
"label": [
"31045316"
]
},
{
"start": 5040,
"end": 5047,
"label": [
"11867"
]
},
{
"start": 5052,
"end": 5066,
"label": [
"326243"
]
},
{
"start": 5128,
"end": 5137,
"label": [
"18947965"
]
},
{
"start": 5374,
"end": 5382,
"label": [
"433187"
]
},
{
"start": 5620,
"end": 5632,
"label": [
"18689231"
]
},
{
"start": 5800,
"end": 5804,
"label": [
"31045316"
]
},
{
"start": 6015,
"end": 6022,
"label": [
"30188"
]
},
{
"start": 6286,
"end": 6292,
"label": [
"5843419"
]
},
{
"start": 6397,
"end": 6403,
"label": [
"430062"
]
},
{
"start": 6508,
"end": 6516,
"label": [
"1921"
]
},
{
"start": 7725,
"end": 7744,
"label": [
"7907317"
]
},
{
"start": 7888,
"end": 7899,
"label": [
"37274"
]
},
{
"start": 7988,
"end": 7997,
"label": [
"5000099"
]
},
{
"start": 8060,
"end": 8083,
"label": [
"21560"
]
},
{
"start": 8116,
"end": 8128,
"label": [
"75225"
]
},
{
"start": 8628,
"end": 8650,
"label": [
"481708"
]
},
{
"start": 8660,
"end": 8674,
"label": [
"395296"
]
},
{
"start": 8678,
"end": 8685,
"label": [
"29639"
]
},
{
"start": 8898,
"end": 8910,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 8912,
"end": 8924,
"label": [
"21212"
]
},
{
"start": 8997,
"end": 9013,
"label": [
"428002"
]
},
{
"start": 9018,
"end": 9028,
"label": [
"75469"
]
},
{
"start": 9043,
"end": 9062,
"label": [
"5530"
]
},
{
"start": 9073,
"end": 9081,
"label": [
"1277119"
]
},
{
"start": 9115,
"end": 9124,
"label": [
"13919"
]
},
{
"start": 9233,
"end": 9236,
"label": [
"19344654"
]
},
{
"start": 9359,
"end": 9367,
"label": [
"3607937"
]
},
{
"start": 9623,
"end": 9639,
"label": [
"255964"
]
},
{
"start": 9913,
"end": 9928,
"label": [
"2105677"
]
},
{
"start": 10434,
"end": 10445,
"label": [
"523641"
]
},
{
"start": 11544,
"end": 11549,
"label": [
"13913"
]
},
{
"start": 11598,
"end": 11627,
"label": [
"4941"
]
},
{
"start": 11740,
"end": 11748,
"label": [
"23235"
]
},
{
"start": 12052,
"end": 12063,
"label": [
"492347"
]
},
{
"start": 12074,
"end": 12098,
"label": [
"11478069"
]
},
{
"start": 12223,
"end": 12243,
"label": [
"26783793"
]
},
{
"start": 12286,
"end": 12294,
"label": [
"66230"
]
},
{
"start": 12382,
"end": 12389,
"label": [
"17123"
]
},
{
"start": 12451,
"end": 12471,
"label": [
"5058690"
]
},
{
"start": 12564,
"end": 12570,
"label": [
"27619007"
]
},
{
"start": 12584,
"end": 12611,
"label": [
"2185939"
]
},
{
"start": 12684,
"end": 12705,
"label": [
"1700192"
]
},
{
"start": 12706,
"end": 12716,
"label": [
"25348674"
]
},
{
"start": 12758,
"end": 12777,
"label": [
"20413485"
]
},
{
"start": 12868,
"end": 12883,
"label": [
"163123"
]
},
{
"start": 12890,
"end": 12903,
"label": [
"20425526"
]
},
{
"start": 12907,
"end": 12913,
"label": [
"19189"
]
},
{
"start": 12915,
"end": 12920,
"label": [
"14533"
]
},
{
"start": 12946,
"end": 12965,
"label": [
"20413485"
]
},
{
"start": 13021,
"end": 13032,
"label": [
"20459650"
]
},
{
"start": 13056,
"end": 13067,
"label": [
"1078"
]
},
{
"start": 13151,
"end": 13166,
"label": [
"5308778"
]
},
{
"start": 13316,
"end": 13321,
"label": [
"16203"
]
},
{
"start": 14043,
"end": 14064,
"label": [
"822592"
]
},
{
"start": 14311,
"end": 14331,
"label": [
"376619"
]
},
{
"start": 14667,
"end": 14677,
"label": [
"19644"
]
},
{
"start": 14977,
"end": 15012,
"label": [
"1107228"
]
},
{
"start": 15566,
"end": 15587,
"label": [
"7960202"
]
},
{
"start": 15640,
"end": 15693,
"label": [
"4162372"
]
},
{
"start": 16244,
"end": 16249,
"label": [
"51273"
]
},
{
"start": 16256,
"end": 16270,
"label": [
"1135086"
]
},
{
"start": 16372,
"end": 16383,
"label": [
"72758"
]
},
{
"start": 17071,
"end": 17104,
"label": [
"35134492"
]
},
{
"start": 17139,
"end": 17163,
"label": [
"10301296"
]
},
{
"start": 17679,
"end": 17689,
"label": [
"1816440"
]
},
{
"start": 17786,
"end": 17795,
"label": [
"30636"
]
},
{
"start": 18018,
"end": 18022,
"label": [
"2185"
]
},
{
"start": 18067,
"end": 18076,
"label": [
"18956035"
]
},
{
"start": 18141,
"end": 18156,
"label": [
"557007"
]
},
{
"start": 18182,
"end": 18193,
"label": [
"4192110"
]
},
{
"start": 18267,
"end": 18285,
"label": [
"47049413"
]
},
{
"start": 18380,
"end": 18398,
"label": [
"184764"
]
},
{
"start": 18515,
"end": 18545,
"label": [
"35134492"
]
},
{
"start": 18669,
"end": 18684,
"label": [
"557007"
]
},
{
"start": 19537,
"end": 19554,
"label": [
"27193752"
]
},
{
"start": 19594,
"end": 19598,
"label": [
"1191313"
]
},
{
"start": 19770,
"end": 19784,
"label": [
"504349"
]
},
{
"start": 19792,
"end": 19809,
"label": [
"90614"
]
},
{
"start": 19822,
"end": 19827,
"label": [
"22989"
]
},
{
"start": 20464,
"end": 20478,
"label": [
"2475984"
]
},
{
"start": 20496,
"end": 20519,
"label": [
"424511"
]
},
{
"start": 20550,
"end": 20562,
"label": [
"17459819"
]
},
{
"start": 20644,
"end": 20666,
"label": [
"35134492"
]
},
{
"start": 20670,
"end": 20678,
"label": [
"45371"
]
},
{
"start": 20863,
"end": 20880,
"label": [
"1526841"
]
},
{
"start": 21385,
"end": 21438,
"label": [
"1005095"
]
},
{
"start": 21885,
"end": 21898,
"label": [
"36772726"
]
},
{
"start": 21925,
"end": 21938,
"label": [
"209643"
]
},
{
"start": 21985,
"end": 21991,
"label": [
"3354"
]
},
{
"start": 22282,
"end": 22288,
"label": [
"381921"
]
},
{
"start": 22923,
"end": 22932,
"label": [
"3768"
]
},
{
"start": 23523,
"end": 23551,
"label": [
"27146868"
]
},
{
"start": 23642,
"end": 23653,
"label": [
"1938004"
]
},
{
"start": 23741,
"end": 23755,
"label": [
"150185"
]
},
{
"start": 23767,
"end": 23779,
"label": [
"40471"
]
},
{
"start": 24169,
"end": 24172,
"label": [
"27243620"
]
},
{
"start": 25040,
"end": 25046,
"label": [
"4019500"
]
},
{
"start": 25602,
"end": 25619,
"label": [
"211393"
]
},
{
"start": 26016,
"end": 26048,
"label": [
"405419"
]
},
{
"start": 26076,
"end": 26091,
"label": [
"71717"
]
},
{
"start": 26491,
"end": 26502,
"label": [
"21148"
]
},
{
"start": 27169,
"end": 27179,
"label": [
"3117391"
]
},
{
"start": 27264,
"end": 27273,
"label": [
"844"
]
},
{
"start": 27332,
"end": 27340,
"label": [
"22518"
]
},
{
"start": 27350,
"end": 27359,
"label": [
"844"
]
},
{
"start": 27370,
"end": 27379,
"label": [
"21241"
]
},
{
"start": 27390,
"end": 27401,
"label": [
"218470"
]
},
{
"start": 27616,
"end": 27637,
"label": [
"25326401"
]
},
{
"start": 28090,
"end": 28124,
"label": [
"200295"
]
},
{
"start": 28290,
"end": 28296,
"label": [
"19541"
]
},
{
"start": 28384,
"end": 28387,
"label": [
"25955086"
]
},
{
"start": 28546,
"end": 28555,
"label": [
"10396793"
]
},
{
"start": 28637,
"end": 28646,
"label": [
"30636"
]
},
{
"start": 28725,
"end": 28730,
"label": [
"36922"
]
},
{
"start": 28856,
"end": 28859,
"label": [
"25955086"
]
},
{
"start": 29025,
"end": 29029,
"label": [
"100416"
]
},
{
"start": 29314,
"end": 29366,
"label": [
"22796"
]
},
{
"start": 29557,
"end": 29577,
"label": [
"11157563"
]
},
{
"start": 29868,
"end": 29883,
"label": [
"520309"
]
},
{
"start": 29993,
"end": 30015,
"label": [
"27243620"
]
},
{
"start": 30061,
"end": 30079,
"label": [
"48505487"
]
},
{
"start": 30132,
"end": 30141,
"label": [
"10396793"
]
},
{
"start": 30175,
"end": 30188,
"label": [
"5637902"
]
},
{
"start": 30211,
"end": 30232,
"label": [
"311160"
]
},
{
"start": 30421,
"end": 30431,
"label": [
"2448072"
]
},
{
"start": 30454,
"end": 30463,
"label": [
"35515608"
]
},
{
"start": 30648,
"end": 30671,
"label": [
"10507856"
]
},
{
"start": 30837,
"end": 30847,
"label": [
"34141"
]
},
{
"start": 30889,
"end": 30901,
"label": [
"3091083"
]
},
{
"start": 31399,
"end": 31412,
"label": [
"68194"
]
},
{
"start": 31704,
"end": 31716,
"label": [
"23267"
]
},
{
"start": 32264,
"end": 32277,
"label": [
"19021"
]
},
{
"start": 33517,
"end": 33523,
"label": [
"25955086"
]
},
{
"start": 33524,
"end": 33536,
"label": [
"13831"
]
},
{
"start": 33550,
"end": 33573,
"label": [
"424511"
]
},
{
"start": 33804,
"end": 33809,
"label": [
"19021"
]
},
{
"start": 33811,
"end": 33824,
"label": [
"31784097"
]
},
{
"start": 34574,
"end": 34588,
"label": [
"20357557"
]
},
{
"start": 34618,
"end": 34625,
"label": [
"13537974"
]
},
{
"start": 34672,
"end": 34692,
"label": [
"1372585"
]
},
{
"start": 34904,
"end": 34927,
"label": [
"21192346"
]
},
{
"start": 34932,
"end": 34937,
"label": [
"464698"
]
},
{
"start": 34951,
"end": 34989,
"label": [
"1436966"
]
},
{
"start": 35001,
"end": 35025,
"label": [
"1045217"
]
},
{
"start": 35041,
"end": 35072,
"label": [
"3609974"
]
},
{
"start": 35088,
"end": 35115,
"label": [
"424511"
]
},
{
"start": 35320,
"end": 35333,
"label": [
"42046853"
]
},
{
"start": 35359,
"end": 35371,
"label": [
"41829771"
]
},
{
"start": 35518,
"end": 35524,
"label": [
"9282173"
]
},
{
"start": 35541,
"end": 35545,
"label": [
"585629"
]
},
{
"start": 35616,
"end": 35634,
"label": [
"42145538"
]
},
{
"start": 35869,
"end": 35885,
"label": [
"44656231"
]
},
{
"start": 35914,
"end": 35921,
"label": [
"562951"
]
},
{
"start": 36036,
"end": 36040,
"label": [
"585629"
]
},
{
"start": 36129,
"end": 36136,
"label": [
"64878"
]
},
{
"start": 36427,
"end": 36443,
"label": [
"43203584"
]
},
{
"start": 36550,
"end": 36577,
"label": [
"709222"
]
},
{
"start": 36727,
"end": 36737,
"label": [
"26573166"
]
},
{
"start": 36937,
"end": 36965,
"label": [
"18844891"
]
},
{
"start": 36972,
"end": 36987,
"label": [
"39754840"
]
},
{
"start": 37312,
"end": 37348,
"label": [
"24226244"
]
},
{
"start": 38170,
"end": 38178,
"label": [
"12512562"
]
},
{
"start": 38651,
"end": 38657,
"label": [
"708769"
]
},
{
"start": 39273,
"end": 39294,
"label": [
"1078"
]
},
{
"start": 39567,
"end": 39592,
"label": [
"383064"
]
},
{
"start": 39643,
"end": 39664,
"label": [
"13964"
]
},
{
"start": 40223,
"end": 40252,
"label": [
"6684549"
]
},
{
"start": 40329,
"end": 40342,
"label": [
"419342"
]
},
{
"start": 40344,
"end": 40354,
"label": [
"1866749"
]
},
{
"start": 40356,
"end": 40371,
"label": [
"434896"
]
},
{
"start": 40373,
"end": 40386,
"label": [
"415036"
]
},
{
"start": 40388,
"end": 40403,
"label": [
"18247224"
]
},
{
"start": 40939,
"end": 40970,
"label": [
"1706636"
]
},
{
"start": 41238,
"end": 41266,
"label": [
"70919"
]
},
{
"start": 41269,
"end": 41292,
"label": [
"3979911"
]
},
{
"start": 41384,
"end": 41408,
"label": [
"188746"
]
},
{
"start": 41438,
"end": 41446,
"label": [
"31756"
]
},
{
"start": 41542,
"end": 41557,
"label": [
"34273"
]
},
{
"start": 41570,
"end": 41634,
"label": [
"24356039"
]
},
{
"start": 41786,
"end": 41799,
"label": [
"6207120"
]
},
{
"start": 42146,
"end": 42158,
"label": [
"43331745"
]
},
{
"start": 42608,
"end": 42625,
"label": [
"16550097"
]
},
{
"start": 42801,
"end": 42817,
"label": [
"410210"
]
},
{
"start": 42872,
"end": 42885,
"label": [
"24218355"
]
},
{
"start": 43080,
"end": 43102,
"label": [
"27243620"
]
},
{
"start": 43680,
"end": 43697,
"label": [
"1095706"
]
},
{
"start": 43878,
"end": 43887,
"label": [
"1007667"
]
},
{
"start": 43899,
"end": 43916,
"label": [
"2154"
]
},
{
"start": 44018,
"end": 44031,
"label": [
"6313811"
]
},
{
"start": 44098,
"end": 44127,
"label": [
"32005855"
]
},
{
"start": 44291,
"end": 44316,
"label": [
"476068"
]
},
{
"start": 44328,
"end": 44350,
"label": [
"9532802"
]
},
{
"start": 44551,
"end": 44568,
"label": [
"9172097"
]
},
{
"start": 44638,
"end": 44650,
"label": [
"4848272"
]
},
{
"start": 44670,
"end": 44684,
"label": [
"32817"
]
},
{
"start": 44722,
"end": 44738,
"label": [
"163123"
]
},
{
"start": 44811,
"end": 44830,
"label": [
"8859685"
]
},
{
"start": 45506,
"end": 45541,
"label": [
"58893695"
]
},
{
"start": 45590,
"end": 45608,
"label": [
"30680"
]
},
{
"start": 45675,
"end": 45687,
"label": [
"4848272"
]
},
{
"start": 45703,
"end": 45721,
"label": [
"56472"
]
},
{
"start": 45749,
"end": 45755,
"label": [
"381921"
]
},
{
"start": 45825,
"end": 45838,
"label": [
"209643"
]
},
{
"start": 46314,
"end": 46325,
"label": [
"48874"
]
},
{
"start": 46511,
"end": 46518,
"label": [
"55917"
]
},
{
"start": 46726,
"end": 46763,
"label": [
"29992845"
]
},
{
"start": 46764,
"end": 46781,
"label": [
"6947925"
]
},
{
"start": 46887,
"end": 46906,
"label": [
"173070"
]
},
{
"start": 47120,
"end": 47147,
"label": [
"32149135"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1146_History
|
Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufactured products were made individually by hand. A single craftsman or team of craftsmen would create each part of a product. They would use their skills and tools such as files and knives to create the individual parts. They would then assemble them into the final product, making cut-and-try changes in the parts until they fit and could work together (craft production). Division of labor was practiced in China where state run monopolies mass-produced metal agricultural implements, china, armor, and weapons centuries before it appeared in Europe on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. Adam Smith discussed the division of labour in the manufacture of pins at length in his book The Wealth of Nations (published in 1776). The Venetian Arsenal, dating to about 1104, operated similar to a production line. Ships moved down a canal and were fitted by the various shops they passed. At the peak of its efficiency in the early 16th century, the Arsenal employed some 16,000 people who could apparently produce nearly one ship each day, and could fit out, arm, and provision a newly built galley with standardized parts on an assembly-line basis. Although the Arsenal lasted until the early Industrial Revolution, production line methods did not become common even then. The Industrial Revolution led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention. Many industries, notably textiles, firearms, clocks and watches, horse-drawn vehicles, railway locomotives, sewing machines, and bicycles, saw expeditious improvement in materials handling, machining, and assembly during the 19th century, although modern concepts such as industrial engineering and logistics had not yet been named. The automatic flour mill built by Oliver Evans in 1785 was called the beginning of modern bulk material handling by Roe (1916). Evans's mill used a leather belt bucket elevator, screw conveyors, canvas belt conveyors, and other mechanical devices to completely automate the process of making flour. The innovation spread to other mills and breweries. Probably the earliest industrial example of a linear and continuous assembly process is the Portsmouth Block Mills, built between 1801 and 1803. Marc Isambard Brunel (father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel), with the help of Henry Maudslay and others, designed 22 types of machine tools to make the parts for the rigging blocks used by the Royal Navy. This factory was so successful that it remained in use until the 1960s, with the workshop still visible at HM Dockyard in Portsmouth, and still containing some of the original machinery. One of the earliest examples of an almost modern factory layout, designed for easy material handling, was the Bridgewater Foundry. The factory grounds were bordered by the Bridgewater Canal and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The buildings were arranged in a line with a railway for carrying the work going through the buildings. Cranes were used for lifting the heavy work, which sometimes weighed in the tens of tons. The work passed sequentially through to erection of framework and final assembly. The first flow assembly line was initiated at the factory of Richard Garrett & Sons, Leiston Works in Leiston in the English county of Suffolk for the manufacture of portable steam engines. The assembly line area was called 'The Long Shop' on account of its length and was fully operational by early 1853. The boiler was brought up from the foundry and put at the start of the line, and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. From the upper level, where other parts were made, the lighter parts would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be completed. During the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as the screw-cutting lathe, metal planer, and milling machine, and of toolpath control via jigs and fixtures, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making interchangeable parts a practical reality. Steam powered conveyor lifts began being used for loading and unloading ships some time in the last quarter of the 19th century. Hounshell (1984) shows a sketch of an electric powered conveyor moving cans through a filling line in a canning factory. The meatpacking industry of Chicago is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or dis-assembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this slaughterhouse practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company. According to Domm, the implementation of mass production of an automobile via an assembly line may be credited to Ransom Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. Olds patented the assembly line concept, which he put to work in his Olds Motor Vehicle Company factory in 1901. At Ford Motor Company, the assembly line was introduced by William "Pa" Klann upon his return from visiting Swift & Company's slaughterhouse in Chicago and viewing what was referred to as the "disassembly line", where carcasses were butchered as they moved along a conveyor. The efficiency of one person removing the same piece over and over without himself moving caught his attention. He reported the idea to Peter E. Martin, soon to be head of Ford production, who was doubtful at the time but encouraged him to proceed. Others at Ford have claimed to have put the idea forth to Henry Ford, but Pa Klann's slaughterhouse revelation is well documented in the archives at the Henry Ford Museum and elsewhere, making him an important contributor to the modern automated assembly line concept. Ford was appreciative, having visited the highly automated 40-acre Sears mail order handling facility around 1906. At Ford, the process was an evolution by trial and error of a team consisting primarily of Peter E. Martin, the factory superintendent; Charles E. Sorensen, Martin's assistant; Clarence W. Avery; C. Harold Wills, draftsman and toolmaker; Charles Ebender; and József Galamb. Some of the groundwork for such development had recently been laid by the intelligent layout of machine tool placement that Walter Flanders had been doing at Ford up to 1908. The moving assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operation on October 7, 1913, at the Highland Park Ford Plant, and continued to evolve after that, using time and motion study. The assembly line, driven by conveyor belts, reduced production time for a Model T to just 93 minutes by dividing the process into 45 steps. Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world. In 1922, Ford (through his ghostwriter Crowther) said of his 1913 assembly line: Charles E. Sorensen, in his 1956 memoir My Forty Years with Ford, presented a different version of development that was not so much about individual "inventors" as a gradual, logical development of industrial engineering: As a result of these developments in method, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, or six feet per minute. This was much faster than previous methods, increasing production by eight to one (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower. It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into American society. Decreased costs of production allowed the cost of the Model T to fall within the budget of the American middle class. In 1908, the price of a Model T was around $825, and by 1912 it had decreased to around $575. This price reduction is comparable to a reduction from $15,000 to $10,000 in dollar terms from the year 2000. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay. Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism", and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the take-off of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods. In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide. Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany and Ford Japan 1925; in 1919, Vulcan (Southport, Lancashire) was the first native European manufacturer to adopt it. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke by not being able to compete; by 1930, 250 companies which did not had disappeared. The massive demand for military hardware in World War II prompted assembly-line techniques in shipbuilding and aircraft production. Thousands of Liberty Ships were built making extensive use of prefabrication, enabling ship assembly to be completed in weeks or even days. After having produced fewer than 3,000 planes for the United States Military in 1939, American aircraft manufacturers built over 300,000 planes in World War II. Vultee pioneered the use of the powered assembly line for aircraft manufacturing. Other companies quickly followed. As William S. Knudsen (having worked at Ford, GM and the National Defense Advisory Commission) observed, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."
|
[
{
"start": 11,
"end": 32,
"label": [
"14914"
]
},
{
"start": 102,
"end": 111,
"label": [
"426433"
]
},
{
"start": 216,
"end": 221,
"label": [
"549613"
]
},
{
"start": 226,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"17160"
]
},
{
"start": 399,
"end": 415,
"label": [
"2183909"
]
},
{
"start": 418,
"end": 435,
"label": [
"8824"
]
},
{
"start": 486,
"end": 499,
"label": [
"63137"
]
},
{
"start": 637,
"end": 647,
"label": [
"1814"
]
},
{
"start": 662,
"end": 680,
"label": [
"8824"
]
},
{
"start": 703,
"end": 707,
"label": [
"1696028"
]
},
{
"start": 730,
"end": 751,
"label": [
"725991"
]
},
{
"start": 777,
"end": 793,
"label": [
"963385"
]
},
{
"start": 839,
"end": 854,
"label": [
"819847"
]
},
{
"start": 950,
"end": 960,
"label": [
"268344"
]
},
{
"start": 1135,
"end": 1141,
"label": [
"1918188"
]
},
{
"start": 1321,
"end": 1342,
"label": [
"14914"
]
},
{
"start": 1423,
"end": 1430,
"label": [
"51892"
]
},
{
"start": 1433,
"end": 1440,
"label": [
"11966"
]
},
{
"start": 1443,
"end": 1461,
"label": [
"480750"
]
},
{
"start": 1463,
"end": 1482,
"label": [
"3932408"
]
},
{
"start": 1485,
"end": 1504,
"label": [
"17717"
]
},
{
"start": 1506,
"end": 1520,
"label": [
"85012"
]
},
{
"start": 1527,
"end": 1534,
"label": [
"3973"
]
},
{
"start": 1670,
"end": 1692,
"label": [
"23535218"
]
},
{
"start": 1697,
"end": 1706,
"label": [
"77547"
]
},
{
"start": 1745,
"end": 1750,
"label": [
"56232"
]
},
{
"start": 1751,
"end": 1755,
"label": [
"1095698"
]
},
{
"start": 1765,
"end": 1777,
"label": [
"389929"
]
},
{
"start": 1821,
"end": 1843,
"label": [
"1542741"
]
},
{
"start": 1909,
"end": 1923,
"label": [
"7529770"
]
},
{
"start": 2174,
"end": 2196,
"label": [
"867800"
]
},
{
"start": 2227,
"end": 2247,
"label": [
"93964"
]
},
{
"start": 2259,
"end": 2282,
"label": [
"4482809"
]
},
{
"start": 2302,
"end": 2316,
"label": [
"158639"
]
},
{
"start": 2398,
"end": 2404,
"label": [
"1162721"
]
},
{
"start": 2417,
"end": 2427,
"label": [
"26061"
]
},
{
"start": 2536,
"end": 2547,
"label": [
"1706895"
]
},
{
"start": 2551,
"end": 2561,
"label": [
"24207"
]
},
{
"start": 2726,
"end": 2745,
"label": [
"4277649"
]
},
{
"start": 2788,
"end": 2805,
"label": [
"313656"
]
},
{
"start": 2814,
"end": 2846,
"label": [
"186950"
]
},
{
"start": 2952,
"end": 2958,
"label": [
"318378"
]
},
{
"start": 3185,
"end": 3207,
"label": [
"7742705"
]
},
{
"start": 3226,
"end": 3233,
"label": [
"113608"
]
},
{
"start": 3241,
"end": 3255,
"label": [
"356740"
]
},
{
"start": 3259,
"end": 3266,
"label": [
"27886"
]
},
{
"start": 3290,
"end": 3311,
"label": [
"6758231"
]
},
{
"start": 3349,
"end": 3362,
"label": [
"8943864"
]
},
{
"start": 3434,
"end": 3440,
"label": [
"175722"
]
},
{
"start": 3886,
"end": 3898,
"label": [
"191490"
]
},
{
"start": 3912,
"end": 3931,
"label": [
"13361616"
]
},
{
"start": 3933,
"end": 3945,
"label": [
"6086634"
]
},
{
"start": 3951,
"end": 3966,
"label": [
"38360943"
]
},
{
"start": 3996,
"end": 4000,
"label": [
"11786725"
]
},
{
"start": 4005,
"end": 4013,
"label": [
"5633026"
]
},
{
"start": 4081,
"end": 4102,
"label": [
"908518"
]
},
{
"start": 4138,
"end": 4151,
"label": [
"7907848"
]
},
{
"start": 4378,
"end": 4389,
"label": [
"1138195"
]
},
{
"start": 4402,
"end": 4409,
"label": [
"6886"
]
},
{
"start": 4740,
"end": 4754,
"label": [
"55076"
]
},
{
"start": 4927,
"end": 4938,
"label": [
"489791"
]
},
{
"start": 5001,
"end": 5023,
"label": [
"858887"
]
},
{
"start": 5030,
"end": 5038,
"label": [
"23273"
]
},
{
"start": 5094,
"end": 5120,
"label": [
"52040"
]
},
{
"start": 5141,
"end": 5159,
"label": [
"30433662"
]
},
{
"start": 5246,
"end": 5278,
"label": [
"1345148"
]
},
{
"start": 5549,
"end": 5564,
"label": [
"1713613"
]
},
{
"start": 5720,
"end": 5730,
"label": [
"13371"
]
},
{
"start": 5998,
"end": 6003,
"label": [
"277858"
]
},
{
"start": 6004,
"end": 6014,
"label": [
"1783942"
]
},
{
"start": 6137,
"end": 6152,
"label": [
"1713613"
]
},
{
"start": 6182,
"end": 6201,
"label": [
"1188556"
]
},
{
"start": 6223,
"end": 6240,
"label": [
"14630304"
]
},
{
"start": 6242,
"end": 6257,
"label": [
"13086856"
]
},
{
"start": 6305,
"end": 6318,
"label": [
"4357407"
]
},
{
"start": 6416,
"end": 6428,
"label": [
"191490"
]
},
{
"start": 6444,
"end": 6459,
"label": [
"841313"
]
},
{
"start": 6542,
"end": 6554,
"label": [
"156891"
]
},
{
"start": 6602,
"end": 6626,
"label": [
"933603"
]
},
{
"start": 6670,
"end": 6691,
"label": [
"1682021"
]
},
{
"start": 6722,
"end": 6736,
"label": [
"51734"
]
},
{
"start": 6768,
"end": 6775,
"label": [
"156891"
]
},
{
"start": 7013,
"end": 7032,
"label": [
"1188556"
]
},
{
"start": 7211,
"end": 7233,
"label": [
"23535218"
]
},
{
"start": 7552,
"end": 7557,
"label": [
"23776"
]
},
{
"start": 7584,
"end": 7595,
"label": [
"1513212"
]
},
{
"start": 7710,
"end": 7714,
"label": [
"1502825"
]
},
{
"start": 7715,
"end": 7722,
"label": [
"216140"
]
},
{
"start": 8412,
"end": 8418,
"label": [
"515534"
]
},
{
"start": 8481,
"end": 8488,
"label": [
"387109"
]
},
{
"start": 8820,
"end": 8839,
"label": [
"163778"
]
},
{
"start": 9379,
"end": 9391,
"label": [
"198201"
]
},
{
"start": 9667,
"end": 9673,
"label": [
"2657495"
]
},
{
"start": 9786,
"end": 9804,
"label": [
"2239658"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1148_Sport
|
The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are Australian Rules football, association football (soccer), cricket, netball, and basketball. Adelaide is the home of two Australian Football League teams: the Adelaide Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club, and one A-League soccer team, Adelaide United. A local Australian rules football league, the SANFL, is made up of 10 teams from around Adelaide. The SANFL has been in operation since 1877 when it began as the South Australian Football Association (SAFL) before changing its name to the SANFL in 1927. The SANFL is the oldest surviving football league of any code played in Australia. Adelaide has developed a strong culture of attracting crowds to major sporting events. Until the completion of the 2012–14 renovation and upgrade of the Adelaide Oval, most large sporting events took place at either AAMI Stadium (the then home base of the Adelaide Crows, and the then Port Adelaide's home game venue), or the historic Adelaide Oval, home of the Southern Redbacks and the Adelaide Strikers cricket teams. Since completion of the upgrade, home games for Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide now take place at Adelaide Oval. Since 1884, Adelaide Oval has also hosted an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of One Day International cricket matches. Memorial Drive Park, adjacent to the Adelaide Oval, used to host Davis Cup and other major tennis events, including the Australian Open and (until 2009) the Adelaide International (now known as the Brisbane International). Adelaide's professional association football team, Adelaide United, play in the A-League. Founded in 2003, their home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium, which has a capacity of 17,000 and is one of the few purpose-built soccer stadia in Australia. Prior to United's foundation, Adelaide City and West Adelaide represented the city in the National Soccer League. The two sides, which contest the Adelaide derby against one another, now play in the National Premier Leagues South Australia. For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level rugby league, after the New South Wales Rugby League had played a single game per season at the Adelaide Oval for five years starting in 1991. The Adelaide Rams were formed and played in the breakaway Super League (SL) competition in 1997 before moving to the new National Rugby League in 1998. Initially playing at the Adelaide Oval, the club moved to the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium late in the 1998 season. As part of a peace deal with the Australian Rugby League to end the Super League war, the club's owners News Limited (who were also owners of the SL) suddenly closed the club only weeks before the start of the 1999 season. Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the Adelaide 36ers which plays in the National Basketball League (NBL) and the women's team, the Adelaide Lightning which plays in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). Both teams play their home games at the Titanium Security Arena. Adelaide has a professional netball team, the Adelaide Thunderbirds, which plays in the national netball competition, the Suncorp Super Netball championship, with home games played at Priceline Stadium. The Thunderbirds occasionally play games or finals at the Titanium Security Arena, while international netball matches are usually played at the 10,500 seat Adelaide Entertainment Centre. The Titanium Security Arena has a capacity of 8,000 and is the largest purpose-built basketball stadium in Australia. Since 1999 Adelaide and its surrounding areas have hosted the Tour Down Under bicycle race, organised and directed by Adelaide-based Michael Turtur. Turtur won an Olympic gold medal for Australia in the 4000m Team pursuit at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. The Tour Down Under is the largest cycling event outside Europe and was the first event outside Europe to be granted UCI ProTour status. Adelaide maintains a franchise in the Australian Baseball League, the Adelaide Bite. They have been playing since 2009, and their home stadium (until 2016) was Norwood Oval. From 2016 the team moved to the Diamond Sports Stadium located near the Adelaide International Airport due to renovations at Norwood. Its name stems from the local Great Australian Bight, and from the abundance of local Great White Sharks. Adelaide also has an Ice Hockey team, Adelaide Adrenaline in the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). It was national champions in 2009 and plays its games at the IceArenA. The Australian Grand Prix for World Championship Formula One racing was hosted by Adelaide from 1985 to 1995 on the Adelaide Street Circuit which was laid out in the city's East End as well as the eastern parklands including the Victoria Park Racecourse. The Grand Prix became a source of pride, and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement in mid-1993 left a void that has since been filled with the highly successful Clipsal 500 for V8 Supercar racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a rally of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds. Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues. Victoria Park, Cheltenham Park Racecourse, both of which have now closed, and Morphettville Racecourse that remains the home of the South Australian Jockey Club. It also has Globe Derby Park for Harness racing that opened in 1969, and by 1973 had become Adelaide's premier harness racing venue taking over from the Wayville Showgrounds, as well as Greyhound Park for greyhound racing that opened in 1972. The World Solar Challenge race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations, although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-years' history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide hosted the 2012 World Bowls Championships at Lockleys Bowling Club, becoming the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996. Dirt track speedway is also popular in Adelaide with three operating speedways. Adelaide Motorsport Park, located adjacent to the Adelaide International Raceway road racing circuit at Virginia ( north of the city centre) has been in continuous operation since 1979 after the closure of the popular Rowley Park Speedway. Gillman Speedway located in the semi-industrial suburb of Gillman, has been in operation since 1998 and caters to Motorcycle speedway and Sidecars, while the Sidewinders Speedway located in Wingfield is also a motorcycle speedway dedicated to Under-16 riders and has been in operation since 1978. In 2016 backed my South Australia's Peregrine Group owners of OTR (On the run service stations and 24/7 hour convenient stores) opened up a multi-purpose facility; a state-of-the-art motorsporting park and a hotel alongside its newer OTR service station outside a small township of Tailem Bend currently named The Bend Motorsport Park. Design for thrill seekers and rev-heads the facility currently host South Australia's second V8 Supercars motoring event during a round in August and hopes to bring in other major international motoring events such as SBK Superbikes and other well established FIA motoring events. Adelaide is home to the Great Southern Slam, the world's largest roller derby tournament. The tournament has been held biennially over Australia's Queen's Birthday holiday weekend since 2010. In 2014 and 2016 the tournament featured 45 teams playing in two divisions. In 2018 the tournament has expanded to 48 teams competing in three divisions.
|
[
{
"start": 54,
"end": 79,
"label": [
"2403"
]
},
{
"start": 81,
"end": 101,
"label": [
"10568"
]
},
{
"start": 112,
"end": 119,
"label": [
"25675557"
]
},
{
"start": 121,
"end": 128,
"label": [
"21592"
]
},
{
"start": 134,
"end": 144,
"label": [
"3921"
]
},
{
"start": 174,
"end": 200,
"label": [
"4732785"
]
},
{
"start": 212,
"end": 234,
"label": [
"100978"
]
},
{
"start": 239,
"end": 266,
"label": [
"24602"
]
},
{
"start": 276,
"end": 284,
"label": [
"1301373"
]
},
{
"start": 298,
"end": 313,
"label": [
"1257184"
]
},
{
"start": 323,
"end": 348,
"label": [
"2403"
]
},
{
"start": 361,
"end": 366,
"label": [
"344696"
]
},
{
"start": 805,
"end": 818,
"label": [
"660231"
]
},
{
"start": 868,
"end": 880,
"label": [
"463136"
]
},
{
"start": 908,
"end": 922,
"label": [
"100978"
]
},
{
"start": 937,
"end": 952,
"label": [
"24602"
]
},
{
"start": 987,
"end": 1000,
"label": [
"660231"
]
},
{
"start": 1014,
"end": 1031,
"label": [
"1327390"
]
},
{
"start": 1040,
"end": 1057,
"label": [
"31565966"
]
},
{
"start": 1199,
"end": 1212,
"label": [
"660231"
]
},
{
"start": 1296,
"end": 1317,
"label": [
"381447"
]
},
{
"start": 1335,
"end": 1354,
"label": [
"10236568"
]
},
{
"start": 1455,
"end": 1470,
"label": [
"97851"
]
},
{
"start": 1533,
"end": 1555,
"label": [
"19746573"
]
},
{
"start": 1609,
"end": 1624,
"label": [
"1257184"
]
},
{
"start": 1686,
"end": 1703,
"label": [
"2859226"
]
},
{
"start": 1758,
"end": 1785,
"label": [
"1034291"
]
},
{
"start": 1830,
"end": 1843,
"label": [
"2616350"
]
},
{
"start": 1848,
"end": 1861,
"label": [
"7865506"
]
},
{
"start": 1890,
"end": 1912,
"label": [
"529785"
]
},
{
"start": 1947,
"end": 1961,
"label": [
"56935409"
]
},
{
"start": 1999,
"end": 2039,
"label": [
"5160443"
]
},
{
"start": 2121,
"end": 2133,
"label": [
"25735"
]
},
{
"start": 2145,
"end": 2173,
"label": [
"521015"
]
},
{
"start": 2268,
"end": 2281,
"label": [
"2013810"
]
},
{
"start": 2322,
"end": 2334,
"label": [
"649677"
]
},
{
"start": 2355,
"end": 2359,
"label": [
"7157974"
]
},
{
"start": 2385,
"end": 2406,
"label": [
"255709"
]
},
{
"start": 2410,
"end": 2414,
"label": [
"4001980"
]
},
{
"start": 2603,
"end": 2619,
"label": [
"30865063"
]
},
{
"start": 2639,
"end": 2651,
"label": [
"1489006"
]
},
{
"start": 2745,
"end": 2756,
"label": [
"4001693"
]
},
{
"start": 2831,
"end": 2845,
"label": [
"2888022"
]
},
{
"start": 2865,
"end": 2891,
"label": [
"283203"
]
},
{
"start": 2924,
"end": 2942,
"label": [
"4214915"
]
},
{
"start": 2962,
"end": 2996,
"label": [
"2525308"
]
},
{
"start": 3045,
"end": 3068,
"label": [
"4772187"
]
},
{
"start": 3098,
"end": 3105,
"label": [
"21592"
]
},
{
"start": 3116,
"end": 3137,
"label": [
"3149340"
]
},
{
"start": 3192,
"end": 3213,
"label": [
"2665599"
]
},
{
"start": 3254,
"end": 3271,
"label": [
"3158087"
]
},
{
"start": 3641,
"end": 3656,
"label": [
"928448"
]
},
{
"start": 3657,
"end": 3669,
"label": [
"857311"
]
},
{
"start": 3712,
"end": 3726,
"label": [
"21306890"
]
},
{
"start": 3742,
"end": 3749,
"label": [
"27566"
]
},
{
"start": 3750,
"end": 3760,
"label": [
"526488"
]
},
{
"start": 3782,
"end": 3800,
"label": [
"1464754"
]
},
{
"start": 3808,
"end": 3833,
"label": [
"82762"
]
},
{
"start": 3952,
"end": 3963,
"label": [
"1546121"
]
},
{
"start": 4010,
"end": 4036,
"label": [
"23547547"
]
},
{
"start": 4042,
"end": 4055,
"label": [
"28266192"
]
},
{
"start": 4132,
"end": 4144,
"label": [
"9305704"
]
},
{
"start": 4178,
"end": 4200,
"label": [
"52705742"
]
},
{
"start": 4218,
"end": 4248,
"label": [
"140465"
]
},
{
"start": 4310,
"end": 4332,
"label": [
"241323"
]
},
{
"start": 4366,
"end": 4383,
"label": [
"43619"
]
},
{
"start": 4424,
"end": 4443,
"label": [
"5288132"
]
},
{
"start": 4451,
"end": 4479,
"label": [
"2210161"
]
},
{
"start": 4549,
"end": 4557,
"label": [
"8046402"
]
},
{
"start": 4563,
"end": 4584,
"label": [
"291626"
]
},
{
"start": 4608,
"end": 4619,
"label": [
"10854"
]
},
{
"start": 4675,
"end": 4698,
"label": [
"1885482"
]
},
{
"start": 4788,
"end": 4812,
"label": [
"5893315"
]
},
{
"start": 4994,
"end": 5005,
"label": [
"2029911"
]
},
{
"start": 5010,
"end": 5021,
"label": [
"54162"
]
},
{
"start": 5109,
"end": 5114,
"label": [
"52245"
]
},
{
"start": 5253,
"end": 5279,
"label": [
"7740000"
]
},
{
"start": 5316,
"end": 5340,
"label": [
"3004840"
]
},
{
"start": 5370,
"end": 5398,
"label": [
"6025340"
]
},
{
"start": 5412,
"end": 5428,
"label": [
"30556779"
]
},
{
"start": 5433,
"end": 5447,
"label": [
"189221"
]
},
{
"start": 5553,
"end": 5573,
"label": [
"4702949"
]
},
{
"start": 5586,
"end": 5600,
"label": [
"22408733"
]
},
{
"start": 5605,
"end": 5621,
"label": [
"38871"
]
},
{
"start": 5647,
"end": 5668,
"label": [
"344413"
]
},
{
"start": 6111,
"end": 6130,
"label": [
"1337315"
]
},
{
"start": 6191,
"end": 6215,
"label": [
"31843550"
]
},
{
"start": 6241,
"end": 6271,
"label": [
"17575391"
]
},
{
"start": 6295,
"end": 6303,
"label": [
"27906113"
]
},
{
"start": 6409,
"end": 6429,
"label": [
"28899967"
]
},
{
"start": 6431,
"end": 6447,
"label": [
"31782504"
]
},
{
"start": 6489,
"end": 6496,
"label": [
"13107724"
]
},
{
"start": 6545,
"end": 6564,
"label": [
"230182"
]
},
{
"start": 6569,
"end": 6577,
"label": [
"14704933"
]
},
{
"start": 6589,
"end": 6609,
"label": [
"41876028"
]
},
{
"start": 6621,
"end": 6630,
"label": [
"4360177"
]
},
{
"start": 7010,
"end": 7021,
"label": [
"717005"
]
},
{
"start": 7038,
"end": 7062,
"label": [
"47512322"
]
},
{
"start": 7324,
"end": 7327,
"label": [
"248019"
]
},
{
"start": 7369,
"end": 7388,
"label": [
"36097571"
]
},
{
"start": 7410,
"end": 7422,
"label": [
"809210"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1154_Births
|
*1260 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1299) *1455 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1499) *1533 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss physician and scholar (d. 1588) *1549 – Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1616) *1612 – Saskia van Uylenburgh, Dutch model and wife of Rembrandt van Rijn (d. 1642) *1627 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter (d. 1678) *1630 – Estephan El Douaihy, Maronite patriarch (d. 1704) *1646 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (d. 1715) *1672 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss paleontologist and scholar (d. 1733) *1674 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (d. 1723) *1696 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (d. 1754) *1702 – Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1769) *1703 – Lorenzo Ricci, Italian religious leader, 18th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1775) *1740 – Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux, French general (d. 1817) *1754 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French-American architect and engineer, designed Washington, D.C. (d. 1825) *1788 – Leopold Gmelin, German chemist and academic (d. 1853) *1815 – Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German poet and historian (d. 1894) *1820 – John Tyndall, Irish-English physicist and mountaineer (d. 1893) *1828 – Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque, Spanish general (d. 1895) *1834 – Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor, designed the Statue of Liberty (d. 1904) *1835 – Elisha Gray, American businessman, co-founded Western Electric (d. 1901) *1861 – Prafulla Chandra Ray, Indian chemist and academic (d. 1944) *1865 – Irving Babbitt, American academic and critic (d. 1933) * 1865 – John Radecki, Australian stained glass artist (d. 1955) *1867 – Ernest Dowson, English poet, novelist, and short story writer (d. 1900) *1868 – Constantine I of Greece (d. 1923) *1870 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (d. 1954) *1871 – John French Sloan, American painter and illustrator (d. 1951) *1872 – George E. Stewart, Australian-American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1946) *1876 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian geologist, designed the Flag of India (d. 1963) *1877 – Ravishankar Shukla, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (d. 1956) *1878 – Aino Kallas, Finnish-Estonian author (d. 1956) *1880 – Arthur Dove, American painter and educator (d. 1946) *1882 – Red Ames, American baseball player and manager (d. 1936) * 1882 – Albert Bloch, American painter and academic (d. 1961) *1884 – Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelan author and politician, 46th President of Venezuela (d. 1969) *1886 – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, Canadian pilot and politician, 20th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (d. 1961) *1887 – Oskar Anderson, Bulgarian-German mathematician and statistician (d. 1960) *1889 – Margaret Lawrence, American stage actress (d. 1929) *1891 – Arthur Bliss, English composer and conductor (d. 1975) * 1891 – Viktor Zhirmunsky, Russian linguist and historian (d. 1971) *1892 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian-born American production manager and producer, co-founded Warner Bros. (d. 1978) *1894 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian feminist and scientist (d.1976) *1895 – Matt Henderson, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1970) *1897 – Karl-Otto Koch, German SS officer (d. 1945) * 1897 – Max Weber, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 1974) *1898 – Ernő Nagy, Hungarian fencer (d. 1977) *1899 – Charles Bennett, English director and screenwriter (d. 1995) *1900 – Holling C. Holling, American author and illustrator (d. 1973) * 1900 – Helen Morgan, American actress and singer (d. 1941) *1902 – Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria (d. 1971) *1905 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (d. 1963) * 1905 – Myrna Loy, American actress (d. 1993) *1907 – Mary Hamman, American journalist and author (d. 1984) *1910 – Roger MacDougall, Scottish director, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 1993) *1911 – Ann Dvorak, American actress (d. 1979) *1912 – Palle Huld, Danish actor (d. 2010) * 1912 – Håkon Stenstadvold, Norwegian painter, illustrator, and critic (d. 1977) * 1912 – Vladimir Žerjavić, Croatian economist and author (d. 2001) *1913 – Xavier Thaninayagam, Sri Lankan scholar and academic (d. 1980) *1914 – Félix Leclerc, Canadian singer-songwriter, actor, and poet (d. 1988) * 1914 – Big Walter Price, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2012) * 1914 – Beatrice Straight, American actress (d. 2001) *1915 – Gary Merrill, American actor (d. 1990) *1916 – Alfonso A. Ossorio, Filipino-American painter and sculptor (d. 1990) *1917 – Wah Chang, Chinese-American artist and designer, best known for his work on Star Trek: The Original Series (d. 2003) *1919 – Nehemiah Persoff, Israeli-American actor *1920 – Louis Pauwels, French journalist and author (d. 1997) * 1920 – Augustus Rowe, Canadian physician and politician (d. 2013) *1921 – Alan Whicker, Egyptian-English journalist (d. 2013) *1922 – Betsy Bloomingdale, American philanthropist and socialite (d. 2016) * 1922 – Geoffrey Dutton, Australian historian and author (d. 1998) *1923 – Shimon Peres, Polish-Israeli lawyer and politician, 9th President of Israel (d. 2016) * 1923 – Ike Williams, American boxer (d. 1994) *1924 – James Baldwin, American novelist, poet, and critic (d. 1987) * 1924 – Joe Harnell, American pianist and composer (d. 2005) * 1924 – Carroll O'Connor, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001) *1925 – K. Arulanandan, Ceylon-American engineer and academic (d. 2004) * 1925 – John Dexter, English director and producer (d. 1990) * 1925 – John McCormack, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017) * 1925 – Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentinian general and politician, 43rd President of Argentina (d. 2013) *1927 – Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, English mathematician and academic (d. 2018) *1928 – Malcolm Hilton, English cricketer (d. 1990) *1929 – Roy Crimmins, English trombonist and composer (d. 2014) * 1929 – John Gale, English director and producer * 1929 – Vidya Charan Shukla, Indian politician, Indian Minister of External Affairs (d. 2013) * 1929 – David Waddington, Baron Waddington, English lawyer and politician, Governor of Bermuda (d. 2017) *1930 – Vali Myers, Australian painter and dancer (d. 2003) *1931 – Pierre DuMaine, American bishop and academic * 1931 – Eddie Fuller, South African cricketer (d. 2008) * 1931 – Karl Miller, English journalist and critic (d. 2014) * 1931 – Viliam Schrojf, Czech footballer (d. 2007) *1932 – Lamar Hunt, American businessman, co-founded the American Football League and World Championship Tennis (d. 2006) * 1932 – Peter O'Toole, British-Irish actor and producer (d. 2013) *1933 – Ioannis Varvitsiotis, Greek politician, Greek Minister of Defence *1934 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian general and astronaut (d. 2019) *1935 – Hank Cochran, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2010) *1936 – Anthony Payne, English composer and author *1937 – Ron Brierley, New Zealand businessman * 1937 – Billy Cannon, American football player and dentist (d. 2018) * 1937 – Garth Hudson, Canadian keyboard player, songwriter, and producer *1938 – Dave Balon, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2007) * 1938 – Pierre de Bané, Israeli-Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2019) * 1938 – Terry Peck, Falkland Islander soldier (d. 2006) *1939 – Benjamin Barber, American theorist, author, and academic (d. 2017) * 1939 – Wes Craven, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015) * 1939 – John W. Snow, American businessman and politician, 73rd United States Secretary of the Treasury *1940 – Angel Lagdameo, Filipino archbishop * 1940 – Beko Ransome-Kuti, Nigerian physician and activist (d. 2006) * 1940 – Will Tura, Belgian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1941 – Doris Coley, American singer (d. 2000) * 1941 – Jules A. Hoffmann, Luxembourgian-French biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate * 1941 – François Weyergans, Belgian director and screenwriter *1942 – Isabel Allende, Chilean-American novelist, essayist, essayist * 1942 – Leo Beenhakker, Dutch football manager * 1942 – Juan Formell, Cuban singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2014) * 1942 – Nell Irvin Painter, American author and historian *1943 – Herbert M. Allison, American lieutenant and businessman (d. 2013) * 1943 – Tom Burgmeier, American baseball player and coach * 1943 – Jon R. Cavaiani, English-American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2014) * 1943 – Rose Tremain, English novelist and short story writer *1944 – Jim Capaldi, English drummer and singer-songwriter (d. 2005) * 1944 – Naná Vasconcelos, Brazilian singer and berimbau player (d. 2016) *1945 – Joanna Cassidy, American actress * 1945 – Alex Jesaulenko, Austrian-Australian footballer and coach * 1945 – Bunker Roy, Indian educator and activist * 1945 – Eric Simms, Australian rugby league player and coach *1946 – James Howe, American journalist and author *1947 – Ruth Bakke, Norwegian organist and composer * 1947 – Lawrence Wright, American journalist, author, and screenwriter *1948 – Andy Fairweather Low, Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1948 – Dennis Prager, American radio host and author * 1948 – James Street, American football and baseball player (d. 2013) * 1948 – Snoo Wilson, English playwright and screenwriter (d. 2013) *1949 – James Fallows, American journalist and author * 1949 – Bertalan Farkas, Hungarian general and astronaut *1950 – Jussi Adler-Olsen, Danish author and publisher * 1950 – Ted Turner, British guitarist *1951 – Andrew Gold, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2011) * 1951 – Steve Hillage, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1951 – Joe Lynn Turner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1951 – Per Westerberg, Swedish businessman and politician, Speaker of the Parliament of Sweden *1952 – Alain Giresse, French footballer and manager *1953 – Donnie Munro, Scottish singer and guitarist * 1953 – Butch Patrick, American actor * 1953 – Anthony Seldon, English historian and author *1954 – Sammy McIlroy, Northern Irish footballer and manager *1955 – Caleb Carr, American historian and author * 1955 – Tony Godden, English footballer and manager * 1955 – Butch Vig, American drummer, songwriter, and record producer *1956 – Fulvio Melia, Italian-American physicist, astrophysicist, and author *1959 – Victoria Jackson, American actress and singer * 1959 – Johnny Kemp, Bahamian singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2015) * 1959 – Apollonia Kotero, American singer and actress *1960 – Linda Fratianne, American figure skater * 1960 – Neal Morse, American singer and keyboard player * 1960 – David Yow, American singer-songwriter *1961 – Pete de Freitas, Trinidadian-British drummer and producer (d. 1989) *1962 – Lee Mavers, English singer, songwriter and guitarist *1963 – Laura Bennett, American architect and fashion designer * 1963 – Uğur Tütüneker, Turkish footballer and manager *1964 – Frank Biela, German race car driver * 1964 – Mary-Louise Parker, American actress *1965 – Joe Hockey, Australian lawyer and politician, 38th Treasurer of Australia * 1965 – Hisanobu Watanabe, Japanese baseball player and coach *1966 – Takashi Iizuka, Japanese wrestler * 1966 – Grainne Leahy, Irish cricketer * 1966 – Tim Wakefield, American baseball player and sportscaster *1967 – Aaron Krickstein, American tennis player * 1967 – Aline Brosh McKenna, American screenwriter and producer *1968 – Stefan Effenberg, German footballer and sportscaster *1969 – Cedric Ceballos, American basketball player * 1969 – Fernando Couto, Portuguese footballer and manager *1970 – Tony Amonte, American ice hockey player and coach * 1970 – Kevin Smith, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter * 1970 – Philo Wallace, Barbadian cricketer *1971 – Jason Bell, Australian rugby league player * 1971 – Michael Hughes, Irish footballer and manager *1972 – Mohamed Al-Deayea, Saudi Arabian footballer *1973 – Danie Keulder, Namibian cricketer * 1973 – Miguel Mendonca, Zimbabwean journalist and author * 1973 – Susie O'Neill, Australian swimmer *1974 – Phil Williams, English journalist and radio host *1975 – Mineiro, Brazilian footballer * 1975 – Xu Huaiwen, Chinese-German badminton player and coach * 1975 – Tamás Molnár, Hungarian water polo player *1976 – Reyes Estévez, Spanish runner * 1976 – Jay Heaps, American soccer player and coach * 1976 – Michael Weiss, American figure skater * 1976 – Sam Worthington, English-Australian actor and producer * 1976 – Mohammad Zahid, Pakistani cricketer *1977 – Edward Furlong, American actor *1978 – Goran Gavrančić, Serbian footballer * 1978 – Matt Guerrier, American baseball player * 1978 – Deividas Šemberas, Lithuanian footballer * 1978 – Dragan Vukmir, Serbian footballer *1979 – Marco Bonura, Italian footballer * 1979 – Reuben Kosgei, Kenyan runner *1980 – Ivica Banović, Croatian footballer *1981 – Alexander Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial artist and boxer * 1981 – Tim Murtagh, Irish-English cricketer *1982 – Hélder Postiga, Portuguese footballer * 1982 – Kerry Rhodes, American football player * 1982 – Grady Sizemore, American baseball player * 1982 – Cynthia Stevenson, American actress *1983 – Michel Bastos, Brazilian footballer *1984 – Giampaolo Pazzini, Italian footballer *1985 – Stephen Ferris, Irish rugby player * 1985 – David Hart Smith, Canadian wrestler * 1985 – Britt Nicole, American Christian pop artist *1986 – Mathieu Razanakolona, Canadian skier *1988 – Rob Kwiet, Canadian ice hockey player *1989 – Nacer Chadli, Belgian footballer *1990 – Ima Bohush, Belarusian tennis player *1994 – Laura Pigossi, Brazilian tennis player * 1994 – Laremy Tunsil, American football player *1995 – Kristaps Porziņģis, Latvian basketball player
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"42495"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 30,
"label": [
"25161881"
]
},
{
"start": 75,
"end": 79,
"label": [
"39508"
]
},
{
"start": 88,
"end": 123,
"label": [
"16302"
]
},
{
"start": 135,
"end": 139,
"label": [
"38681"
]
},
{
"start": 148,
"end": 163,
"label": [
"38866"
]
},
{
"start": 204,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"38674"
]
},
{
"start": 217,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"1319877"
]
},
{
"start": 286,
"end": 290,
"label": [
"35098"
]
},
{
"start": 299,
"end": 320,
"label": [
"488236"
]
},
{
"start": 346,
"end": 364,
"label": [
"4254144"
]
},
{
"start": 376,
"end": 380,
"label": [
"35141"
]
},
{
"start": 389,
"end": 418,
"label": [
"1265817"
]
},
{
"start": 445,
"end": 449,
"label": [
"35078"
]
},
{
"start": 458,
"end": 477,
"label": [
"14129922"
]
},
{
"start": 509,
"end": 513,
"label": [
"35060"
]
},
{
"start": 522,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"8675042"
]
},
{
"start": 586,
"end": 590,
"label": [
"38660"
]
},
{
"start": 599,
"end": 622,
"label": [
"103188"
]
},
{
"start": 668,
"end": 672,
"label": [
"38658"
]
},
{
"start": 681,
"end": 709,
"label": [
"80362"
]
},
{
"start": 721,
"end": 725,
"label": [
"38645"
]
},
{
"start": 734,
"end": 742,
"label": [
"208623"
]
},
{
"start": 770,
"end": 774,
"label": [
"38639"
]
},
{
"start": 783,
"end": 808,
"label": [
"19464128"
]
},
{
"start": 820,
"end": 824,
"label": [
"34897"
]
},
{
"start": 833,
"end": 846,
"label": [
"2444770"
]
},
{
"start": 879,
"end": 919,
"label": [
"1856592"
]
},
{
"start": 931,
"end": 935,
"label": [
"35845"
]
},
{
"start": 944,
"end": 974,
"label": [
"17161493"
]
},
{
"start": 1002,
"end": 1006,
"label": [
"34899"
]
},
{
"start": 1015,
"end": 1038,
"label": [
"359699"
]
},
{
"start": 1089,
"end": 1105,
"label": [
"108956"
]
},
{
"start": 1117,
"end": 1121,
"label": [
"34627"
]
},
{
"start": 1130,
"end": 1144,
"label": [
"402693"
]
},
{
"start": 1185,
"end": 1189,
"label": [
"34931"
]
},
{
"start": 1198,
"end": 1224,
"label": [
"1454711"
]
},
{
"start": 1263,
"end": 1267,
"label": [
"35522"
]
},
{
"start": 1276,
"end": 1288,
"label": [
"256310"
]
},
{
"start": 1341,
"end": 1345,
"label": [
"34620"
]
},
{
"start": 1354,
"end": 1394,
"label": [
"1825198"
]
},
{
"start": 1423,
"end": 1427,
"label": [
"35517"
]
},
{
"start": 1436,
"end": 1462,
"label": [
"73266"
]
},
{
"start": 1494,
"end": 1511,
"label": [
"28617"
]
},
{
"start": 1523,
"end": 1527,
"label": [
"35516"
]
},
{
"start": 1536,
"end": 1547,
"label": [
"417835"
]
},
{
"start": 1582,
"end": 1598,
"label": [
"229970"
]
},
{
"start": 1610,
"end": 1614,
"label": [
"34680"
]
},
{
"start": 1623,
"end": 1643,
"label": [
"2325728"
]
},
{
"start": 1684,
"end": 1688,
"label": [
"38275275"
]
},
{
"start": 1697,
"end": 1711,
"label": [
"1120716"
]
},
{
"start": 1767,
"end": 1779,
"label": [
"7166882"
]
},
{
"start": 1792,
"end": 1805,
"label": [
"142340"
]
},
{
"start": 1824,
"end": 1828,
"label": [
"34787"
]
},
{
"start": 1837,
"end": 1850,
"label": [
"398557"
]
},
{
"start": 1910,
"end": 1914,
"label": [
"34788"
]
},
{
"start": 1923,
"end": 1946,
"label": [
"160204"
]
},
{
"start": 1958,
"end": 1962,
"label": [
"34769"
]
},
{
"start": 1971,
"end": 1985,
"label": [
"1151057"
]
},
{
"start": 2032,
"end": 2036,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 2045,
"end": 2062,
"label": [
"766029"
]
},
{
"start": 2108,
"end": 2112,
"label": [
"34768"
]
},
{
"start": 2121,
"end": 2138,
"label": [
"17103549"
]
},
{
"start": 2169,
"end": 2183,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 2205,
"end": 2209,
"label": [
"34725"
]
},
{
"start": 2218,
"end": 2234,
"label": [
"487864"
]
},
{
"start": 2267,
"end": 2280,
"label": [
"978203"
]
},
{
"start": 2292,
"end": 2296,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 2305,
"end": 2323,
"label": [
"12670952"
]
},
{
"start": 2403,
"end": 2407,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2416,
"end": 2427,
"label": [
"2424749"
]
},
{
"start": 2464,
"end": 2468,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 2477,
"end": 2488,
"label": [
"2055899"
]
},
{
"start": 2531,
"end": 2535,
"label": [
"34772"
]
},
{
"start": 2544,
"end": 2552,
"label": [
"938068"
]
},
{
"start": 2616,
"end": 2628,
"label": [
"8857342"
]
},
{
"start": 2671,
"end": 2675,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2684,
"end": 2699,
"label": [
"728841"
]
},
{
"start": 2774,
"end": 2778,
"label": [
"34845"
]
},
{
"start": 2787,
"end": 2817,
"label": [
"2386759"
]
},
{
"start": 2855,
"end": 2889,
"label": [
"1410814"
]
},
{
"start": 2901,
"end": 2905,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2914,
"end": 2928,
"label": [
"1609786"
]
},
{
"start": 2989,
"end": 2993,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 3002,
"end": 3019,
"label": [
"50437626"
]
},
{
"start": 3055,
"end": 3059,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 3068,
"end": 3080,
"label": [
"155152"
]
},
{
"start": 3138,
"end": 3155,
"label": [
"10122218"
]
},
{
"start": 3199,
"end": 3203,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 3212,
"end": 3226,
"label": [
"88492"
]
},
{
"start": 3295,
"end": 3307,
"label": [
"34052"
]
},
{
"start": 3319,
"end": 3323,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 3332,
"end": 3343,
"label": [
"516759"
]
},
{
"start": 3388,
"end": 3392,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 3401,
"end": 3415,
"label": [
"3187393"
]
},
{
"start": 3450,
"end": 3454,
"label": [
"34714"
]
},
{
"start": 3463,
"end": 3477,
"label": [
"75373"
]
},
{
"start": 3486,
"end": 3488,
"label": [
"27040"
]
},
{
"start": 3522,
"end": 3531,
"label": [
"239496"
]
},
{
"start": 3572,
"end": 3576,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 3585,
"end": 3594,
"label": [
"27201546"
]
},
{
"start": 3624,
"end": 3628,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 3637,
"end": 3652,
"label": [
"2173185"
]
},
{
"start": 3699,
"end": 3703,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 3712,
"end": 3730,
"label": [
"3521028"
]
},
{
"start": 3789,
"end": 3801,
"label": [
"1670446"
]
},
{
"start": 3842,
"end": 3846,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 3855,
"end": 3882,
"label": [
"317813"
]
},
{
"start": 3894,
"end": 3898,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3907,
"end": 3928,
"label": [
"17378"
]
},
{
"start": 3971,
"end": 3980,
"label": [
"147369"
]
},
{
"start": 4010,
"end": 4014,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 4023,
"end": 4034,
"label": [
"5513085"
]
},
{
"start": 4078,
"end": 4082,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 4091,
"end": 4107,
"label": [
"6155189"
]
},
{
"start": 4168,
"end": 4172,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 4181,
"end": 4191,
"label": [
"698137"
]
},
{
"start": 4221,
"end": 4225,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 4234,
"end": 4244,
"label": [
"19728715"
]
},
{
"start": 4284,
"end": 4302,
"label": [
"22765384"
]
},
{
"start": 4372,
"end": 4389,
"label": [
"294633"
]
},
{
"start": 4432,
"end": 4436,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 4445,
"end": 4464,
"label": [
"30789667"
]
},
{
"start": 4509,
"end": 4513,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 4522,
"end": 4535,
"label": [
"1107893"
]
},
{
"start": 4606,
"end": 4622,
"label": [
"36343905"
]
},
{
"start": 4688,
"end": 4705,
"label": [
"2150208"
]
},
{
"start": 4735,
"end": 4739,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 4748,
"end": 4760,
"label": [
"1167400"
]
},
{
"start": 4788,
"end": 4792,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4801,
"end": 4819,
"label": [
"14568537"
]
},
{
"start": 4871,
"end": 4875,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4884,
"end": 4893,
"label": [
"1183682"
]
},
{
"start": 4960,
"end": 4990,
"label": [
"27071"
]
},
{
"start": 5002,
"end": 5006,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 5015,
"end": 5031,
"label": [
"3489865"
]
},
{
"start": 5057,
"end": 5061,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 5070,
"end": 5083,
"label": [
"5479210"
]
},
{
"start": 5139,
"end": 5152,
"label": [
"40278555"
]
},
{
"start": 5199,
"end": 5203,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 5212,
"end": 5224,
"label": [
"1173650"
]
},
{
"start": 5265,
"end": 5269,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 5278,
"end": 5296,
"label": [
"1173278"
]
},
{
"start": 5361,
"end": 5376,
"label": [
"10864643"
]
},
{
"start": 5421,
"end": 5425,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 5434,
"end": 5446,
"label": [
"48569"
]
},
{
"start": 5490,
"end": 5509,
"label": [
"153049"
]
},
{
"start": 5535,
"end": 5547,
"label": [
"1502463"
]
},
{
"start": 5575,
"end": 5579,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5588,
"end": 5601,
"label": [
"176935"
]
},
{
"start": 5664,
"end": 5675,
"label": [
"14771922"
]
},
{
"start": 5732,
"end": 5748,
"label": [
"245805"
]
},
{
"start": 5814,
"end": 5818,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5827,
"end": 5841,
"label": [
"34257302"
]
},
{
"start": 5906,
"end": 5917,
"label": [
"7005914"
]
},
{
"start": 5974,
"end": 5988,
"label": [
"10647863"
]
},
{
"start": 6042,
"end": 6061,
"label": [
"310344"
]
},
{
"start": 6104,
"end": 6126,
"label": [
"229473"
]
},
{
"start": 6138,
"end": 6142,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 6151,
"end": 6172,
"label": [
"2105540"
]
},
{
"start": 6220,
"end": 6224,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 6233,
"end": 6247,
"label": [
"2737291"
]
},
{
"start": 6278,
"end": 6282,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 6291,
"end": 6303,
"label": [
"26173889"
]
},
{
"start": 6362,
"end": 6371,
"label": [
"39830435"
]
},
{
"start": 6418,
"end": 6437,
"label": [
"8221546"
]
},
{
"start": 6458,
"end": 6493,
"label": [
"812043"
]
},
{
"start": 6519,
"end": 6553,
"label": [
"427535"
]
},
{
"start": 6586,
"end": 6605,
"label": [
"3627186"
]
},
{
"start": 6617,
"end": 6621,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 6630,
"end": 6640,
"label": [
"2293036"
]
},
{
"start": 6683,
"end": 6687,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6696,
"end": 6710,
"label": [
"5255960"
]
},
{
"start": 6756,
"end": 6768,
"label": [
"3828381"
]
},
{
"start": 6819,
"end": 6830,
"label": [
"2527693"
]
},
{
"start": 6887,
"end": 6901,
"label": [
"6301022"
]
},
{
"start": 6931,
"end": 6935,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 6944,
"end": 6954,
"label": [
"330264"
]
},
{
"start": 6993,
"end": 7017,
"label": [
"2357"
]
},
{
"start": 7022,
"end": 7047,
"label": [
"2413292"
]
},
{
"start": 7073,
"end": 7086,
"label": [
"63321"
]
},
{
"start": 7132,
"end": 7136,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 7145,
"end": 7165,
"label": [
"1478644"
]
},
{
"start": 7212,
"end": 7216,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 7225,
"end": 7240,
"label": [
"194640"
]
},
{
"start": 7283,
"end": 7287,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 7296,
"end": 7308,
"label": [
"1627940"
]
},
{
"start": 7362,
"end": 7366,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 7375,
"end": 7388,
"label": [
"4929562"
]
},
{
"start": 7419,
"end": 7423,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 7432,
"end": 7444,
"label": [
"14341007"
]
},
{
"start": 7485,
"end": 7497,
"label": [
"611128"
]
},
{
"start": 7561,
"end": 7573,
"label": [
"903638"
]
},
{
"start": 7627,
"end": 7631,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 7640,
"end": 7650,
"label": [
"6744309"
]
},
{
"start": 7714,
"end": 7728,
"label": [
"1410001"
]
},
{
"start": 7794,
"end": 7804,
"label": [
"13796815"
]
},
{
"start": 7843,
"end": 7847,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7856,
"end": 7871,
"label": [
"1577234"
]
},
{
"start": 7938,
"end": 7948,
"label": [
"153147"
]
},
{
"start": 8021,
"end": 8033,
"label": [
"223245"
]
},
{
"start": 8077,
"end": 8116,
"label": [
"43338"
]
},
{
"start": 8118,
"end": 8122,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 8131,
"end": 8145,
"label": [
"14901317"
]
},
{
"start": 8182,
"end": 8199,
"label": [
"5136390"
]
},
{
"start": 8258,
"end": 8267,
"label": [
"7228709"
]
},
{
"start": 8310,
"end": 8314,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 8323,
"end": 8334,
"label": [
"1081840"
]
},
{
"start": 8377,
"end": 8394,
"label": [
"14449397"
]
},
{
"start": 8441,
"end": 8452,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 8477,
"end": 8495,
"label": [
"9147535"
]
},
{
"start": 8532,
"end": 8536,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 8545,
"end": 8559,
"label": [
"157994"
]
},
{
"start": 8622,
"end": 8636,
"label": [
"2136922"
]
},
{
"start": 8676,
"end": 8688,
"label": [
"24931935"
]
},
{
"start": 8755,
"end": 8773,
"label": [
"23000234"
]
},
{
"start": 8806,
"end": 8810,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 8819,
"end": 8837,
"label": [
"4096543"
]
},
{
"start": 8900,
"end": 8913,
"label": [
"2772837"
]
},
{
"start": 8965,
"end": 8980,
"label": [
"12551033"
]
},
{
"start": 9009,
"end": 9023,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 9059,
"end": 9071,
"label": [
"1164642"
]
},
{
"start": 9114,
"end": 9118,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 9127,
"end": 9138,
"label": [
"426486"
]
},
{
"start": 9203,
"end": 9219,
"label": [
"4150360"
]
},
{
"start": 9242,
"end": 9250,
"label": [
"476637"
]
},
{
"start": 9269,
"end": 9273,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 9282,
"end": 9296,
"label": [
"2090962"
]
},
{
"start": 9330,
"end": 9345,
"label": [
"3149251"
]
},
{
"start": 9403,
"end": 9413,
"label": [
"9807315"
]
},
{
"start": 9459,
"end": 9469,
"label": [
"3941414"
]
},
{
"start": 9513,
"end": 9517,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 9526,
"end": 9536,
"label": [
"7054010"
]
},
{
"start": 9570,
"end": 9574,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 9583,
"end": 9593,
"label": [
"30602262"
]
},
{
"start": 9642,
"end": 9657,
"label": [
"7061458"
]
},
{
"start": 9706,
"end": 9710,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 9719,
"end": 9739,
"label": [
"2688251"
]
},
{
"start": 9805,
"end": 9818,
"label": [
"196660"
]
},
{
"start": 9866,
"end": 9878,
"label": [
"8575239"
]
},
{
"start": 9943,
"end": 9954,
"label": [
"4458695"
]
},
{
"start": 10003,
"end": 10007,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 10016,
"end": 10029,
"label": [
"257169"
]
},
{
"start": 10077,
"end": 10092,
"label": [
"701569"
]
},
{
"start": 10127,
"end": 10131,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 10140,
"end": 10157,
"label": [
"27204494"
]
},
{
"start": 10202,
"end": 10212,
"label": [
"20404002"
]
},
{
"start": 10233,
"end": 10237,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 10246,
"end": 10257,
"label": [
"581650"
]
},
{
"start": 10324,
"end": 10337,
"label": [
"444138"
]
},
{
"start": 10394,
"end": 10409,
"label": [
"2209304"
]
},
{
"start": 10467,
"end": 10481,
"label": [
"3557261"
]
},
{
"start": 10519,
"end": 10554,
"label": [
"374491"
]
},
{
"start": 10556,
"end": 10560,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 10569,
"end": 10582,
"label": [
"6051347"
]
},
{
"start": 10615,
"end": 10619,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 10628,
"end": 10640,
"label": [
"1281546"
]
},
{
"start": 10687,
"end": 10700,
"label": [
"1342832"
]
},
{
"start": 10732,
"end": 10746,
"label": [
"3631136"
]
},
{
"start": 10778,
"end": 10782,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 10791,
"end": 10804,
"label": [
"1699550"
]
},
{
"start": 10845,
"end": 10849,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 10858,
"end": 10868,
"label": [
"581028"
]
},
{
"start": 10915,
"end": 10926,
"label": [
"11241606"
]
},
{
"start": 10974,
"end": 10983,
"label": [
"273182"
]
},
{
"start": 11036,
"end": 11040,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 11049,
"end": 11061,
"label": [
"8177100"
]
},
{
"start": 11119,
"end": 11123,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 11132,
"end": 11148,
"label": [
"627511"
]
},
{
"start": 11193,
"end": 11204,
"label": [
"2177720"
]
},
{
"start": 11271,
"end": 11287,
"label": [
"339744"
]
},
{
"start": 11318,
"end": 11322,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 11331,
"end": 11346,
"label": [
"2446016"
]
},
{
"start": 11386,
"end": 11396,
"label": [
"397334"
]
},
{
"start": 11449,
"end": 11458,
"label": [
"1652891"
]
},
{
"start": 11488,
"end": 11492,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 11501,
"end": 11516,
"label": [
"724788"
]
},
{
"start": 11570,
"end": 11574,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 11583,
"end": 11593,
"label": [
"1377258"
]
},
{
"start": 11637,
"end": 11641,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 11650,
"end": 11663,
"label": [
"7379384"
]
},
{
"start": 11720,
"end": 11734,
"label": [
"3643216"
]
},
{
"start": 11768,
"end": 11772,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 11781,
"end": 11792,
"label": [
"2725864"
]
},
{
"start": 11832,
"end": 11850,
"label": [
"659310"
]
},
{
"start": 11870,
"end": 11874,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 11883,
"end": 11893,
"label": [
"566185"
]
},
{
"start": 11934,
"end": 11956,
"label": [
"579169"
]
},
{
"start": 11972,
"end": 11989,
"label": [
"14103834"
]
},
{
"start": 12027,
"end": 12031,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 12040,
"end": 12054,
"label": [
"9973917"
]
},
{
"start": 12089,
"end": 12102,
"label": [
"52786940"
]
},
{
"start": 12135,
"end": 12148,
"label": [
"331205"
]
},
{
"start": 12193,
"end": 12197,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 12206,
"end": 12222,
"label": [
"871746"
]
},
{
"start": 12262,
"end": 12281,
"label": [
"8517370"
]
},
{
"start": 12319,
"end": 12323,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 12332,
"end": 12348,
"label": [
"1290115"
]
},
{
"start": 12386,
"end": 12390,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 12399,
"end": 12414,
"label": [
"2413612"
]
},
{
"start": 12458,
"end": 12472,
"label": [
"772771"
]
},
{
"start": 12509,
"end": 12513,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 12522,
"end": 12533,
"label": [
"391075"
]
},
{
"start": 12587,
"end": 12598,
"label": [
"60296"
]
},
{
"start": 12668,
"end": 12681,
"label": [
"2885443"
]
},
{
"start": 12704,
"end": 12708,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 12717,
"end": 12727,
"label": [
"20872424"
]
},
{
"start": 12775,
"end": 12789,
"label": [
"1790392"
]
},
{
"start": 12821,
"end": 12825,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 12834,
"end": 12851,
"label": [
"2557489"
]
},
{
"start": 12879,
"end": 12883,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 12892,
"end": 12905,
"label": [
"5863007"
]
},
{
"start": 12941,
"end": 12956,
"label": [
"29846088"
]
},
{
"start": 13006,
"end": 13019,
"label": [
"957199"
]
},
{
"start": 13041,
"end": 13045,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 13054,
"end": 13067,
"label": [
"14338395"
]
},
{
"start": 13104,
"end": 13108,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 13117,
"end": 13124,
"label": [
"5819041"
]
},
{
"start": 13162,
"end": 13172,
"label": [
"6875137"
]
},
{
"start": 13231,
"end": 13243,
"label": [
"3252887"
]
},
{
"start": 13274,
"end": 13278,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 13287,
"end": 13300,
"label": [
"3508764"
]
},
{
"start": 13332,
"end": 13341,
"label": [
"1046525"
]
},
{
"start": 13391,
"end": 13404,
"label": [
"2884613"
]
},
{
"start": 13444,
"end": 13459,
"label": [
"2964059"
]
},
{
"start": 13514,
"end": 13528,
"label": [
"3098613"
]
},
{
"start": 13551,
"end": 13555,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 13564,
"end": 13578,
"label": [
"538605"
]
},
{
"start": 13596,
"end": 13600,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 13609,
"end": 13624,
"label": [
"3675415"
]
},
{
"start": 13660,
"end": 13673,
"label": [
"2441259"
]
},
{
"start": 13715,
"end": 13732,
"label": [
"2812241"
]
},
{
"start": 13771,
"end": 13784,
"label": [
"11654016"
]
},
{
"start": 13806,
"end": 13810,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 13819,
"end": 13831,
"label": [
"26774648"
]
},
{
"start": 13867,
"end": 13880,
"label": [
"859286"
]
},
{
"start": 13897,
"end": 13901,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 13910,
"end": 13923,
"label": [
"5759101"
]
},
{
"start": 13946,
"end": 13950,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 13959,
"end": 13980,
"label": [
"3040943"
]
},
{
"start": 14036,
"end": 14047,
"label": [
"3546455"
]
},
{
"start": 14074,
"end": 14078,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 14087,
"end": 14101,
"label": [
"751273"
]
},
{
"start": 14140,
"end": 14152,
"label": [
"3150086"
]
},
{
"start": 14194,
"end": 14208,
"label": [
"1567070"
]
},
{
"start": 14250,
"end": 14267,
"label": [
"2340226"
]
},
{
"start": 14287,
"end": 14291,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 14300,
"end": 14313,
"label": [
"8337516"
]
},
{
"start": 14337,
"end": 14341,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 14350,
"end": 14367,
"label": [
"1870859"
]
},
{
"start": 14389,
"end": 14393,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 14402,
"end": 14416,
"label": [
"7693022"
]
},
{
"start": 14452,
"end": 14468,
"label": [
"1999844"
]
},
{
"start": 14503,
"end": 14515,
"label": [
"10272052"
]
},
{
"start": 14548,
"end": 14552,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 14561,
"end": 14581,
"label": [
"4130144"
]
},
{
"start": 14599,
"end": 14603,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 14612,
"end": 14621,
"label": [
"30999995"
]
},
{
"start": 14651,
"end": 14655,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 14664,
"end": 14676,
"label": [
"19476171"
]
},
{
"start": 14698,
"end": 14702,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 14711,
"end": 14721,
"label": [
"42176899"
]
},
{
"start": 14749,
"end": 14753,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 14762,
"end": 14775,
"label": [
"38530201"
]
},
{
"start": 14816,
"end": 14829,
"label": [
"38214376"
]
},
{
"start": 14857,
"end": 14861,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 14870,
"end": 14888,
"label": [
"42616154"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1164_Tools
|
AI has developed many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. A few of the most general of these methods are discussed below. Many problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions: can be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads from premises to conclusions, where each step is the application of an inference rule. Planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis. Robotics algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use local searches in configuration space. Many learning algorithms use search algorithms based on optimization. Simple exhaustive searches are rarely sufficient for most real-world problems: the search space (the number of places to search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers. The result is a search that is too slow or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use "heuristics" or "rules of thumb" that prioritize choices in favor of those that are more likely to reach a goal and to do so in a shorter number of steps. In some search methodologies heuristics can also serve to entirely eliminate some choices that are unlikely to lead to a goal (called "pruning the search tree"). Heuristics supply the program with a "best guess" for the path on which the solution lies. Heuristics limit the search for solutions into a smaller sample size. A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory of optimization. For many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and then refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be visualized as blind hill climbing: we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top. Other optimization algorithms are simulated annealing, beam search and random optimization. Evolutionary computation uses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine, selecting only the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Classic evolutionary algorithms include genetic algorithms, gene expression programming, and genetic programming. Alternatively, distributed search processes can coordinate via swarm intelligence algorithms. Two popular swarm algorithms used in search are particle swarm optimization (inspired by bird flocking) and ant colony optimization (inspired by ant trails). Logic is used for knowledge representation and problem solving, but it can be applied to other problems as well. For example, the satplan algorithm uses logic for planning and inductive logic programming is a method for learning. Several different forms of logic are used in AI research. Propositional logic involves truth functions such as "or" and "not". First-order logic adds quantifiers and predicates, and can express facts about objects, their properties, and their relations with each other. Fuzzy set theory assigns a "degree of truth" (between 0 and 1) to vague statements such as "Alice is old" (or rich, or tall, or hungry) that are too linguistically imprecise to be completely true or false. Fuzzy logic is successfully used in control systems to allow experts to contribute vague rules such as "if you are close to the destination station and moving fast, increase the train's brake pressure"; these vague rules can then be numerically refined within the system. Fuzzy logic fails to scale well in knowledge bases; many AI researchers question the validity of chaining fuzzy-logic inferences. Default logics, non-monotonic logics and circumscription are forms of logic designed to help with default reasoning and the qualification problem. Several extensions of logic have been designed to handle specific domains of knowledge, such as: description logics; situation calculus, event calculus and fluent calculus (for representing events and time); ; belief calculus; and modal logics. Overall, qualitative symbolic logic is brittle and scales poorly in the presence of noise or other uncertainty. Exceptions to rules are numerous, and it is difficult for logical systems to function in the presence of contradictory rules. Many problems in AI (in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of powerful tools to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics. Bayesian networks are a very general tool that can be used for various problems: reasoning (using the Bayesian inference algorithm), learning (using the expectation-maximization algorithm), planning (using decision networks) and perception (using dynamic Bayesian networks). Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing and finding explanations for streams of data, helping perception systems to analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or Kalman filters). Compared with symbolic logic, formal Bayesian inference is computationally expensive. For inference to be tractable, most observations must be conditionally independent of one another. Complicated graphs with diamonds or other "loops" (undirected cycles) can require a sophisticated method such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, which spreads an ensemble of random walkers throughout the Bayesian network and attempts to converge to an assessment of the conditional probabilities. Bayesian networks are used on Xbox Live to rate and match players; wins and losses are "evidence" of how good a player is. AdSense uses a Bayesian network with over 300 million edges to learn which ads to serve. A key concept from the science of economics is "utility": a measure of how valuable something is to an intelligent agent. Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory, decision analysis, and information value theory. These tools include models such as Markov decision processes, dynamic decision networks, game theory and mechanism design. The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers ("if shiny then diamond") and controllers ("if shiny then pick up"). Controllers do, however, also classify conditions before inferring actions, and therefore classification forms a central part of many AI systems. Classifiers are functions that use pattern matching to determine a closest match. They can be tuned according to examples, making them very attractive for use in AI. These examples are known as observations or patterns. In supervised learning, each pattern belongs to a certain predefined class. A class can be seen as a decision that has to be made. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set. When a new observation is received, that observation is classified based on previous experience. A classifier can be trained in various ways; there are many statistical and machine learning approaches. The decision tree is perhaps the most widely used machine learning algorithm. Other widely used classifiers are the neural network, k-nearest neighbor algorithm, kernel methods such as the support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian mixture model, and the extremely popular naive Bayes classifier. Classifier performance depends greatly on the characteristics of the data to be classified, such as the dataset size, distribution of samples across classes, the dimensionality, and the level of noise. Model-based classifiers perform well if the assumed model is an extremely good fit for the actual data. Otherwise, if no matching model is available, and if accuracy (rather than speed or scalability) is the sole concern, conventional wisdom is that discriminative classifiers (especially SVM) tend to be more accurate than model-based classifiers such as "naive Bayes" on most practical data sets. Neural networks were inspired by the architecture of neurons in the human brain. A simple "neuron" N accepts input from other neurons, each of which, when activated (or "fired"), cast a weighted "vote" for or against whether neuron N should itself activate. Learning requires an algorithm to adjust these weights based on the training data; one simple algorithm (dubbed "fire together, wire together") is to increase the weight between two connected neurons when the activation of one triggers the successful activation of another. The neural network forms "concepts" that are distributed among a subnetwork of shared neurons that tend to fire together; a concept meaning "leg" might be coupled with a subnetwork meaning "foot" that includes the sound for "foot". Neurons have a continuous spectrum of activation; in addition, neurons can process inputs in a nonlinear way rather than weighing straightforward votes. Modern neural networks can learn both continuous functions and, surprisingly, digital logical operations. Neural networks' early successes included predicting the stock market and (in 1995) a mostly self-driving car. In the 2010s, advances in neural networks using deep learning thrust AI into widespread public consciousness and contributed to an enormous upshift in corporate AI spending; for example, AI-related M&A in 2017 was over 25 times as large as in 2015. The study of non-learning artificial neural networks began in the decade before the field of AI research was founded, in the work of Walter Pitts and Warren McCullouch. Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron, a learning network with a single layer, similar to the old concept of linear regression. Early pioneers also include Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko, Teuvo Kohonen, Stephen Grossberg, Kunihiko Fukushima, Christoph von der Malsburg, David Willshaw, Shun-Ichi Amari, Bernard Widrow, John Hopfield, Eduardo R. Caianiello, and others. The main categories of networks are acyclic or feedforward neural networks (where the signal passes in only one direction) and recurrent neural networks (which allow feedback and short-term memories of previous input events). Among the most popular feedforward networks are perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis networks. Neural networks can be applied to the problem of intelligent control (for robotics) or learning, using such techniques as Hebbian learning ("fire together, wire together"), GMDH or competitive learning. Today, neural networks are often trained by the backpropagation algorithm, which had been around since 1970 as the reverse mode of automatic differentiation published by Seppo Linnainmaa, and was introduced to neural networks by Paul Werbos. Hierarchical temporal memory is an approach that models some of the structural and algorithmic properties of the neocortex. To summarize, most neural networks use some form of gradient descent on a hand-created neural topology. However, some research groups, such as Uber, argue that simple neuroevolution to mutate new neural network topologies and weights may be competitive with sophisticated gradient descent approaches. One advantage of neuroevolution is that it may be less prone to get caught in "dead ends". Deep learning is any artificial neural network that can learn a long chain of causal links. For example, a feedforward network with six hidden layers can learn a seven-link causal chain (six hidden layers + output layer) and has a (CAP) depth of seven. Many deep learning systems need to be able to learn chains ten or more causal links in length. Deep learning has transformed many important subfields of artificial intelligence, including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing and others. According to one overview, the expression "Deep Learning" was introduced to the machine learning community by Rina Dechter in 1986 and gained traction after Igor Aizenberg and colleagues introduced it to artificial neural networks in 2000. The first functional Deep Learning networks were published by Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko and V. G. Lapa in 1965. These networks are trained one layer at a time. Ivakhnenko's 1971 paper describes the learning of a deep feedforward multilayer perceptron with eight layers, already much deeper than many later networks. In 2006, a publication by Geoffrey Hinton and Ruslan Salakhutdinov introduced another way of pre-training many-layered feedforward neural networks (FNNs) one layer at a time, treating each layer in turn as an unsupervised restricted Boltzmann machine, then using supervised backpropagation for fine-tuning. Similar to shallow artificial neural networks, deep neural networks can model complex non-linear relationships. Over the last few years, advances in both machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units and a very large output layer. Deep learning often uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs), whose origins can be traced back to the Neocognitron introduced by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1980. In 1989, Yann LeCun and colleagues applied backpropagation to such an architecture. In the early 2000s, in an industrial application CNNs already processed an estimated 10% to 20% of all the checks written in the US. Since 2011, fast implementations of CNNs on GPUs have won many visual pattern recognition competitions. CNNs with 12 convolutional layers were used in conjunction with reinforcement learning by Deepmind's "AlphaGo Lee", the program that beat a top Go champion in 2016. Early on, deep learning was also applied to sequence learning with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) which are in theory Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. The depth of an RNN is unlimited and depends on the length of its input sequence; thus, an RNN is an example of deep learning. RNNs can be trained by gradient descent but suffer from the vanishing gradient problem. In 1992, it was shown that unsupervised pre-training of a stack of recurrent neural networks can speed up subsequent supervised learning of deep sequential problems. Numerous researchers now use variants of a deep learning recurrent NN called the long short-term memory (LSTM) network published by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber in 1997. LSTM is often trained by Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC). At Google, Microsoft and Baidu this approach has revolutionised speech recognition. For example, in 2015, Google's speech recognition experienced a dramatic performance jump of 49% through CTC-trained LSTM, which is now available through Google Voice to billions of smartphone users. Google also used LSTM to improve machine translation, Language Modeling and Multilingual Language Processing. LSTM combined with CNNs also improved automatic image captioning and a plethora of other applications. AI, like electricity or the steam engine, is a general purpose technology. There is no consensus on how to characterize which tasks AI tends to excel at. While projects such as AlphaZero have succeeded in generating their own knowledge from scratch, many other machine learning projects require large training datasets. Researcher Andrew Ng has suggested, as a "highly imperfect rule of thumb", that "almost anything a typical human can do with less than one second of mental thought, we can probably now or in the near future automate using AI." Moravec's paradox suggests that AI lags humans at many tasks that the human brain has specifically evolved to perform well. Games provide a well-publicized benchmark for assessing rates of progress. AlphaGo around 2016 brought the era of classical board-game benchmarks to a close. Games of imperfect knowledge provide new challenges to AI in the area of game theory. E-sports such as StarCraft continue to provide additional public benchmarks. There are many competitions and prizes, such as the Imagenet Challenge, to promote research in artificial intelligence. The most common areas of competition include general machine intelligence, conversational behavior, data-mining, robotic cars, and robot soccer as well as conventional games. The "imitation game" (an interpretation of the 1950 Turing test that assesses whether a computer can imitate a human) is nowadays considered too exploitable to be a meaningful benchmark. A derivative of the Turing test is the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA). As the name implies, this helps to determine that a user is an actual person and not a computer posing as a human. In contrast to the standard Turing test, CAPTCHA is administered by a machine and targeted to a human as opposed to being administered by a human and targeted to a machine. A computer asks a user to complete a simple test then generates a grade for that test. Computers are unable to solve the problem, so correct solutions are deemed to be the result of a person taking the test. A common type of CAPTCHA is the test that requires the typing of distorted letters, numbers or symbols that appear in an image undecipherable by a computer. Proposed "universal intelligence" tests aim to compare how well machines, humans, and even non-human animals perform on problem sets that are generic as possible. At an extreme, the test suite can contain every possible problem, weighted by Kolmogorov complexity; unfortunately, these problem sets tend to be dominated by impoverished pattern-matching exercises where a tuned AI can easily exceed human performance levels.
|
[
{
"start": 68,
"end": 84,
"label": [
"5323"
]
},
{
"start": 374,
"end": 381,
"label": [
"7993337"
]
},
{
"start": 386,
"end": 397,
"label": [
"37531624"
]
},
{
"start": 440,
"end": 454,
"label": [
"252311"
]
},
{
"start": 456,
"end": 464,
"label": [
"1505641"
]
},
{
"start": 581,
"end": 600,
"label": [
"6278094"
]
},
{
"start": 602,
"end": 610,
"label": [
"20903754"
]
},
{
"start": 664,
"end": 678,
"label": [
"313942"
]
},
{
"start": 682,
"end": 701,
"label": [
"473596"
]
},
{
"start": 708,
"end": 716,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 759,
"end": 771,
"label": [
"52033"
]
},
{
"start": 856,
"end": 868,
"label": [
"28249"
]
},
{
"start": 919,
"end": 939,
"label": [
"187750"
]
},
{
"start": 972,
"end": 980,
"label": [
"405944"
]
},
{
"start": 1045,
"end": 1055,
"label": [
"63452"
]
},
{
"start": 1334,
"end": 1341,
"label": [
"5462075"
]
},
{
"start": 1346,
"end": 1357,
"label": [
"844292"
]
},
{
"start": 1361,
"end": 1371,
"label": [
"63452"
]
},
{
"start": 1623,
"end": 1635,
"label": [
"52033"
]
},
{
"start": 1840,
"end": 1853,
"label": [
"364002"
]
},
{
"start": 2031,
"end": 2050,
"label": [
"172244"
]
},
{
"start": 2052,
"end": 2063,
"label": [
"1686032"
]
},
{
"start": 2068,
"end": 2087,
"label": [
"147864"
]
},
{
"start": 2089,
"end": 2113,
"label": [
"268020"
]
},
{
"start": 2268,
"end": 2277,
"label": [
"200646"
]
},
{
"start": 2354,
"end": 2377,
"label": [
"190837"
]
},
{
"start": 2386,
"end": 2404,
"label": [
"40254"
]
},
{
"start": 2406,
"end": 2433,
"label": [
"1098818"
]
},
{
"start": 2439,
"end": 2458,
"label": [
"12424"
]
},
{
"start": 2523,
"end": 2541,
"label": [
"762988"
]
},
{
"start": 2602,
"end": 2629,
"label": [
"337083"
]
},
{
"start": 2648,
"end": 2656,
"label": [
"90021"
]
},
{
"start": 2662,
"end": 2685,
"label": [
"588615"
]
},
{
"start": 2699,
"end": 2708,
"label": [
"2594"
]
},
{
"start": 2712,
"end": 2717,
"label": [
"46426065"
]
},
{
"start": 2842,
"end": 2849,
"label": [
"2955843"
]
},
{
"start": 2875,
"end": 2883,
"label": [
"1505641"
]
},
{
"start": 2888,
"end": 2915,
"label": [
"54069"
]
},
{
"start": 2932,
"end": 2940,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 3000,
"end": 3019,
"label": [
"18154"
]
},
{
"start": 3029,
"end": 3043,
"label": [
"604707"
]
},
{
"start": 3069,
"end": 3086,
"label": [
"10983"
]
},
{
"start": 3092,
"end": 3103,
"label": [
"43507260"
]
},
{
"start": 3108,
"end": 3118,
"label": [
"285109"
]
},
{
"start": 3212,
"end": 3228,
"label": [
"56601"
]
},
{
"start": 3418,
"end": 3429,
"label": [
"49180"
]
},
{
"start": 3454,
"end": 3468,
"label": [
"275473"
]
},
{
"start": 3820,
"end": 3833,
"label": [
"889639"
]
},
{
"start": 3836,
"end": 3855,
"label": [
"341086"
]
},
{
"start": 3944,
"end": 3965,
"label": [
"731287"
]
},
{
"start": 4044,
"end": 4053,
"label": [
"16920"
]
},
{
"start": 4064,
"end": 4081,
"label": [
"183503"
]
},
{
"start": 4084,
"end": 4102,
"label": [
"2256109"
]
},
{
"start": 4104,
"end": 4118,
"label": [
"2897680"
]
},
{
"start": 4123,
"end": 4138,
"label": [
"2961091"
]
},
{
"start": 4198,
"end": 4209,
"label": [
"333365"
]
},
{
"start": 4296,
"end": 4301,
"label": [
"38483165"
]
},
{
"start": 4700,
"end": 4711,
"label": [
"22934"
]
},
{
"start": 4734,
"end": 4750,
"label": [
"203996"
]
},
{
"start": 4836,
"end": 4854,
"label": [
"49571"
]
},
{
"start": 4867,
"end": 4875,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 4887,
"end": 4921,
"label": [
"470752"
]
},
{
"start": 4924,
"end": 4932,
"label": [
"1505641"
]
},
{
"start": 4940,
"end": 4956,
"label": [
"1194259"
]
},
{
"start": 4963,
"end": 4973,
"label": [
"11920671"
]
},
{
"start": 4981,
"end": 5005,
"label": [
"1242713"
]
},
{
"start": 5142,
"end": 5152,
"label": [
"11920671"
]
},
{
"start": 5210,
"end": 5229,
"label": [
"98770"
]
},
{
"start": 5234,
"end": 5247,
"label": [
"180855"
]
},
{
"start": 5394,
"end": 5419,
"label": [
"801135"
]
},
{
"start": 5498,
"end": 5504,
"label": [
"168609"
]
},
{
"start": 5549,
"end": 5573,
"label": [
"236801"
]
},
{
"start": 5604,
"end": 5615,
"label": [
"235451"
]
},
{
"start": 5757,
"end": 5766,
"label": [
"881586"
]
},
{
"start": 5850,
"end": 5857,
"label": [
"736238"
]
},
{
"start": 5987,
"end": 5994,
"label": [
"45479"
]
},
{
"start": 6167,
"end": 6182,
"label": [
"446216"
]
},
{
"start": 6184,
"end": 6201,
"label": [
"1190842"
]
},
{
"start": 6268,
"end": 6291,
"label": [
"1125883"
]
},
{
"start": 6303,
"end": 6319,
"label": [
"1194259"
]
},
{
"start": 6322,
"end": 6333,
"label": [
"11924"
]
},
{
"start": 6338,
"end": 6354,
"label": [
"689895"
]
},
{
"start": 6643,
"end": 6654,
"label": [
"1579244"
]
},
{
"start": 6678,
"end": 6694,
"label": [
"279688"
]
},
{
"start": 7246,
"end": 7262,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 7279,
"end": 7292,
"label": [
"577003"
]
},
{
"start": 7391,
"end": 7405,
"label": [
"21523"
]
},
{
"start": 7407,
"end": 7435,
"label": [
"1775388"
]
},
{
"start": 7437,
"end": 7451,
"label": [
"3424576"
]
},
{
"start": 7464,
"end": 7486,
"label": [
"65309"
]
},
{
"start": 7494,
"end": 7516,
"label": [
"871681"
]
},
{
"start": 7544,
"end": 7566,
"label": [
"87339"
]
},
{
"start": 8540,
"end": 8568,
"label": [
"404084"
]
},
{
"start": 9501,
"end": 9504,
"label": [
"20769"
]
},
{
"start": 9578,
"end": 9603,
"label": [
"21523"
]
},
{
"start": 9685,
"end": 9697,
"label": [
"302949"
]
},
{
"start": 9702,
"end": 9719,
"label": [
"44508"
]
},
{
"start": 9721,
"end": 9737,
"label": [
"1945462"
]
},
{
"start": 9751,
"end": 9761,
"label": [
"172777"
]
},
{
"start": 9833,
"end": 9850,
"label": [
"48758386"
]
},
{
"start": 9880,
"end": 9909,
"label": [
"13793648"
]
},
{
"start": 9911,
"end": 9924,
"label": [
"1685591"
]
},
{
"start": 9926,
"end": 9943,
"label": [
"2593441"
]
},
{
"start": 9945,
"end": 9963,
"label": [
"23594316"
]
},
{
"start": 10009,
"end": 10024,
"label": [
"23406915"
]
},
{
"start": 10026,
"end": 10040,
"label": [
"4793636"
]
},
{
"start": 10042,
"end": 10055,
"label": [
"649572"
]
},
{
"start": 10057,
"end": 10078,
"label": [
"32985525"
]
},
{
"start": 10139,
"end": 10165,
"label": [
"1706332"
]
},
{
"start": 10219,
"end": 10243,
"label": [
"1706303"
]
},
{
"start": 10366,
"end": 10376,
"label": [
"172777"
]
},
{
"start": 10379,
"end": 10401,
"label": [
"2266644"
]
},
{
"start": 10407,
"end": 10427,
"label": [
"9651443"
]
},
{
"start": 10479,
"end": 10498,
"label": [
"741104"
]
},
{
"start": 10517,
"end": 10525,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 10552,
"end": 10568,
"label": [
"404084"
]
},
{
"start": 10603,
"end": 10607,
"label": [
"13793747"
]
},
{
"start": 10611,
"end": 10631,
"label": [
"26266110"
]
},
{
"start": 10681,
"end": 10696,
"label": [
"1360091"
]
},
{
"start": 10764,
"end": 10789,
"label": [
"734787"
]
},
{
"start": 10803,
"end": 10819,
"label": [
"49957034"
]
},
{
"start": 10862,
"end": 10873,
"label": [
"5693764"
]
},
{
"start": 10875,
"end": 10903,
"label": [
"11273721"
]
},
{
"start": 10988,
"end": 10997,
"label": [
"487922"
]
},
{
"start": 11051,
"end": 11067,
"label": [
"201489"
]
},
{
"start": 11142,
"end": 11146,
"label": [
"722459"
]
},
{
"start": 11166,
"end": 11180,
"label": [
"440706"
]
},
{
"start": 11391,
"end": 11404,
"label": [
"32472154"
]
},
{
"start": 11412,
"end": 11437,
"label": [
"21523"
]
},
{
"start": 11832,
"end": 11847,
"label": [
"6596"
]
},
{
"start": 11849,
"end": 11867,
"label": [
"29468"
]
},
{
"start": 11869,
"end": 11896,
"label": [
"21652"
]
},
{
"start": 11989,
"end": 12005,
"label": [
"233488"
]
},
{
"start": 12019,
"end": 12031,
"label": [
"47010755"
]
},
{
"start": 12113,
"end": 12138,
"label": [
"21523"
]
},
{
"start": 12211,
"end": 12240,
"label": [
"13793648"
]
},
{
"start": 12495,
"end": 12510,
"label": [
"507174"
]
},
{
"start": 12588,
"end": 12614,
"label": [
"1706332"
]
},
{
"start": 12678,
"end": 12690,
"label": [
"233497"
]
},
{
"start": 12691,
"end": 12719,
"label": [
"33742232"
]
},
{
"start": 12732,
"end": 12742,
"label": [
"20926"
]
},
{
"start": 12743,
"end": 12758,
"label": [
"1360091"
]
},
{
"start": 13157,
"end": 13185,
"label": [
"40409788"
]
},
{
"start": 13235,
"end": 13247,
"label": [
"6092601"
]
},
{
"start": 13262,
"end": 13280,
"label": [
"23594316"
]
},
{
"start": 13299,
"end": 13309,
"label": [
"23534873"
]
},
{
"start": 13333,
"end": 13348,
"label": [
"1360091"
]
},
{
"start": 13675,
"end": 13697,
"label": [
"66294"
]
},
{
"start": 13713,
"end": 13720,
"label": [
"49242352"
]
},
{
"start": 13755,
"end": 13757,
"label": [
"64971"
]
},
{
"start": 13843,
"end": 13868,
"label": [
"1706303"
]
},
{
"start": 14135,
"end": 14151,
"label": [
"201489"
]
},
{
"start": 14172,
"end": 14198,
"label": [
"43502368"
]
},
{
"start": 14267,
"end": 14291,
"label": [
"1706303"
]
},
{
"start": 14447,
"end": 14469,
"label": [
"10711453"
]
},
{
"start": 14666,
"end": 14684,
"label": [
"29468"
]
},
{
"start": 14840,
"end": 14852,
"label": [
"10062721"
]
},
{
"start": 15276,
"end": 15285,
"label": [
"55981499"
]
},
{
"start": 15430,
"end": 15439,
"label": [
"25277512"
]
},
{
"start": 15646,
"end": 15663,
"label": [
"12476035"
]
},
{
"start": 15845,
"end": 15852,
"label": [
"49242352"
]
},
{
"start": 15937,
"end": 15956,
"label": [
"993153"
]
},
{
"start": 16001,
"end": 16012,
"label": [
"11924"
]
},
{
"start": 16014,
"end": 16022,
"label": [
"564204"
]
},
{
"start": 16031,
"end": 16040,
"label": [
"14271726"
]
},
{
"start": 16143,
"end": 16161,
"label": [
"50896194"
]
},
{
"start": 16324,
"end": 16336,
"label": [
"245926"
]
},
{
"start": 16438,
"end": 16449,
"label": [
"21391751"
]
},
{
"start": 16688,
"end": 16695,
"label": [
"230834"
]
},
{
"start": 17592,
"end": 17613,
"label": [
"1635"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1164_Higher education
|
AI is being implemented in university settings to aid in student learning, particularly for students with learning disabilities. With more students learning remotely and universities seeking ways to further provide assistive technologies to students who need it. These students include who attend post-secondary educational institutions each year. AI is being used to capture important data, provide transcription and captioning live in lectures, and . The , which came into law in 1990, pushed many universities to invest more in assistive technologies which are rooted in AI. Now, universities are moving from a reactionary approach to this law which requires them to provide tools, but to implement AI technologies to aid in the learning of all students and for them through video recommendations and more data. In video games, artificial intelligence is routinely used to generate dynamic purposeful behavior in non-player characters (NPCs). In addition, well-understood AI techniques are routinely used for pathfinding. Some researchers consider NPC AI in games to be a "solved problem" for most production tasks. Games with more atypical AI include the AI director of Left 4 Dead (2008) and the neuroevolutionary training of platoons in Supreme Commander 2 (2010). The main military applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are to enhance C2, Communications, Sensors, Integration and Interoperability. Artificial Intelligence technologies enables coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Join Fires between networked combat vehicles and tanks also inside Manned and Unmanned Teams (MUM-T). Worldwide annual military spending on robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to US$7.5 billion in 2015. Military drones capable of autonomous action are widely considered a useful asset. Many artificial intelligence researchers seek to distance themselves from military applications of AI. For financial statements audit, AI makes continuous audit possible. AI tools could analyze many sets of different information immediately. The potential benefit would be the overall audit risk will be reduced, the level of assurance will be increased and the time duration of audit will be reduced. It is possible to use AI to predict or generalize the behavior of customers from their digital footprints in order to target them with personalized promotions or build customer personas automatically. A documented case reports that online gambling companies were using AI to improve customer targeting. Moreover, the application of Personality computing AI models can help reducing the cost of advertising campaigns by adding psychological targeting to more traditional sociodemographic or behavioral targeting. Artificial Intelligence has inspired numerous creative applications including its usage to produce visual art. The exhibition "Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989" at MoMA provides a good overview of the historical applications of AI for art, architecture, and design. Recent exhibitions showcasing the usage of AI to produce art include the Google-sponsored benefit and auction at the Gray Area Foundation in San Francisco, where artists experimented with the deepdream algorithm and the exhibition "Unhuman: Art in the Age of AI," which took place in Los Angeles and Frankfurt in the fall of 2017. In the spring of 2018, the Association of Computing Machinery dedicated a special magazine issue to the subject of computers and art highlighting the role of machine learning in the arts. The Austrian Ars Electronica and Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna opened exhibitions on AI in 2019. The Ars Electronica's 2019 festival "Out of the box" extensively thematized the role of arts for a sustainable societal transformation with AI.
|
[
{
"start": 916,
"end": 936,
"label": [
"29077530"
]
},
{
"start": 1012,
"end": 1023,
"label": [
"2426057"
]
},
{
"start": 1174,
"end": 1185,
"label": [
"8036013"
]
},
{
"start": 1243,
"end": 1262,
"label": [
"20182484"
]
},
{
"start": 2424,
"end": 2442,
"label": [
"16508527"
]
},
{
"start": 2669,
"end": 2690,
"label": [
"58133428"
]
},
{
"start": 3679,
"end": 3694,
"label": [
"44119867"
]
},
{
"start": 3699,
"end": 3729,
"label": [
"25453257"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1181_History
|
The history of astrometry is linked to the history of star catalogues, which gave astronomers reference points for objects in the sky so they could track their movements. This can be dated back to Hipparchus, who around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to discover Earth's precession. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today. Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions. Hipparchus's successor, Ptolemy, included a catalogue of 1,022 stars in his work the Almagest, giving their location, coordinates, and brightness. In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes and star color; furthermore, he provided drawings for each constellation, which are depicted in his Book of Fixed Stars. Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun's position for many years using a large astrolabe with a diameter of nearly 1.4 metres. His observations on eclipses were still used centuries later in Simon Newcomb's investigations on the motion of the Moon, while his other observations of the motions of the planets Jupiter and Saturn inspired Laplace's Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn. In the 15th century, the Timurid astronomer Ulugh Beg compiled the Zij-i-Sultani, in which he catalogued 1,019 stars. Like the earlier catalogs of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg's catalogue is estimated to have been precise to within approximately 20 minutes of arc. In the 16th century, Tycho Brahe used improved instruments, including large mural instruments, to measure star positions more accurately than previously, with a precision of 15–35 . Taqi al-Din measured the right ascension of the stars at the Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din using the "observational clock" he invented. When telescopes became commonplace, setting circles sped measurements James Bradley first tried to measure stellar parallaxes in 1729. The stellar movement proved too insignificant for his telescope, but he instead discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of the Earth's axis. His cataloguing of 3222 stars was refined in 1807 by Friedrich Bessel, the father of modern astrometry. He made the first measurement of stellar parallax: 0.3 for the binary star 61 Cygni. Being very difficult to measure, only about 60 stellar parallaxes had been obtained by the end of the 19th century, mostly by use of the filar micrometer. Astrographs using astronomical photographic plates sped the process in the early 20th century. Automated plate-measuring machines and more sophisticated computer technology of the 1960s allowed more efficient compilation of star catalogues. In the 1980s, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) replaced photographic plates and reduced optical uncertainties to one milliarcsecond. This technology made astrometry less expensive, opening the field to an amateur audience. In 1989, the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took astrometry into orbit, where it could be less affected by mechanical forces of the Earth and optical distortions from its atmosphere. Operated from 1989 to 1993, Hipparcos measured large and small angles on the sky with much greater precision than any previous optical telescopes. During its 4-year run, the positions, parallaxes, and proper motions of 118,218 stars were determined with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. A new "Tycho catalog" drew together a database of 1,058,332 to within 20-30 (milliarcseconds). Additional catalogues were compiled for the 23,882 double/multiple stars and 11,597 variable stars also analyzed during the Hipparcos mission. Today, the catalogue most often used is , an all-sky catalogue that tracks proper motions, positions, magnitudes and other characteristics for over one billion stellar objects. During the past 50 years, 7,435 Schmidt camera plates were used to complete several sky surveys that make the data in USNO-B1.0 accurate to within 0.2 arcsec.
|
[
{
"start": 54,
"end": 68,
"label": [
"28232"
]
},
{
"start": 197,
"end": 207,
"label": [
"13600"
]
},
{
"start": 266,
"end": 276,
"label": [
"236984"
]
},
{
"start": 281,
"end": 291,
"label": [
"2545884"
]
},
{
"start": 312,
"end": 322,
"label": [
"24714"
]
},
{
"start": 497,
"end": 504,
"label": [
"23979"
]
},
{
"start": 558,
"end": 566,
"label": [
"148060"
]
},
{
"start": 641,
"end": 662,
"label": [
"262757"
]
},
{
"start": 732,
"end": 741,
"label": [
"1962"
]
},
{
"start": 747,
"end": 757,
"label": [
"28927"
]
},
{
"start": 843,
"end": 862,
"label": [
"317238"
]
},
{
"start": 864,
"end": 873,
"label": [
"998087"
]
},
{
"start": 960,
"end": 969,
"label": [
"73664"
]
},
{
"start": 1028,
"end": 1035,
"label": [
"9770"
]
},
{
"start": 1072,
"end": 1085,
"label": [
"443879"
]
},
{
"start": 1217,
"end": 1224,
"label": [
"344783"
]
},
{
"start": 1318,
"end": 1325,
"label": [
"370256"
]
},
{
"start": 1337,
"end": 1346,
"label": [
"44328"
]
},
{
"start": 1360,
"end": 1373,
"label": [
"5962454"
]
},
{
"start": 1584,
"end": 1595,
"label": [
"30027"
]
},
{
"start": 1639,
"end": 1655,
"label": [
"13226237"
]
},
{
"start": 1745,
"end": 1756,
"label": [
"982540"
]
},
{
"start": 1770,
"end": 1785,
"label": [
"26073"
]
},
{
"start": 1806,
"end": 1847,
"label": [
"982595"
]
},
{
"start": 1898,
"end": 1907,
"label": [
"7070301"
]
},
{
"start": 1929,
"end": 1944,
"label": [
"4385708"
]
},
{
"start": 1963,
"end": 1976,
"label": [
"170095"
]
},
{
"start": 2000,
"end": 2016,
"label": [
"202661"
]
},
{
"start": 2082,
"end": 2091,
"label": [
"7070301"
]
},
{
"start": 2123,
"end": 2142,
"label": [
"2703"
]
},
{
"start": 2151,
"end": 2159,
"label": [
"52297430"
]
},
{
"start": 2234,
"end": 2250,
"label": [
"11574"
]
},
{
"start": 2348,
"end": 2359,
"label": [
"52713"
]
},
{
"start": 2360,
"end": 2368,
"label": [
"36188"
]
},
{
"start": 2507,
"end": 2523,
"label": [
"12979470"
]
},
{
"start": 2525,
"end": 2535,
"label": [
"2313526"
]
},
{
"start": 2556,
"end": 2574,
"label": [
"206897"
]
},
{
"start": 2749,
"end": 2763,
"label": [
"28232"
]
},
{
"start": 2780,
"end": 2801,
"label": [
"6804"
]
},
{
"start": 2999,
"end": 3020,
"label": [
"10363"
]
},
{
"start": 3023,
"end": 3032,
"label": [
"207964"
]
},
{
"start": 3383,
"end": 3397,
"label": [
"52015"
]
},
{
"start": 3480,
"end": 3493,
"label": [
"207964"
]
},
{
"start": 3652,
"end": 3665,
"label": [
"63025"
]
},
{
"start": 3920,
"end": 3934,
"label": [
"969720"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1192_Scientific and technological
|
Not all artistic revolutions were political. Sometimes, science and technological innovations have brought about unforeseen transformations in the works of artists. The stylistic revolution known as Impressionism, by painters eager to more accurately capture the changing colors of light and shadow, is inseparable from discoveries and inventions in the mid-19th century in which the style was born. Eugene Chevreul, a French chemist hired as director of dyes at a French tapestry works, began to investigate the optical nature of color in order to improve color in fabrics. Chevreul realized It was the eye, and not the dye, that had the greatest influence on color, and from this, he revolutionized color theory by grasping what came to be called the law of simultaneous contrast: that colors mutually influence one another when juxtaposed, each imposing its own complementary color on the other. The French painter Eugène Delacroix, who had been experimenting with what he called broken tones, embraced Chevreul's book, "The Law of Contrast of Color (1839) with its explanations of how juxtaposed colors can enhance or diminish each other, and his exploration of all the visible colors of the spectrum. Inspired by Chevreul’s 1839 treatise, Delacroix passed his enthusiasm on to the young artists who were inspired by him. It was Chevreul who led the Impressionists to grasp that they should apply separate brushstrokes of pure color to a canvas and allow the viewer’s eye to combine them optically. They were aided greatly in this by innovations in oil paint itself. Since the Renaissance, painters had to grind pigment, add oil and thus create their own paints; these time-consuming paints also quickly dried out, making studio painting a necessity for large works, and limiting painters to mix one or two colors at a time and fill in an entire area using just that one color before it dried out. in 1841, a little-known American painter named John G. Rand invented a simple improvement without which the Impressionist movement could not have occurred: the small, flexible tin tube with removable cap in which oil paints could be stored. Oil paints kept in such tubes stayed moist and usable -- and quite portable. For the first time since the Renaissance, painters were not trapped by the time frame of how quickly oil paint dried. Paints in tubes could be easily loaded up and carried out into the real world, to directly observe the play of color and natural light, in shadow and movement, to paint in the moment. Selling the oil paint in tubes also brought about the arrival of dazzling new pigments - chrome yellow, cadmium blue - invented by 19th century industrial chemists. The tubes freed the Impressionists to paint quickly, and across an entire canvas, rather than carefully delineated single-color sections at a time; in short, to sketch directly in oil - racing across the canvas in every color that came to hand and thus inspiring their name of "impressionists" - since such speedy, bold brushwork and dabs of separate colors made contemporary critics think their paintings were mere impressions, not finished paintings, which were to have no visible brush marks at all, seamless under layers of varnish. Pierre-Auguste Renoir said, “Without colors in tubes, there would be no Cézanne, no Monet, no Pissarro, and no Impressionism.” Finally, the careful, hyper-realistic techniques of French neo-classicism were seen as stiff and lifeless when compared to the remarkable new vision of the world as seen through the new invention of photography by the mid-1850s. It was not merely that the increasing ability of this new invention, particularly by the French inventor Daguerre, made the realism of the painted image redundant as he deliberately competed in the Paris diorama with large-scale historical paintings. The neo-classical subject matter, limited by Academic tradition to Greek and Roman legends, historical battles and Biblical stories, seemed oppressively cliched and limited to artists eager to explore the actual world in front of their own eyes revealed by the camera - daily life, candid groupings of everyday people doing simple things, Paris itself, rural landscapes and most particularly the play of captured light - not the imaginary lionizing of unseen past events. Early photographs influenced Impressionist style by its use of asymmetry, cropping and most obviously the blurring of motion, as inadvertently captured in the very slow speeds of early photography. Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir - in their framing, use of color, light and shadow, subject matter - put these innovations to work to create a new language of visual beauty and meaning.
|
[
{
"start": 199,
"end": 212,
"label": [
"15169"
]
},
{
"start": 400,
"end": 415,
"label": [
"191847"
]
},
{
"start": 4501,
"end": 4512,
"label": [
"63146"
]
},
{
"start": 4514,
"end": 4526,
"label": [
"6548"
]
},
{
"start": 4528,
"end": 4549,
"label": [
"24546"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1212_History of the term
|
The Greek word "techně", often translated as "art," implies mastery of any sort of craft. The adjectival Latin form of the word, "technicus", became the source of the English words technique, technology, technical. In Greek culture each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation: * Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry * Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history * Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs * Euterpe (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and lyric poetry * Melpomene (the 'chanting one'): muse of tragedy * Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many hymns'): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric * Terpsichore (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of choral song and dance * Thalia (the 'blossoming one'): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry * Urania (the 'celestial one'): muse of astronomy No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin "ars" (stem art-), which, although literally defined means "skill method" or "technique", also conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in some countries such as Italy, but the meaning was something resembling craftsman, while the word artesan was still unknown. An artist was someone able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined, rather than the activity field. In this period some "artisanal" products (such as textiles) were much more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. The first division into major and minor arts dates back at least to the works of Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472): De re aedificatoria, De statua, De pictura, which focused on the importance of the intellectual skills of the artist rather than the manual skills (even if in other forms of art there was a project behind). With the Academies in Europe (second half of 16th century) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set. Many contemporary definitions of "artist" and "art" are highly contingent on culture, resisting aesthetic prescription, in much the same way that the features constituting beauty and the beautiful cannot be standardized easily without corruption into kitsch.
|
[
{
"start": 249,
"end": 253,
"label": [
"71180"
]
},
{
"start": 302,
"end": 310,
"label": [
"1363380"
]
},
{
"start": 371,
"end": 392,
"label": [
"9418"
]
},
{
"start": 395,
"end": 399,
"label": [
"543409"
]
},
{
"start": 440,
"end": 445,
"label": [
"78772"
]
},
{
"start": 475,
"end": 496,
"label": [
"22926"
]
},
{
"start": 527,
"end": 534,
"label": [
"71156"
]
},
{
"start": 576,
"end": 588,
"label": [
"82172"
]
},
{
"start": 591,
"end": 600,
"label": [
"78773"
]
},
{
"start": 631,
"end": 638,
"label": [
"57993"
]
},
{
"start": 641,
"end": 651,
"label": [
"78774"
]
},
{
"start": 687,
"end": 691,
"label": [
"13756"
]
},
{
"start": 704,
"end": 715,
"label": [
"12178732"
]
},
{
"start": 717,
"end": 724,
"label": [
"25084"
]
},
{
"start": 726,
"end": 731,
"label": [
"38518"
]
},
{
"start": 746,
"end": 754,
"label": [
"25447"
]
},
{
"start": 757,
"end": 768,
"label": [
"78775"
]
},
{
"start": 814,
"end": 820,
"label": [
"43866"
]
},
{
"start": 838,
"end": 844,
"label": [
"78777"
]
},
{
"start": 888,
"end": 902,
"label": [
"204406"
]
},
{
"start": 905,
"end": 911,
"label": [
"78776"
]
},
{
"start": 943,
"end": 952,
"label": [
"50650"
]
},
{
"start": 1860,
"end": 1881,
"label": [
"18031"
]
},
{
"start": 1895,
"end": 1914,
"label": [
"4228527"
]
},
{
"start": 1927,
"end": 1937,
"label": [
"29319040"
]
},
{
"start": 2085,
"end": 2092,
"label": [
"160483"
]
},
{
"start": 2111,
"end": 2120,
"label": [
"149170"
]
},
{
"start": 2470,
"end": 2476,
"label": [
"98141"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1216_Economy and infrastructure
|
Athens is the financial capital of Greece. According to data from 2014, Athens as a metropolitan economic area produced 130 billion US-dollars as GDP in PPP, which consists nearly a half of the production for the whole country. In the list with the strongest economic metropoles of the world Athens was ranked that year 102nd, while the GDP per capita for the same year was 32,000 US-dollars. Athens is one of the major economic centres in south-eastern Europe and is considered as a regional economic power in Europe generally. The port of Piraeus, where big investments by COSCO have already been delivered during the recent decade, the completion of the new Cargo Centre in Thriasion, the expansion of the Athens Metro and the Athens Tram, as well as the projected metropolitan park in Elliniko and other economic projects are the economic landmarks of the upcoming years. Important Greek companies are Mytilineos Holdings, Titan Cement, Folli Follie, Jumbo S.A., OPAP and COSMOTE have their headquarters in the metropolitan area of Athens, while multinational companies such as Ericsson, Siemens, Motorola, Samsung, Microsoft, Novartis, Mondelez and Coca-Cola have their regional research and development headquarters also there. The banking sector is represented by National Bank of Greece, Alpha Bank, Eurobank and Piraeus Bank, while the Bank of Greece is also situated in the city centre. The Athens Stock Exchange, the only in Greece, has been severely hit by the Greek government-debt crisis and the decision of the government to proceed into capital controls during summer 2015. As a whole the economy of Athens and Greece has been severely hit with today's data showing a change from long recession to growth of 1.4% in 2017. Tourism is also a great contributor for the economy of the city, which is considered as one of the top destinations in Europe for city-break tourism and is also the gateway for excursions to the islands or the mainland. Greece attracted 26.5 million visitors in 2015, 30.1 million visitors in 2017 and over 33 million in 2018, making Greece one of the in Europe and the world, and contributing 18% to the nation's Gross Domestic Product. Athens welcomed more than 5 million tourists in 2018 and 1,4 million of them were "city-breakers" (in 2013 the city-breakers were only 220.000). Athens is serviced by a variety of transportation means, forming the largest mass transit system of Greece. The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus fleet, a trolleybus fleet that mainly serves Athens's city center, the city's Metro, a commuter rail service and a tram network, connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre. OSY () (ODIKES SYGKOINONIES) which is subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation), is the main operator of buses and trolleybusses in Athens. Its network consists of about 300 bus lines and 22 trolleybus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area, with a fleet of 1,839 buses and 366 trolleybuses. Of those 1,839 buses 416 run on compressed natural gas, making up the largest fleet of natural gas-powered buses in Europe and all trolleybusses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure. International links are provided by a number of private companies. National and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals, Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B, both located in the north-western part of the city. Kifissos provides connections towards Peloponnese, North Greece, West Greece and some Ionian Islands, whereas Liosion is used for most of Central Greece. The Athens Metro is operated by STASY S.A (STATHERES SYGKOINONIES S.A) which is a subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation) and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area. While its main purpose is transport, it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system. The Athens Metro has an operating staff of 387 and runs three metro lines, namely the Green Line (line 1), Red Line (line 2) and Blue Line (line 3) lines, of which the first was constructed in 1869, and the other two largely during the 1990s, with the initial new sections opened in January 2000. Line 1 mostly runs at ground level and the other two (Line 2 & 3) routes run entirely underground. A fleet of 42 trains, using 252 carriages, operates on the network, with a daily occupancy of 1,353,000 passengers. The Green Line (line 1) serves 24 stations, and is the oldest line of the Athens metro network. It runs from Piraeus station to Kifissia station and covers a distance of 25.6-kilometre (15.9 mi). There are transfer connections with the Blue Line at Monastiraki station and with the Red Line at Omonoia and Attiki stations. The Red Line (line 2) runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of . The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs, passing through the center of Athens. The Red Line has transfer connections with the Green Line 1 at Attiki and Omonoia stations. There are also transfer connections with the Blue Line at Syntagma station and with the tram at Syntagma, Syngrou Fix and Neos Kosmos stations. The Blue Line (line 3) runs from Agia Marina and Egaleo stations, through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri, covering a distance of ,. It then ascends to ground level and continues to Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, using the Suburban Railway infrastructure, extending its total length to . The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards to Egaleo connected some of the main night life hubs of the city, namely those of Gazi (Kerameikos station) with Psirri (Monastiraki station) and the city centre (Syntagma station). Extensions are under construction to the west southwest suburbs of Athens, as far as the port of Piraeus. The new stations will be Agia Barvara, Koridallos, Nikaia, Maniatika, Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro. The completed extension will be ready in 2021 (the first three stations will open in spring 2020), connecting the biggest port of Greece, Piraeus Port ,with the biggest airport of Greece the Athens International Airport. The Athens commuter rail service, referred to as the "Proastiakós", connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Kiato, west of Athens, via Larissa station, the city's central rail station and the port of Piraeus. The length of Athens's commuter rail network extends to , and is expected to stretch to by 2010. Athens tram is operated by STASY S.A (STATHERES SYGKOINONIES S.A) which is a subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation). Has a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles which serve 48 stations, employ 345 people with an average daily occupancy of 65,000 passengers. The tram network spans a total length of and covers ten Athenian suburbs. The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro, where the line splits in two branches; the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula, while the other heads toward the Piraeus district of Neo Faliro. The network covers the majority of the Athens coastline. Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus. The expansion to Piraeus will include 12 new stations, increase the overall length of tram route by , and increase the overall transportation network. Athens is served by the Athens International Airport (ATH), located near the town of Spata, in the eastern Messoghia plain, some east of Athens. The airport, awarded the "European Airport of the Year 2004" Award, is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months, costing 2.2 billion euros. It employs a staff of 14,000. The airport is served by the Metro, the suburban rail, buses to Piraeus port, Athens' city centre and its suburbs, and also taxis. The airport accommodates 65 landings and take-offs per hour, with its 24-passenger boarding bridges, 144 check-in counters and broader main terminal; and a commercial area of which includes cafés, duty-free shops, and a small museum. In 2018,the airport handled 24,135,736 a huge increase over the last 4 years,In 2014, the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers, an increase of 21.2% over the previous year of 2013. Of those 15,196,369 passengers, 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights, and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights. Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity, ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007, or approximately 562 flights per day. Athens is the hub of the country's national railway system (OSE), connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad (Istanbul, Sofia and Bucharest). The Port of Piraeus connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, with ferries departing, while also serving the cruise ships that arrive. Rafina and Lavrio act as alternative ports of Athens, connects the city with numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, Evia and Cesme in Turkey, while also serving the cruise ships that arrive. Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens, namely the A1/E75, which crosses through Athens's Urban Area from Piraeus, heading north towards Greece's second largest city, Thessaloniki; and the A8/E94 heading west, towards Patras, which incorporated the GR-8A. Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR-1 and the GR-8. Athens' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll-motorway (code: A6). Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport; while two beltways, namely the Aigaleo Beltway (A65) and the Hymettus Beltway (A64) serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively. The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is , making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece. * Motorways: **A1/E75 N (Lamia, Larissa, Thessaloniki) **A8 (GR-8A)/E94 W (Elefsina, Corinth, Patras) **A6 W (Elefsina) E (Airport) * National roads: **GR-1 Ν (Lamia, Larissa, Thessaloniki) **GR-8 W (Corinth, Patras) **GR-3 N (Elefsina, Lamia, Larissa)
|
[
{
"start": 132,
"end": 142,
"label": [
"18717338"
]
},
{
"start": 146,
"end": 149,
"label": [
"12594"
]
},
{
"start": 153,
"end": 156,
"label": [
"64489"
]
},
{
"start": 381,
"end": 391,
"label": [
"18717338"
]
},
{
"start": 575,
"end": 580,
"label": [
"34568196"
]
},
{
"start": 692,
"end": 721,
"label": [
"36929985"
]
},
{
"start": 730,
"end": 741,
"label": [
"27399326"
]
},
{
"start": 789,
"end": 797,
"label": [
"328834"
]
},
{
"start": 906,
"end": 925,
"label": [
"11434759"
]
},
{
"start": 927,
"end": 939,
"label": [
"5646097"
]
},
{
"start": 941,
"end": 953,
"label": [
"13300026"
]
},
{
"start": 955,
"end": 965,
"label": [
"11452088"
]
},
{
"start": 967,
"end": 971,
"label": [
"18623929"
]
},
{
"start": 976,
"end": 983,
"label": [
"11437154"
]
},
{
"start": 1082,
"end": 1090,
"label": [
"9424"
]
},
{
"start": 1092,
"end": 1099,
"label": [
"168632"
]
},
{
"start": 1101,
"end": 1109,
"label": [
"20319"
]
},
{
"start": 1111,
"end": 1118,
"label": [
"46445121"
]
},
{
"start": 1120,
"end": 1129,
"label": [
"19001"
]
},
{
"start": 1131,
"end": 1139,
"label": [
"159284"
]
},
{
"start": 1141,
"end": 1149,
"label": [
"37231747"
]
},
{
"start": 1154,
"end": 1163,
"label": [
"6690"
]
},
{
"start": 1271,
"end": 1294,
"label": [
"307162"
]
},
{
"start": 1296,
"end": 1306,
"label": [
"509682"
]
},
{
"start": 1308,
"end": 1316,
"label": [
"1050366"
]
},
{
"start": 1321,
"end": 1333,
"label": [
"716115"
]
},
{
"start": 1345,
"end": 1359,
"label": [
"307153"
]
},
{
"start": 1401,
"end": 1422,
"label": [
"2542835"
]
},
{
"start": 1473,
"end": 1501,
"label": [
"27146868"
]
},
{
"start": 1553,
"end": 1569,
"label": [
"48753488"
]
},
{
"start": 2093,
"end": 2099,
"label": [
"9239"
]
},
{
"start": 2433,
"end": 2459,
"label": [
"1124075"
]
},
{
"start": 2493,
"end": 2503,
"label": [
"54416"
]
},
{
"start": 2571,
"end": 2584,
"label": [
"6286"
]
},
{
"start": 2599,
"end": 2611,
"label": [
"27399326"
]
},
{
"start": 3019,
"end": 3041,
"label": [
"863704"
]
},
{
"start": 3188,
"end": 3201,
"label": [
"296636"
]
},
{
"start": 3318,
"end": 3322,
"label": [
"32945238"
]
},
{
"start": 3357,
"end": 3378,
"label": [
"36106275"
]
},
{
"start": 3499,
"end": 3510,
"label": [
"45749"
]
},
{
"start": 3547,
"end": 3561,
"label": [
"302626"
]
},
{
"start": 3619,
"end": 3631,
"label": [
"430783"
]
},
{
"start": 4021,
"end": 4040,
"label": [
"36930108"
]
},
{
"start": 4042,
"end": 4059,
"label": [
"36921368"
]
},
{
"start": 4064,
"end": 4082,
"label": [
"36929919"
]
},
{
"start": 4556,
"end": 4563,
"label": [
"98387"
]
},
{
"start": 4575,
"end": 4583,
"label": [
"483383"
]
},
{
"start": 4701,
"end": 4712,
"label": [
"2061743"
]
},
{
"start": 4746,
"end": 4753,
"label": [
"2480810"
]
},
{
"start": 4758,
"end": 4764,
"label": [
"302613"
]
},
{
"start": 4807,
"end": 4817,
"label": [
"37025379"
]
},
{
"start": 4829,
"end": 4837,
"label": [
"37425657"
]
},
{
"start": 5050,
"end": 5056,
"label": [
"302613"
]
},
{
"start": 5061,
"end": 5068,
"label": [
"2480810"
]
},
{
"start": 5137,
"end": 5145,
"label": [
"1780763"
]
},
{
"start": 5175,
"end": 5183,
"label": [
"1780763"
]
},
{
"start": 5185,
"end": 5196,
"label": [
"37020896"
]
},
{
"start": 5201,
"end": 5212,
"label": [
"37020908"
]
},
{
"start": 5256,
"end": 5267,
"label": [
"37278969"
]
},
{
"start": 5272,
"end": 5278,
"label": [
"542759"
]
},
{
"start": 5309,
"end": 5320,
"label": [
"2061743"
]
},
{
"start": 5325,
"end": 5333,
"label": [
"2061725"
]
},
{
"start": 5346,
"end": 5366,
"label": [
"2045312"
]
},
{
"start": 5404,
"end": 5412,
"label": [
"483385"
]
},
{
"start": 5489,
"end": 5532,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 5665,
"end": 5671,
"label": [
"542759"
]
},
{
"start": 5699,
"end": 5709,
"label": [
"951578"
]
},
{
"start": 5750,
"end": 5760,
"label": [
"16928"
]
},
{
"start": 5783,
"end": 5794,
"label": [
"2061743"
]
},
{
"start": 5825,
"end": 5841,
"label": [
"2061725"
]
},
{
"start": 6241,
"end": 6269,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 6325,
"end": 6336,
"label": [
"1124055"
]
},
{
"start": 6348,
"end": 6391,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 6407,
"end": 6412,
"label": [
"1289270"
]
},
{
"start": 6605,
"end": 6616,
"label": [
"27399326"
]
},
{
"start": 6766,
"end": 6771,
"label": [
"3459594"
]
},
{
"start": 6979,
"end": 6994,
"label": [
"1780763"
]
},
{
"start": 7025,
"end": 7038,
"label": [
"1551254"
]
},
{
"start": 7151,
"end": 7156,
"label": [
"2871858"
]
},
{
"start": 7191,
"end": 7198,
"label": [
"98387"
]
},
{
"start": 7348,
"end": 7355,
"label": [
"98387"
]
},
{
"start": 7532,
"end": 7560,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 7593,
"end": 7598,
"label": [
"1811040"
]
},
{
"start": 7772,
"end": 7791,
"label": [
"4829"
]
},
{
"start": 7928,
"end": 7941,
"label": [
"1124055"
]
},
{
"start": 7952,
"end": 7959,
"label": [
"98387"
]
},
{
"start": 8216,
"end": 8230,
"label": [
"1924703"
]
},
{
"start": 8751,
"end": 8784,
"label": [
"1423812"
]
},
{
"start": 8859,
"end": 8867,
"label": [
"3391396"
]
},
{
"start": 8869,
"end": 8874,
"label": [
"57644"
]
},
{
"start": 8879,
"end": 8888,
"label": [
"36877"
]
},
{
"start": 8895,
"end": 8910,
"label": [
"21119768"
]
},
{
"start": 8964,
"end": 8974,
"label": [
"842"
]
},
{
"start": 9049,
"end": 9055,
"label": [
"2331125"
]
},
{
"start": 9060,
"end": 9066,
"label": [
"231343"
]
},
{
"start": 9156,
"end": 9166,
"label": [
"842"
]
},
{
"start": 9168,
"end": 9172,
"label": [
"79682"
]
},
{
"start": 9177,
"end": 9182,
"label": [
"3984443"
]
},
{
"start": 9300,
"end": 9302,
"label": [
"1087194"
]
},
{
"start": 9303,
"end": 9306,
"label": [
"2107105"
]
},
{
"start": 9355,
"end": 9362,
"label": [
"98387"
]
},
{
"start": 9416,
"end": 9428,
"label": [
"40471"
]
},
{
"start": 9438,
"end": 9440,
"label": [
"36595428"
]
},
{
"start": 9441,
"end": 9444,
"label": [
"30865241"
]
},
{
"start": 9467,
"end": 9473,
"label": [
"470691"
]
},
{
"start": 9498,
"end": 9503,
"label": [
"334685"
]
},
{
"start": 9563,
"end": 9567,
"label": [
"28288172"
]
},
{
"start": 9576,
"end": 9580,
"label": [
"1212163"
]
},
{
"start": 9649,
"end": 9660,
"label": [
"1219338"
]
},
{
"start": 9682,
"end": 9684,
"label": [
"1219338"
]
},
{
"start": 9750,
"end": 9758,
"label": [
"80628"
]
},
{
"start": 9762,
"end": 9790,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 10068,
"end": 10070,
"label": [
"1087194"
]
},
{
"start": 10071,
"end": 10074,
"label": [
"2107105"
]
},
{
"start": 10078,
"end": 10083,
"label": [
"512811"
]
},
{
"start": 10085,
"end": 10092,
"label": [
"18490"
]
},
{
"start": 10094,
"end": 10106,
"label": [
"40471"
]
},
{
"start": 10110,
"end": 10112,
"label": [
"36595428"
]
},
{
"start": 10114,
"end": 10119,
"label": [
"334685"
]
},
{
"start": 10121,
"end": 10124,
"label": [
"30865241"
]
},
{
"start": 10128,
"end": 10136,
"label": [
"80628"
]
},
{
"start": 10138,
"end": 10145,
"label": [
"6845"
]
},
{
"start": 10147,
"end": 10153,
"label": [
"470691"
]
},
{
"start": 10157,
"end": 10159,
"label": [
"1219338"
]
},
{
"start": 10163,
"end": 10171,
"label": [
"80628"
]
},
{
"start": 10176,
"end": 10183,
"label": [
"48962"
]
},
{
"start": 10205,
"end": 10209,
"label": [
"28288172"
]
},
{
"start": 10213,
"end": 10218,
"label": [
"512811"
]
},
{
"start": 10220,
"end": 10227,
"label": [
"18490"
]
},
{
"start": 10229,
"end": 10241,
"label": [
"40471"
]
},
{
"start": 10245,
"end": 10249,
"label": [
"1212163"
]
},
{
"start": 10253,
"end": 10260,
"label": [
"6845"
]
},
{
"start": 10262,
"end": 10268,
"label": [
"470691"
]
},
{
"start": 10272,
"end": 10276,
"label": [
"1103391"
]
},
{
"start": 10280,
"end": 10288,
"label": [
"80628"
]
},
{
"start": 10290,
"end": 10295,
"label": [
"512811"
]
},
{
"start": 10297,
"end": 10304,
"label": [
"18490"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1235_Prime Minister (1873–1878)
|
When the Macdonald government fell due to the Pacific Scandal in 1873, the Governor General, Lord Dufferin, called upon Mackenzie, who had been chosen as the leader of the Liberal Party a few months earlier, to form a new government. Mackenzie formed a government and asked the Governor General to call an election for January 1874. The Liberals won, having garnered 53.8% of the popular vote. The voter support of 53.8% remains the record in Canada for all federal elections. Mackenzie remained prime minister until the 1878 election when Macdonald's Conservatives returned to power with a majority government. For a man of Mackenzie's humble origins to attain such a position was unusual in an age which generally offered such opportunity only to the privileged. Lord Dufferin expressed early misgivings about a stonemason taking over government, but on meeting Mackenzie, Dufferin revised his opinions: Mackenzie served concurrently as Minister of Public Works and oversaw the completion of the Parliament buildings. While drawing up the plans for the West Block, he included a circular staircase leading directly from his office to the outside of the building, which allowed him to escape the patronage-seekers waiting for him in his ante-chamber. Proving Dufferin's reflections on his character to be true, Mackenzie disliked intensely the patronage inherent in politics. Nevertheless, he found it a necessary evil to maintain party unity and ensure the loyalty of his fellow Liberals. In keeping with his democratic ideals, Mackenzie refused the offer of a knighthood three times, and was thus the only one of Canada's first eight Prime Ministers not to be knighted. He also declined appointment to the UK Privy Council and hence does not bear the title "Right Honourable". His pride in his working class origins never left him. Once, while touring Fort Henry as prime minister, he asked the soldier accompanying him if he knew the thickness of the wall beside them. The embarrassed escort confessed that he didn't and Mackenzie replied, "I do. It is five feet, ten inches. I know, because I built it myself!" As Prime Minister, Alexander Mackenzie strove to reform and simplify the machinery of government, achieving a remarkable record of reform legislation. He introduced the secret ballot; advised the creation of the Supreme Court of Canada; the establishment of the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston in 1874; and the creation of the Office of the Auditor General in 1878. He completed the Intercolonial Railway, but struggled to progress on the national railway due to a worldwide economic depression, almost coming to blows with the then Governor General Lord Dufferin over imperial interference. Mackenzie stood up for the rights of Canada as a nation and fought for the supremacy of Parliament and honesty in government. Above all else, he was known and loved for his honesty and integrity. However, his term was marked by economic depression that had grown out of the Panic of 1873, which Mackenzie's government was unable to alleviate. In 1874, Mackenzie negotiated a new free trade agreement with the United States, eliminating the high protective tariffs on Canadian goods in US markets. However, this action did not bolster the economy, and construction of the CPR slowed drastically due to lack of funding. In 1876, the Conservative opposition announced a National Policy of protective tariffs, which resonated with voters. When an election was held at the conclusion of Mackenzie's five-year term, the Conservatives were swept back into office in a landslide victory. Mackenzie chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General: * Sir William Buell Richards (Chief Justice) – September 30, 1875 * Télesphore Fournier – September 30, 1875 * William Alexander Henry – September 30, 1875 * Sir William Johnstone Ritchie – September 30, 1875 * Sir Samuel Henry Strong – September 30, 1875 * Jean-Thomas Taschereau – September 30, 1875 * Sir Henri Elzéar Taschereau – October 7, 1878
|
[
{
"start": 9,
"end": 18,
"label": [
"15912"
]
},
{
"start": 46,
"end": 61,
"label": [
"23649"
]
},
{
"start": 75,
"end": 91,
"label": [
"38152"
]
},
{
"start": 93,
"end": 106,
"label": [
"287314"
]
},
{
"start": 172,
"end": 185,
"label": [
"149536"
]
},
{
"start": 306,
"end": 331,
"label": [
"711285"
]
},
{
"start": 521,
"end": 534,
"label": [
"1044962"
]
},
{
"start": 552,
"end": 565,
"label": [
"430819"
]
},
{
"start": 591,
"end": 610,
"label": [
"465640"
]
},
{
"start": 1055,
"end": 1065,
"label": [
"13163054"
]
},
{
"start": 1855,
"end": 1865,
"label": [
"517692"
]
},
{
"start": 2285,
"end": 2298,
"label": [
"479210"
]
},
{
"start": 2328,
"end": 2351,
"label": [
"123468"
]
},
{
"start": 2378,
"end": 2410,
"label": [
"364114"
]
},
{
"start": 2414,
"end": 2422,
"label": [
"114562"
]
},
{
"start": 2470,
"end": 2485,
"label": [
"464427"
]
},
{
"start": 2512,
"end": 2533,
"label": [
"461568"
]
},
{
"start": 2568,
"end": 2584,
"label": [
"5959"
]
},
{
"start": 2949,
"end": 2968,
"label": [
"38289"
]
},
{
"start": 2995,
"end": 3008,
"label": [
"184959"
]
},
{
"start": 3100,
"end": 3110,
"label": [
"59212"
]
},
{
"start": 3388,
"end": 3403,
"label": [
"454854"
]
},
{
"start": 3464,
"end": 3472,
"label": [
"1044962"
]
},
{
"start": 3674,
"end": 3697,
"label": [
"123468"
]
},
{
"start": 3705,
"end": 3721,
"label": [
"38152"
]
},
{
"start": 3729,
"end": 3751,
"label": [
"1769589"
]
},
{
"start": 3753,
"end": 3766,
"label": [
"356035"
]
},
{
"start": 3796,
"end": 3815,
"label": [
"2850632"
]
},
{
"start": 3844,
"end": 3867,
"label": [
"237714"
]
},
{
"start": 3900,
"end": 3925,
"label": [
"1624734"
]
},
{
"start": 3958,
"end": 3977,
"label": [
"1025263"
]
},
{
"start": 4006,
"end": 4028,
"label": [
"2849215"
]
},
{
"start": 4061,
"end": 4084,
"label": [
"1025292"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1254_Births
|
*10 BC – Claudius, Roman emperor (d. 54) * 126 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193) * 845 – Sugawara no Michizane, Japanese scholar and politician (d. 903) * 992 – Hyeonjong, Korean king (d. 1031) *1068 – Taizu, Chinese emperor (d. 1123) *1313 – Kōgon, Japanese emperor (d. 1364) *1377 – Go-Komatsu, Japanese emperor (d. 1433) *1385 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (d. 1421) *1410 – Jan IV, count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1475) *1492 – Wolfgang, German prince (d. 1566) *1520 – Sigismund II, Polish king (d. 1572) *1545 – Andrew Melville, Scottish theologian and scholar (d. 1622) *1555 – Edward Kelley, English spirit medium (d. 1597) *1579 – Luis Vélez de Guevara, Spanish author and playwright (d. 1644) *1626 – Sabbatai Zevi, Montenegrin rabbi and theorist (d. 1676) *1630 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1673) *1659 – Sebastiano Ricci, Italian painter (d. 1734) *1713 – Charles I, German duke and prince (d. 1780) *1714 – Richard Wilson, Welsh painter and academic (d. 1782) *1738 – Jacques François Dugommier, French general (d. 1794) *1744 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French soldier, biologist, and academic (d. 1829) *1770 – William Clark, American soldier, explorer, and politician, 4th Governor of Missouri Territory (d. 1838) *1778 – Mary Jefferson Eppes, daughter of Thomas Jefferson who died in childbirth (d. 1804) *1779 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer, author, and poet (d. 1843) * 1779 – Lorenz Oken, German-Swiss botanist, biologist, and ornithologist (d. 1851) *1809 – William B. Travis, American colonel and lawyer (d. 1836) *1815 – Richard Henry Dana, Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1882) *1818 – Maria Mitchell, American astronomer and academic (d. 1889) *1819 – Herman Melville, American novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1891) *1831 – Antonio Cotogni, Italian opera singer and educator (d. 1918) *1843 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American lawyer and politician, 35th United States Secretary of War (d. 1926) *1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer (d. 1883) *1858 – Gaston Doumergue, French lawyer and politician, 13th President of France (d. 1937) * 1858 – Hans Rott, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1884) *1861 – Sammy Jones, Australian cricketer (d. 1951) *1865 – Isobel Lilian Gloag, English painter (d. 1917) *1871 – John Lester, American cricketer and soccer player (d. 1969) *1877 – George Hackenschmidt, Estonian-English wrestler and strongman (d. 1968) *1878 – Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, Greek physician and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1961) *1881 – Otto Toeplitz, German mathematician and academic (d. 1940) *1885 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966) *1889 – Walter Gerlach, German physicist and academic (d. 1979) *1891 – Karl Kobelt, Swiss lawyer and politician, 52nd President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1968) *1893 – Alexander of Greece (d. 1920) *1894 – Ottavio Bottecchia, Italian cyclist (d. 1927) *1898 – Morris Stoloff, American composer and musical director (d. 1980) *1899 – Raymond Mays, English race car driver and businessman (d. 1980) *1900 – Otto Nothling, Australian cricketer and rugby player (d. 1965) *1901 – Francisco Guilledo, Filipino boxer (d. 1925) *1903 – Paul Horgan, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1995) *1905 – Helen Sawyer Hogg, American-Canadian astronomer and academic (d. 1993) *1907 – Eric Shipton, Sri Lankan-English mountaineer and explorer (d. 1977) *1910 – James Henry Govier, English painter and illustrator (d. 1974) * 1910 – Walter Scharf, American pianist and composer (d. 2003) * 1910 – Gerda Taro, German war photographer (d. 1937) *1911 – Jackie Ormes, American journalist and cartoonist (d. 1985) *1912 – David Brand, Australian politician, 19th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1979) * 1912 – Gego, German-Venezuelan sculptor and academic (d. 1994) * 1912 – Henry Jones, American actor (d. 1999) *1914 – Jack Delano, American photographer and composer (d. 1997) * 1914 – Alan Moore, Australian painter and educator (d. 2015) * 1914 – J. Lee Thompson, English-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2002) *1916 – Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian cardinal (d. 2014) * 1916 – Anne Hébert, Canadian author and poet (d. 2000) *1918 – T. J. Jemison, American minister and activist (d. 2013) *1919 – Stanley Middleton, English author (d. 2009) *1920 – Raul Renter, Estonian economist and chess player (d. 1992) *1921 – Jack Kramer, American tennis player, sailor, and sportscaster (d. 2009) * 1921 – Pat McDonald, Australian actress (d. 1990) *1922 – Arthur Hill, Canadian-American actor (d. 2006) *1923 – Val Bettin, American actor *1924 – Marcia Mae Jones, American actress and singer (d. 2007) * 1924 – Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (d. 2015) * 1924 – Frank Worrell, Barbadian cricketer (d. 1967) *1925 – Ernst Jandl, Austrian poet and author (d. 2000) *1926 – George Hauptfuhrer, American basketball player and lawyer (d. 2013) * 1926 – Hannah Hauxwell, English TV personality (d. 2018) *1927 – María Teresa López Boegeholz, Chilean oceanographer (d. 2006) * 1927 – Anthony G. Bosco, American bishop (d. 2013) *1928 – Jack Shea, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013) *1929 – Hafizullah Amin, Afghan educator and politician, Afghan Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1979) * 1929 – Ann Calvello, American roller derby racer (d. 2006) * 1929 – Leila Abashidze, Georgian actress (d. 2018) *1930 – Lionel Bart, English composer (d. 1999) * 1930 – Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher (d. 2002) * 1930 – Julie Bovasso, American actress and writer (d. 1991) * 1930 – Lawrence Eagleburger, American lieutenant and politician, 62nd United States Secretary of State (d. 2011) * 1930 – Károly Grósz, Hungarian politician, 51st Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1996) * 1930 – Geoffrey Holder, Trinidadian-American actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer (d. 2014) *1931 – Ramblin' Jack Elliott, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1931 – Trevor Goddard, South African cricketer (d. 2016) *1932 – Meir Kahane, American-Israeli rabbi and activist, founded the Jewish Defense League (d. 1990) * 1932 – Meena Kumari, Indian actress (d. 1972) *1933 – Dom DeLuise, American actor, singer, director, and producer (d. 2009) * 1933 – Masaichi Kaneda, Japanese baseball player and manager * 1933 – Teri Shields, American actress, producer, and agent (d. 2012) * 1933 – Dušan Třeštík, Czech historian and author (d. 2007) *1934 – John Beck, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2000) * 1934 – Derek Birdsall, English graphic designer *1935 – Geoff Pullar, English cricketer (d. 2014) *1936 – W. D. Hamilton, Egyptian born British biologist, psychologist, and academic (d. 2000) * 1936 – Yves Saint Laurent, Algerian-French fashion designer, co-founded Yves Saint Laurent (d. 2008) * 1936 – Laurie Taylor, English sociologist, radio host, and academic *1937 – Al D'Amato, American lawyer and politician *1939 – Bob Frankford, English-Canadian physician and politician (d. 2015) * 1939 – Terry Kiser, American actor * 1939 – Stephen Sykes, English bishop and theologian (d. 2014) * 1939 – Robert James Waller, American author and photographer (d. 2017) *1940 – Mervyn Kitchen, English cricketer and umpire * 1940 – Henry Silverman, American businessman, founded Cendant * 1940 – Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, Iranian writer and actor *1941 – Ron Brown, American captain and politician, 30th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1996) * 1941 – Étienne Roda-Gil, French songwriter and screenwriter (d. 2004) *1942 – Jerry Garcia, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1995) * 1942 – Giancarlo Giannini, Italian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1944 – Dmitry Nikolayevich Filippov, Russian banker and politician (d. 1998) *1945 – Douglas Osheroff, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate *1946 – Boz Burrell, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and guitarist (d. 2006) * 1946 – Rick Coonce, American drummer (d. 2011) * 1946 – Richard O. Covey, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut * 1946 – Fiona Stanley, Australian epidemiologist and academic *1947 – Lorna Goodison, Jamaican poet and author * 1947 – Chantal Montellier, French comics creator and artist *1948 – Avi Arad, Israeli-American screenwriter and producer, founded Marvel Studios * 1948 – Cliff Branch, American football player * 1948 – David Gemmell, English journalist and author (d. 2006) *1949 – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Kyrgyzstani politician, 2nd President of Kyrgyzstan * 1949 – Jim Carroll, American poet, author, and musician (d. 2009) * 1949 – Ray Nettles, American football player (d. 2009) *1950 – Roy Williams, American basketball player and coach *1951 – Tim Bachman, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1951 – Tommy Bolin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976) * 1951 – Pete Mackanin, American baseball player, coach, and manager *1952 – Zoran Đinđić, Serbian philosopher and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 2003) *1953 – Robert Cray, American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1953 – Howard Kurtz, American journalist and author *1954 – Trevor Berbick, Jamaican-Canadian boxer (d. 2006) * 1954 – James Gleick, American journalist and author * 1954 – Benno Möhlmann, German footballer and manager *1957 – Taylor Negron, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2015) *1958 – Rob Buck, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2000) * 1958 – Michael Penn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1958 – Kiki Vandeweghe, American basketball player and coach *1959 – Joe Elliott, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1960 – Chuck D, American rapper and songwriter * 1960 – Suzi Gardner, American rock singer-songwriter and guitarist *1962 – Jacob Matlala, South African boxer (d. 2013) *1963 – Demián Bichir, Mexican-American actor and producer * 1963 – Coolio, American rapper, producer, and actor * 1963 – John Carroll Lynch, American actor * 1963 – Koichi Wakata, Japanese astronaut and engineer * 1963 – Dean Wareham, New Zealand singer-songwriter and guitarist *1964 – Adam Duritz, American singer-songwriter and producer * 1964 – Fiona Hyslop, Scottish businesswoman and politician * 1964 – Augusta Read Thomas, American composer, conductor and educator *1965 – Brandt Jobe, American golfer * 1965 – Sam Mendes, English director and producer *1966 – James St. James, American club promoter and author *1967 – Gregg Jefferies, American baseball player and coach * 1967 – José Padilha, Brazilian director, producer and screenwriter *1968 – Stacey Augmon, American basketball player and coach * 1968 – Dan Donegan, American heavy metal guitarist and songwriter * 1968 – Shigetoshi Hasegawa, Japanese baseball player and sportscaster *1969 – Andrei Borissov, Estonian footballer and manager * 1969 – Kevin Jarvis, American baseball player and scout * 1969 – Graham Thorpe, English cricketer and journalist *1970 – Quentin Coryatt, American football player * 1970 – David James, English footballer and manager * 1970 – Eugenie van Leeuwen, Dutch cricketer *1972 – Nicke Andersson, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1972 – Christer Basma, Norwegian footballer and coach * 1972 – Todd Bouman, American football player and coach * 1972 – Thomas Woods, American historian, economist, and academic *1973 – Gregg Berhalter, American soccer player and coach * 1973 – Veerle Dejaeghere, Belgian runner * 1973 – Edurne Pasaban, Spanish mountaineer *1974 – Cher Calvin, American journalist * 1974 – Marek Galiński, Polish cyclist (d. 2014) * 1974 – Tyron Henderson, South African cricketer * 1974 – Dennis Lawrence, Trinidadian footballer and coach * 1974 – Beckie Scott, Canadian skier *1975 – Vhrsti, Czech author and illustrator *1976 – Don Hertzfeldt, American animator, producer, screenwriter, and voice actor * 1976 – Søren Jochumsen, Danish footballer * 1976 – Nwankwo Kanu, Nigerian footballer * 1976 – David Nemirovsky, Canadian ice hockey player * 1976 – Hasan Şaş, Turkish footballer and manager * 1976 – Cristian Stoica, Romanian-Italian rugby player *1977 – Marc Denis, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster * 1977 – Haspop, French-Moroccan dancer, choreographer, and actor * 1977 – Darnerien McCants, American-Canadian football player * 1977 – Damien Saez, French singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1977 – Yoshi Tatsu, Japanese wrestler and boxer *1978 – Andy Blignaut, Zimbabwean cricketer * 1978 – Björn Ferry, Swedish biathlete * 1978 – Dhani Harrison, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1978 – Chris Iwelumo, Scottish footballer * 1978 – Edgerrin James, American football player *1979 – Junior Agogo, Ghanaian footballer * 1979 – Nathan Fien, Australian-New Zealand rugby league player * 1979 – Jason Momoa, American actor, director, and producer *1980 – Mancini, Brazilian footballer * 1980 – Romain Barras, French decathlete * 1980 – Esteban Paredes, Chilean footballer *1981 – Dean Cox, Australian footballer * 1981 – Pia Haraldsen, Norwegian journalist and author * 1981 – Christofer Heimeroth, German footballer * 1981 – Stephen Hunt, Irish footballer * 1981 – Jamie Jones-Buchanan, English rugby player *1982 – Basem Fathi, Jordanian footballer * 1982 – Montserrat Lombard, English actress, director, and screenwriter *1983 – Bobby Carpenter, American football player * 1983 – Craig Clarke, New Zealand rugby player * 1983 – Julien Faubert, French footballer * 1983 – David Gervasi, Swiss decathlete *1984 – Steve Feak, American game designer * 1984 – Francesco Gavazzi, Italian cyclist * 1984 – Brandon Kintzler, American baseball player * 1984 – Bastian Schweinsteiger, German footballer *1985 – Stuart Holden, Scottish-American soccer player * 1985 – Adam Jones, American baseball player * 1985 – Cole Kimball, American baseball player * 1985 – Tendai Mtawarira, South African rugby player * 1985 – Kris Stadsgaard, Danish footballer * 1985 – Dušan Švento, Slovak footballer *1986 – Damien Allen, English footballer * 1986 – Anton Strålman, Swedish ice hockey player * 1986 – Andrew Taylor, English footballer * 1986 – Elena Vesnina, Russian tennis player * 1986 – Mike Wallace, American football player *1987 – Iago Aspas, Spanish footballer * 1987 – Karen Carney, English women's football winger * 1987 – Sébastien Pocognoli, Belgian footballer * 1987 – Lee Wallace, Scottish footballer *1988 – Mustafa Abdellaoue, Norwegian footballer * 1988 – Patryk Małecki, Polish footballer * 1988 – Bodene Thompson, New Zealand rugby league player *1989 – Madison Bumgarner, American baseball player * 1989 – Tiffany Hwang, Korean American singer, songwriter, and actress *1990 – Aledmys Díaz, Cuban baseball player * 1990 – Jean Hugues Gregoire, Mauritian swimmer * 1990 – Elton Jantjies, South African rugby player *1991 – Piotr Malarczyk, Polish footballer * 1991 – Marco Puntoriere, Italian footballer *1992 – Austin Rivers, American basketball player * 1992 – Mrunal Thakur, Indian actress *1993 – Álex Abrines, Spanish basketball player * 1993 – Leon Thomas III, American actor and singer *1994 – Sergeal Petersen, South African rugby player * 1994 – Ayaka Wada, Japanese singer *1996 – Katie Boulter, English tennis player *2001 – Park Si-eun, South Korean actress
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 6,
"label": [
"52162"
]
},
{
"start": 15,
"end": 23,
"label": [
"6140"
]
},
{
"start": 49,
"end": 52,
"label": [
"35377"
]
},
{
"start": 61,
"end": 69,
"label": [
"148682"
]
},
{
"start": 96,
"end": 99,
"label": [
"35770"
]
},
{
"start": 108,
"end": 129,
"label": [
"1606407"
]
},
{
"start": 174,
"end": 177,
"label": [
"36244"
]
},
{
"start": 186,
"end": 195,
"label": [
"2252039"
]
},
{
"start": 220,
"end": 224,
"label": [
"36692"
]
},
{
"start": 233,
"end": 238,
"label": [
"1321789"
]
},
{
"start": 267,
"end": 271,
"label": [
"36356"
]
},
{
"start": 280,
"end": 285,
"label": [
"23292496"
]
},
{
"start": 315,
"end": 319,
"label": [
"39540"
]
},
{
"start": 328,
"end": 338,
"label": [
"195020"
]
},
{
"start": 368,
"end": 372,
"label": [
"39546"
]
},
{
"start": 381,
"end": 416,
"label": [
"431329"
]
},
{
"start": 428,
"end": 432,
"label": [
"35204"
]
},
{
"start": 441,
"end": 447,
"label": [
"31768187"
]
},
{
"start": 487,
"end": 491,
"label": [
"34599"
]
},
{
"start": 500,
"end": 508,
"label": [
"19030939"
]
},
{
"start": 535,
"end": 539,
"label": [
"34888"
]
},
{
"start": 548,
"end": 560,
"label": [
"39824"
]
},
{
"start": 585,
"end": 589,
"label": [
"38675"
]
},
{
"start": 598,
"end": 613,
"label": [
"334684"
]
},
{
"start": 658,
"end": 662,
"label": [
"36175"
]
},
{
"start": 671,
"end": 684,
"label": [
"210019"
]
},
{
"start": 719,
"end": 723,
"label": [
"38598"
]
},
{
"start": 732,
"end": 753,
"label": [
"1303528"
]
},
{
"start": 796,
"end": 800,
"label": [
"34586"
]
},
{
"start": 809,
"end": 822,
"label": [
"189972"
]
},
{
"start": 866,
"end": 870,
"label": [
"35078"
]
},
{
"start": 879,
"end": 927,
"label": [
"469662"
]
},
{
"start": 949,
"end": 968,
"label": [
"344840"
]
},
{
"start": 980,
"end": 984,
"label": [
"38617"
]
},
{
"start": 993,
"end": 1009,
"label": [
"4031743"
]
},
{
"start": 1038,
"end": 1042,
"label": [
"38632"
]
},
{
"start": 1051,
"end": 1060,
"label": [
"2872221"
]
},
{
"start": 1096,
"end": 1100,
"label": [
"38550"
]
},
{
"start": 1109,
"end": 1123,
"label": [
"153930"
]
},
{
"start": 1163,
"end": 1167,
"label": [
"35847"
]
},
{
"start": 1176,
"end": 1202,
"label": [
"2863093"
]
},
{
"start": 1230,
"end": 1234,
"label": [
"35843"
]
},
{
"start": 1243,
"end": 1264,
"label": [
"145704"
]
},
{
"start": 1317,
"end": 1321,
"label": [
"35076"
]
},
{
"start": 1330,
"end": 1343,
"label": [
"215915"
]
},
{
"start": 1435,
"end": 1439,
"label": [
"35814"
]
},
{
"start": 1448,
"end": 1468,
"label": [
"12141384"
]
},
{
"start": 1482,
"end": 1498,
"label": [
"29922"
]
},
{
"start": 1511,
"end": 1521,
"label": [
"83449"
]
},
{
"start": 1533,
"end": 1537,
"label": [
"35738"
]
},
{
"start": 1546,
"end": 1563,
"label": [
"10937"
]
},
{
"start": 1624,
"end": 1635,
"label": [
"213397"
]
},
{
"start": 1700,
"end": 1704,
"label": [
"34705"
]
},
{
"start": 1713,
"end": 1730,
"label": [
"282361"
]
},
{
"start": 1771,
"end": 1775,
"label": [
"34931"
]
},
{
"start": 1784,
"end": 1807,
"label": [
"278427"
]
},
{
"start": 1851,
"end": 1855,
"label": [
"34592"
]
},
{
"start": 1864,
"end": 1878,
"label": [
"590643"
]
},
{
"start": 1924,
"end": 1928,
"label": [
"34966"
]
},
{
"start": 1937,
"end": 1952,
"label": [
"13623"
]
},
{
"start": 2013,
"end": 2017,
"label": [
"35021"
]
},
{
"start": 2026,
"end": 2041,
"label": [
"16203895"
]
},
{
"start": 2088,
"end": 2092,
"label": [
"34951"
]
},
{
"start": 2101,
"end": 2120,
"label": [
"337019"
]
},
{
"start": 2159,
"end": 2189,
"label": [
"44000"
]
},
{
"start": 2201,
"end": 2205,
"label": [
"35491"
]
},
{
"start": 2214,
"end": 2230,
"label": [
"1578613"
]
},
{
"start": 2279,
"end": 2283,
"label": [
"34937"
]
},
{
"start": 2292,
"end": 2308,
"label": [
"402492"
]
},
{
"start": 2345,
"end": 2364,
"label": [
"24899"
]
},
{
"start": 2390,
"end": 2399,
"label": [
"338250"
]
},
{
"start": 2443,
"end": 2447,
"label": [
"34680"
]
},
{
"start": 2456,
"end": 2467,
"label": [
"2534404"
]
},
{
"start": 2501,
"end": 2505,
"label": [
"38275275"
]
},
{
"start": 2514,
"end": 2533,
"label": [
"57112649"
]
},
{
"start": 2562,
"end": 2566,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 2575,
"end": 2586,
"label": [
"9530701"
]
},
{
"start": 2636,
"end": 2640,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 2649,
"end": 2669,
"label": [
"381330"
]
},
{
"start": 2722,
"end": 2726,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2735,
"end": 2763,
"label": [
"7842804"
]
},
{
"start": 2797,
"end": 2821,
"label": [
"273647"
]
},
{
"start": 2833,
"end": 2837,
"label": [
"34716"
]
},
{
"start": 2846,
"end": 2859,
"label": [
"547682"
]
},
{
"start": 2906,
"end": 2910,
"label": [
"34715"
]
},
{
"start": 2919,
"end": 2935,
"label": [
"381585"
]
},
{
"start": 2976,
"end": 2987,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 3008,
"end": 3012,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 3021,
"end": 3035,
"label": [
"1109365"
]
},
{
"start": 3078,
"end": 3082,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 3091,
"end": 3102,
"label": [
"156104"
]
},
{
"start": 3186,
"end": 3190,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 3199,
"end": 3218,
"label": [
"160210"
]
},
{
"start": 3230,
"end": 3234,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 3243,
"end": 3261,
"label": [
"1080402"
]
},
{
"start": 3290,
"end": 3294,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 3303,
"end": 3317,
"label": [
"3755743"
]
},
{
"start": 3369,
"end": 3373,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 3382,
"end": 3394,
"label": [
"3166898"
]
},
{
"start": 3447,
"end": 3451,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 3460,
"end": 3473,
"label": [
"3587114"
]
},
{
"start": 3524,
"end": 3528,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 3537,
"end": 3555,
"label": [
"3085111"
]
},
{
"start": 3583,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 3596,
"end": 3607,
"label": [
"627374"
]
},
{
"start": 3661,
"end": 3665,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3674,
"end": 3691,
"label": [
"320235"
]
},
{
"start": 3746,
"end": 3750,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 3759,
"end": 3771,
"label": [
"2207182"
]
},
{
"start": 3828,
"end": 3832,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3841,
"end": 3859,
"label": [
"4386485"
]
},
{
"start": 3918,
"end": 3931,
"label": [
"5025221"
]
},
{
"start": 3988,
"end": 3998,
"label": [
"3226099"
]
},
{
"start": 4035,
"end": 4039,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 4048,
"end": 4060,
"label": [
"9561314"
]
},
{
"start": 4108,
"end": 4112,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 4121,
"end": 4132,
"label": [
"1077694"
]
},
{
"start": 4162,
"end": 4190,
"label": [
"24680"
]
},
{
"start": 4216,
"end": 4220,
"label": [
"7012566"
]
},
{
"start": 4287,
"end": 4298,
"label": [
"2656666"
]
},
{
"start": 4326,
"end": 4330,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 4339,
"end": 4350,
"label": [
"2322403"
]
},
{
"start": 4412,
"end": 4422,
"label": [
"47941203"
]
},
{
"start": 4481,
"end": 4496,
"label": [
"1343459"
]
},
{
"start": 4563,
"end": 4567,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4576,
"end": 4593,
"label": [
"1701269"
]
},
{
"start": 4637,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"490286"
]
},
{
"start": 4686,
"end": 4690,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4699,
"end": 4712,
"label": [
"1717121"
]
},
{
"start": 4756,
"end": 4760,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4769,
"end": 4786,
"label": [
"563358"
]
},
{
"start": 4814,
"end": 4818,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4827,
"end": 4838,
"label": [
"41777459"
]
},
{
"start": 4887,
"end": 4891,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 4900,
"end": 4911,
"label": [
"772315"
]
},
{
"start": 4987,
"end": 4999,
"label": [
"244890"
]
},
{
"start": 5031,
"end": 5035,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 5044,
"end": 5055,
"label": [
"2936308"
]
},
{
"start": 5092,
"end": 5096,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 5105,
"end": 5115,
"label": [
"5780782"
]
},
{
"start": 5133,
"end": 5137,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5146,
"end": 5162,
"label": [
"13135636"
]
},
{
"start": 5217,
"end": 5241,
"label": [
"19186951"
]
},
{
"start": 5267,
"end": 5280,
"label": [
"897236"
]
},
{
"start": 5313,
"end": 5317,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5326,
"end": 5337,
"label": [
"1263403"
]
},
{
"start": 5375,
"end": 5379,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 5388,
"end": 5406,
"label": [
"38433831"
]
},
{
"start": 5471,
"end": 5486,
"label": [
"7391227"
]
},
{
"start": 5522,
"end": 5526,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5535,
"end": 5563,
"label": [
"57361455"
]
},
{
"start": 5612,
"end": 5628,
"label": [
"19648967"
]
},
{
"start": 5657,
"end": 5661,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5670,
"end": 5679,
"label": [
"24905280"
]
},
{
"start": 5738,
"end": 5742,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5751,
"end": 5766,
"label": [
"14280"
]
},
{
"start": 5860,
"end": 5872,
"label": [
"2235857"
]
},
{
"start": 5883,
"end": 5895,
"label": [
"809210"
]
},
{
"start": 5927,
"end": 5942,
"label": [
"15997043"
]
},
{
"start": 5972,
"end": 5976,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5985,
"end": 5996,
"label": [
"163463"
]
},
{
"start": 6040,
"end": 6055,
"label": [
"109275"
]
},
{
"start": 6134,
"end": 6147,
"label": [
"2330096"
]
},
{
"start": 6202,
"end": 6222,
"label": [
"285459"
]
},
{
"start": 6265,
"end": 6297,
"label": [
"32293"
]
},
{
"start": 6323,
"end": 6335,
"label": [
"1059648"
]
},
{
"start": 6364,
"end": 6389,
"label": [
"378359"
]
},
{
"start": 6415,
"end": 6430,
"label": [
"1562313"
]
},
{
"start": 6505,
"end": 6509,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6518,
"end": 6539,
"label": [
"1616594"
]
},
{
"start": 6597,
"end": 6611,
"label": [
"3635853"
]
},
{
"start": 6648,
"end": 6652,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 6661,
"end": 6672,
"label": [
"20202"
]
},
{
"start": 6723,
"end": 6744,
"label": [
"16457"
]
},
{
"start": 6770,
"end": 6782,
"label": [
"2832794"
]
},
{
"start": 6810,
"end": 6814,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 6823,
"end": 6834,
"label": [
"546740"
]
},
{
"start": 6908,
"end": 6923,
"label": [
"1443989"
]
},
{
"start": 6977,
"end": 6989,
"label": [
"4524262"
]
},
{
"start": 7054,
"end": 7067,
"label": [
"12985737"
]
},
{
"start": 7107,
"end": 7111,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 7120,
"end": 7129,
"label": [
"3988520"
]
},
{
"start": 7178,
"end": 7192,
"label": [
"25938199"
]
},
{
"start": 7220,
"end": 7224,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 7233,
"end": 7245,
"label": [
"2811485"
]
},
{
"start": 7276,
"end": 7280,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 7289,
"end": 7303,
"label": [
"151959"
]
},
{
"start": 7390,
"end": 7408,
"label": [
"145236"
]
},
{
"start": 7455,
"end": 7473,
"label": [
"13646212"
]
},
{
"start": 7499,
"end": 7512,
"label": [
"2611937"
]
},
{
"start": 7561,
"end": 7565,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 7574,
"end": 7584,
"label": [
"461058"
]
},
{
"start": 7618,
"end": 7622,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7631,
"end": 7644,
"label": [
"1673420"
]
},
{
"start": 7713,
"end": 7724,
"label": [
"5645028"
]
},
{
"start": 7756,
"end": 7769,
"label": [
"5593343"
]
},
{
"start": 7826,
"end": 7845,
"label": [
"1312862"
]
},
{
"start": 7891,
"end": 7895,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7904,
"end": 7918,
"label": [
"10101412"
]
},
{
"start": 7964,
"end": 7979,
"label": [
"24633113"
]
},
{
"start": 8011,
"end": 8018,
"label": [
"1047797"
]
},
{
"start": 8034,
"end": 8053,
"label": [
"10681265"
]
},
{
"start": 8081,
"end": 8085,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 8094,
"end": 8103,
"label": [
"574453"
]
},
{
"start": 8143,
"end": 8178,
"label": [
"44272"
]
},
{
"start": 8204,
"end": 8220,
"label": [
"4803742"
]
},
{
"start": 8268,
"end": 8272,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 8281,
"end": 8293,
"label": [
"75758"
]
},
{
"start": 8361,
"end": 8379,
"label": [
"163488"
]
},
{
"start": 8434,
"end": 8438,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 8447,
"end": 8475,
"label": [
"36244628"
]
},
{
"start": 8518,
"end": 8522,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8531,
"end": 8547,
"label": [
"431890"
]
},
{
"start": 8582,
"end": 8593,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 8604,
"end": 8608,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8617,
"end": 8628,
"label": [
"269545"
]
},
{
"start": 8709,
"end": 8720,
"label": [
"4441957"
]
},
{
"start": 8764,
"end": 8780,
"label": [
"506945"
]
},
{
"start": 8836,
"end": 8849,
"label": [
"186064"
]
},
{
"start": 8891,
"end": 8895,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8904,
"end": 8918,
"label": [
"3218796"
]
},
{
"start": 8960,
"end": 8978,
"label": [
"56737199"
]
},
{
"start": 9014,
"end": 9018,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 9027,
"end": 9035,
"label": [
"622415"
]
},
{
"start": 9089,
"end": 9103,
"label": [
"1074657"
]
},
{
"start": 9119,
"end": 9131,
"label": [
"1463268"
]
},
{
"start": 9173,
"end": 9186,
"label": [
"83237"
]
},
{
"start": 9229,
"end": 9233,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 9242,
"end": 9259,
"label": [
"1646705"
]
},
{
"start": 9289,
"end": 9312,
"label": [
"1569760"
]
},
{
"start": 9328,
"end": 9339,
"label": [
"408684"
]
},
{
"start": 9402,
"end": 9413,
"label": [
"10503610"
]
},
{
"start": 9451,
"end": 9455,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 9464,
"end": 9476,
"label": [
"1443264"
]
},
{
"start": 9516,
"end": 9520,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 9529,
"end": 9540,
"label": [
"2741146"
]
},
{
"start": 9598,
"end": 9609,
"label": [
"239160"
]
},
{
"start": 9677,
"end": 9690,
"label": [
"2628980"
]
},
{
"start": 9738,
"end": 9742,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 9751,
"end": 9763,
"label": [
"195237"
]
},
{
"start": 9805,
"end": 9829,
"label": [
"606320"
]
},
{
"start": 9841,
"end": 9845,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 9854,
"end": 9865,
"label": [
"1515938"
]
},
{
"start": 9929,
"end": 9941,
"label": [
"1673620"
]
},
{
"start": 9975,
"end": 9979,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9988,
"end": 10002,
"label": [
"437554"
]
},
{
"start": 10053,
"end": 10065,
"label": [
"312195"
]
},
{
"start": 10113,
"end": 10127,
"label": [
"4600617"
]
},
{
"start": 10160,
"end": 10164,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 10173,
"end": 10186,
"label": [
"4251160"
]
},
{
"start": 10231,
"end": 10235,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 10244,
"end": 10252,
"label": [
"286866"
]
},
{
"start": 10313,
"end": 10325,
"label": [
"384703"
]
},
{
"start": 10383,
"end": 10398,
"label": [
"1995723"
]
},
{
"start": 10438,
"end": 10442,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 10451,
"end": 10462,
"label": [
"1443304"
]
},
{
"start": 10516,
"end": 10520,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 10529,
"end": 10536,
"label": [
"5718"
]
},
{
"start": 10584,
"end": 10596,
"label": [
"17865215"
]
},
{
"start": 10645,
"end": 10649,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10658,
"end": 10671,
"label": [
"2478319"
]
},
{
"start": 10704,
"end": 10708,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10717,
"end": 10730,
"label": [
"2379650"
]
},
{
"start": 10783,
"end": 10789,
"label": [
"168263"
]
},
{
"start": 10843,
"end": 10861,
"label": [
"3028029"
]
},
{
"start": 10893,
"end": 10906,
"label": [
"479120"
]
},
{
"start": 10955,
"end": 10967,
"label": [
"5735894"
]
},
{
"start": 11014,
"end": 11018,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 11027,
"end": 11038,
"label": [
"205487"
]
},
{
"start": 11095,
"end": 11107,
"label": [
"553206"
]
},
{
"start": 11162,
"end": 11181,
"label": [
"3753029"
]
},
{
"start": 11226,
"end": 11230,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 11239,
"end": 11250,
"label": [
"4810791"
]
},
{
"start": 11283,
"end": 11293,
"label": [
"234630"
]
},
{
"start": 11326,
"end": 11330,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 11339,
"end": 11354,
"label": [
"1547717"
]
},
{
"start": 11391,
"end": 11395,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 11404,
"end": 11419,
"label": [
"2787797"
]
},
{
"start": 11471,
"end": 11483,
"label": [
"14690424"
]
},
{
"start": 11532,
"end": 11536,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 11545,
"end": 11558,
"label": [
"2452418"
]
},
{
"start": 11612,
"end": 11623,
"label": [
"3261771"
]
},
{
"start": 11686,
"end": 11705,
"label": [
"1770814"
]
},
{
"start": 11750,
"end": 11754,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11763,
"end": 11778,
"label": [
"13094720"
]
},
{
"start": 11827,
"end": 11839,
"label": [
"5284957"
]
},
{
"start": 11891,
"end": 11904,
"label": [
"397259"
]
},
{
"start": 11940,
"end": 11944,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11953,
"end": 11968,
"label": [
"7168224"
]
},
{
"start": 12010,
"end": 12021,
"label": [
"755603"
]
},
{
"start": 12069,
"end": 12088,
"label": [
"55631010"
]
},
{
"start": 12107,
"end": 12111,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 12120,
"end": 12135,
"label": [
"1679326"
]
},
{
"start": 12192,
"end": 12206,
"label": [
"2239042"
]
},
{
"start": 12254,
"end": 12265,
"label": [
"3460068"
]
},
{
"start": 12317,
"end": 12329,
"label": [
"1604753"
]
},
{
"start": 12376,
"end": 12380,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 12389,
"end": 12404,
"label": [
"1528132"
]
},
{
"start": 12454,
"end": 12471,
"label": [
"7570481"
]
},
{
"start": 12503,
"end": 12517,
"label": [
"2276716"
]
},
{
"start": 12540,
"end": 12544,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 12553,
"end": 12564,
"label": [
"8658788"
]
},
{
"start": 12601,
"end": 12615,
"label": [
"40922932"
]
},
{
"start": 12657,
"end": 12672,
"label": [
"8818357"
]
},
{
"start": 12713,
"end": 12728,
"label": [
"3191825"
]
},
{
"start": 12778,
"end": 12790,
"label": [
"1270292"
]
},
{
"start": 12808,
"end": 12812,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 12821,
"end": 12827,
"label": [
"30840702"
]
},
{
"start": 12859,
"end": 12863,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 12872,
"end": 12886,
"label": [
"33622244"
]
},
{
"start": 12962,
"end": 12977,
"label": [
"9428428"
]
},
{
"start": 13012,
"end": 13024,
"label": [
"511002"
]
},
{
"start": 13061,
"end": 13077,
"label": [
"9411989"
]
},
{
"start": 13121,
"end": 13130,
"label": [
"1263289"
]
},
{
"start": 13178,
"end": 13193,
"label": [
"3960016"
]
},
{
"start": 13226,
"end": 13230,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 13239,
"end": 13249,
"label": [
"502975"
]
},
{
"start": 13310,
"end": 13316,
"label": [
"28219813"
]
},
{
"start": 13382,
"end": 13399,
"label": [
"3216608"
]
},
{
"start": 13450,
"end": 13461,
"label": [
"10146717"
]
},
{
"start": 13517,
"end": 13528,
"label": [
"19838383"
]
},
{
"start": 13559,
"end": 13563,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 13572,
"end": 13585,
"label": [
"897193"
]
},
{
"start": 13623,
"end": 13634,
"label": [
"21550104"
]
},
{
"start": 13669,
"end": 13683,
"label": [
"211693"
]
},
{
"start": 13740,
"end": 13753,
"label": [
"6358245"
]
},
{
"start": 13790,
"end": 13804,
"label": [
"1266451"
]
},
{
"start": 13832,
"end": 13836,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 13845,
"end": 13857,
"label": [
"4969489"
]
},
{
"start": 13894,
"end": 13905,
"label": [
"7447179"
]
},
{
"start": 13965,
"end": 13976,
"label": [
"2032324"
]
},
{
"start": 14018,
"end": 14022,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 14031,
"end": 14038,
"label": [
"1686258"
]
},
{
"start": 14076,
"end": 14089,
"label": [
"7198013"
]
},
{
"start": 14124,
"end": 14139,
"label": [
"17300996"
]
},
{
"start": 14161,
"end": 14165,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 14174,
"end": 14182,
"label": [
"3724038"
]
},
{
"start": 14221,
"end": 14234,
"label": [
"13680247"
]
},
{
"start": 14283,
"end": 14303,
"label": [
"8789584"
]
},
{
"start": 14338,
"end": 14350,
"label": [
"3958938"
]
},
{
"start": 14384,
"end": 14404,
"label": [
"8811078"
]
},
{
"start": 14428,
"end": 14432,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 14441,
"end": 14452,
"label": [
"35117435"
]
},
{
"start": 14490,
"end": 14508,
"label": [
"10626352"
]
},
{
"start": 14555,
"end": 14559,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 14568,
"end": 14583,
"label": [
"8161118"
]
},
{
"start": 14625,
"end": 14637,
"label": [
"35611996"
]
},
{
"start": 14679,
"end": 14693,
"label": [
"5311613"
]
},
{
"start": 14728,
"end": 14741,
"label": [
"25843685"
]
},
{
"start": 14761,
"end": 14765,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 14774,
"end": 14784,
"label": [
"2322017"
]
},
{
"start": 14824,
"end": 14841,
"label": [
"12913217"
]
},
{
"start": 14874,
"end": 14890,
"label": [
"28731275"
]
},
{
"start": 14932,
"end": 14954,
"label": [
"2113653"
]
},
{
"start": 14975,
"end": 14979,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 14988,
"end": 15001,
"label": [
"5352690"
]
},
{
"start": 15050,
"end": 15060,
"label": [
"6792097"
]
},
{
"start": 15102,
"end": 15114,
"label": [
"15167145"
]
},
{
"start": 15156,
"end": 15172,
"label": [
"17545115"
]
},
{
"start": 15216,
"end": 15231,
"label": [
"14471284"
]
},
{
"start": 15266,
"end": 15278,
"label": [
"7406344"
]
},
{
"start": 15299,
"end": 15303,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 15312,
"end": 15324,
"label": [
"5408979"
]
},
{
"start": 15360,
"end": 15374,
"label": [
"9231320"
]
},
{
"start": 15417,
"end": 15430,
"label": [
"2770079"
]
},
{
"start": 15466,
"end": 15479,
"label": [
"5421650"
]
},
{
"start": 15518,
"end": 15530,
"label": [
"21288138"
]
},
{
"start": 15558,
"end": 15562,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 15571,
"end": 15581,
"label": [
"23167046"
]
},
{
"start": 15617,
"end": 15629,
"label": [
"2186377"
]
},
{
"start": 15678,
"end": 15697,
"label": [
"7726679"
]
},
{
"start": 15733,
"end": 15744,
"label": [
"5803969"
]
},
{
"start": 15767,
"end": 15771,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 15780,
"end": 15798,
"label": [
"22399783"
]
},
{
"start": 15836,
"end": 15850,
"label": [
"8239743"
]
},
{
"start": 15885,
"end": 15900,
"label": [
"24198869"
]
},
{
"start": 15935,
"end": 15939,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 15948,
"end": 15965,
"label": [
"17630155"
]
},
{
"start": 16007,
"end": 16020,
"label": [
"27074328"
]
},
{
"start": 16071,
"end": 16075,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 16084,
"end": 16096,
"label": [
"40220839"
]
},
{
"start": 16190,
"end": 16204,
"label": [
"29022425"
]
},
{
"start": 16234,
"end": 16238,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 16247,
"end": 16262,
"label": [
"26625678"
]
},
{
"start": 16297,
"end": 16313,
"label": [
"29458111"
]
},
{
"start": 16335,
"end": 16339,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 16348,
"end": 16361,
"label": [
"28509884"
]
},
{
"start": 16405,
"end": 16418,
"label": [
"40859328"
]
},
{
"start": 16436,
"end": 16440,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 16449,
"end": 16461,
"label": [
"36471129"
]
},
{
"start": 16504,
"end": 16519,
"label": [
"11193784"
]
},
{
"start": 16548,
"end": 16552,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 16561,
"end": 16577,
"label": [
"37733123"
]
},
{
"start": 16621,
"end": 16631,
"label": [
"24439136"
]
},
{
"start": 16650,
"end": 16654,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 16663,
"end": 16676,
"label": [
"42862968"
]
},
{
"start": 16701,
"end": 16705,
"label": [
"34551"
]
},
{
"start": 16714,
"end": 16725,
"label": [
"44160786"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1368_Introduction
|
In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language), often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Because assembly depends on the machine code instructions, every assembler has its own assembly language which is designed for exactly one specific computer architecture. Assembly language may also be called symbolic machine code. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an . The conversion process is referred to as assembly, as in assembling the source code. Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction (1:1), but comments and statements that are assembler directives, macros, and symbolic labels of program and memory locations are often also supported. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture and sometimes to an operating system. However, some assembly languages do not provide specific syntax for operating system calls, and most assembly languages can be used universally with any operating system, as the language provides access to all the real capabilities of the processor, upon which all system call mechanisms ultimately rest. In contrast to assembly languages, most high-level programming languages are generally portable across multiple architectures but require interpreting or compiling, a much more complicated task than assembling.
|
[
{
"start": 3,
"end": 23,
"label": [
"5311"
]
},
{
"start": 98,
"end": 128,
"label": [
"189845"
]
},
{
"start": 225,
"end": 239,
"label": [
"25652303"
]
},
{
"start": 240,
"end": 252,
"label": [
"20683"
]
},
{
"start": 253,
"end": 265,
"label": [
"47772"
]
},
{
"start": 559,
"end": 574,
"label": [
"904254"
]
},
{
"start": 667,
"end": 678,
"label": [
"27661"
]
},
{
"start": 759,
"end": 767,
"label": [
"8592308"
]
},
{
"start": 802,
"end": 812,
"label": [
"930128"
]
},
{
"start": 814,
"end": 820,
"label": [
"20560"
]
},
{
"start": 835,
"end": 852,
"label": [
"14124573"
]
},
{
"start": 857,
"end": 873,
"label": [
"568018"
]
},
{
"start": 951,
"end": 972,
"label": [
"25652303"
]
},
{
"start": 993,
"end": 1009,
"label": [
"22194"
]
},
{
"start": 1068,
"end": 1074,
"label": [
"3206060"
]
},
{
"start": 1250,
"end": 1259,
"label": [
"5218"
]
},
{
"start": 1276,
"end": 1287,
"label": [
"102908"
]
},
{
"start": 1356,
"end": 1387,
"label": [
"189842"
]
},
{
"start": 1403,
"end": 1411,
"label": [
"214804"
]
},
{
"start": 1454,
"end": 1466,
"label": [
"59868"
]
},
{
"start": 1470,
"end": 1479,
"label": [
"5739"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1372_Etymology
|
The English word amber derives from Arabic (cognate with Middle Persian ambar) via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century as referring to what is now known as ambergris (ambre gris or "grey amber"), a solid waxy substance derived from the sperm whale. In the Romance languages, the sense of the word had come to be extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century. At first called white or yellow amber (ambre jaune), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word. The two substances ("yellow amber" and "grey amber") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is too dense to float, though less dense than stone. The classical names for amber, Latin electrum and Ancient Greek (ēlektron), are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (ēlektōr) meaning "beaming Sun". According to myth, when Phaëton son of Helios (the Sun) was killed, his mourning sisters became poplar trees, and their tears became elektron, amber. The word elektron gave rise to the words electric, electricity, and their relatives because of amber's ability to bear a static electricity charge. ==History== Theophrastus discussed amber in the 4th century BC, as did Pytheas (c. 330 BC), whose work "On the Ocean" is lost, but was referenced by Pliny the Elder (23 to 79 AD), according to whose The Natural History (in what is also the earliest known mention of the name Germania): Earlier Pliny says that Pytheas refers to a large island - three days' sail from the Scythian coast and called Balcia by Xenophon of Lampsacus (author of a fanciful travel book in Greek) - as Basilia - a name generally equated with Abalus. Given the presence of amber, the island could have been Heligoland, Zealand, the shores of Bay of Gdansk, the Sambia Peninsula or the Curonian Lagoon, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe. It is assumed that there were well-established trade routes for amber connecting the Baltic with the Mediterranean (known as the "Amber Road"). Pliny states explicitly that the Germans exported amber to Pannonia, from where the Veneti distributed it onwards. The ancient Italic peoples of southern Italy used to work amber; the National Archaeological Museum of Siritide (Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Siritide) at Policoro in the province of Matera (Basilicata) displays important surviving examples. Amber used in antiquity as at Mycenae and in the prehistory of the Mediterranean comes from deposits of Sicily. Pliny also cites the opinion of Nicias ( 470–413 BC), according to whom amber Besides the fanciful explanations according to which amber is "produced by the Sun", Pliny cites opinions that are well aware of its origin in tree resin, citing the native Latin name of succinum (sūcinum, from sucus "juice"). In Book 37, section XI of Natural History, Pliny wrote: He also states that amber is also found in Egypt and in India, and he even refers to the electrostatic properties of amber, by saying that "in Syria the women make the whorls of their spindles of this substance, and give it the name of harpax [from ἁρπάζω, "to drag"] from the circumstance that it attracts leaves towards it, chaff, and the light fringe of tissues". Pliny says that the German name of amber was , "for which reason the Romans, when Germanicus Caesar commanded the fleet in those parts, gave to one of these islands the name of Glæsaria, which by the barbarians was known as Austeravia". This is confirmed by the recorded Old High German word glas and by the Old English word for "amber" (compare glass). In Middle Low German, amber was known as berne-, barn-, börnstēn (with etymological roots related to "burn" and to "stone"). The Low German term became dominant also in High German by the 18th century, thus modern German Bernstein besides Dutch barnsteen. In the Baltic languages, the Lithuanian term for amber is gintaras and the Latvian dzintars. These words, and the Slavic jantar and Hungarian gyanta ('resin'), are thought to originate from Phoenician jainitar ("sea-resin"). Early in the nineteenth century, the first reports of amber found in North America came from discoveries in New Jersey along Crosswicks Creek near Trenton, at Camden, and near Woodbury.
|
[
{
"start": 36,
"end": 42,
"label": [
"803"
]
},
{
"start": 57,
"end": 71,
"label": [
"889882"
]
},
{
"start": 83,
"end": 95,
"label": [
"898044"
]
},
{
"start": 106,
"end": 119,
"label": [
"694163"
]
},
{
"start": 151,
"end": 165,
"label": [
"50711"
]
},
{
"start": 223,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"1697"
]
},
{
"start": 303,
"end": 314,
"label": [
"313530"
]
},
{
"start": 323,
"end": 340,
"label": [
"25401"
]
},
{
"start": 937,
"end": 942,
"label": [
"17730"
]
},
{
"start": 956,
"end": 969,
"label": [
"148363"
]
},
{
"start": 1041,
"end": 1044,
"label": [
"26751"
]
},
{
"start": 1071,
"end": 1078,
"label": [
"478276"
]
},
{
"start": 1086,
"end": 1092,
"label": [
"67230"
]
},
{
"start": 1143,
"end": 1149,
"label": [
"94248"
]
},
{
"start": 1318,
"end": 1336,
"label": [
"200136"
]
},
{
"start": 1357,
"end": 1369,
"label": [
"98409"
]
},
{
"start": 1416,
"end": 1423,
"label": [
"23348"
]
},
{
"start": 1494,
"end": 1509,
"label": [
"44920"
]
},
{
"start": 1544,
"end": 1563,
"label": [
"74215"
]
},
{
"start": 1620,
"end": 1628,
"label": [
"251301"
]
},
{
"start": 1716,
"end": 1723,
"label": [
"7299790"
]
},
{
"start": 1742,
"end": 1748,
"label": [
"3365161"
]
},
{
"start": 1927,
"end": 1937,
"label": [
"193252"
]
},
{
"start": 1939,
"end": 1946,
"label": [
"47914"
]
},
{
"start": 1962,
"end": 1975,
"label": [
"424498"
]
},
{
"start": 1981,
"end": 1997,
"label": [
"28787"
]
},
{
"start": 2005,
"end": 2020,
"label": [
"26500317"
]
},
{
"start": 2225,
"end": 2235,
"label": [
"2024"
]
},
{
"start": 2298,
"end": 2306,
"label": [
"47277"
]
},
{
"start": 2323,
"end": 2329,
"label": [
"261616"
]
},
{
"start": 2515,
"end": 2523,
"label": [
"1866200"
]
},
{
"start": 2531,
"end": 2549,
"label": [
"1417894"
]
},
{
"start": 2551,
"end": 2561,
"label": [
"95873"
]
},
{
"start": 2632,
"end": 2639,
"label": [
"37548"
]
},
{
"start": 2706,
"end": 2712,
"label": [
"27619"
]
},
{
"start": 2746,
"end": 2752,
"label": [
"231319"
]
},
{
"start": 3045,
"end": 3060,
"label": [
"74215"
]
},
{
"start": 3164,
"end": 3177,
"label": [
"368328"
]
},
{
"start": 3243,
"end": 3248,
"label": [
"15295387"
]
},
{
"start": 3524,
"end": 3541,
"label": [
"12478"
]
},
{
"start": 3713,
"end": 3728,
"label": [
"429487"
]
},
{
"start": 3750,
"end": 3761,
"label": [
"22667"
]
},
{
"start": 3799,
"end": 3816,
"label": [
"406305"
]
},
{
"start": 3965,
"end": 3976,
"label": [
"13555"
]
},
{
"start": 4035,
"end": 4040,
"label": [
"19985174"
]
},
{
"start": 4059,
"end": 4075,
"label": [
"4213"
]
},
{
"start": 4081,
"end": 4091,
"label": [
"77242"
]
},
{
"start": 4127,
"end": 4134,
"label": [
"43352"
]
},
{
"start": 4166,
"end": 4172,
"label": [
"26757"
]
},
{
"start": 4242,
"end": 4252,
"label": [
"414942"
]
},
{
"start": 4385,
"end": 4395,
"label": [
"21648"
]
},
{
"start": 4402,
"end": 4418,
"label": [
"2895965"
]
},
{
"start": 4424,
"end": 4431,
"label": [
"57843"
]
},
{
"start": 4436,
"end": 4442,
"label": [
"102775"
]
},
{
"start": 4453,
"end": 4461,
"label": [
"125226"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1372_Classification
|
Amber can be classified into several forms. Most fundamentally, there are two types of plant resin with the potential for fossilization. Terpenoids, produced by conifers and angiosperms, consist of ring structures formed of isoprene (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) units. Phenolic resins are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. The extinct medullosans produced a third type of resin, which is often found as amber within their veins. The composition of resins is highly variable; each species produces a unique blend of chemicals which can be identified by the use of pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The overall chemical and structural composition is used to divide ambers into five classes. There is also a separate classification of amber gemstones, according to the way of production. This class is by far the most abundant. It comprises labdatriene carboxylic acids such as communic or ozic acids. It is further split into three sub-classes. Classes Ia and Ib utilize regular labdanoid diterpenes (e.g. communic acid, communol, biformenes), while Ic uses enantio labdanoids (ozic acid, ozol, enantio biformenes). Class Ia includes Succinite (= 'normal' Baltic amber) and Glessite. They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinic acid. Baltic amber yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3% to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or bony varieties. The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly due to this acid. Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of succinic acid, hence the name succinite. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is rather greater than that of many other fossil resins. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10. It can be distinguished from other ambers via IR spectroscopy due to a specific carbonyl absorption peak. IR spectroscopy can detect the relative age of an amber sample. Succinic acid may not be an original component of amber, but rather a degradation product of abietic acid. Like class Ia ambers, these are based on communic acid; however, they lack succinic acid. This class is mainly based on enantio-labdatrienonic acids, such as ozic and zanzibaric acids. Its most familiar representative is Dominican amber. Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being mostly transparent and often containing a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest. Resin from the extinct species Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics. It is not "succinite" but "retinite". These ambers are formed from resins with a sesquiterpenoid base, such as cadinene. These ambers are polystyrenes. Class IV is something of a wastebasket; its ambers are not polymerized, but mainly consist of cedrene-based sesquiterpenoids. Class V resins are considered to be produced by a pine or pine relative. They comprise a mixture of diterpinoid resins and n-alkyl compounds. Their main variety is Highgate copalite.
|
[
{
"start": 137,
"end": 146,
"label": [
"214241"
]
},
{
"start": 161,
"end": 169,
"label": [
"68085"
]
},
{
"start": 174,
"end": 185,
"label": [
"18967"
]
},
{
"start": 224,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"97528"
]
},
{
"start": 269,
"end": 283,
"label": [
"400339"
]
},
{
"start": 312,
"end": 323,
"label": [
"18967"
]
},
{
"start": 372,
"end": 382,
"label": [
"23642250"
]
},
{
"start": 600,
"end": 609,
"label": [
"262252"
]
},
{
"start": 610,
"end": 628,
"label": [
"596706"
]
},
{
"start": 629,
"end": 646,
"label": [
"283810"
]
},
{
"start": 1307,
"end": 1319,
"label": [
"14286920"
]
},
{
"start": 1836,
"end": 1851,
"label": [
"15412"
]
},
{
"start": 1870,
"end": 1878,
"label": [
"158788"
]
},
{
"start": 2053,
"end": 2065,
"label": [
"402133"
]
},
{
"start": 2142,
"end": 2155,
"label": [
"97039"
]
},
{
"start": 2348,
"end": 2360,
"label": [
"14286920"
]
},
{
"start": 2429,
"end": 2435,
"label": [
"10958"
]
},
{
"start": 2577,
"end": 2593,
"label": [
"2965679"
]
},
{
"start": 2687,
"end": 2696,
"label": [
"14286920"
]
},
{
"start": 2703,
"end": 2711,
"label": [
"3133272"
]
},
{
"start": 2787,
"end": 2795,
"label": [
"3331193"
]
},
{
"start": 2814,
"end": 2826,
"label": [
"168393"
]
},
{
"start": 2922,
"end": 2929,
"label": [
"36308268"
]
},
{
"start": 3118,
"end": 3135,
"label": [
"2627408"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1416_Deaths
|
* 643 – Hou Junji, Chinese general and politician, Chancellor of the Tang dynasty * 926 – Burchard II, Duke of Swabia (b. 883) *1380 – Catherine of Siena, Italian mystic, philosopher, and saint (b. 1347) *1417 – Louis II of Anjou (b. 1377) *1594 – Thomas Cooper, English bishop, lexicographer, and theologian (b. 1517) *1630 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French soldier and poet (b. 1552) *1658 – John Cleveland, English poet and author (b. 1613) *1676 – Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral (b. 1607) *1688 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1620) *1698 – Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk (b. 1655) *1707 – George Farquhar, Irish-English actor and playwright (b. 1678) *1743 – Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, French theorist and author (b. 1658) *1768 – Georg Brandt, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (b. 1694) *1771 – Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, French-Italian architect, designed Winter Palace and Catherine Palace (b. 1700) *1776 – Edward Wortley Montagu, English explorer and author (b. 1713) *1793 – John Michell, English geologist and astronomer (b. 1724) *1798 – Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, Austrian entomologist and author (b. 1723) *1833 – William Babington, Anglo-Irish physician and mineralogist (b. 1756) *1854 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1768) *1903 – Paul Du Chaillu, French-American anthropologist and zoologist (b. 1835) *1905 – Ignacio Cervantes, Cuban pianist and composer (b. 1847) *1916 – Jørgen Pedersen Gram, Danish mathematician and academic (b. 1850) *1920 – William H. Seward Jr., American general and banker (b. 1839) *1921 – Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863) *1933 – Constantine P. Cavafy, Greek poet and journalist (b. 1863) *1937 – William Gillette, American actor and playwright (b. 1853) *1944 – Bernardino Machado, Portuguese academic and politician, 3rd President of Portugal (b. 1851) *1945 – Matthias Kleinheisterkamp, German SS officer (b. 1893) *1947 – Irving Fisher, American economist and statistician (b. 1867) *1951 – Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian-English philosopher and academic (b. 1889) *1954 – Kathleen Clarice Groom, Australian-English author and screenwriter (b. 1872) *1956 – Harold Bride, English soldier and operator (b. 1890) * 1956 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (b. 1876) *1959 – Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson, India-born English soldier and Governor of Gibraltar (b. 1891) *1964 – Rae Johnstone, Australian jockey (b. 1905) *1966 – William Eccles, English physicist and engineer (b. 1875) * 1966 – Paula Strasberg, American actress, acting coach, and member of the Communist Party (b. 1909) *1967 – J. B. Lenoir, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1929) *1968 – Lin Zhao, Chinese dissident and Christian executed during the Cultural Revolution (b. 1932) *1976 – Edvard Drabløs, Norwegian actor and director (b. 1883) *1978 – Theo Helfrich, German race car driver (b. 1913) *1979 – Muhsin Ertuğrul, Turkish actor and director (b. 1892) * 1979 – Hardie Gramatky, American author and illustrator (b. 1907) *1980 – Alfred Hitchcock, English-American director and producer (b. 1899) *1982 – Raymond Bussières, French actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1907) *1992 – Mae Clarke, American actress (b. 1910) *1993 – Michael Gordon, American actor and director (b. 1909) * 1993 – Mick Ronson, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1946) *1997 – Mike Royko, American journalist and author (b. 1932) *1998 – Hal Laycoe, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1922) *2000 – Phạm Văn Đồng, Vietnamese lieutenant and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1906) *2001 – Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr., American physicist and academic (b. 1936) *2002 – Bob Akin, American race car driver and journalist (b. 1936) *2003 – Janko Bobetko, Croatian Army general and Chief of the General Staff (b. 1919) *2004 – Sid Smith, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1925) *2005 – William J. Bell, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1927) * 2005 – Louis Leithold, American mathematician and academic (b. 1924) *2006 – John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian-American economist and diplomat, United States Ambassador to India (b. 1908) *2007 – Milt Bocek, American baseball player and soldier (b. 1912) * 2007 – Josh Hancock, American baseball player (b. 1978) * 2007 – Dick Motz, New Zealand cricketer and rugby player (b. 1940) * 2007 – Ivica Račan, Croatian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (b. 1944) *2008 – Chuck Daigh, American race car driver (b. 1923) * 2008 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and academic (b. 1906) *2010 – Sandy Douglas, English computer scientist and academic, designed OXO (b. 1921) *2011 – Siamak Pourzand, Iranian journalist and critic (b. 1931) *2011 – Joanna Russ, American writer, academic and radical feminist (b. 1937) *2012 – Shukri Ghanem, Libyan politician, Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1942) * 2012 – Joel Goldsmith, American composer and conductor (b. 1957) * 2012 – Roland Moreno. French engineer, invented the smart card (b. 1945) * 2012 – Kenny Roberts, American singer-songwriter (b. 1926) *2013 – Alex Elisala, New Zealand-Australian rugby player (b. 1992) * 2013 – Pesah Grupper, Israeli politician, 13th Israel Minister of Agriculture (b. 1924) * 2013 – Parekura Horomia, New Zealand politician, 40th Minister of Māori Affairs (b. 1950) * 2013 – John La Montaine, American pianist and composer (b. 1920) * 2013 – Ernest Michael, American mathematician and scholar (b. 1925) * 2013 – Kevin Moore, English footballer (b. 1958) * 2013 – Marianna Zachariadi, Greek pole vaulter (b. 1990) *2014 – Iveta Bartošová, Czech singer and actress (b. 1966) * 2014 – Al Feldstein, American author and illustrator (b. 1925) * 2014 – Bob Hoskins, English actor (b. 1942) * 2014 – Michael Kadosh, Israeli footballer and manager (b. 1940) *2015 – François Michelin, French businessman (b. 1926) * 2015 – Jean Nidetch, American businesswoman, co-founded Weight Watchers (b. 1923) * 2015 – Calvin Peete, American golfer (b. 1943) * 2015 – Dan Walker, American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Illinois (b. 1922) *2016 – Renato Corona, Filipino lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (b. 1948) *2019 – John Singleton, American film director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1968) * 2019 – Josef Šural, Czech footballer (b. 1990)
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"36307"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 23,
"label": [
"11322784"
]
},
{
"start": 57,
"end": 87,
"label": [
"10556774"
]
},
{
"start": 90,
"end": 93,
"label": [
"36423"
]
},
{
"start": 102,
"end": 129,
"label": [
"4855672"
]
},
{
"start": 140,
"end": 144,
"label": [
"34956"
]
},
{
"start": 153,
"end": 171,
"label": [
"7471"
]
},
{
"start": 223,
"end": 227,
"label": [
"39900"
]
},
{
"start": 236,
"end": 253,
"label": [
"732584"
]
},
{
"start": 265,
"end": 269,
"label": [
"34991"
]
},
{
"start": 278,
"end": 291,
"label": [
"302969"
]
},
{
"start": 350,
"end": 354,
"label": [
"35078"
]
},
{
"start": 363,
"end": 380,
"label": [
"967091"
]
},
{
"start": 417,
"end": 421,
"label": [
"38614"
]
},
{
"start": 430,
"end": 444,
"label": [
"996736"
]
},
{
"start": 481,
"end": 485,
"label": [
"38656"
]
},
{
"start": 494,
"end": 511,
"label": [
"140794"
]
},
{
"start": 538,
"end": 542,
"label": [
"34733"
]
},
{
"start": 551,
"end": 592,
"label": [
"11449"
]
},
{
"start": 604,
"end": 608,
"label": [
"38643"
]
},
{
"start": 617,
"end": 657,
"label": [
"1457771"
]
},
{
"start": 679,
"end": 705,
"label": [
"3093538"
]
},
{
"start": 717,
"end": 721,
"label": [
"34709"
]
},
{
"start": 730,
"end": 745,
"label": [
"50825"
]
},
{
"start": 793,
"end": 797,
"label": [
"34596"
]
},
{
"start": 806,
"end": 843,
"label": [
"525965"
]
},
{
"start": 883,
"end": 887,
"label": [
"35820"
]
},
{
"start": 896,
"end": 908,
"label": [
"320366"
]
},
{
"start": 954,
"end": 958,
"label": [
"35675"
]
},
{
"start": 967,
"end": 997,
"label": [
"1270817"
]
},
{
"start": 1034,
"end": 1047,
"label": [
"16615604"
]
},
{
"start": 1052,
"end": 1068,
"label": [
"827457"
]
},
{
"start": 1080,
"end": 1084,
"label": [
"8380114"
]
},
{
"start": 1093,
"end": 1115,
"label": [
"400020"
]
},
{
"start": 1156,
"end": 1160,
"label": [
"35416"
]
},
{
"start": 1169,
"end": 1181,
"label": [
"418591"
]
},
{
"start": 1227,
"end": 1231,
"label": [
"35798"
]
},
{
"start": 1240,
"end": 1265,
"label": [
"2113996"
]
},
{
"start": 1311,
"end": 1315,
"label": [
"34706"
]
},
{
"start": 1324,
"end": 1341,
"label": [
"1750783"
]
},
{
"start": 1355,
"end": 1364,
"label": [
"23315"
]
},
{
"start": 1369,
"end": 1381,
"label": [
"19883"
]
},
{
"start": 1393,
"end": 1397,
"label": [
"34781"
]
},
{
"start": 1406,
"end": 1443,
"label": [
"318854"
]
},
{
"start": 1483,
"end": 1509,
"label": [
"170015"
]
},
{
"start": 1521,
"end": 1525,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 1534,
"end": 1549,
"label": [
"723225"
]
},
{
"start": 1607,
"end": 1611,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 1620,
"end": 1637,
"label": [
"5217921"
]
},
{
"start": 1677,
"end": 1681,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 1690,
"end": 1710,
"label": [
"851232"
]
},
{
"start": 1757,
"end": 1761,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 1770,
"end": 1791,
"label": [
"6872144"
]
},
{
"start": 1832,
"end": 1836,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 1845,
"end": 1856,
"label": [
"1611216"
]
},
{
"start": 1887,
"end": 1891,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 1900,
"end": 1921,
"label": [
"729945"
]
},
{
"start": 1960,
"end": 1964,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 1973,
"end": 1989,
"label": [
"314924"
]
},
{
"start": 2032,
"end": 2036,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 2045,
"end": 2063,
"label": [
"634405"
]
},
{
"start": 2105,
"end": 2126,
"label": [
"516093"
]
},
{
"start": 2138,
"end": 2142,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 2151,
"end": 2176,
"label": [
"4937997"
]
},
{
"start": 2185,
"end": 2187,
"label": [
"27040"
]
},
{
"start": 2207,
"end": 2211,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 2220,
"end": 2233,
"label": [
"404504"
]
},
{
"start": 2282,
"end": 2286,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 2295,
"end": 2314,
"label": [
"17741"
]
},
{
"start": 2369,
"end": 2373,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 2382,
"end": 2404,
"label": [
"22197482"
]
},
{
"start": 2460,
"end": 2464,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 2473,
"end": 2485,
"label": [
"477394"
]
},
{
"start": 2541,
"end": 2564,
"label": [
"543175"
]
},
{
"start": 2598,
"end": 2602,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 2611,
"end": 2639,
"label": [
"4535082"
]
},
{
"start": 2672,
"end": 2693,
"label": [
"435407"
]
},
{
"start": 2705,
"end": 2709,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 2718,
"end": 2731,
"label": [
"56131824"
]
},
{
"start": 2762,
"end": 2766,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 2775,
"end": 2789,
"label": [
"704307"
]
},
{
"start": 2847,
"end": 2862,
"label": [
"1864129"
]
},
{
"start": 2941,
"end": 2945,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 2954,
"end": 2966,
"label": [
"3212329"
]
},
{
"start": 3020,
"end": 3024,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 3033,
"end": 3041,
"label": [
"24091720"
]
},
{
"start": 3126,
"end": 3130,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 3139,
"end": 3153,
"label": [
"20625215"
]
},
{
"start": 3195,
"end": 3199,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 3208,
"end": 3221,
"label": [
"1235651"
]
},
{
"start": 3257,
"end": 3261,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 3270,
"end": 3285,
"label": [
"5217569"
]
},
{
"start": 3339,
"end": 3354,
"label": [
"5009744"
]
},
{
"start": 3399,
"end": 3403,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 3412,
"end": 3428,
"label": [
"808"
]
},
{
"start": 3480,
"end": 3484,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 3493,
"end": 3510,
"label": [
"18812971"
]
},
{
"start": 3564,
"end": 3568,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 3577,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"2565361"
]
},
{
"start": 3617,
"end": 3621,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 3630,
"end": 3644,
"label": [
"3724157"
]
},
{
"start": 3699,
"end": 3710,
"label": [
"191861"
]
},
{
"start": 3767,
"end": 3771,
"label": [
"34601"
]
},
{
"start": 3780,
"end": 3790,
"label": [
"70727"
]
},
{
"start": 3834,
"end": 3838,
"label": [
"34647"
]
},
{
"start": 3847,
"end": 3857,
"label": [
"8637365"
]
},
{
"start": 3907,
"end": 3911,
"label": [
"34548"
]
},
{
"start": 3920,
"end": 3933,
"label": [
"80074"
]
},
{
"start": 3977,
"end": 4002,
"label": [
"439887"
]
},
{
"start": 4014,
"end": 4018,
"label": [
"34551"
]
},
{
"start": 4027,
"end": 4051,
"label": [
"3005518"
]
},
{
"start": 4096,
"end": 4100,
"label": [
"35502"
]
},
{
"start": 4109,
"end": 4117,
"label": [
"14503060"
]
},
{
"start": 4170,
"end": 4174,
"label": [
"36163"
]
},
{
"start": 4183,
"end": 4196,
"label": [
"344325"
]
},
{
"start": 4262,
"end": 4266,
"label": [
"35524"
]
},
{
"start": 4275,
"end": 4284,
"label": [
"3842769"
]
},
{
"start": 4334,
"end": 4338,
"label": [
"35984"
]
},
{
"start": 4347,
"end": 4362,
"label": [
"1517452"
]
},
{
"start": 4424,
"end": 4438,
"label": [
"30775584"
]
},
{
"start": 4487,
"end": 4491,
"label": [
"36164"
]
},
{
"start": 4500,
"end": 4522,
"label": [
"84271"
]
},
{
"start": 4611,
"end": 4615,
"label": [
"36165"
]
},
{
"start": 4624,
"end": 4634,
"label": [
"7375711"
]
},
{
"start": 4698,
"end": 4710,
"label": [
"4952543"
]
},
{
"start": 4762,
"end": 4771,
"label": [
"2804755"
]
},
{
"start": 4837,
"end": 4848,
"label": [
"393795"
]
},
{
"start": 4875,
"end": 4900,
"label": [
"327754"
]
},
{
"start": 4912,
"end": 4916,
"label": [
"35825"
]
},
{
"start": 4925,
"end": 4936,
"label": [
"1228277"
]
},
{
"start": 4988,
"end": 5002,
"label": [
"19544100"
]
},
{
"start": 5042,
"end": 5046,
"label": [
"43226"
]
},
{
"start": 5055,
"end": 5068,
"label": [
"3068306"
]
},
{
"start": 5120,
"end": 5123,
"label": [
"1095597"
]
},
{
"start": 5135,
"end": 5139,
"label": [
"36225"
]
},
{
"start": 5148,
"end": 5163,
"label": [
"6832683"
]
},
{
"start": 5206,
"end": 5210,
"label": [
"36225"
]
},
{
"start": 5219,
"end": 5230,
"label": [
"16017"
]
},
{
"start": 5290,
"end": 5294,
"label": [
"47374"
]
},
{
"start": 5303,
"end": 5316,
"label": [
"394990"
]
},
{
"start": 5386,
"end": 5400,
"label": [
"653852"
]
},
{
"start": 5459,
"end": 5472,
"label": [
"35669547"
]
},
{
"start": 5504,
"end": 5514,
"label": [
"59957"
]
},
{
"start": 5540,
"end": 5553,
"label": [
"19095069"
]
},
{
"start": 5593,
"end": 5597,
"label": [
"46945"
]
},
{
"start": 5606,
"end": 5618,
"label": [
"39165764"
]
},
{
"start": 5681,
"end": 5694,
"label": [
"19041877"
]
},
{
"start": 5721,
"end": 5751,
"label": [
"12580059"
]
},
{
"start": 5777,
"end": 5793,
"label": [
"1075403"
]
},
{
"start": 5824,
"end": 5849,
"label": [
"1869411"
]
},
{
"start": 5875,
"end": 5891,
"label": [
"1783077"
]
},
{
"start": 5948,
"end": 5962,
"label": [
"18568359"
]
},
{
"start": 6024,
"end": 6035,
"label": [
"10177912"
]
},
{
"start": 6081,
"end": 6100,
"label": [
"39259805"
]
},
{
"start": 6132,
"end": 6136,
"label": [
"48630"
]
},
{
"start": 6145,
"end": 6160,
"label": [
"40120682"
]
},
{
"start": 6212,
"end": 6224,
"label": [
"1988142"
]
},
{
"start": 6283,
"end": 6294,
"label": [
"164228"
]
},
{
"start": 6335,
"end": 6349,
"label": [
"27142521"
]
},
{
"start": 6393,
"end": 6397,
"label": [
"49708"
]
},
{
"start": 6406,
"end": 6423,
"label": [
"46569126"
]
},
{
"start": 6469,
"end": 6481,
"label": [
"10149266"
]
},
{
"start": 6518,
"end": 6533,
"label": [
"594473"
]
},
{
"start": 6559,
"end": 6571,
"label": [
"5405274"
]
},
{
"start": 6614,
"end": 6624,
"label": [
"637125"
]
},
{
"start": 6663,
"end": 6683,
"label": [
"253070"
]
},
{
"start": 6695,
"end": 6699,
"label": [
"51387"
]
},
{
"start": 6708,
"end": 6721,
"label": [
"8804770"
]
},
{
"start": 6756,
"end": 6809,
"label": [
"2377561"
]
},
{
"start": 6821,
"end": 6825,
"label": [
"51391"
]
},
{
"start": 6834,
"end": 6848,
"label": [
"155994"
]
},
{
"start": 6925,
"end": 6936,
"label": [
"21758857"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1436_In the arts
|
===Painting and sculpture=== Paintings on the life of Abraham tend to focus on only a few incidents: the sacrifice of Isaac; meeting Melchizedek; entertaining the three angels; Hagar in the desert; and a few others. Additionally, Martin O'Kane, a professor of Biblical Studies, writes that the parable of Lazarus resting in the "Bosom of Abraham", as described in the Gospel of Luke, became an iconic image in Christian works. According to O'Kane, artists often chose to divert from the common literary portrayal of Lazarus sitting next to Abraham at a banquet in Heaven and instead focus on the "somewhat incongruous notion of Abraham, the most venerated of patriarchs, holding a naked and vulnerable child in his bosom". Several artists have been inspired by the life of Abraham, including Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), Caravaggio (1573–1610), Donatello, Raphael, Philip van Dyck (Dutch painter, 1680–1753), and Claude Lorrain (French painter, 1600–1682). Rembrandt (Dutch, 1606–1669) created at least seven works on Abraham, Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) did several, Marc Chagall did at least five on Abraham, Gustave Doré (French illustrator, 1832–1883) did six, and James Tissot (French painter and illustrator, 1836–1902) did over twenty works on the subject. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus depicts a set of biblical stories, including Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. These sculpted scenes are on the outside of a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus. He died in 359. This sarcophagus has been described as "probably the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture." The sarcophagus was originally placed in or under Old St. Peter's Basilica, was rediscovered in 1597, and is now below the modern basilica in the Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro (Museum of St. Peter's Basilica) in the Vatican. The base is approximately 4 × 8 × 4 feet. The Old Testament scenes depicted were chosen as precursors of Christ's sacrifice in the New Testament, in an early form of typology. Just to the right of the middle is Daniel in the lion's den and on the left is Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac. George Segal created figural sculptures by molding plastered gauze strips over live models in his 1987 work Abraham's Farewell to Ishmael. The human condition was central to his concerns, and Segal used the Old Testament as a source for his imagery. This sculpture depicts the dilemma faced by Abraham when Sarah demanded that he expel Hagar and Ishmael. In the sculpture, the father's tenderness, Sarah's rage, and Hagar's resigned acceptance portray a range of human emotions. The sculpture was donated to the Miami Art Museum after the artist's death in 2000. Usually Abraham can be identified by the context of the image the meeting with Melchizedek, the three visitors, or the sacrifice of Isaac. In solo portraits a sword or knife may be used as his attribute, as in this statue by Gian Maria Morlaiter or this painting by Lorenzo Monaco. He always wears a gray or white beard. As early as the beginning of the 3rd century, Christian art followed Christian in making the sacrifice of Isaac a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrifice on the cross and its memorial in the sacrifice of the Mass. See for example this 11th-century Christian altar engraved with Abraham's and other sacrifices taken to prefigure that of Christ in the Eucharist. Some early Christian writers interpreted the three visitors as the triune God. Thus in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, a 5th-century mosaic portrays only the visitors against a gold ground and puts semitransparent copies of them in the "heavenly" space above the scene. In Eastern Orthodox art the visit is the chief means by which the Trinity is pictured (example). Some images do not include Abraham and Sarah, like Andrei Rublev's Trinity, which shows only the three visitors as beardless youths at a table. Fear and Trembling (original Danish title: Frygt og Bæven) is an influential philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio (John the Silent). Kierkegaard wanted to understand the anxiety that must have been present in Abraham when God asked him to sacrifice his son. In 1994, Steve Reich released an opera named The Cave. The title refers to the Cave of the Patriarchs. The narrative of the opera is based on the story of Abraham and his immediate family as it is recounted in the various religious texts, and as it is understood by individual people from different cultures and religious traditions. Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited" is the title track for his 1965 album Highway 61 Revisited. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song as number 364 in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Stanza 1, God tells Abraham to "kill me a son". God wants the killing done on Highway 61. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is also the name of Dylan's own father.
|
[
{
"start": 305,
"end": 312,
"label": [
"1636038"
]
},
{
"start": 329,
"end": 345,
"label": [
"1597073"
]
},
{
"start": 368,
"end": 382,
"label": [
"12491"
]
},
{
"start": 792,
"end": 806,
"label": [
"2402"
]
},
{
"start": 820,
"end": 830,
"label": [
"7018"
]
},
{
"start": 844,
"end": 853,
"label": [
"69852"
]
},
{
"start": 855,
"end": 862,
"label": [
"44525"
]
},
{
"start": 864,
"end": 879,
"label": [
"294462"
]
},
{
"start": 912,
"end": 926,
"label": [
"81669"
]
},
{
"start": 956,
"end": 965,
"label": [
"4254144"
]
},
{
"start": 1026,
"end": 1043,
"label": [
"21463370"
]
},
{
"start": 1069,
"end": 1081,
"label": [
"63135"
]
},
{
"start": 1170,
"end": 1182,
"label": [
"1440880"
]
},
{
"start": 1269,
"end": 1297,
"label": [
"20593017"
]
},
{
"start": 1430,
"end": 1445,
"label": [
"343611"
]
},
{
"start": 1446,
"end": 1457,
"label": [
"188863"
]
},
{
"start": 1481,
"end": 1494,
"label": [
"20593067"
]
},
{
"start": 1678,
"end": 1702,
"label": [
"5793151"
]
},
{
"start": 1839,
"end": 1859,
"label": [
"73188"
]
},
{
"start": 1868,
"end": 1875,
"label": [
"32408"
]
},
{
"start": 2008,
"end": 2021,
"label": [
"21433"
]
},
{
"start": 2043,
"end": 2051,
"label": [
"2983681"
]
},
{
"start": 2166,
"end": 2178,
"label": [
"1725313"
]
},
{
"start": 2808,
"end": 2819,
"label": [
"8285608"
]
},
{
"start": 3474,
"end": 3484,
"label": [
"30511"
]
},
{
"start": 3914,
"end": 3932,
"label": [
"253558"
]
},
{
"start": 3943,
"end": 3949,
"label": [
"8227"
]
},
{
"start": 4013,
"end": 4030,
"label": [
"27069"
]
},
{
"start": 4244,
"end": 4255,
"label": [
"26822"
]
},
{
"start": 4280,
"end": 4288,
"label": [
"1414841"
]
},
{
"start": 4314,
"end": 4336,
"label": [
"74664"
]
},
{
"start": 4569,
"end": 4578,
"label": [
"4637590"
]
},
{
"start": 4582,
"end": 4602,
"label": [
"3750272"
]
},
{
"start": 4642,
"end": 4662,
"label": [
"145975"
]
},
{
"start": 4673,
"end": 4686,
"label": [
"25441"
]
},
{
"start": 4903,
"end": 4906,
"label": [
"5362648"
]
},
{
"start": 4925,
"end": 4938,
"label": [
"153811"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1490_Births
|
*1153 – William IX, Count of Poitiers (d. 1156) *1465 – Philibert I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1482) *1473 – Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (d. 1483) *1501 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1529) *1556 – Alexander Briant, English martyr and saint (d. 1581) *1578 – Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660) * 1578 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1638) *1582 – John Matthew Rispoli, Maltese philosopher (d. 1639) *1586 – Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (d. 1654) *1607 – Pierre de Fermat, French lawyer and mathematician (d. 1665) *1603 – Lennart Torstensson, Swedish Field Marshal, Privy Councillour and Governor-General (d. 1651) *1612 – Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Polish nobleman (d. 1651) *1629 – John III Sobieski, Polish–Lithuanian king (d. 1696) *1686 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer and educator (d. 1768) *1753 – Josef Dobrovský, Bohemian philologist and historian (d. 1828) *1768 – Louis Desaix, French general (d. 1800) *1786 – Davy Crockett, American soldier and politician (d. 1836) * 1786 – Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (d. 1861) *1801 – Fredrika Bremer, Swedish writer and feminist (d. 1865) *1828 – Jules Bernard Luys, French neurologist and physician (d. 1897) *1840 – Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, English poet and activist (d. 1922) *1845 – Henry Cadwalader Chapman, American physician and naturalist (d. 1909) *1849 – William Kidston, Scottish-Australian politician, 17th Premier of Queensland (d. 1919) *1863 – Gene Stratton-Porter, American author and photographer (d. 1924) *1865 – Julia Marlowe, English-American actress (d. 1950) *1866 – Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, Indian 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (d. 1911) *1873 – John A. Sampson, American gynecologist and academic (d. 1946) *1877 – Ralph McKittrick, American golfer and tennis player (d. 1923) *1878 – Reggie Duff, Australian cricketer (d. 1911) *1880 – Percy Sherwell, South African cricketer and tennis player (d. 1948) *1887 – Charles I of Austria (d. 1922) * 1887 – Marcus Garvey, Jamaican journalist and activist, founded Black Star Line (d. 1940) *1888 – Monty Woolley, American actor, raconteur, and pundit (d. 1963) *1890 – Stefan Bastyr, Polish soldier and pilot (d. 1920) * 1890 – Harry Hopkins, American politician and diplomat, 8th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1946) *1893 – John Brahm, German-American director and production manager (d. 1982) * 1893 – Mae West, American actress, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 1980) *1894 – William Rootes, 1st Baron Rootes, English businessman, founded Rootes Group (d. 1964) *1896 – Leslie Groves, American general and engineer (d. 1970) * 1896 – Tõnis Kint, Estonian lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 1991) * 1896 – Oliver Waterman Larkin, American historian and author (d. 1970) *1900 – Vivienne de Watteville, British travel writer and adventurer (d. 1957) * 1900 – Pauline A. Young, African-American teacher, historian, aviator and activist (d. 1991) *1904 – Mary Cain, American journalist and politician (d. 1984) * 1904 – Leopold Nowak, Austrian composer and musicologist (d. 1991) *1909 – Larry Clinton, American trumpet player and bandleader (d. 1985) * 1909 – Wilf Copping, English footballer (d. 1980) *1911 – Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian chess player and engineer (d. 1995) * 1911 – Martin Sandberger, German colonel and lawyer (d. 2010) *1913 – Mark Felt, American lawyer and agent, 2nd Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. 2008) * 1913 – Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1989) * 1913 – Rudy York, American baseball player and manager (d. 1970) *1914 – Bill Downs, American journalist (d. 1978) * 1914 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1988) *1916 – Moses Majekodunmi, Nigerian physician and politician (d. 2012) *1918 – Evelyn Ankers, British-American actress (d. 1985) * 1918 – Ike Quebec, American saxophonist and pianist (d. 1963) * 1918 – Michael John Wise, English geographer and academic (d. 2015) *1919 – Georgia Gibbs, American singer (d. 2006) *1920 – Maureen O'Hara, Irish-American actress and singer (d. 2015) * 1920 – Lida Moser, American photographer and author (d. 2014) *1921 – Geoffrey Elton, German-English historian and academic (d. 1994) *1922 – Roy Tattersall, English cricketer (d. 2011) *1923 – Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (d. 2019) * 1923 – Larry Rivers, American painter and sculptor (d. 2002) *1924 – Evan S. Connell, American novelist, poet, and short story writer (d. 2013) *1926 – Valerie Eliot, English businesswoman (d. 2012) * 1926 – Jiang Zemin, Chinese engineer and politician, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and 5th President of China *1927 – Sam Butera, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 2009) * 1927 – F. Ray Keyser Jr., American lawyer and politician, 72nd Governor of Vermont (d. 2015) *1928 – T. J. Anderson, American composer, conductor, and educator * 1928 – Willem Duys, Dutch tennis player, sportscaster, and producer (d. 2011) *1929 – Francis Gary Powers, American captain and pilot (d. 1977) *1930 – Harve Bennett, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2015) * 1930 – Ted Hughes, English poet and playwright (d. 1998) *1931 – Tony Wrigley, English historian, demographer, and academic *1932 – V. S. Naipaul, Trinidadian-English novelist and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) * 1932 – Duke Pearson, American pianist and composer (d. 1980) * 1932 – Jean-Jacques Sempé, French cartoonist *1933 – Mark Dinning, American pop singer (d. 1986) *1934 – João Donato, Brazilian pianist and composer * 1934 – Ron Henry, English footballer (d. 2014) *1936 – Seamus Mallon, Irish educator and politician, Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland * 1936 – Margaret Heafield Hamilton, American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. *1938 – Theodoros Pangalos, Greek lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece *1939 – Luther Allison, American blues guitarist and singer (d. 1997) *1940 – Eduardo Mignogna, Argentinian director and screenwriter (d. 2006) * 1940 – Barry Sheerman, English academic and politician *1941 – Lothar Bisky, German businessman and politician (d. 2013) * 1941 – Jean Pierre Lefebvre, Canadian director and screenwriter *1942 – Shane Porteous, Australian actor, animator, and screenwriter *1943 – Edward Cowie, English composer, painter, and author * 1943 – Robert De Niro, American actor, entrepreneur, director, and producer * 1943 – John Humphrys, Welsh journalist and author * 1943 – Dave "Snaker" Ray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002) *1944 – Larry Ellison, American businessman, co-founded the Oracle Corporation * 1944 – Jean-Bernard Pommier, French pianist and conductor *1945 – Rachel Pollack, American author, poet, and educator *1946 – Hugh Baiocchi, South African golfer * 1946 – Martha Coolidge, American director, producer, and screenwriter * 1946 – Patrick Manning, Trinidadian-Tobagonian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2016) *1947 – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976-2016) (d. 2016) * 1947 – Gary Talley, American guitarist (The Box Tops), singer-songwriter, and author *1948 – Alexander Ivashkin, Russian-English cellist and conductor (d. 2014) *1949 – Norm Coleman, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Mayor of St. Paul * 1949 – Sue Draheim, American fiddler and composer (d. 2013) * 1949 – Julian Fellowes, English actor, director, screenwriter, and politician * 1949 – Sib Hashian, American rock drummer (Boston) (d. 2017) *1951 – Richard Hunt, American Muppet performer (d. 1992) *1952 – Aleksandr Maksimenkov, Russian footballer and coach (d. 2012) * 1952 – Nelson Piquet, Brazilian race car driver and businessman * 1952 – Mario Theissen, German engineer and businessman * 1952 – Guillermo Vilas, Argentinian tennis player *1953 – Mick Malthouse, Australian footballer and coach * 1953 – Herta Müller, Romanian-German poet and author, Nobel Prize laureate * 1953 – Korrie Layun Rampan, Indonesian author, poet, and critic (d. 2015) * 1953 – Kevin Rowland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist *1954 – Eric Johnson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1954 – Andrés Pastrana Arango, Colombian lawyer and politician, 38th President of Colombia *1955 – Colin Moulding, English singer-songwriter and bassist *1956 – Gail Berman, American businessman, co-founded BermanBraun * 1956 – Álvaro Pino, Spanish cyclist *1957 – Ken Kwapis, American director and screenwriter * 1957 – Laurence Overmire, American poet, author, and actor * 1957 – Robin Cousins, British competitive figure skater *1958 – Belinda Carlisle, American singer-songwriter * 1958 – Fred Goodwin, Scottish banker and accountant * 1958 – Maurizio Sandro Sala, Brazilian race car driver *1959 – Jonathan Franzen, American novelist and essayist * 1959 – Jacek Kazimierski, Polish footballer * 1959 – Eric Schlosser, American journalist and author *1960 – Stephan Eicher, Swiss singer-songwriter * 1960 – Sean Penn, American actor, director, and political activist *1962 – Gilby Clarke, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1962 – Dan Dakich, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster *1963 – Jon Gruden, American football player, coach, and sportscaster *1964 – Colin James, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1964 – Maria McKee, American singer-songwriter * 1964 – Dave Penney, English footballer and manager *1965 – Steve Gorman, American drummer * 1965 – Dottie Pepper, American golfer *1966 – Jüri Luik, Estonian politician and diplomat, 18th Estonian Minister of Defense * 1966 – Rodney Mullen, American skateboarder and stuntman * 1966 – Don Sweeney, Canadian ice hockey player and manager *1967 – Michael Preetz, German footballer and manager *1968 – Andriy Kuzmenko, Ukrainian singer-songwriter (d. 2015) * 1968 – Ed McCaffrey, American football player and sportscaster * 1968 – Helen McCrory, English actress *1969 – Christian Laettner, American basketball player and coach * 1969 – Donnie Wahlberg, American singer-songwriter, actor and producer * 1969 – Kelvin Mercer, American rapper, songwriter and producer *1970 – Jim Courier, American tennis player and sportscaster * 1970 – Andrus Kivirähk, Estonian author * 1970 – Øyvind Leonhardsen, Norwegian footballer and coach *1971 – Uhm Jung-hwa, South Korean singer and actress * 1971 – Jorge Posada, Puerto Rican-American baseball player * 1971 – Shaun Rehn, Australian footballer and coach *1972 – Habibul Bashar, Bangladeshi cricketer *1974 – Johannes Maria Staud, Austrian composer *1976 – Eric Boulton, Canadian ice hockey player * 1976 – Geertjan Lassche, Dutch journalist and director * 1976 – Serhiy Zakarlyuka, Ukrainian footballer and manager (d. 2014) *1977 – Nathan Deakes, Australian race walker * 1977 – William Gallas, French footballer * 1977 – Thierry Henry, French footballer * 1977 – Mike Lewis, Welsh guitarist * 1977 – Tarja Turunen, Finnish singer-songwriter and producer *1979 – Antwaan Randle El, American football player and journalist *1980 – Keith Dabengwa, Zimbabwean cricketer * 1980 – Daniel Güiza, Spanish footballer * 1980 – Jan Kromkamp, Dutch footballer * 1980 – Lene Marlin, Norwegian singer-songwriter *1982 – Phil Jagielka, English footballer * 1982 – Cheerleader Melissa, American wrestler and manager * 1982 – Mark Salling, American actor and musician (d. 2018) *1983 – Dustin Pedroia, American baseball player *1984 – Dee Brown, American basketball player * 1984 – Oksana Domnina, Russian ice dancer * 1984 – Garrett Wolfe, American football player *1985 – Yū Aoi, Japanese actress and model *1986 – Rudy Gay, American basketball player * 1986 – Tyrus Thomas, American basketball player *1988 – Natalie Sandtorv, Norwegian singer-songwriter * 1988 – Jihadi John, Kuwaiti-British member of ISIS (d. 2015) * 1988 – Erika Toda, Japanese actress *1992 – Alex Elisala, New Zealand-Australian rugby player (d. 2013) * 1992 – Chanel Mata'utia, Australian rugby league player * 1992 – Paige, English wrestler *1993 – Ederson Moraes, Brazilian footballer * 1993 – Sarah Sjöström, Swedish swimmer *1994 – Phoebe Bridgers, American singer/songwriter *1995 – Gracie Gold, American figure skater * 1995 – Dallin Watene-Zelezniak, New Zealand rugby league player *1996 – Jake Virtanen, Canadian ice hockey player *2000 – Lil Pump, American rapper and songwriter
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"36391"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 43,
"label": [
"69001"
]
},
{
"start": 55,
"end": 59,
"label": [
"34957"
]
},
{
"start": 68,
"end": 94,
"label": [
"69496"
]
},
{
"start": 106,
"end": 110,
"label": [
"35077"
]
},
{
"start": 119,
"end": 154,
"label": [
"299148"
]
},
{
"start": 166,
"end": 170,
"label": [
"38706"
]
},
{
"start": 179,
"end": 216,
"label": [
"34433009"
]
},
{
"start": 228,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"38666"
]
},
{
"start": 241,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"3208839"
]
},
{
"start": 295,
"end": 299,
"label": [
"38599"
]
},
{
"start": 308,
"end": 324,
"label": [
"902131"
]
},
{
"start": 367,
"end": 409,
"label": [
"35291048"
]
},
{
"start": 463,
"end": 467,
"label": [
"34868"
]
},
{
"start": 476,
"end": 496,
"label": [
"32571975"
]
},
{
"start": 529,
"end": 533,
"label": [
"38593"
]
},
{
"start": 542,
"end": 564,
"label": [
"491030"
]
},
{
"start": 595,
"end": 599,
"label": [
"35087"
]
},
{
"start": 608,
"end": 624,
"label": [
"7576966"
]
},
{
"start": 669,
"end": 673,
"label": [
"34891"
]
},
{
"start": 682,
"end": 701,
"label": [
"33575929"
]
},
{
"start": 776,
"end": 780,
"label": [
"35098"
]
},
{
"start": 789,
"end": 808,
"label": [
"1191306"
]
},
{
"start": 837,
"end": 841,
"label": [
"35143"
]
},
{
"start": 850,
"end": 867,
"label": [
"48303"
]
},
{
"start": 903,
"end": 907,
"label": [
"38649"
]
},
{
"start": 916,
"end": 930,
"label": [
"430717"
]
},
{
"start": 973,
"end": 977,
"label": [
"35827"
]
},
{
"start": 986,
"end": 1001,
"label": [
"901870"
]
},
{
"start": 1049,
"end": 1053,
"label": [
"35820"
]
},
{
"start": 1062,
"end": 1074,
"label": [
"7025663"
]
},
{
"start": 1102,
"end": 1106,
"label": [
"35800"
]
},
{
"start": 1115,
"end": 1128,
"label": [
"81083"
]
},
{
"start": 1187,
"end": 1228,
"label": [
"406622"
]
},
{
"start": 1240,
"end": 1244,
"label": [
"34704"
]
},
{
"start": 1253,
"end": 1268,
"label": [
"89341"
]
},
{
"start": 1309,
"end": 1313,
"label": [
"34620"
]
},
{
"start": 1322,
"end": 1340,
"label": [
"1543324"
]
},
{
"start": 1386,
"end": 1390,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 1399,
"end": 1419,
"label": [
"938866"
]
},
{
"start": 1458,
"end": 1462,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 1471,
"end": 1495,
"label": [
"57176116"
]
},
{
"start": 1542,
"end": 1546,
"label": [
"35243"
]
},
{
"start": 1555,
"end": 1570,
"label": [
"1062869"
]
},
{
"start": 1609,
"end": 1630,
"label": [
"24677"
]
},
{
"start": 1642,
"end": 1646,
"label": [
"34641"
]
},
{
"start": 1655,
"end": 1675,
"label": [
"344903"
]
},
{
"start": 1721,
"end": 1725,
"label": [
"38275275"
]
},
{
"start": 1734,
"end": 1747,
"label": [
"2357607"
]
},
{
"start": 1785,
"end": 1789,
"label": [
"34667"
]
},
{
"start": 1798,
"end": 1826,
"label": [
"2118878"
]
},
{
"start": 1839,
"end": 1857,
"label": [
"907292"
]
},
{
"start": 1869,
"end": 1873,
"label": [
"34746"
]
},
{
"start": 1882,
"end": 1897,
"label": [
"1633806"
]
},
{
"start": 1945,
"end": 1949,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 1958,
"end": 1974,
"label": [
"13917224"
]
},
{
"start": 2021,
"end": 2025,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2034,
"end": 2045,
"label": [
"2873118"
]
},
{
"start": 2079,
"end": 2083,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 2092,
"end": 2106,
"label": [
"3780637"
]
},
{
"start": 2161,
"end": 2165,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2174,
"end": 2194,
"label": [
"153477"
]
},
{
"start": 2220,
"end": 2233,
"label": [
"181535"
]
},
{
"start": 2277,
"end": 2292,
"label": [
"1059086"
]
},
{
"start": 2304,
"end": 2308,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 2317,
"end": 2330,
"label": [
"145645"
]
},
{
"start": 2381,
"end": 2385,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2394,
"end": 2407,
"label": [
"5114454"
]
},
{
"start": 2459,
"end": 2472,
"label": [
"521249"
]
},
{
"start": 2512,
"end": 2547,
"label": [
"44272"
]
},
{
"start": 2559,
"end": 2563,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2572,
"end": 2582,
"label": [
"3645821"
]
},
{
"start": 2657,
"end": 2665,
"label": [
"173082"
]
},
{
"start": 2725,
"end": 2729,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 2738,
"end": 2770,
"label": [
"5892007"
]
},
{
"start": 2801,
"end": 2813,
"label": [
"516136"
]
},
{
"start": 2825,
"end": 2829,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 2838,
"end": 2851,
"label": [
"60540"
]
},
{
"start": 2908,
"end": 2918,
"label": [
"5853537"
]
},
{
"start": 2956,
"end": 2990,
"label": [
"11604118"
]
},
{
"start": 3016,
"end": 3038,
"label": [
"5929720"
]
},
{
"start": 3081,
"end": 3085,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 3094,
"end": 3116,
"label": [
"9890372"
]
},
{
"start": 3180,
"end": 3196,
"label": [
"52289693"
]
},
{
"start": 3267,
"end": 3271,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3280,
"end": 3289,
"label": [
"10444792"
]
},
{
"start": 3351,
"end": 3364,
"label": [
"416715"
]
},
{
"start": 3412,
"end": 3416,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 3425,
"end": 3438,
"label": [
"5888214"
]
},
{
"start": 3504,
"end": 3516,
"label": [
"2634421"
]
},
{
"start": 3548,
"end": 3552,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3561,
"end": 3578,
"label": [
"242416"
]
},
{
"start": 3639,
"end": 3656,
"label": [
"11959726"
]
},
{
"start": 3695,
"end": 3699,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3708,
"end": 3717,
"label": [
"1967935"
]
},
{
"start": 3750,
"end": 3804,
"label": [
"11499749"
]
},
{
"start": 3830,
"end": 3850,
"label": [
"1235925"
]
},
{
"start": 3905,
"end": 3914,
"label": [
"1229477"
]
},
{
"start": 3964,
"end": 3968,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3977,
"end": 3987,
"label": [
"6827131"
]
},
{
"start": 4034,
"end": 4063,
"label": [
"432014"
]
},
{
"start": 4107,
"end": 4111,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4120,
"end": 4137,
"label": [
"27489045"
]
},
{
"start": 4184,
"end": 4188,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4197,
"end": 4210,
"label": [
"3662436"
]
},
{
"start": 4262,
"end": 4272,
"label": [
"2920043"
]
},
{
"start": 4332,
"end": 4349,
"label": [
"23822252"
]
},
{
"start": 4394,
"end": 4398,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4407,
"end": 4420,
"label": [
"304355"
]
},
{
"start": 4449,
"end": 4453,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4462,
"end": 4476,
"label": [
"235309"
]
},
{
"start": 4537,
"end": 4547,
"label": [
"37135991"
]
},
{
"start": 4593,
"end": 4597,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 4606,
"end": 4620,
"label": [
"1128052"
]
},
{
"start": 4671,
"end": 4675,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4684,
"end": 4698,
"label": [
"3249314"
]
},
{
"start": 4729,
"end": 4733,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4742,
"end": 4758,
"label": [
"12527909"
]
},
{
"start": 4803,
"end": 4815,
"label": [
"1301031"
]
},
{
"start": 4858,
"end": 4862,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4871,
"end": 4886,
"label": [
"1037745"
]
},
{
"start": 4947,
"end": 4951,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 4960,
"end": 4973,
"label": [
"1790520"
]
},
{
"start": 5022,
"end": 5033,
"label": [
"95871"
]
},
{
"start": 5075,
"end": 5124,
"label": [
"220159"
]
},
{
"start": 5133,
"end": 5151,
"label": [
"47747524"
]
},
{
"start": 5153,
"end": 5157,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5166,
"end": 5176,
"label": [
"6250695"
]
},
{
"start": 5239,
"end": 5256,
"label": [
"2859521"
]
},
{
"start": 5295,
"end": 5314,
"label": [
"253092"
]
},
{
"start": 5326,
"end": 5330,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5339,
"end": 5353,
"label": [
"8774067"
]
},
{
"start": 5413,
"end": 5424,
"label": [
"31727251"
]
},
{
"start": 5485,
"end": 5489,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5498,
"end": 5517,
"label": [
"12888"
]
},
{
"start": 5557,
"end": 5561,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5570,
"end": 5583,
"label": [
"252383"
]
},
{
"start": 5645,
"end": 5655,
"label": [
"31034"
]
},
{
"start": 5696,
"end": 5700,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5709,
"end": 5721,
"label": [
"7724512"
]
},
{
"start": 5769,
"end": 5773,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 5782,
"end": 5795,
"label": [
"29636499"
]
},
{
"start": 5840,
"end": 5851,
"label": [
"23385442"
]
},
{
"start": 5886,
"end": 5898,
"label": [
"1058528"
]
},
{
"start": 5955,
"end": 5973,
"label": [
"593232"
]
},
{
"start": 5994,
"end": 5998,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 6007,
"end": 6019,
"label": [
"1598663"
]
},
{
"start": 6052,
"end": 6056,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 6065,
"end": 6076,
"label": [
"11926834"
]
},
{
"start": 6124,
"end": 6133,
"label": [
"12342116"
]
},
{
"start": 6165,
"end": 6169,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6178,
"end": 6191,
"label": [
"264833"
]
},
{
"start": 6224,
"end": 6265,
"label": [
"17165970"
]
},
{
"start": 6281,
"end": 6307,
"label": [
"28196618"
]
},
{
"start": 6377,
"end": 6381,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6390,
"end": 6408,
"label": [
"2865375"
]
},
{
"start": 6439,
"end": 6470,
"label": [
"26000295"
]
},
{
"start": 6472,
"end": 6476,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6485,
"end": 6499,
"label": [
"1429918"
]
},
{
"start": 6548,
"end": 6552,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6561,
"end": 6577,
"label": [
"7323198"
]
},
{
"start": 6642,
"end": 6656,
"label": [
"450368"
]
},
{
"start": 6691,
"end": 6695,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 6704,
"end": 6716,
"label": [
"358365"
]
},
{
"start": 6777,
"end": 6797,
"label": [
"4334922"
]
},
{
"start": 6835,
"end": 6839,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6848,
"end": 6862,
"label": [
"4511099"
]
},
{
"start": 6910,
"end": 6914,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 6923,
"end": 6935,
"label": [
"10674742"
]
},
{
"start": 6990,
"end": 7004,
"label": [
"20913302"
]
},
{
"start": 7074,
"end": 7087,
"label": [
"592787"
]
},
{
"start": 7132,
"end": 7149,
"label": [
"1352760"
]
},
{
"start": 7203,
"end": 7207,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7216,
"end": 7229,
"label": [
"172395"
]
},
{
"start": 7268,
"end": 7286,
"label": [
"22591"
]
},
{
"start": 7302,
"end": 7322,
"label": [
"58410347"
]
},
{
"start": 7354,
"end": 7358,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7367,
"end": 7381,
"label": [
"1887116"
]
},
{
"start": 7420,
"end": 7424,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 7433,
"end": 7446,
"label": [
"2710665"
]
},
{
"start": 7484,
"end": 7499,
"label": [
"2412312"
]
},
{
"start": 7562,
"end": 7577,
"label": [
"393850"
]
},
{
"start": 7667,
"end": 7671,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 7680,
"end": 7697,
"label": [
"1450397"
]
},
{
"start": 7699,
"end": 7748,
"label": [
"2157948"
]
},
{
"start": 7786,
"end": 7797,
"label": [
"5693672"
]
},
{
"start": 7819,
"end": 7831,
"label": [
"548916"
]
},
{
"start": 7865,
"end": 7869,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 7878,
"end": 7896,
"label": [
"26094312"
]
},
{
"start": 7947,
"end": 7951,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 7960,
"end": 7972,
"label": [
"237833"
]
},
{
"start": 8044,
"end": 8055,
"label": [
"39139598"
]
},
{
"start": 8112,
"end": 8127,
"label": [
"1673691"
]
},
{
"start": 8198,
"end": 8209,
"label": [
"9336800"
]
},
{
"start": 8234,
"end": 8240,
"label": [
"167665"
]
},
{
"start": 8253,
"end": 8257,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8266,
"end": 8278,
"label": [
"1458661"
]
},
{
"start": 8317,
"end": 8321,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8330,
"end": 8351,
"label": [
"18514423"
]
},
{
"start": 8407,
"end": 8420,
"label": [
"204645"
]
},
{
"start": 8479,
"end": 8493,
"label": [
"2626921"
]
},
{
"start": 8542,
"end": 8557,
"label": [
"870652"
]
},
{
"start": 8586,
"end": 8590,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8599,
"end": 8613,
"label": [
"3162735"
]
},
{
"start": 8662,
"end": 8674,
"label": [
"6151067"
]
},
{
"start": 8709,
"end": 8720,
"label": [
"23385442"
]
},
{
"start": 8745,
"end": 8764,
"label": [
"47560043"
]
},
{
"start": 8827,
"end": 8840,
"label": [
"187306"
]
},
{
"start": 8883,
"end": 8887,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 8896,
"end": 8908,
"label": [
"161645"
]
},
{
"start": 8977,
"end": 8999,
"label": [
"508869"
]
},
{
"start": 9039,
"end": 9060,
"label": [
"251302"
]
},
{
"start": 9062,
"end": 9066,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9075,
"end": 9089,
"label": [
"1050369"
]
},
{
"start": 9130,
"end": 9134,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9143,
"end": 9154,
"label": [
"556515"
]
},
{
"start": 9189,
"end": 9200,
"label": [
"36388652"
]
},
{
"start": 9216,
"end": 9227,
"label": [
"6742226"
]
},
{
"start": 9246,
"end": 9250,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9259,
"end": 9269,
"label": [
"1599692"
]
},
{
"start": 9321,
"end": 9338,
"label": [
"31928425"
]
},
{
"start": 9388,
"end": 9401,
"label": [
"1503091"
]
},
{
"start": 9438,
"end": 9442,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9451,
"end": 9467,
"label": [
"338350"
]
},
{
"start": 9511,
"end": 9523,
"label": [
"1572499"
]
},
{
"start": 9571,
"end": 9591,
"label": [
"36354271"
]
},
{
"start": 9620,
"end": 9624,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9633,
"end": 9649,
"label": [
"172101"
]
},
{
"start": 9697,
"end": 9714,
"label": [
"8902103"
]
},
{
"start": 9749,
"end": 9763,
"label": [
"751045"
]
},
{
"start": 9797,
"end": 9801,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9810,
"end": 9824,
"label": [
"2498450"
]
},
{
"start": 9865,
"end": 9874,
"label": [
"113746"
]
},
{
"start": 9926,
"end": 9930,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 9939,
"end": 9951,
"label": [
"889446"
]
},
{
"start": 10020,
"end": 10030,
"label": [
"15902897"
]
},
{
"start": 10085,
"end": 10089,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10098,
"end": 10108,
"label": [
"1085026"
]
},
{
"start": 10161,
"end": 10165,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10174,
"end": 10185,
"label": [
"18059470"
]
},
{
"start": 10254,
"end": 10265,
"label": [
"1065514"
]
},
{
"start": 10309,
"end": 10320,
"label": [
"1175663"
]
},
{
"start": 10354,
"end": 10358,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10367,
"end": 10379,
"label": [
"8835838"
]
},
{
"start": 10413,
"end": 10426,
"label": [
"1631887"
]
},
{
"start": 10445,
"end": 10449,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10458,
"end": 10467,
"label": [
"12410610"
]
},
{
"start": 10508,
"end": 10536,
"label": [
"30874166"
]
},
{
"start": 10552,
"end": 10565,
"label": [
"147944"
]
},
{
"start": 10617,
"end": 10628,
"label": [
"4254794"
]
},
{
"start": 10670,
"end": 10674,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10683,
"end": 10697,
"label": [
"5572922"
]
},
{
"start": 10730,
"end": 10734,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10743,
"end": 10758,
"label": [
"45281379"
]
},
{
"start": 10813,
"end": 10825,
"label": [
"1306419"
]
},
{
"start": 10884,
"end": 10897,
"label": [
"2657339"
]
},
{
"start": 10916,
"end": 10920,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10929,
"end": 10947,
"label": [
"462823"
]
},
{
"start": 11001,
"end": 11016,
"label": [
"587794"
]
},
{
"start": 11080,
"end": 11093,
"label": [
"6444909"
]
},
{
"start": 11137,
"end": 11141,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11150,
"end": 11161,
"label": [
"685780"
]
},
{
"start": 11218,
"end": 11233,
"label": [
"17380077"
]
},
{
"start": 11266,
"end": 11284,
"label": [
"1336743"
]
},
{
"start": 11318,
"end": 11322,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11331,
"end": 11343,
"label": [
"3994488"
]
},
{
"start": 11392,
"end": 11404,
"label": [
"770949"
]
},
{
"start": 11459,
"end": 11469,
"label": [
"3872627"
]
},
{
"start": 11504,
"end": 11508,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11517,
"end": 11531,
"label": [
"899160"
]
},
{
"start": 11556,
"end": 11560,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11569,
"end": 11589,
"label": [
"24735305"
]
},
{
"start": 11610,
"end": 11614,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11623,
"end": 11635,
"label": [
"714283"
]
},
{
"start": 11679,
"end": 11695,
"label": [
"20206444"
]
},
{
"start": 11742,
"end": 11759,
"label": [
"15638197"
]
},
{
"start": 11805,
"end": 11809,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 11818,
"end": 11831,
"label": [
"4452239"
]
},
{
"start": 11871,
"end": 11885,
"label": [
"1437022"
]
},
{
"start": 11920,
"end": 11933,
"label": [
"220160"
]
},
{
"start": 11968,
"end": 11978,
"label": [
"1158532"
]
},
{
"start": 12011,
"end": 12024,
"label": [
"1003976"
]
},
{
"start": 12066,
"end": 12070,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12079,
"end": 12096,
"label": [
"1273767"
]
},
{
"start": 12139,
"end": 12143,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12152,
"end": 12166,
"label": [
"2878295"
]
},
{
"start": 12204,
"end": 12216,
"label": [
"11612549"
]
},
{
"start": 12252,
"end": 12264,
"label": [
"2682729"
]
},
{
"start": 12298,
"end": 12309,
"label": [
"19337202"
]
},
{
"start": 12340,
"end": 12344,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12353,
"end": 12366,
"label": [
"4144218"
]
},
{
"start": 12402,
"end": 12421,
"label": [
"2868586"
]
},
{
"start": 12468,
"end": 12480,
"label": [
"24378497"
]
},
{
"start": 12521,
"end": 12525,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 12534,
"end": 12548,
"label": [
"3222203"
]
},
{
"start": 12576,
"end": 12580,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 12589,
"end": 12598,
"label": [
"3290557"
]
},
{
"start": 12642,
"end": 12656,
"label": [
"7828469"
]
},
{
"start": 12692,
"end": 12705,
"label": [
"7233309"
]
},
{
"start": 12733,
"end": 12737,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 12746,
"end": 12752,
"label": [
"6794543"
]
},
{
"start": 12782,
"end": 12786,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 12795,
"end": 12803,
"label": [
"3468007"
]
},
{
"start": 12847,
"end": 12859,
"label": [
"4122222"
]
},
{
"start": 12889,
"end": 12893,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 12902,
"end": 12918,
"label": [
"46953935"
]
},
{
"start": 12963,
"end": 12974,
"label": [
"43630864"
]
},
{
"start": 13002,
"end": 13006,
"label": [
"9087364"
]
},
{
"start": 13032,
"end": 13042,
"label": [
"3383226"
]
},
{
"start": 13062,
"end": 13066,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 13075,
"end": 13087,
"label": [
"39165764"
]
},
{
"start": 13150,
"end": 13166,
"label": [
"43390413"
]
},
{
"start": 13214,
"end": 13219,
"label": [
"31163221"
]
},
{
"start": 13239,
"end": 13243,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 13252,
"end": 13266,
"label": [
"42928625"
]
},
{
"start": 13304,
"end": 13318,
"label": [
"16493334"
]
},
{
"start": 13337,
"end": 13341,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 13350,
"end": 13365,
"label": [
"50790360"
]
},
{
"start": 13395,
"end": 13399,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 13408,
"end": 13419,
"label": [
"33420403"
]
},
{
"start": 13459,
"end": 13482,
"label": [
"42406221"
]
},
{
"start": 13517,
"end": 13521,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 13530,
"end": 13543,
"label": [
"42094442"
]
},
{
"start": 13573,
"end": 13577,
"label": [
"34548"
]
},
{
"start": 13586,
"end": 13594,
"label": [
"58837335"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1525_Mechanism of action
|
In 1971, British pharmacologist John Robert Vane, then employed by the Royal College of Surgeons in London, showed aspirin suppressed the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. For this discovery he was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Sune Bergström and Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson. Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (COX; officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, PTGS) enzyme required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a serine residue in the active site of the PTGS enzyme (Suicide inhibition). This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs (such as diclofenac and ibuprofen), which are reversible inhibitors. Low-dose aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation during the lifetime of the affected platelet (8–9 days). This antithrombotic property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks in people who have had a heart attack, unstable angina, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. 40mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> release provoked acutely, with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition. Prostaglandins, local hormones produced in the body, have diverse effects, including the transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the hypothalamic thermostat, and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form blood clots. Heart attacks are caused primarily by blood clots, and low doses of aspirin are seen as an effective medical intervention for acute myocardial infarction. At least two different types of cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, are acted on by aspirin. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and modifies the enzymatic activity of COX-2. COX-2 normally produces prostanoids, most of which are proinflammatory. Aspirin-modified PTGS2 produces lipoxins, most of which are anti-inflammatory. Newer NSAID drugs, COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs), have been developed to inhibit only PTGS2, with the intent to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. However, several of the new COX-2 inhibitors, such as rofecoxib (Vioxx), have been withdrawn in the last decade, after evidence emerged that PTGS2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body are proposed to express PTGS2, and, by selectively inhibiting PTGS2, prostaglandin production (specifically, PGI2; prostacyclin) is downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as PTGS1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anticoagulative effect of PGI2 is removed, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new PTGS once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, an important difference with reversible inhibitors. Furthermore, aspirin, while inhibiting the ability of COX-2 to form pro-inflammatory products such as the prostaglandins, converts this enzyme's activity from a prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase to a lipoxygenase-like enzyme: aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolizes a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxy products which are then further metabolized to specialized proresolving mediators such as the aspirin-triggered lipoxins, aspirin-triggered resolvins, and aspirin-triggered maresins. These mediators possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. It is proposed that this aspirin-triggered transition of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity and the consequential formation of specialized proresolving mediators contributes to the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin. Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. Aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses are given, it may actually cause fever, owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. In addition, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection; however, evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection. More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF-κB. NF-κB, a transcription factor complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation. Aspirin is readily broken down in the body to salicylic acid, which itself has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. In 2012, salicylic acid was found to activate AMP-activated protein kinase, which has been suggested as a possible explanation for some of the effects of both salicylic acid and aspirin. The acetyl portion of the aspirin molecule has its own targets. Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post-translational level. Aspirin is able to acetylate several other targets in addition to COX isoenzymes. These acetylation reactions may explain many hitherto unexplained effects of aspirin.
|
[
{
"start": 17,
"end": 31,
"label": [
"24354"
]
},
{
"start": 32,
"end": 48,
"label": [
"753714"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end": 96,
"label": [
"411056"
]
},
{
"start": 152,
"end": 165,
"label": [
"92336"
]
},
{
"start": 171,
"end": 182,
"label": [
"900732"
]
},
{
"start": 228,
"end": 265,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 280,
"end": 294,
"label": [
"922588"
]
},
{
"start": 299,
"end": 323,
"label": [
"498608"
]
},
{
"start": 452,
"end": 466,
"label": [
"321628"
]
},
{
"start": 684,
"end": 690,
"label": [
"63551"
]
},
{
"start": 738,
"end": 756,
"label": [
"2654846"
]
},
{
"start": 815,
"end": 825,
"label": [
"359650"
]
},
{
"start": 830,
"end": 839,
"label": [
"155627"
]
},
{
"start": 933,
"end": 958,
"label": [
"10994237"
]
},
{
"start": 1561,
"end": 1568,
"label": [
"13311"
]
},
{
"start": 1693,
"end": 1705,
"label": [
"58685"
]
},
{
"start": 1808,
"end": 1819,
"label": [
"183058"
]
},
{
"start": 2319,
"end": 2334,
"label": [
"772572"
]
},
{
"start": 2517,
"end": 2526,
"label": [
"648807"
]
},
{
"start": 2991,
"end": 2995,
"label": [
"899223"
]
},
{
"start": 3379,
"end": 3393,
"label": [
"92336"
]
},
{
"start": 3476,
"end": 3488,
"label": [
"3000554"
]
},
{
"start": 3549,
"end": 3576,
"label": [
"3321981"
]
},
{
"start": 3639,
"end": 3673,
"label": [
"50704695"
]
},
{
"start": 3704,
"end": 3711,
"label": [
"1017170"
]
},
{
"start": 3732,
"end": 3741,
"label": [
"1900851"
]
},
{
"start": 3765,
"end": 3772,
"label": [
"29909074"
]
},
{
"start": 4156,
"end": 4181,
"label": [
"22773"
]
},
{
"start": 5025,
"end": 5030,
"label": [
"2344516"
]
},
{
"start": 5041,
"end": 5061,
"label": [
"31474"
]
},
{
"start": 5326,
"end": 5354,
"label": [
"537599"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1540_Medieval accounts
|
Snorri Sturlason in the Prologue of The Edda, tells of the world as parted in three continents: Africa, Asia and the third part called Europe or Enea. Snorri also tells of a Trojan named Munon or Menon, who marries the daughter of the High King (Yfirkonungr) Priam called Troan and travels to distant lands, marries the Sybil and got a son, Tror, who, as Snorri tells, is identical to Thor. This tale resemble some episodes of the Aeneid. Continuations of Trojan matter in the Middle Ages had their effects on the character of Aeneas as well. The 12th-century French Roman d'Enéas addresses Aeneas's sexuality. Though Virgil appears to deflect all homoeroticism onto Nisus and Euryalus, making his Aeneas a purely heterosexual character, in the Middle Ages there was at least a suspicion of homoeroticism in Aeneas. The Roman d'Enéas addresses that charge, when Queen Amata opposes Aeneas's marrying Lavinia, claiming that Aeneas loved boys. Medieval interpretations of Aeneas were greatly influenced by both Virgil and other Latin sources. Specifically, the accounts by Dares and Dictys, which were reworked by 13th-century Italian writer Guido delle Colonne (in Historia destructionis Troiae), colored many later readings. From Guido, for instance, the Pearl Poet and other English writers get the suggestion that Aeneas's safe departure from Troy with his possessions and family was a reward for treason, for which he was chastised by Hecuba. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (late 14th century) the Pearl Poet, like many other English writers, employed Aeneas to establish a genealogy for the foundation of Britain, and explains that Aeneas was "impeached for his perfidy, proven most true" (line 4).
|
[
{
"start": 0,
"end": 16,
"label": [
"23408931"
]
},
{
"start": 36,
"end": 44,
"label": [
"72196"
]
},
{
"start": 84,
"end": 94,
"label": [
"19630739"
]
},
{
"start": 96,
"end": 102,
"label": [
"5334607"
]
},
{
"start": 104,
"end": 108,
"label": [
"689"
]
},
{
"start": 135,
"end": 141,
"label": [
"9239"
]
},
{
"start": 196,
"end": 201,
"label": [
"19921282"
]
},
{
"start": 235,
"end": 244,
"label": [
"1336442"
]
},
{
"start": 259,
"end": 264,
"label": [
"24132"
]
},
{
"start": 272,
"end": 277,
"label": [
"33326242"
]
},
{
"start": 320,
"end": 325,
"label": [
"180370"
]
},
{
"start": 385,
"end": 389,
"label": [
"316348"
]
},
{
"start": 567,
"end": 580,
"label": [
"9364926"
]
},
{
"start": 667,
"end": 685,
"label": [
"7826295"
]
},
{
"start": 862,
"end": 873,
"label": [
"85003"
]
},
{
"start": 900,
"end": 907,
"label": [
"84967"
]
},
{
"start": 1140,
"end": 1159,
"label": [
"8615393"
]
},
{
"start": 1164,
"end": 1193,
"label": [
"8615373"
]
},
{
"start": 1255,
"end": 1265,
"label": [
"420961"
]
},
{
"start": 1438,
"end": 1444,
"label": [
"78986"
]
},
{
"start": 1449,
"end": 1480,
"label": [
"28833"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1558_Differences from other regional cuisines in China
|
American Chinese food builds from styles and food habits brought from the southern province of Guangdong, often from the Toisan district of Toisan, the origin of most Chinese immigration before the closure of immigration from China in 1924. These Chinese families developed new styles and used readily available ingredients, especially in California. The type of Chinese American cooking served in restaurants was different from the foods eaten in Chinese American homes. Of the various , Cantonese cuisine has been the most influential in the development of American Chinese food. Among the common differences is to treat vegetables as a side dish or garnish, while traditional cuisines of China emphasize vegetables. This can be seen in the use of carrots and tomatoes. Cuisine in China makes frequent use of Asian leaf vegetables like bok choy and kai-lan and puts a greater emphasis on fresh meat and seafood. Stir frying, pan frying, and deep frying tend to be the most common Chinese cooking techniques used in American Chinese cuisine, which are all easily done using a wok (a Chinese frying pan with bowl-like features and which accommodates very high temperatures). The food also has a reputation for high levels of MSG to enhance the flavor. Market forces and customer demand have encouraged many restaurants to offer "MSG Free" or "No MSG" menus, or to omit this ingredient on request. American Chinese cuisine makes use of ingredients not native to and very rarely used in China. One such example is the common use of Western broccoli () instead of Chinese broccoli (Gai-lan, ) in American Chinese cuisine. Occasionally, Western broccoli is also referred to as in Cantonese () in order not to confuse the two styles of broccoli. Among Chinese speakers, however, it is typically understood that one is referring to the leafy vegetable unless otherwise specified. This is also the case with the words for carrot (luo buo or lo baak, or hong luo buo, hong meaning "red") and onion (yang cong). Lo baak, in Cantonese, can refer to several types of rod-shaped root vegetable including carrot, daikon, green radish, or an umbrella term for all of them. The orange Western carrot is known in some areas of China as "foreign radish" (or more properly hung lo baak in Cantonese, hung meaning "red"). When the word for onion, cong, is used, it is understood that one is referring to "green onions" (otherwise known to English-speakers as "scallions" or "spring onions"). The larger, many-layered onion bulb common in the United States is called yang cong. This translates as "foreign onion". These names make it evident that the American broccoli, carrot, and onion are not indigenous to China, and therefore are less common in the traditional cuisines of China. Egg fried rice in American Chinese cuisine is also prepared differently, with more soy sauce added for more flavor whereas the traditional egg fried rice uses less soy sauce. Some food styles, such as dim sum, were also modified to fit American palates, such as added batter for fried dishes and extra soy sauce. Salads containing raw or uncooked ingredients are rare in traditional Chinese cuisine, as are Japanese style sushi or sashimi. However, an increasing number of American Chinese restaurants, including some upscale establishments, have started to offer these items in response to customer demand. Ming Tsai, the owner of the Blue Ginger restaurant in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and host of PBS culinary show Simply Ming, said that American Chinese restaurants typically try to have food representing 3-5 regions of China at one time, have chop suey, or have "fried vegetables and some protein in a thick sauce", "eight different sweet and sour dishes", or "a whole page of 20 different chow meins or fried rice dishes". Tsai said "Chinese-American cuisine is 'dumbed-down' Chinese food. It's adapted... to be blander, thicker and sweeter for the American public". Most American Chinese establishments cater to non-Chinese customers with menus written in English or containing pictures. If separate Chinese-language menus are available, they typically feature items such as liver, chicken feet, or other meat dishes that might deter American customers. In Chinatown, Manhattan, the restaurants were known for having a "phantom" menu with food preferred by ethnic Chinese, but believed to be disliked by non-Chinese Americans.
|
[
{
"start": 95,
"end": 104,
"label": [
"65109"
]
},
{
"start": 121,
"end": 127,
"label": [
"294156"
]
},
{
"start": 198,
"end": 231,
"label": [
"827359"
]
},
{
"start": 489,
"end": 506,
"label": [
"6182"
]
},
{
"start": 623,
"end": 632,
"label": [
"5791492"
]
},
{
"start": 652,
"end": 659,
"label": [
"2035329"
]
},
{
"start": 750,
"end": 756,
"label": [
"5985739"
]
},
{
"start": 762,
"end": 768,
"label": [
"9940234"
]
},
{
"start": 817,
"end": 831,
"label": [
"1594759"
]
},
{
"start": 838,
"end": 846,
"label": [
"760922"
]
},
{
"start": 851,
"end": 858,
"label": [
"761035"
]
},
{
"start": 896,
"end": 900,
"label": [
"18940"
]
},
{
"start": 905,
"end": 912,
"label": [
"26866"
]
},
{
"start": 914,
"end": 925,
"label": [
"53000"
]
},
{
"start": 927,
"end": 937,
"label": [
"52985"
]
},
{
"start": 943,
"end": 954,
"label": [
"52982"
]
},
{
"start": 982,
"end": 1008,
"label": [
"31195095"
]
},
{
"start": 1077,
"end": 1080,
"label": [
"33693"
]
},
{
"start": 1225,
"end": 1228,
"label": [
"62289"
]
},
{
"start": 1538,
"end": 1546,
"label": [
"66556"
]
},
{
"start": 1579,
"end": 1586,
"label": [
"761035"
]
},
{
"start": 1915,
"end": 1921,
"label": [
"5985739"
]
},
{
"start": 1984,
"end": 1989,
"label": [
"51258"
]
},
{
"start": 2015,
"end": 2024,
"label": [
"1092292"
]
},
{
"start": 2100,
"end": 2106,
"label": [
"180545"
]
},
{
"start": 2229,
"end": 2235,
"label": [
"164497"
]
},
{
"start": 2441,
"end": 2449,
"label": [
"453433"
]
},
{
"start": 2504,
"end": 2508,
"label": [
"51260"
]
},
{
"start": 2765,
"end": 2779,
"label": [
"3999119"
]
},
{
"start": 2966,
"end": 2973,
"label": [
"100640"
]
},
{
"start": 3078,
"end": 3083,
"label": [
"61950"
]
},
{
"start": 3187,
"end": 3192,
"label": [
"28271"
]
},
{
"start": 3196,
"end": 3203,
"label": [
"46360"
]
},
{
"start": 3373,
"end": 3382,
"label": [
"1473250"
]
},
{
"start": 3427,
"end": 3451,
"label": [
"257316"
]
},
{
"start": 3465,
"end": 3468,
"label": [
"29697498"
]
},
{
"start": 3483,
"end": 3494,
"label": [
"5591668"
]
},
{
"start": 3614,
"end": 3623,
"label": [
"68284"
]
},
{
"start": 4148,
"end": 4153,
"label": [
"10159687"
]
},
{
"start": 4155,
"end": 4167,
"label": [
"3828139"
]
},
{
"start": 4230,
"end": 4250,
"label": [
"100935"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1629_Births
|
* 1016 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1039) * 1113 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (d. 1151) * 1198 – Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249) * 1358 – John I of Castile (d. 1390) * 1393 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458) * 1423 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500) * 1498 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (d. 1537) * 1510 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (d. 1558) * 1552 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter and educator (d. 1614) * 1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist and astronomer (d. 1643) * 1561 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (d. 1626) * 1578 – John Taylor, English poet and author (d. 1653) * 1591 – Robert Herrick, English poet and cleric (d. 1674) * 1631 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696) * 1635 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish lawyer and politician (d. 1699) * 1684 – Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, British politician (d. 1746) * 1714 – Alaungpaya, Burmese king (d. 1760) * 1732 – Peter Ernst Wilde, German physician and journalist (d. 1785) * 1758 – Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1794) * 1759 – William Wilberforce, English philanthropist and politician (d. 1833) * 1772 – William I of the Netherlands (d. 1840) * 1787 – James Weddell, Belgian-English sailor, hunter, and explorer (d. 1834) * 1824 – Antonio Stoppani, Italian geologist and scholar (d. 1891) * 1837 – Théodore Dubois, French organist, composer, and educator (d. 1924) * 1843 – Boyd Dunlop Morehead, Australian politician, 10th Premier of Queensland (d. 1905) * 1845 – James Calhoun, American lieutenant (d. 1876) * 1851 – Tom Kendall, Australian cricketer and journalist (d. 1924) * 1860 – David Bowman, Australian lawyer and politician (d. 1916) * 1862 – Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (d. 1956) * 1863 – Dragutin Lerman, Croatian explorer (d. 1918) * 1865 – Ferdinand I of Romania (d. 1927) * 1872 – Max Beerbohm, English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist (d. 1956) * 1884 – Earl Derr Biggers, American author and playwright (d. 1933) * 1887 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974) * 1888 – Valentine Baker, Welsh co-founder of the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company (d. 1942) * 1890 – Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer, actor, and surfer (d. 1968) * 1890 – Jean Rhys, Dominican-English novelist (d. 1979) * 1893 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer, German-Israeli biochemist and academic (d. 1978) * 1895 – Richard Cushing, American cardinal (d. 1970) * 1897 – Fred Rose, American pianist, songwriter, and publisher (d. 1954) * 1898 – Malcolm Cowley, American novelist, poet, literary critic (d. 1989) * 1899 – Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator (d. 1986) * 1899 – Albert Claude, Belgian biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983) * 1899 – Gaylord DuBois, American author and poet (d. 1993) * 1900 – Maria Zubreeva, Soviet painter, graphic artist, and designer (d. 1991) * 1901 – Preston Foster, American actor (d. 1970) * 1902 – Fernand Braudel, French historian and academic (d. 1985) * 1902 – Carlo Gambino, Italian-American mob boss (d. 1976) * 1903 – Karl Hanke, German businessman and politician (d. 1945) * 1904 – Ida Cook, English campaigner for Jewish refugees, and romantic novelist as Mary Burchell (d. 1986) * 1905 – Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1974) * 1905 – Siaka Stevens, Sierra Leonean police officer and politician, 1st President of Sierra Leone (d. 1988) * 1907 – Bruno Giacometti, Swiss architect, designed the Hallenstadion (d. 2012) * 1908 – Shivaram Rajguru, Indian activist (d. 1931) * 1909 – Ronnie Grieveson, South African cricketer and soldier (d. 1998) * 1911 – Durward Kirby, American television host and announcer (d. 2000) * 1913 – Charles Snead Houston, American physician and mountaineer (d. 2009) * 1915 – Wynonie Harris, American singer and guitarist (d. 1969) * 1915 – James Tiptree, Jr., American psychologist and author (d. 1987) * 1917 – Dennis James, American game show host (d. 1997) * 1918 – Sikander Bakht, Indian field hockey player and politician, Indian Minister of External Affairs (d. 2004) * 1919 – Tosia Altman, member of the Polish resistance in World War II (d. 1943) * 1919 – J. Gordon Edwards, American entomologist, mountaineer, and DDT advocate (d. 2004) * 1919 – Enrique Llanes, Mexican wrestler (d. 2004) * 1920 – Alex Colville, Canadian painter and academic (d. 2013) * 1921 – Eric Simms, English ornithologist and conservationist (d. 2009) * 1921 – Sam Tingle, English-Zimbabwean race car driver (d. 2008) * 1922 – René Lévesque, Canadian journalist and politician, 23rd Premier of Quebec (d. 1987) * 1922 – Howard Zinn, American historian, author, and activist (d. 2010) * 1923 – Arthur Jensen, American psychologist and academic (d. 2012) * 1924 – Alyn Ainsworth, English singer and conductor (d. 1990) * 1924 – Louis Teicher, American pianist (Ferrante & Teicher) (d. 2008) * 1926 – Nancy Spero, American painter and academic (d. 2009) * 1927 – Anjali Devi, Indian actress and producer (d. 2014) * 1927 – David Ireland, Australian author and playwright * 1927 – Harry Markowitz, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate * 1929 – Yasser Arafat, Egyptian-Palestinian engineer and politician, 1st President of the Palestinian National Authority (d. 2004) * 1929 – Betty Dodson, American author and educator * 1930 – Jackie Brenston, American singer-songwriter and saxophonist (d. 1979) * 1930 – Roger McCluskey, American race car driver (d. 1993) * 1932 – Robert D. Hales, American captain and religious leader (d. 2017) * 1932 – Richard Meale, Australian pianist and composer (d. 2009) * 1932 – Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, English cardinal (d. 2017) * 1933 – Prince Rupert Loewenstein, Spanish-English banker and manager (d. 2014) * 1934 – Kenny Baker, English actor (d. 2016) * 1936 – A. S. Byatt, English novelist and poet * 1936 – Kenny Guinn, American banker and politician, 27th Governor of Nevada (d. 2010) * 1936 – Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr., American physicist and academic (d. 2001) * 1937 – Moshood Abiola, Nigerian businessman and politician (d. 1998) * 1937 – Susan Sheehan, Austrian-American journalist and author * 1938 – David Freiberg, American singer and bass player * 1938 – Mason Williams, American guitarist and composer * 1940 – Madsen Pirie, British academic, President and co-founder of the Adam Smith Institute * 1940 – Francine Lalonde, Canadian educator and politician (d. 2014) * 1940 – Keith Savage, English rugby player * 1941 – Alan M. Roberts, Professor of Zoology at the University of Bristol * 1942 – Max Cleland, American captain and politician * 1942 – Peter Gummer, Baron Chadlington, English businessman * 1942 – Jimmy Soul, American pop-soul singer (d. 1988) * 1943 – John Cipollina, American rock guitarist (d. 1989) * 1944 – Henry Braden, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013) * 1944 – Bill Goldsworthy, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 1996) * 1944 – Gregory Jarvis, American captain, engineer, and astronaut (d. 1986) * 1944 – Rocky Johnson, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer * 1945 – Ronee Blakley, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress * 1945 – Molly Duncan, Scottish saxophonist * 1945 – Ken Hensley, English rock singer-songwriter and musician * 1945 – Marsha P. Johnson, African American gay liberation activist and drag queen * 1945 – Vince McMahon, American wrestler, promoter, and entrepreneur; co-founded WWE * 1947 – Anne Archer, American actress and producer * 1947 – Paulo Coelho, Brazilian author and songwriter * 1947 – Roger De Vlaeminck, Belgian cyclist and coach * 1947 – Jim Fox, American rock drummer and organist * 1947 – Joe Manchin, American politician, 34th Governor of West Virginia * 1947 – Vladimir Masorin, Russian admiral * 1948 – Kim Sung-il, South Korean commander and pilot * 1948 – Jean Michel Jarre, French pianist, composer, and producer * 1948 – Sauli Niinistö, Finnish captain and politician, 12th President of Finland * 1948 – Alexander McCall Smith, Rhodesian-Scottish author and educator * 1949 – Stephen Paulus, American composer and educator (d. 2014) * 1949 – Charles Rocket, American actor (d. 2005) * 1950 – John Banaszak, American football player and coach * 1950 – Tim D. White, American paleoanthropologist and academic * 1951 – Danny Joe Brown, American southern rock singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2005) * 1951 – Orson Scott Card, American novelist, critic, public speaker, essayist, and columnist * 1951 – Oscar Hijuelos, American author and academic (d. 2013) * 1952 – Marion Bloem, Dutch author, director, and painter * 1952 – Bob Corker, American businessman and politician * 1952 – Carlo Curley, American organist and educator (d. 2012) * 1952 – Ian Grob, English race car driver * 1952 – Linton Kwesi Johnson, Jamaican dub poet * 1952 – Mike Shanahan, American football player and coach * 1953 – Ron Holloway, American saxophonist * 1953 – Sam Torrance, Scottish golfer and sportscaster * 1954 – Alain Daigle, Canadian ice hockey player * 1954 – Heini Otto, Dutch footballer, coach, and manager * 1955 – Mike Huckabee, American minister and politician, 44th Governor of Arkansas * 1956 – Gerry Cooney, American boxer * 1956 – John Culberson, American lawyer and politician * 1956 – Dick Lee, Singaporean singer-songwriter and playwright * 1957 – Jeffrey Daniel, American singer-songwriter and dancer * 1957 – Stephen Fry, English actor, journalist, producer, and screenwriter * 1958 – Steve Guttenberg, American actor and producer * 1958 – Chris Offutt, American author and academic * 1959 – Meg Munn, English social worker and politician * 1960 – Cal Ripken, Jr., American baseball player and coach * 1961 – Jared Harris, English actor * 1962 – Major Garrett, American journalist and author * 1962 – Emile Roemer, Dutch educator and politician * 1963 – Hideo Kojima, Japanese director, screenwriter, video game designer and video game producer * 1963 – Francis Pangilinan, Filipino lawyer and politician * 1964 – Éric Bernard, French race car driver * 1964 – Mark Cerny, American video game designer, programmer, producer and business executive * 1964 – Salizhan Sharipov, Kyrgyzstani-Russian lieutenant, pilot, and astronaut * 1965 – Marlee Matlin, American actress and producer * 1965 – Reggie Miller, American basketball player and sportscaster * 1965 – Brian Rajadurai, Sri Lankan-Canadian cricketer * 1966 – Nick Denton, English journalist and businessman, founded Gawker Media * 1967 – Michael Thomas, English footballer * 1968 – Benoît Brunet, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster * 1968 – Shoichi Funaki, Japanese-American wrestler and sportscaster * 1968 – Andreas Kisser, Brazilian guitarist, songwriter, and producer * 1968 – Tim Salmon, American baseball player and sportscaster * 1969 – Jans Koerts, Dutch cyclist * 1970 – Rich Beem, American golfer * 1970 – Tugay Kerimoğlu, Turkish footballer and manager * 1972 – Jean-Luc Brassard, Canadian skier and radio host * 1972 – Ava DuVernay, American director and screenwriter * 1972 – Todd Young, American politician * 1973 – Andrew Brunette, Canadian ice hockey player and coach * 1973 – Dave Chappelle, American comedian, actor, producer and screenwriter * 1973 – Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer * 1974 – Jennifer Lien, American actress * 1975 – Roberto Colombo, Italian footballer * 1975 – Mark de Vries, Surinamese-Dutch footballer * 1976 – Funke Akindele, Nigerian actress * 1976 – Simon Dennis, English rower and academic * 1976 – Alex O'Loughlin, Australian actor, writer, director, and producer * 1976 – Nordin Wooter, Surinamese-Dutch footballer * 1977 – Denílson de Oliveira Araújo, Brazilian footballer * 1977 – Robert Enke, German footballer (d. 2009) * 1977 – Per Gade, Danish footballer * 1977 – John Green, American author and vlogger * 1977 – Jürgen Macho, Austrian footballer * 1978 – Derek Morris, Canadian ice hockey player * 1979 – Vahur Afanasjev, Estonian author and poet * 1979 – Orlando Engelaar, Dutch footballer * 1979 – Kaki King, American guitarist and composer * 1979 – Michael Redd, American basketball player * 1981 – Chad Michael Murray, American model and actor * 1982 – José Bosingwa, Portuguese footballer * 1982 – Kim Källström, Swedish footballer * 1982 – Glen Atle Larsen, Norwegian footballer * 1983 – Brett Gardner, American baseball player * 1983 – Marcel Goc, German ice hockey player * 1983 – George Perris, Greek-French singer-songwriter and pianist * 1984 – Erin Molan, Australian journalist and sportscaster * 1984 – Charlie Villanueva, American basketball player * 1986 – Nick Adenhart, American baseball player (d. 2009) * 1986 – Joseph Akpala, Nigerian footballer * 1986 – Arian Foster, American football player * 1986 – Fabiano Santacroce, Italian footballer * 1987 – Anže Kopitar, Slovenian ice hockey player * 1987 – Daichi Miura, Japanese singer-songwriter, dancer, and choreographer * 1988 – Rupert Grint, English actor * 1988 – Manu Ma'u, New Zealand rugby league player * 1988 – Joel Thompson, Australian rugby league player * 1988 – Maya Yoshida, Japanese footballer * 1989 – Reynaldo, Brazilian footballer * 1989 – Rocío Igarzábal, Argentinian actress and singer * 1990 – Juan Pedro Lanzani, Argentinian actor and singer * 1991 – Wang Zhen, Chinese race walker * 1992 – Jemerson, Brazilian footballer * 1993 – Allen Robinson, American football player * 1995 – Lady Amelia Windsor, member of the British royal family * 1996 – Camila Giangreco Campiz, Paraguayan tennis player
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 6,
"label": [
"36035"
]
},
{
"start": 9,
"end": 27,
"label": [
"33812208"
]
},
{
"start": 66,
"end": 70,
"label": [
"36265"
]
},
{
"start": 73,
"end": 109,
"label": [
"71464"
]
},
{
"start": 122,
"end": 126,
"label": [
"40061"
]
},
{
"start": 129,
"end": 153,
"label": [
"1594"
]
},
{
"start": 166,
"end": 170,
"label": [
"39525"
]
},
{
"start": 173,
"end": 190,
"label": [
"153265"
]
},
{
"start": 203,
"end": 207,
"label": [
"36369"
]
},
{
"start": 210,
"end": 238,
"label": [
"640458"
]
},
{
"start": 251,
"end": 255,
"label": [
"39906"
]
},
{
"start": 258,
"end": 274,
"label": [
"247785"
]
},
{
"start": 303,
"end": 307,
"label": [
"35500"
]
},
{
"start": 310,
"end": 343,
"label": [
"31307439"
]
},
{
"start": 356,
"end": 360,
"label": [
"38697"
]
},
{
"start": 363,
"end": 429,
"label": [
"33558879"
]
},
{
"start": 442,
"end": 446,
"label": [
"38668"
]
},
{
"start": 449,
"end": 464,
"label": [
"2343634"
]
},
{
"start": 507,
"end": 511,
"label": [
"38666"
]
},
{
"start": 514,
"end": 526,
"label": [
"4918930"
]
},
{
"start": 579,
"end": 583,
"label": [
"35101"
]
},
{
"start": 586,
"end": 620,
"label": [
"573701"
]
},
{
"start": 633,
"end": 637,
"label": [
"38599"
]
},
{
"start": 640,
"end": 651,
"label": [
"199731"
]
},
{
"start": 689,
"end": 693,
"label": [
"38589"
]
},
{
"start": 696,
"end": 710,
"label": [
"255697"
]
},
{
"start": 748,
"end": 752,
"label": [
"35161"
]
},
{
"start": 755,
"end": 767,
"label": [
"7938399"
]
},
{
"start": 798,
"end": 802,
"label": [
"35192"
]
},
{
"start": 805,
"end": 822,
"label": [
"491534"
]
},
{
"start": 865,
"end": 869,
"label": [
"38650"
]
},
{
"start": 872,
"end": 901,
"label": [
"3639332"
]
},
{
"start": 934,
"end": 938,
"label": [
"38550"
]
},
{
"start": 941,
"end": 951,
"label": [
"1417207"
]
},
{
"start": 978,
"end": 982,
"label": [
"35674"
]
},
{
"start": 985,
"end": 1002,
"label": [
"12413646"
]
},
{
"start": 1048,
"end": 1052,
"label": [
"35408"
]
},
{
"start": 1055,
"end": 1103,
"label": [
"4155624"
]
},
{
"start": 1116,
"end": 1120,
"label": [
"35826"
]
},
{
"start": 1123,
"end": 1142,
"label": [
"50226"
]
},
{
"start": 1194,
"end": 1198,
"label": [
"35818"
]
},
{
"start": 1201,
"end": 1229,
"label": [
"37211"
]
},
{
"start": 1242,
"end": 1246,
"label": [
"34634"
]
},
{
"start": 1249,
"end": 1262,
"label": [
"651875"
]
},
{
"start": 1321,
"end": 1325,
"label": [
"35521"
]
},
{
"start": 1328,
"end": 1344,
"label": [
"1959409"
]
},
{
"start": 1388,
"end": 1392,
"label": [
"34950"
]
},
{
"start": 1395,
"end": 1410,
"label": [
"303305"
]
},
{
"start": 1464,
"end": 1468,
"label": [
"34951"
]
},
{
"start": 1471,
"end": 1491,
"label": [
"2676070"
]
},
{
"start": 1521,
"end": 1542,
"label": [
"24677"
]
},
{
"start": 1555,
"end": 1559,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 1562,
"end": 1575,
"label": [
"2355754"
]
},
{
"start": 1609,
"end": 1613,
"label": [
"35014"
]
},
{
"start": 1616,
"end": 1627,
"label": [
"2404764"
]
},
{
"start": 1677,
"end": 1681,
"label": [
"34784"
]
},
{
"start": 1684,
"end": 1696,
"label": [
"38969741"
]
},
{
"start": 1743,
"end": 1747,
"label": [
"34785"
]
},
{
"start": 1750,
"end": 1761,
"label": [
"31976542"
]
},
{
"start": 1809,
"end": 1813,
"label": [
"34641"
]
},
{
"start": 1816,
"end": 1831,
"label": [
"443696"
]
},
{
"start": 1863,
"end": 1867,
"label": [
"38275275"
]
},
{
"start": 1870,
"end": 1892,
"label": [
"37266"
]
},
{
"start": 1905,
"end": 1909,
"label": [
"34768"
]
},
{
"start": 1912,
"end": 1924,
"label": [
"164489"
]
},
{
"start": 1983,
"end": 1987,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 1990,
"end": 2007,
"label": [
"144871"
]
},
{
"start": 2052,
"end": 2056,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2059,
"end": 2071,
"label": [
"702768"
]
},
{
"start": 2110,
"end": 2114,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 2117,
"end": 2132,
"label": [
"22524707"
]
},
{
"start": 2158,
"end": 2187,
"label": [
"390018"
]
},
{
"start": 2200,
"end": 2204,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2207,
"end": 2222,
"label": [
"9118"
]
},
{
"start": 2279,
"end": 2288,
"label": [
"104121"
]
},
{
"start": 2329,
"end": 2333,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2336,
"end": 2357,
"label": [
"25419329"
]
},
{
"start": 2410,
"end": 2414,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 2417,
"end": 2432,
"label": [
"1716277"
]
},
{
"start": 2464,
"end": 2468,
"label": [
"34714"
]
},
{
"start": 2471,
"end": 2480,
"label": [
"1607052"
]
},
{
"start": 2538,
"end": 2542,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2545,
"end": 2559,
"label": [
"588965"
]
},
{
"start": 2614,
"end": 2618,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 2621,
"end": 2638,
"label": [
"15781"
]
},
{
"start": 2719,
"end": 2732,
"label": [
"1505548"
]
},
{
"start": 2766,
"end": 2777,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 2806,
"end": 2820,
"label": [
"6373258"
]
},
{
"start": 2859,
"end": 2863,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 2866,
"end": 2880,
"label": [
"28267287"
]
},
{
"start": 2939,
"end": 2943,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 2946,
"end": 2960,
"label": [
"2279069"
]
},
{
"start": 2989,
"end": 2993,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 2996,
"end": 3011,
"label": [
"280925"
]
},
{
"start": 3062,
"end": 3075,
"label": [
"147972"
]
},
{
"start": 3115,
"end": 3119,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 3122,
"end": 3132,
"label": [
"1434648"
]
},
{
"start": 3180,
"end": 3184,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3187,
"end": 3195,
"label": [
"19235863"
]
},
{
"start": 3288,
"end": 3292,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3295,
"end": 3318,
"label": [
"1922208"
]
},
{
"start": 3380,
"end": 3393,
"label": [
"580501"
]
},
{
"start": 3445,
"end": 3470,
"label": [
"450108"
]
},
{
"start": 3483,
"end": 3487,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 3490,
"end": 3506,
"label": [
"17674316"
]
},
{
"start": 3538,
"end": 3551,
"label": [
"2258577"
]
},
{
"start": 3564,
"end": 3568,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3571,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"3783472"
]
},
{
"start": 3617,
"end": 3621,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 3624,
"end": 3640,
"label": [
"3817136"
]
},
{
"start": 3690,
"end": 3694,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3697,
"end": 3710,
"label": [
"2987977"
]
},
{
"start": 3763,
"end": 3767,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3770,
"end": 3791,
"label": [
"9821597"
]
},
{
"start": 3840,
"end": 3844,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3847,
"end": 3861,
"label": [
"106401"
]
},
{
"start": 3912,
"end": 3930,
"label": [
"16412"
]
},
{
"start": 3977,
"end": 3981,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 3984,
"end": 3996,
"label": [
"2608505"
]
},
{
"start": 4034,
"end": 4038,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4041,
"end": 4055,
"label": [
"492421"
]
},
{
"start": 4100,
"end": 4135,
"label": [
"812043"
]
},
{
"start": 4148,
"end": 4152,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4155,
"end": 4167,
"label": [
"838219"
]
},
{
"start": 4236,
"end": 4253,
"label": [
"882025"
]
},
{
"start": 4327,
"end": 4341,
"label": [
"3189462"
]
},
{
"start": 4372,
"end": 4376,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4379,
"end": 4392,
"label": [
"1137914"
]
},
{
"start": 4436,
"end": 4440,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 4443,
"end": 4453,
"label": [
"22174090"
]
},
{
"start": 4516,
"end": 4526,
"label": [
"1235625"
]
},
{
"start": 4575,
"end": 4579,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4582,
"end": 4595,
"label": [
"177359"
]
},
{
"start": 4638,
"end": 4655,
"label": [
"370751"
]
},
{
"start": 4675,
"end": 4686,
"label": [
"88493"
]
},
{
"start": 4741,
"end": 4745,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4748,
"end": 4761,
"label": [
"3029"
]
},
{
"start": 4810,
"end": 4814,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4817,
"end": 4831,
"label": [
"21725354"
]
},
{
"start": 4881,
"end": 4894,
"label": [
"18730996"
]
},
{
"start": 4914,
"end": 4932,
"label": [
"6545466"
]
},
{
"start": 4946,
"end": 4950,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 4953,
"end": 4964,
"label": [
"904930"
]
},
{
"start": 5008,
"end": 5012,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5015,
"end": 5026,
"label": [
"15550665"
]
},
{
"start": 5075,
"end": 5088,
"label": [
"15093165"
]
},
{
"start": 5132,
"end": 5147,
"label": [
"623633"
]
},
{
"start": 5182,
"end": 5193,
"label": [
"23535306"
]
},
{
"start": 5205,
"end": 5209,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5212,
"end": 5225,
"label": [
"34289"
]
},
{
"start": 5277,
"end": 5324,
"label": [
"38910207"
]
},
{
"start": 5344,
"end": 5356,
"label": [
"685106"
]
},
{
"start": 5389,
"end": 5393,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5396,
"end": 5411,
"label": [
"6844420"
]
},
{
"start": 5475,
"end": 5490,
"label": [
"284516"
]
},
{
"start": 5529,
"end": 5533,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 5536,
"end": 5551,
"label": [
"874709"
]
},
{
"start": 5610,
"end": 5623,
"label": [
"3698531"
]
},
{
"start": 5676,
"end": 5698,
"label": [
"1057462"
]
},
{
"start": 5729,
"end": 5733,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5736,
"end": 5761,
"label": [
"42835026"
]
},
{
"start": 5810,
"end": 5814,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 5817,
"end": 5828,
"label": [
"144201"
]
},
{
"start": 5856,
"end": 5860,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 5863,
"end": 5874,
"label": [
"364358"
]
},
{
"start": 5911,
"end": 5922,
"label": [
"418219"
]
},
{
"start": 5999,
"end": 6023,
"label": [
"3005518"
]
},
{
"start": 6069,
"end": 6073,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6076,
"end": 6090,
"label": [
"1234054"
]
},
{
"start": 6147,
"end": 6160,
"label": [
"3013254"
]
},
{
"start": 6204,
"end": 6208,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6211,
"end": 6225,
"label": [
"25902459"
]
},
{
"start": 6268,
"end": 6282,
"label": [
"1231046"
]
},
{
"start": 6318,
"end": 6322,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6325,
"end": 6337,
"label": [
"10777391"
]
},
{
"start": 6389,
"end": 6409,
"label": [
"414562"
]
},
{
"start": 6412,
"end": 6416,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6419,
"end": 6435,
"label": [
"1471144"
]
},
{
"start": 6489,
"end": 6501,
"label": [
"18202311"
]
},
{
"start": 6526,
"end": 6530,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 6533,
"end": 6548,
"label": [
"46808400"
]
},
{
"start": 6602,
"end": 6606,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6609,
"end": 6620,
"label": [
"335062"
]
},
{
"start": 6663,
"end": 6694,
"label": [
"22306222"
]
},
{
"start": 6725,
"end": 6735,
"label": [
"2335374"
]
},
{
"start": 6774,
"end": 6778,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 6781,
"end": 6795,
"label": [
"1566906"
]
},
{
"start": 6833,
"end": 6837,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 6840,
"end": 6852,
"label": [
"39976729"
]
},
{
"start": 6904,
"end": 6920,
"label": [
"3438349"
]
},
{
"start": 6987,
"end": 7001,
"label": [
"178256"
]
},
{
"start": 7064,
"end": 7077,
"label": [
"1690687"
]
},
{
"start": 7120,
"end": 7124,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7127,
"end": 7140,
"label": [
"2879145"
]
},
{
"start": 7201,
"end": 7213,
"label": [
"21688925"
]
},
{
"start": 7245,
"end": 7256,
"label": [
"939726"
]
},
{
"start": 7311,
"end": 7328,
"label": [
"2010169"
]
},
{
"start": 7395,
"end": 7408,
"label": [
"303951"
]
},
{
"start": 7468,
"end": 7471,
"label": [
"62676"
]
},
{
"start": 7474,
"end": 7478,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 7481,
"end": 7492,
"label": [
"340560"
]
},
{
"start": 7533,
"end": 7545,
"label": [
"65145"
]
},
{
"start": 7588,
"end": 7606,
"label": [
"1127526"
]
},
{
"start": 7643,
"end": 7650,
"label": [
"7197035"
]
},
{
"start": 7696,
"end": 7707,
"label": [
"1240654"
]
},
{
"start": 7770,
"end": 7786,
"label": [
"2622148"
]
},
{
"start": 7806,
"end": 7810,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 7813,
"end": 7824,
"label": [
"4949985"
]
},
{
"start": 7868,
"end": 7885,
"label": [
"45222"
]
},
{
"start": 7935,
"end": 7949,
"label": [
"1042690"
]
},
{
"start": 7988,
"end": 8008,
"label": [
"196964"
]
},
{
"start": 8018,
"end": 8040,
"label": [
"623239"
]
},
{
"start": 8083,
"end": 8087,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8090,
"end": 8104,
"label": [
"8456958"
]
},
{
"start": 8156,
"end": 8170,
"label": [
"521549"
]
},
{
"start": 8199,
"end": 8203,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8206,
"end": 8219,
"label": [
"5157573"
]
},
{
"start": 8265,
"end": 8277,
"label": [
"3423456"
]
},
{
"start": 8323,
"end": 8327,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8330,
"end": 8345,
"label": [
"1605506"
]
},
{
"start": 8420,
"end": 8436,
"label": [
"6097209"
]
},
{
"start": 8514,
"end": 8528,
"label": [
"3995991"
]
},
{
"start": 8571,
"end": 8575,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8578,
"end": 8590,
"label": [
"27348508"
]
},
{
"start": 8637,
"end": 8647,
"label": [
"5238791"
]
},
{
"start": 8694,
"end": 8706,
"label": [
"3481307"
]
},
{
"start": 8758,
"end": 8766,
"label": [
"42469751"
]
},
{
"start": 8801,
"end": 8821,
"label": [
"501577"
]
},
{
"start": 8850,
"end": 8863,
"label": [
"1223579"
]
},
{
"start": 8902,
"end": 8906,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8909,
"end": 8921,
"label": [
"7155652"
]
},
{
"start": 8953,
"end": 8965,
"label": [
"1945024"
]
},
{
"start": 9002,
"end": 9006,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9009,
"end": 9021,
"label": [
"10912580"
]
},
{
"start": 9059,
"end": 9069,
"label": [
"8672689"
]
},
{
"start": 9110,
"end": 9114,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9117,
"end": 9130,
"label": [
"301237"
]
},
{
"start": 9194,
"end": 9198,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9201,
"end": 9213,
"label": [
"143181"
]
},
{
"start": 9239,
"end": 9253,
"label": [
"947607"
]
},
{
"start": 9295,
"end": 9303,
"label": [
"3011385"
]
},
{
"start": 9352,
"end": 9356,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9359,
"end": 9373,
"label": [
"7059187"
]
},
{
"start": 9422,
"end": 9433,
"label": [
"63401"
]
},
{
"start": 9491,
"end": 9495,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9498,
"end": 9514,
"label": [
"724645"
]
},
{
"start": 9553,
"end": 9565,
"label": [
"3119211"
]
},
{
"start": 9598,
"end": 9602,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9605,
"end": 9613,
"label": [
"435633"
]
},
{
"start": 9654,
"end": 9658,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9661,
"end": 9676,
"label": [
"153856"
]
},
{
"start": 9715,
"end": 9719,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9722,
"end": 9734,
"label": [
"1084138"
]
},
{
"start": 9752,
"end": 9756,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 9759,
"end": 9772,
"label": [
"15647983"
]
},
{
"start": 9814,
"end": 9826,
"label": [
"26543369"
]
},
{
"start": 9860,
"end": 9864,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 9867,
"end": 9879,
"label": [
"337150"
]
},
{
"start": 9914,
"end": 9931,
"label": [
"473526"
]
},
{
"start": 9938,
"end": 9957,
"label": [
"564661"
]
},
{
"start": 9967,
"end": 9985,
"label": [
"7755598"
]
},
{
"start": 10020,
"end": 10024,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10027,
"end": 10039,
"label": [
"1219780"
]
},
{
"start": 10073,
"end": 10083,
"label": [
"1089941"
]
},
{
"start": 10168,
"end": 10185,
"label": [
"656387"
]
},
{
"start": 10242,
"end": 10246,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10249,
"end": 10262,
"label": [
"182870"
]
},
{
"start": 10303,
"end": 10316,
"label": [
"459891"
]
},
{
"start": 10371,
"end": 10386,
"label": [
"8178446"
]
},
{
"start": 10420,
"end": 10424,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10427,
"end": 10438,
"label": [
"1706734"
]
},
{
"start": 10484,
"end": 10496,
"label": [
"1655558"
]
},
{
"start": 10499,
"end": 10503,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10506,
"end": 10520,
"label": [
"1045429"
]
},
{
"start": 10543,
"end": 10547,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10550,
"end": 10563,
"label": [
"6238154"
]
},
{
"start": 10618,
"end": 10632,
"label": [
"993581"
]
},
{
"start": 10687,
"end": 10701,
"label": [
"2072065"
]
},
{
"start": 10758,
"end": 10768,
"label": [
"610221"
]
},
{
"start": 10814,
"end": 10818,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10821,
"end": 10832,
"label": [
"17022543"
]
},
{
"start": 10850,
"end": 10854,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 10857,
"end": 10866,
"label": [
"1085651"
]
},
{
"start": 10893,
"end": 10908,
"label": [
"1355776"
]
},
{
"start": 10943,
"end": 10947,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 10950,
"end": 10967,
"label": [
"4255507"
]
},
{
"start": 11008,
"end": 11020,
"label": [
"19353741"
]
},
{
"start": 11066,
"end": 11076,
"label": [
"29303304"
]
},
{
"start": 11100,
"end": 11104,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11107,
"end": 11122,
"label": [
"850818"
]
},
{
"start": 11170,
"end": 11184,
"label": [
"339365"
]
},
{
"start": 11247,
"end": 11261,
"label": [
"64675"
]
},
{
"start": 11279,
"end": 11283,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11286,
"end": 11299,
"label": [
"637899"
]
},
{
"start": 11320,
"end": 11324,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11327,
"end": 11342,
"label": [
"13290847"
]
},
{
"start": 11372,
"end": 11385,
"label": [
"2421619"
]
},
{
"start": 11417,
"end": 11421,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11424,
"end": 11438,
"label": [
"23888781"
]
},
{
"start": 11466,
"end": 11478,
"label": [
"1354404"
]
},
{
"start": 11516,
"end": 11531,
"label": [
"2401235"
]
},
{
"start": 11591,
"end": 11604,
"label": [
"9713124"
]
},
{
"start": 11636,
"end": 11640,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 11643,
"end": 11670,
"label": [
"1517188"
]
},
{
"start": 11702,
"end": 11713,
"label": [
"4437347"
]
},
{
"start": 11752,
"end": 11760,
"label": [
"9428106"
]
},
{
"start": 11789,
"end": 11799,
"label": [
"6388260"
]
},
{
"start": 11838,
"end": 11850,
"label": [
"1957705"
]
},
{
"start": 11874,
"end": 11878,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 11881,
"end": 11893,
"label": [
"3622144"
]
},
{
"start": 11924,
"end": 11928,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 11931,
"end": 11946,
"label": [
"16071465"
]
},
{
"start": 11982,
"end": 11998,
"label": [
"9311273"
]
},
{
"start": 12026,
"end": 12035,
"label": [
"1310384"
]
},
{
"start": 12078,
"end": 12090,
"label": [
"1837972"
]
},
{
"start": 12121,
"end": 12125,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12128,
"end": 12147,
"label": [
"4164817"
]
},
{
"start": 12176,
"end": 12180,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12183,
"end": 12196,
"label": [
"1907593"
]
},
{
"start": 12229,
"end": 12242,
"label": [
"756383"
]
},
{
"start": 12272,
"end": 12288,
"label": [
"2633695"
]
},
{
"start": 12313,
"end": 12317,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 12320,
"end": 12333,
"label": [
"9922598"
]
},
{
"start": 12369,
"end": 12379,
"label": [
"3497400"
]
},
{
"start": 12415,
"end": 12428,
"label": [
"9728921"
]
},
{
"start": 12475,
"end": 12479,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 12482,
"end": 12492,
"label": [
"42896086"
]
},
{
"start": 12542,
"end": 12560,
"label": [
"1649823"
]
},
{
"start": 12591,
"end": 12595,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 12598,
"end": 12611,
"label": [
"17211812"
]
},
{
"start": 12657,
"end": 12670,
"label": [
"4220251"
]
},
{
"start": 12701,
"end": 12713,
"label": [
"14347644"
]
},
{
"start": 12749,
"end": 12767,
"label": [
"15308607"
]
},
{
"start": 12790,
"end": 12794,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 12797,
"end": 12809,
"label": [
"2048670"
]
},
{
"start": 12848,
"end": 12860,
"label": [
"28170199"
]
},
{
"start": 12918,
"end": 12922,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 12925,
"end": 12937,
"label": [
"158595"
]
},
{
"start": 12962,
"end": 12971,
"label": [
"42152875"
]
},
{
"start": 13014,
"end": 13027,
"label": [
"19224013"
]
},
{
"start": 13069,
"end": 13081,
"label": [
"18528636"
]
},
{
"start": 13105,
"end": 13109,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 13112,
"end": 13120,
"label": [
"21060886"
]
},
{
"start": 13152,
"end": 13167,
"label": [
"25443982"
]
},
{
"start": 13202,
"end": 13206,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 13209,
"end": 13227,
"label": [
"22020136"
]
},
{
"start": 13260,
"end": 13264,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13267,
"end": 13276,
"label": [
"28871386"
]
},
{
"start": 13300,
"end": 13304,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 13307,
"end": 13315,
"label": [
"41948077"
]
},
{
"start": 13340,
"end": 13344,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 13347,
"end": 13361,
"label": [
"36929935"
]
},
{
"start": 13390,
"end": 13394,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 13397,
"end": 13416,
"label": [
"49684681"
]
},
{
"start": 13455,
"end": 13459,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 13462,
"end": 13485,
"label": [
"39719714"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1697_Formation
|
Ambergris is formed from a secretion of the bile duct in the intestines of the sperm whale, and can be found floating on the sea or washed up on the coast. It is also sometimes found in the abdomens of dead sperm whales. Because the beaks of giant squids have been discovered within lumps of ambergris, scientists have theorized that the substance is produced by the whale's gastrointestinal tract to ease the passage of hard, sharp objects that it may have eaten. The sperm whale usually vomits these, but if one travels further down the gut, it will be covered in ambergris. Ambergris is usually passed in the fecal matter. It is speculated that an ambergris mass too large to be passed through the intestines is expelled via the mouth, leading to the reputation of ambergris as primarily coming from whale vomit. Ambergris takes years to form. Christopher Kemp, the author of Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris, says that it is only produced by sperm whales, and only by an estimated one percent of them. Ambergris is rare; once expelled by a whale, it often floats for years before making landfall. The very small chance of finding ambergris, and the legal ambiguity involved led perfume makers away from ambergris and led chemists on a quest to find viable alternatives. Ambergris is primarily found in the Atlantic Ocean and on the coasts of South Africa, Brazil, Madagascar, the East Indies, The Maldives, China, Japan, India, Australia, New Zealand, and the Molucca Islands. Most commercially collected ambergris comes from the Bahamas in the Atlantic, particularly New Providence. Fossilised ambergris from 1.75 million years ago has also been found.
|
[
{
"start": 44,
"end": 53,
"label": [
"197021"
]
},
{
"start": 61,
"end": 71,
"label": [
"69720"
]
},
{
"start": 190,
"end": 197,
"label": [
"3191861"
]
},
{
"start": 242,
"end": 253,
"label": [
"215419"
]
},
{
"start": 1339,
"end": 1353,
"label": [
"698"
]
},
{
"start": 1375,
"end": 1387,
"label": [
"17416221"
]
},
{
"start": 1389,
"end": 1395,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 1397,
"end": 1407,
"label": [
"18964"
]
},
{
"start": 1413,
"end": 1424,
"label": [
"76488"
]
},
{
"start": 1426,
"end": 1438,
"label": [
"19117"
]
},
{
"start": 1440,
"end": 1445,
"label": [
"5405"
]
},
{
"start": 1447,
"end": 1452,
"label": [
"15573"
]
},
{
"start": 1454,
"end": 1459,
"label": [
"14533"
]
},
{
"start": 1461,
"end": 1470,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 1472,
"end": 1483,
"label": [
"4913064"
]
},
{
"start": 1493,
"end": 1508,
"label": [
"51282"
]
},
{
"start": 1563,
"end": 1570,
"label": [
"3451"
]
},
{
"start": 1601,
"end": 1615,
"label": [
"381047"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1710_Births
|
*1412 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452) *1444 – Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503) *1451 – Isabella I of Castile (d. 1504) *1518 – Antoine of Navarre (d. 1562) *1592 – Wilhelm Schickard, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1635) *1610 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691) *1658 – Giuseppe Torelli, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1709) *1690 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1763) *1707 – Henry Fielding, English novelist and playwright (d. 1754) *1711 – Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy, Austrian soldier (d. 1762) *1724 – Immanuel Kant, German anthropologist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1804) *1732 – John Johnson, English architect and surveyor (d. 1814) *1744 – James Sullivan, American lawyer and politician, 7th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1808) *1757 – Alessandro Rolla, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1841) *1766 – Germaine de Staël, French author and political philosopher (d. 1817) *1812 – Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-English orientalist (d. 1894) *1816 – Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897) *1830 – Emily Davies, British suffragist and educator, co-founder and an early Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge University *1832 – Julius Sterling Morton, American journalist and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Agriculture (d. 1902) *1844 – Lewis Powell, American soldier, attempted assassin of William H. Seward (d. 1865) *1852 – William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912) *1854 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943) *1860 – Ada Rehan, Irish-American actress (d. 1916) *1870 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary and founder of Soviet Russia (d. 1924) *1872 – Princess Margaret of Prussia (d. 1954) *1873 – Ellen Glasgow, American author (d. 1945) *1876 – Róbert Bárány, Austrian-Swedish otologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936) * 1876 – Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler and strongman (d. 1920) *1879 – Bernhard Gregory, Estonian-German chess player (d. 1939) *1884 – Otto Rank, Austrian-American psychologist and academic (d. 1939) *1886 – Izidor Cankar, Slovenian historian, author, and diplomat (d. 1958) *1889 – Richard Glücks, German SS officer (d. 1945) *1891 – Laura Gilpin, American photographer (d. 1979) * 1891 – Vittorio Jano, Italian engineer (d. 1965) * 1891 – Harold Jeffreys, English mathematician, geophysicist, and astronomer (d. 1989) * 1891 – Nicola Sacco, Italian-American anarchist (d. 1927) *1892 – Vernon Johns, African-American minister and activist (d. 1965) *1899 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born novelist and critic (d. 1977) *1900 – Nellie Beer, British politician, Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1966–67 (d. 1988) *1904 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (d. 1967) *1905 – Robert Choquette, American-Canadian author, poet, and diplomat (d. 1991) * 1906 – Eric Fenby, English composer and educator (d. 1997) * 1906 – Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (d. 1947) *1908 – Ivan Yefremov, Russian paleontologist and author (d. 1972) *1909 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sephardic Jewish-Italian neurologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) * 1909 – Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist and historian (d. 2001) * 1909 – Spyros Markezinis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000) *1910 – Norman Steenrod, American mathematician and academic (d. 1971) *1912 – Kathleen Ferrier, English operatic singer (d. 1953) * 1912 – Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012) *1914 – Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian director and producer (d. 2008) * 1914 – Jan de Hartog, Dutch-American author and playwright (d. 2002) * 1914 – José Quiñones Gonzales, Peruvian soldier and pilot (d. 1941) * 1914 – Michael Wittmann, German SS officer (d. 1944) *1916 – Hanfried Lenz, German mathematician and academic (d. 2013) * 1916 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-Swiss violinist and conductor (d. 1999) *1917 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) * 1917 – Sidney Nolan, Australian painter (d. 1992) *1918 – William Jay Smith, American poet and academic (d. 2015) * 1918 – Mickey Vernon, American baseball player and coach (d. 2008) *1919 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) * 1919 – Carl Lindner, Jr., American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2011) *1922 – Richard Diebenkorn, American soldier and painter (d. 1993) * 1922 – Charles Mingus, American bassist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1979) * 1922 – Wolf V. Vishniac, American microbiologist and academic (d. 1973) *1923 – Peter Kane Dufault, American soldier, pilot, and poet (d. 2013) * 1923 – Bettie Page, American model and actress (d. 2008) * 1923 – Aaron Spelling, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2006) *1924 – Nam Duck-woo, South Korean politician, 12th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2013) *1926 – Charlotte Rae, American actress and singer (d. 2018) * 1926 – James Stirling, Scottish architect, designed the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and Seeley Historical Library (d. 1992) *1927 – Laurel Aitken, Cuban-Jamaican singer (d. 2005) *1929 – Michael Atiyah, English-Lebanese mathematician and academic (d. 2019) * 1929 – Robert Wade-Gery, English diplomat, British High Commissioner to India (d. 2015) *1930 – Enno Penno, Estonian politician, Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 2016) *1931 – John Buchanan, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Nova Scotia * 1931 – Ronald Hynd, English dancer and choreographer *1933 – Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American chemist and astronaut (d. 2013) *1935 – Christopher Ball, English linguist and academic * 1935 – Paul Chambers, African-American bassist and composer (d. 1969) * 1935 – Bhama Srinivasan, Indian-American mathematician and academic *1936 – Glen Campbell, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2017) * 1936 – Pierre Hétu, Canadian pianist and conductor (d. 1998) *1937 – Jack Nicholson, American actor and producer * 1937 – Jack Nitzsche, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (d. 2000) *1938 – Alan Bond, English-Australian businessman (d. 2015) * 1938 – Gani Fawehinmi, Nigerian lawyer and activist (d. 2009) * 1938 – Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer * 1938 – Adam Raphael, English journalist and author *1939 – Mel Carter. American singer and actor * 1939 – John Foley, English general and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey * 1939 – Ray Guy, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2013) * 1939 – Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (d. 2001) * 1939 – Theodor Waigel, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of Finance *1941 – Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising, English politician *1942 – Giorgio Agamben, Italian philosopher and academic * 1942 – Mary Prior, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Bristol *1943 – Keith Crisco, American businessman and politician (d. 2014) * 1943 – Janet Evanovich, American author * 1943 – Louise Glück, American poet * 1943 – John Maples, Baron Maples, English lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (d. 2012) * 1943 – Scott W. Williams, American mathematician and professor *1944 – Steve Fossett, American businessman, pilot, and sailor (d. 2007) * 1944 – Doug Jarrett, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014) * 1944 – Joshua Rifkin, American conductor and musicologist *1945 – Gopalkrishna Gandhi, Indian civil servant and politician, 22nd Governor of West Bengal * 1945 – Demetrio Stratos, Egyptian-Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1979) *1946 – Steven L. Bennett, American captain and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1972) * 1946 – Paul Davies, English physicist and author * 1946 – Louise Harel, Canadian lawyer and politician * 1946 – Archy Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope, Scottish lawyer and politician * 1946 – Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, English economist and academic * 1946 – John Waters, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1948 – John Pritchard, English bishop *1950 – Peter Frampton, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1950 – Jancis Robinson, English journalist and critic *1951 – Paul Carrack, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1951 – Aivars Kalējs, Latvian organist, composer, and pianist * 1951 – Ana María Shua, Argentinian author and poet *1952 – François Berléand, French actor * 1952 – Dave Loveridge, New Zealand rugby player * 1952 – Phil Smith, American basketball player (d. 2002) *1953 – Valeri Bondarenko, Estonian footballer and coach * 1953 – Richard Broadbent, English businessman *1955 – David Collier, English businessman *1957 – Donald Tusk, Polish journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Poland *1959 – Keith Boanas, English footballer and manager * 1959 – Terry Francona, American baseball player, coach, and manager * 1959 – Catherine Mary Stewart, Canadian actress * 1959 – Ryan Stiles, American-Canadian actor and producer *1960 – Lloyd Honeyghan, Jamaican-English boxer * 1960 – Mart Laar, Estonian historian and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Estonia * 1960 – Randall L. Stephenson, American businessman *1961 – Alo Mattiisen, Estonian composer (d. 1996) * 1961 – Ann McKechin, Scottish lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland * 1961 – Dewey Nicks, American photographer and director *1962 – Danièle Sauvageau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach *1963 – Rosalind Gill, English sociologist and academic * 1963 – Magnús Ver Magnússon, Icelandic weightlifter and strongman *1964 – Paul Baxter, English footballer *1965 – Miguel Leal, Portuguese footballer and manager * 1965 – Peter Zezel, Canadian ice hockey and soccer player (d. 2009) *1966 – Mickey Morandini, American baseball player and manager * 1966 – Jeffrey Dean Morgan, American actor *1967 – David J. C. MacKay, English physicist, engineer, and academic * 1967 – Sherri Shepherd, American actress and talk show panelist * 1967 – Harvey Williams, American football player *1968 – Jo Angel, Australian cricketer * 1968 – Bimbo Coles, American basketball player and coach * 1968 – Zarley Zalapski, Canadian ice hockey player *1969 – Dion Dublin, English footballer and sportscaster *1970 – Erkki Bahovski, Estonian journalist *1971 – Eric Mabius, American actor * 1971 – Spencer Prior, English footballer *1972 – Sabine Appelmans, Belgian tennis player * 1972 – Owen Finegan, Australian rugby player and coach * 1972 – Milka Duno, Venezuelan race car driver and engineer * 1972 – Sergei Hohlov-Simson, Estonian footballer and manager * 1972 – Willie Robertson, American hunter and businessman *1973 – Adem Poric, English-Australian footballer * 1973 – Ofer Talker, Israeli footballer and manager *1974 – Shavo Odadjian, Armenian-American bass player, songwriter, and producer *1975 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (d. 1999) * 1975 – Carlos Sastre, Spanish cyclist * 1975 – Anders Nyström, Swedish guitarist and songwriter *1976 – Dan Cloutier, Canadian ice hockey player and coach * 1976 – Paul Henderson, Australian footballer * 1976 – Michał Żewłakow, Polish footballer *1977 – Mark van Bommel, Dutch footballer *1978 – Paul Malakwen Kosgei, Kenyan runner and coach * 1978 – David Masters, English cricketer * 1978 – Matt Orford, Australian rugby league player * 1978 – Jason Stollsteimer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1978 – Esteban Tuero, Argentinian race car driver *1979 – Zoltán Gera, Hungarian footballer * 1979 – Daniel Johns, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1980 – Igor Budan, Croatian footballer * 1980 – Clarke Dermody, New Zealand rugby player * 1980 – Nicolas Douchez, French footballer * 1980 – Courtney Friel, American journalist * 1980 – Carlos Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player * 1980 – Quincy Timberlake, Kenyan-Australian activist, engineer, and politician * 1980 – Rutledge Wood, American racing analyst and television personality *1981 – Madis Kallas, Estonian decathlete and activist * 1981 – Rafael Sperafico, Brazilian race car driver (d. 2007) * 1981 – Jonathan Trott, South African-English cricketer *1982 – Kaká, Brazilian footballer * 1982 – Cassidy Freeman, American actress and musician * 1982 – Joel Monaghan, Australian rugby league player * 1982 – David Purcey, American baseball player * 1982 – Aidas Reklys, Lithuanian figure skater * 1982 – Aleksander Saharov, Estonian footballer * 1982 – Noriko Shitaya, Japanese voice actress *1983 – Remi Ayodele, American football player * 1983 – Sam W. Heads, English-American entomologist and palaeontologist * 1983 – Jos Hooiveld, Dutch footballer * 1983 – Matt Jones, American football player * 1983 – Vangelis Mantzios, Greek footballer *1984 – Amelle Berrabah, English singer-songwriter *1985 – Kristin Fairlie, Canadian actress *1986 – Amber Heard, American actress and producer * 1986 – Marshawn Lynch, American football player * 1986 – Dušan Šakota, Serbian-Greek basketball player *1987 – David Luiz, Brazilian footballer * 1987 – David Mateos, Spanish footballer *1988 – Dee Gordon, American baseball player *1989 – DeJuan Blair, American basketball player * 1989 – Jasper Cillessen, Dutch footballer * 1989 – Aron Gunnarsson, Icelandic footballer *1990 – Óscar González, Mexican boxer (d. 2014) * 1990 – Machine Gun Kelly, American rapper and actor *1991 – Jordi Murphy, Irish international rugby player * 1991 – Braydon Smith, Australian boxer (d. 2015) *1992 – Kenny Stills, American football player * 1992 – Joonas Vaino, Estonian basketball player *1993 – Anthony McDonald-Tipungwuti, Australian footballer * 1993 – Ngani Laumape, New Zealand rugby player * 1993 – Marcel Ritzmaier, Austrian footballer
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"39896"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 42,
"label": [
"34492642"
]
},
{
"start": 66,
"end": 70,
"label": [
"39928"
]
},
{
"start": 79,
"end": 116,
"label": [
"9459495"
]
},
{
"start": 128,
"end": 132,
"label": [
"34885"
]
},
{
"start": 141,
"end": 162,
"label": [
"23909513"
]
},
{
"start": 174,
"end": 178,
"label": [
"38690"
]
},
{
"start": 187,
"end": 205,
"label": [
"357712"
]
},
{
"start": 217,
"end": 221,
"label": [
"35529"
]
},
{
"start": 230,
"end": 247,
"label": [
"374594"
]
},
{
"start": 296,
"end": 300,
"label": [
"35097"
]
},
{
"start": 309,
"end": 328,
"label": [
"23790"
]
},
{
"start": 340,
"end": 344,
"label": [
"38614"
]
},
{
"start": 353,
"end": 369,
"label": [
"498949"
]
},
{
"start": 413,
"end": 417,
"label": [
"34719"
]
},
{
"start": 426,
"end": 459,
"label": [
"172138"
]
},
{
"start": 481,
"end": 510,
"label": [
"201871"
]
},
{
"start": 522,
"end": 526,
"label": [
"34709"
]
},
{
"start": 535,
"end": 549,
"label": [
"13546"
]
},
{
"start": 594,
"end": 598,
"label": [
"35542"
]
},
{
"start": 607,
"end": 638,
"label": [
"21134453"
]
},
{
"start": 668,
"end": 672,
"label": [
"35857"
]
},
{
"start": 681,
"end": 694,
"label": [
"14631"
]
},
{
"start": 756,
"end": 760,
"label": [
"35674"
]
},
{
"start": 769,
"end": 781,
"label": [
"30741595"
]
},
{
"start": 825,
"end": 829,
"label": [
"35843"
]
},
{
"start": 838,
"end": 852,
"label": [
"806449"
]
},
{
"start": 890,
"end": 915,
"label": [
"252510"
]
},
{
"start": 927,
"end": 931,
"label": [
"34900"
]
},
{
"start": 940,
"end": 956,
"label": [
"7359526"
]
},
{
"start": 1000,
"end": 1004,
"label": [
"35821"
]
},
{
"start": 1013,
"end": 1030,
"label": [
"210684"
]
},
{
"start": 1083,
"end": 1087,
"label": [
"34949"
]
},
{
"start": 1096,
"end": 1116,
"label": [
"266411"
]
},
{
"start": 1155,
"end": 1159,
"label": [
"35531"
]
},
{
"start": 1168,
"end": 1190,
"label": [
"192986"
]
},
{
"start": 1218,
"end": 1222,
"label": [
"35071"
]
},
{
"start": 1231,
"end": 1243,
"label": [
"2850270"
]
},
{
"start": 1314,
"end": 1339,
"label": [
"457564"
]
},
{
"start": 1352,
"end": 1356,
"label": [
"35518"
]
},
{
"start": 1365,
"end": 1387,
"label": [
"723930"
]
},
{
"start": 1429,
"end": 1467,
"label": [
"42646"
]
},
{
"start": 1479,
"end": 1483,
"label": [
"34955"
]
},
{
"start": 1492,
"end": 1504,
"label": [
"1448277"
]
},
{
"start": 1546,
"end": 1563,
"label": [
"81455"
]
},
{
"start": 1575,
"end": 1579,
"label": [
"34952"
]
},
{
"start": 1588,
"end": 1624,
"label": [
"442764"
]
},
{
"start": 1636,
"end": 1640,
"label": [
"34781"
]
},
{
"start": 1649,
"end": 1666,
"label": [
"323122"
]
},
{
"start": 1695,
"end": 1706,
"label": [
"26230922"
]
},
{
"start": 1727,
"end": 1731,
"label": [
"34784"
]
},
{
"start": 1740,
"end": 1749,
"label": [
"3946526"
]
},
{
"start": 1785,
"end": 1789,
"label": [
"34769"
]
},
{
"start": 1798,
"end": 1812,
"label": [
"11015252"
]
},
{
"start": 1851,
"end": 1864,
"label": [
"24795561"
]
},
{
"start": 1876,
"end": 1880,
"label": [
"34768"
]
},
{
"start": 1889,
"end": 1917,
"label": [
"2576071"
]
},
{
"start": 1929,
"end": 1933,
"label": [
"34746"
]
},
{
"start": 1942,
"end": 1955,
"label": [
"287961"
]
},
{
"start": 1984,
"end": 1988,
"label": [
"34725"
]
},
{
"start": 1997,
"end": 2010,
"label": [
"240218"
]
},
{
"start": 2054,
"end": 2065,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 2100,
"end": 2112,
"label": [
"2284591"
]
},
{
"start": 2157,
"end": 2161,
"label": [
"34968"
]
},
{
"start": 2170,
"end": 2186,
"label": [
"12381358"
]
},
{
"start": 2228,
"end": 2232,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2241,
"end": 2250,
"label": [
"70891"
]
},
{
"start": 2307,
"end": 2311,
"label": [
"34845"
]
},
{
"start": 2320,
"end": 2333,
"label": [
"22609009"
]
},
{
"start": 2388,
"end": 2392,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 2401,
"end": 2415,
"label": [
"3101317"
]
},
{
"start": 2424,
"end": 2426,
"label": [
"27040"
]
},
{
"start": 2446,
"end": 2450,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 2459,
"end": 2471,
"label": [
"2733804"
]
},
{
"start": 2520,
"end": 2533,
"label": [
"1201469"
]
},
{
"start": 2577,
"end": 2592,
"label": [
"878498"
]
},
{
"start": 2671,
"end": 2683,
"label": [
"263261"
]
},
{
"start": 2723,
"end": 2727,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 2736,
"end": 2748,
"label": [
"2843342"
]
},
{
"start": 2800,
"end": 2804,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 2813,
"end": 2829,
"label": [
"32442"
]
},
{
"start": 2875,
"end": 2879,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 2888,
"end": 2899,
"label": [
"49298946"
]
},
{
"start": 2935,
"end": 2945,
"label": [
"20206"
]
},
{
"start": 2970,
"end": 2974,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 2983,
"end": 3004,
"label": [
"39034"
]
},
{
"start": 3049,
"end": 3053,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3062,
"end": 3078,
"label": [
"1666275"
]
},
{
"start": 3150,
"end": 3160,
"label": [
"1545633"
]
},
{
"start": 3217,
"end": 3258,
"label": [
"30876822"
]
},
{
"start": 3270,
"end": 3274,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3283,
"end": 3296,
"label": [
"657065"
]
},
{
"start": 3343,
"end": 3347,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 3356,
"end": 3376,
"label": [
"708064"
]
},
{
"start": 3378,
"end": 3387,
"label": [
"150185"
]
},
{
"start": 3429,
"end": 3440,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 3475,
"end": 3491,
"label": [
"1540775"
]
},
{
"start": 3551,
"end": 3568,
"label": [
"1539578"
]
},
{
"start": 3588,
"end": 3612,
"label": [
"273647"
]
},
{
"start": 3624,
"end": 3628,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3637,
"end": 3652,
"label": [
"589279"
]
},
{
"start": 3701,
"end": 3705,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 3714,
"end": 3730,
"label": [
"337029"
]
},
{
"start": 3781,
"end": 3794,
"label": [
"582848"
]
},
{
"start": 3853,
"end": 3857,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3866,
"end": 3883,
"label": [
"838957"
]
},
{
"start": 3939,
"end": 3952,
"label": [
"1297199"
]
},
{
"start": 4016,
"end": 4038,
"label": [
"12298796"
]
},
{
"start": 4092,
"end": 4108,
"label": [
"186350"
]
},
{
"start": 4117,
"end": 4119,
"label": [
"27040"
]
},
{
"start": 4139,
"end": 4143,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4152,
"end": 4165,
"label": [
"14052690"
]
},
{
"start": 4226,
"end": 4240,
"label": [
"57520"
]
},
{
"start": 4292,
"end": 4296,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4305,
"end": 4320,
"label": [
"3676392"
]
},
{
"start": 4364,
"end": 4376,
"label": [
"38203112"
]
},
{
"start": 4408,
"end": 4412,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4421,
"end": 4438,
"label": [
"4833982"
]
},
{
"start": 4492,
"end": 4505,
"label": [
"1918074"
]
},
{
"start": 4553,
"end": 4557,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4566,
"end": 4580,
"label": [
"497887"
]
},
{
"start": 4613,
"end": 4624,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 4659,
"end": 4676,
"label": [
"1319057"
]
},
{
"start": 4729,
"end": 4733,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4742,
"end": 4760,
"label": [
"690897"
]
},
{
"start": 4816,
"end": 4830,
"label": [
"7668"
]
},
{
"start": 4900,
"end": 4916,
"label": [
"1495749"
]
},
{
"start": 4966,
"end": 4970,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4979,
"end": 4997,
"label": [
"19105889"
]
},
{
"start": 5058,
"end": 5069,
"label": [
"199997"
]
},
{
"start": 5123,
"end": 5137,
"label": [
"276310"
]
},
{
"start": 5193,
"end": 5197,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5206,
"end": 5218,
"label": [
"39430879"
]
},
{
"start": 5250,
"end": 5279,
"label": [
"606354"
]
},
{
"start": 5291,
"end": 5295,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 5304,
"end": 5317,
"label": [
"585086"
]
},
{
"start": 5372,
"end": 5386,
"label": [
"420341"
]
},
{
"start": 5421,
"end": 5444,
"label": [
"1514995"
]
},
{
"start": 5449,
"end": 5474,
"label": [
"3698546"
]
},
{
"start": 5486,
"end": 5490,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5499,
"end": 5512,
"label": [
"1352308"
]
},
{
"start": 5547,
"end": 5551,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5560,
"end": 5574,
"label": [
"20698"
]
},
{
"start": 5645,
"end": 5661,
"label": [
"41074500"
]
},
{
"start": 5727,
"end": 5731,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5740,
"end": 5750,
"label": [
"17609067"
]
},
{
"start": 5773,
"end": 5807,
"label": [
"11604118"
]
},
{
"start": 5819,
"end": 5823,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5832,
"end": 5845,
"label": [
"465739"
]
},
{
"start": 5884,
"end": 5906,
"label": [
"470560"
]
},
{
"start": 5922,
"end": 5933,
"label": [
"2391124"
]
},
{
"start": 5969,
"end": 5973,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5982,
"end": 5999,
"label": [
"14214989"
]
},
{
"start": 6049,
"end": 6053,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 6062,
"end": 6078,
"label": [
"24594859"
]
},
{
"start": 6125,
"end": 6138,
"label": [
"575500"
]
},
{
"start": 6203,
"end": 6219,
"label": [
"24808024"
]
},
{
"start": 6265,
"end": 6269,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6278,
"end": 6291,
"label": [
"171038"
]
},
{
"start": 6367,
"end": 6378,
"label": [
"6504575"
]
},
{
"start": 6422,
"end": 6426,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6435,
"end": 6449,
"label": [
"18617829"
]
},
{
"start": 6494,
"end": 6507,
"label": [
"1895089"
]
},
{
"start": 6571,
"end": 6575,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6584,
"end": 6593,
"label": [
"698219"
]
},
{
"start": 6651,
"end": 6665,
"label": [
"3559782"
]
},
{
"start": 6721,
"end": 6733,
"label": [
"322247"
]
},
{
"start": 6776,
"end": 6788,
"label": [
"18147626"
]
},
{
"start": 6821,
"end": 6825,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6834,
"end": 6844,
"label": [
"10942296"
]
},
{
"start": 6887,
"end": 6897,
"label": [
"16837790"
]
},
{
"start": 6931,
"end": 6962,
"label": [
"3647849"
]
},
{
"start": 6978,
"end": 6985,
"label": [
"19374592"
]
},
{
"start": 7043,
"end": 7055,
"label": [
"3594260"
]
},
{
"start": 7112,
"end": 7126,
"label": [
"2286429"
]
},
{
"start": 7158,
"end": 7192,
"label": [
"1329890"
]
},
{
"start": 7194,
"end": 7198,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 7207,
"end": 7246,
"label": [
"8278577"
]
},
{
"start": 7268,
"end": 7272,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 7281,
"end": 7296,
"label": [
"322852"
]
},
{
"start": 7346,
"end": 7356,
"label": [
"42546731"
]
},
{
"start": 7378,
"end": 7404,
"label": [
"3094336"
]
},
{
"start": 7406,
"end": 7410,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7419,
"end": 7431,
"label": [
"41408995"
]
},
{
"start": 7494,
"end": 7509,
"label": [
"675488"
]
},
{
"start": 7542,
"end": 7554,
"label": [
"527135"
]
},
{
"start": 7585,
"end": 7610,
"label": [
"434906"
]
},
{
"start": 7643,
"end": 7680,
"label": [
"29115127"
]
},
{
"start": 7706,
"end": 7723,
"label": [
"10709770"
]
},
{
"start": 7763,
"end": 7767,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7776,
"end": 7789,
"label": [
"186642"
]
},
{
"start": 7856,
"end": 7868,
"label": [
"8168184"
]
},
{
"start": 7922,
"end": 7935,
"label": [
"4152912"
]
},
{
"start": 7974,
"end": 7978,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7987,
"end": 8006,
"label": [
"1303044"
]
},
{
"start": 8089,
"end": 8105,
"label": [
"14688706"
]
},
{
"start": 8153,
"end": 8157,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8166,
"end": 8183,
"label": [
"9776400"
]
},
{
"start": 8213,
"end": 8227,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 8263,
"end": 8274,
"label": [
"545745"
]
},
{
"start": 8320,
"end": 8332,
"label": [
"2004525"
]
},
{
"start": 8380,
"end": 8422,
"label": [
"427664"
]
},
{
"start": 8470,
"end": 8510,
"label": [
"1618066"
]
},
{
"start": 8558,
"end": 8569,
"label": [
"634064"
]
},
{
"start": 8625,
"end": 8629,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8638,
"end": 8652,
"label": [
"8401614"
]
},
{
"start": 8670,
"end": 8674,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8683,
"end": 8697,
"label": [
"172908"
]
},
{
"start": 8765,
"end": 8780,
"label": [
"2654838"
]
},
{
"start": 8813,
"end": 8817,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8826,
"end": 8838,
"label": [
"505973"
]
},
{
"start": 8895,
"end": 8908,
"label": [
"30751796"
]
},
{
"start": 8965,
"end": 8979,
"label": [
"16856513"
]
},
{
"start": 9010,
"end": 9014,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 9023,
"end": 9040,
"label": [
"7259821"
]
},
{
"start": 9070,
"end": 9084,
"label": [
"5821633"
]
},
{
"start": 9126,
"end": 9136,
"label": [
"3190716"
]
},
{
"start": 9176,
"end": 9180,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 9189,
"end": 9206,
"label": [
"30779048"
]
},
{
"start": 9253,
"end": 9270,
"label": [
"17640005"
]
},
{
"start": 9293,
"end": 9297,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9306,
"end": 9319,
"label": [
"2890477"
]
},
{
"start": 9342,
"end": 9346,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9355,
"end": 9366,
"label": [
"648724"
]
},
{
"start": 9407,
"end": 9431,
"label": [
"40543"
]
},
{
"start": 9433,
"end": 9437,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9446,
"end": 9458,
"label": [
"30281096"
]
},
{
"start": 9506,
"end": 9520,
"label": [
"1112590"
]
},
{
"start": 9582,
"end": 9604,
"label": [
"2009944"
]
},
{
"start": 9638,
"end": 9649,
"label": [
"147137"
]
},
{
"start": 9689,
"end": 9693,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9702,
"end": 9717,
"label": [
"412112"
]
},
{
"start": 9757,
"end": 9766,
"label": [
"1581379"
]
},
{
"start": 9807,
"end": 9832,
"label": [
"787995"
]
},
{
"start": 9848,
"end": 9869,
"label": [
"7368014"
]
},
{
"start": 9893,
"end": 9897,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9906,
"end": 9919,
"label": [
"12501938"
]
},
{
"start": 9964,
"end": 9976,
"label": [
"434721"
]
},
{
"start": 10010,
"end": 10048,
"label": [
"27368004"
]
},
{
"start": 10064,
"end": 10075,
"label": [
"14263010"
]
},
{
"start": 10113,
"end": 10117,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10126,
"end": 10143,
"label": [
"4952995"
]
},
{
"start": 10183,
"end": 10187,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10196,
"end": 10209,
"label": [
"39592025"
]
},
{
"start": 10259,
"end": 10279,
"label": [
"565173"
]
},
{
"start": 10319,
"end": 10323,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10332,
"end": 10343,
"label": [
"35755642"
]
},
{
"start": 10365,
"end": 10369,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10378,
"end": 10389,
"label": [
"43231677"
]
},
{
"start": 10440,
"end": 10451,
"label": [
"1888296"
]
},
{
"start": 10502,
"end": 10506,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10515,
"end": 10531,
"label": [
"1487263"
]
},
{
"start": 10585,
"end": 10604,
"label": [
"4998900"
]
},
{
"start": 10622,
"end": 10626,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10635,
"end": 10653,
"label": [
"2679315"
]
},
{
"start": 10712,
"end": 10727,
"label": [
"4450803"
]
},
{
"start": 10784,
"end": 10799,
"label": [
"4687534"
]
},
{
"start": 10827,
"end": 10831,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10840,
"end": 10848,
"label": [
"1627651"
]
},
{
"start": 10886,
"end": 10897,
"label": [
"4185395"
]
},
{
"start": 10951,
"end": 10966,
"label": [
"2866841"
]
},
{
"start": 10996,
"end": 11000,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11009,
"end": 11020,
"label": [
"556915"
]
},
{
"start": 11059,
"end": 11063,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11072,
"end": 11086,
"label": [
"33092811"
]
},
{
"start": 11109,
"end": 11113,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11122,
"end": 11133,
"label": [
"2500923"
]
},
{
"start": 11165,
"end": 11178,
"label": [
"6015899"
]
},
{
"start": 11200,
"end": 11204,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11213,
"end": 11229,
"label": [
"1729072"
]
},
{
"start": 11268,
"end": 11280,
"label": [
"30864466"
]
},
{
"start": 11331,
"end": 11341,
"label": [
"6958899"
]
},
{
"start": 11398,
"end": 11418,
"label": [
"22992303"
]
},
{
"start": 11467,
"end": 11483,
"label": [
"39529968"
]
},
{
"start": 11518,
"end": 11522,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11531,
"end": 11541,
"label": [
"15138821"
]
},
{
"start": 11588,
"end": 11599,
"label": [
"5140487"
]
},
{
"start": 11633,
"end": 11637,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11646,
"end": 11660,
"label": [
"149811"
]
},
{
"start": 11719,
"end": 11723,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11732,
"end": 11742,
"label": [
"363943"
]
},
{
"start": 11794,
"end": 11807,
"label": [
"2604768"
]
},
{
"start": 11840,
"end": 11854,
"label": [
"3255746"
]
},
{
"start": 11890,
"end": 11894,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11903,
"end": 11915,
"label": [
"1520715"
]
},
{
"start": 11969,
"end": 11983,
"label": [
"2994015"
]
},
{
"start": 12022,
"end": 12037,
"label": [
"3159019"
]
},
{
"start": 12058,
"end": 12062,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 12071,
"end": 12086,
"label": [
"1886415"
]
},
{
"start": 12106,
"end": 12110,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 12119,
"end": 12139,
"label": [
"7080565"
]
},
{
"start": 12180,
"end": 12193,
"label": [
"3937717"
]
},
{
"start": 12228,
"end": 12239,
"label": [
"3586483"
]
},
{
"start": 12287,
"end": 12305,
"label": [
"744593"
]
},
{
"start": 12363,
"end": 12376,
"label": [
"1228342"
]
},
{
"start": 12407,
"end": 12411,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12420,
"end": 12431,
"label": [
"1920226"
]
},
{
"start": 12469,
"end": 12481,
"label": [
"184996"
]
},
{
"start": 12527,
"end": 12531,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12540,
"end": 12550,
"label": [
"5965961"
]
},
{
"start": 12587,
"end": 12601,
"label": [
"5388047"
]
},
{
"start": 12643,
"end": 12658,
"label": [
"8864612"
]
},
{
"start": 12693,
"end": 12707,
"label": [
"4006513"
]
},
{
"start": 12744,
"end": 12760,
"label": [
"680054"
]
},
{
"start": 12804,
"end": 12821,
"label": [
"41446330"
]
},
{
"start": 12891,
"end": 12904,
"label": [
"21495825"
]
},
{
"start": 12958,
"end": 12962,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12971,
"end": 12983,
"label": [
"28201954"
]
},
{
"start": 13033,
"end": 13049,
"label": [
"14637553"
]
},
{
"start": 13102,
"end": 13116,
"label": [
"3327266"
]
},
{
"start": 13151,
"end": 13155,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 13164,
"end": 13168,
"label": [
"1297124"
]
},
{
"start": 13206,
"end": 13221,
"label": [
"20520480"
]
},
{
"start": 13268,
"end": 13281,
"label": [
"4421502"
]
},
{
"start": 13329,
"end": 13341,
"label": [
"16082390"
]
},
{
"start": 13383,
"end": 13395,
"label": [
"10005140"
]
},
{
"start": 13437,
"end": 13455,
"label": [
"14782218"
]
},
{
"start": 13492,
"end": 13506,
"label": [
"4593946"
]
},
{
"start": 13532,
"end": 13536,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 13545,
"end": 13557,
"label": [
"7839162"
]
},
{
"start": 13599,
"end": 13611,
"label": [
"24914901"
]
},
{
"start": 13678,
"end": 13690,
"label": [
"16156275"
]
},
{
"start": 13724,
"end": 13734,
"label": [
"1828580"
]
},
{
"start": 13776,
"end": 13793,
"label": [
"11813450"
]
},
{
"start": 13813,
"end": 13817,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 13826,
"end": 13841,
"label": [
"3493499"
]
},
{
"start": 13870,
"end": 13874,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 13883,
"end": 13898,
"label": [
"18314987"
]
},
{
"start": 13918,
"end": 13922,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 13931,
"end": 13942,
"label": [
"10784468"
]
},
{
"start": 13989,
"end": 14003,
"label": [
"2518539"
]
},
{
"start": 14045,
"end": 14057,
"label": [
"6165017"
]
},
{
"start": 14092,
"end": 14096,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 14105,
"end": 14115,
"label": [
"9262402"
]
},
{
"start": 14153,
"end": 14165,
"label": [
"19468855"
]
},
{
"start": 14187,
"end": 14191,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 14200,
"end": 14210,
"label": [
"25317423"
]
},
{
"start": 14238,
"end": 14242,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 14251,
"end": 14263,
"label": [
"21681996"
]
},
{
"start": 14307,
"end": 14323,
"label": [
"29331648"
]
},
{
"start": 14357,
"end": 14372,
"label": [
"16135942"
]
},
{
"start": 14396,
"end": 14400,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 14409,
"end": 14423,
"label": [
"41822391"
]
},
{
"start": 14464,
"end": 14481,
"label": [
"31247686"
]
},
{
"start": 14510,
"end": 14514,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 14523,
"end": 14535,
"label": [
"34975372"
]
},
{
"start": 14585,
"end": 14598,
"label": [
"45696558"
]
},
{
"start": 14628,
"end": 14632,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 14641,
"end": 14653,
"label": [
"33629323"
]
},
{
"start": 14695,
"end": 14707,
"label": [
"35823199"
]
},
{
"start": 14737,
"end": 14741,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 14750,
"end": 14777,
"label": [
"49951573"
]
},
{
"start": 14816,
"end": 14829,
"label": [
"38902311"
]
},
{
"start": 14871,
"end": 14887,
"label": [
"26043963"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1711_Deaths
|
* 318 – Liu Cong, emperor of the Xiongnu state * 577 – John Scholasticus, Byzantine patriarch and saint * 651 – Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish bishop and saint * 731 – Ōtomo no Tabito, Japanese poet (b. 665) * 894 – Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ta'i, Muslim governor * 970 – Han Xizai, Chinese official (b. 902) *1054 – Kunigunde of Altdorf, Frankish noblewoman (b. c. 1020) *1056 – Theodora, Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire (b. 981) *1158 – Sancho III of Castile (b. 1134) *1234 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (b. 1212) *1287 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet *1324 – Henry II of Jerusalem (b. 1271) *1372 – Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (b. 1301) *1422 – Henry V of England (b. 1386) *1450 – Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac (b. 1395) *1502 – Thomas Wode, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas *1528 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470) *1645 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (b. 1566) *1654 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and historian (b. 1588) *1688 – John Bunyan, English preacher, theologian, and author (b. 1628) *1730 – Gottfried Finger, Czech-German viol player and composer (b. 1660) *1741 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German academic and jurist (b. 1681) *1772 – William Borlase, English geologist and historian (b. 1695) *1795 – François-André Danican Philidor, French-English chess player and composer (b. 1726) *1799 – Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect and academic, designed the Bernstorff Palace and Marienlyst Castle (b. 1720) *1811 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French admiral and explorer (b. 1729) *1814 – Arthur Phillip, English admiral and politician, 1st Governor of New South Wales (b. 1738) *1817 – Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet, English admiral and politician, 39th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1747) *1818 – Robert Calder, Scottish admiral (b. 1745) *1867 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet and critic (b. 1821) *1869 – Mary Ward, Irish astronomer and entomologist (b. 1827) *1884 – Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (b. 1814) *1908 – Leslie Green, English architect (b. 1875) *1910 – Emīls Dārziņš, Latvian composer, conductor, and music critic (b. 1875) *1912 – Jean, duc Decazes, French sailor (b. 1864) *1920 – Wilhelm Wundt, German physician, psychologist, and philosopher (b. 1832) *1924 – Todor Aleksandrov, Bulgarian soldier (b. 1881) *1927 – Andranik, Armenian general (b. 1865) *1937 – Ruth Baldwin, British socialite (b. 1905) *1940 – Georges Gauthier, Canadian archbishop (b. 1871) *1941 – Thomas Bavin, New Zealand-Australian politician, 24th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1874) * 1941 – Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet and author (b. 1892) *1948 – Andrei Zhdanov, Russian civil servant and politician (b. 1896) *1951 – Paul Demel, Czech actor (b. 1903) *1952 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian publisher and politician (b. 1868) *1954 – Elsa Barker, American author and poet (b. 1869) *1963 – Georges Braque, French painter and sculptor (b. 1882) *1965 – E. E. Smith, American engineer and author (b. 1890) *1967 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian journalist and author (b. 1891) *1968 – John Hartle, English motorcycle racer (b. 1933) *1969 – Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923) *1973 – John Ford, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1894) *1974 – William Pershing Benedict, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918) * 1974 – Norman Kirk, New Zealand engineer and politician, 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1923) *1978 – John Wrathall, Rhodesian accountant and politician, 2nd President of Rhodesia (b. 1913) *1979 – Sally Rand, American actress and dancer (b. 1904) * 1979 – Tiger Smith, English cricketer and coach (b. 1886) *1984 – Audrey Wagner, American baseball player, obstetrician, and gynecologist (b. 1927) *1985 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899) *1986 – Elizabeth Coatsworth, American author and poet (b. 1893) * 1986 – Urho Kekkonen, Finnish journalist, lawyer, and politician, 8th President of Finland (b. 1900) * 1986 – Henry Moore, English sculptor and illustrator (b. 1898) *1990 – Nathaniel Clifton, American basketball player and coach (b. 1922) *1991 – Cliff Lumsdon, Canadian swimmer and coach (b. 1931) *1997 – Dodi Fayed, Egyptian film producer (b. 1955) * 1997 – Diana, Princess of Wales (b. 1961) *2000 – Lucille Fletcher, American screenwriter (b. 1912) * 2000 – Dolores Moore, American baseball player and educator (b. 1932) *2002 – Lionel Hampton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1908) * 2002 – Farhad Mehrad, Persian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and pianist (b. 1944) * 2002 – George Porter, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920) *2005 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908) *2006 – Mohamed Abdelwahab, Egyptian footballer (b. 1983) * 2006 – Tom Delaney, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1911) *2007 – Gay Brewer, American golfer (b. 1932) * 2007 – Jean Jacques Paradis, Canadian general (b. 1928) * 2007 – Sulev Vahtre, Estonian historian and academic (b. 1926) *2008 – Ken Campbell, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1941) * 2008 – Ike Pappas, American journalist (b. 1933) * 2008 – Victor Yates, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1939) *2010 – Laurent Fignon, French cyclist (b. 1960) *2011 – Wade Belak, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1976) *2012 – Max Bygraves, English actor (b. 1922) * 2012 – Joe Lewis, American martial artist and actor (b. 1944) * 2012 – Carlo Maria Martini, Italian cardinal (b. 1927) * 2012 – Kashiram Rana, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1938) * 2012 – John C. Shabaz, American judge and politician (b. 1931) * 2012 – Sergey Sokolov, Russian commander and politician, 6th Minister of Defence for The Soviet Union (b. 1911) *2013 – Alan Carrington, English chemist and academic (b. 1934) * 2013 – David Frost, English journalist and game show host (b. 1939) * 2013 – Jimmy Greenhalgh, English footballer and manager (b. 1923) * 2013 – Jan Camiel Willems, Belgian mathematician and theorist (b. 1939) *2014 – Bapu, Indian director and screenwriter (b. 1933) * 2014 – Ștefan Andrei, Romanian politician, 87th Romanian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1931) * 2014 – Stan Goldberg, American illustrator (b. 1932) * 2014 – Carol Vadnais, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1945) *2015 – Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, English politician, founded the National Motor Museum (b. 1926) * 2015 – Tom Scott, American football player (b. 1930) *2018 – Carole Shelley, British-American actress (b. 1939) *2019 – Anthoine Hubert, French racing driver (b. 1996)
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"48480"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 22,
"label": [
"3604426"
]
},
{
"start": 55,
"end": 58,
"label": [
"35717"
]
},
{
"start": 67,
"end": 84,
"label": [
"239746"
]
},
{
"start": 118,
"end": 121,
"label": [
"36323"
]
},
{
"start": 130,
"end": 150,
"label": [
"18949294"
]
},
{
"start": 177,
"end": 180,
"label": [
"34941"
]
},
{
"start": 189,
"end": 204,
"label": [
"1986021"
]
},
{
"start": 231,
"end": 234,
"label": [
"51100"
]
},
{
"start": 243,
"end": 269,
"label": [
"48812028"
]
},
{
"start": 289,
"end": 292,
"label": [
"50440"
]
},
{
"start": 301,
"end": 310,
"label": [
"40624523"
]
},
{
"start": 339,
"end": 343,
"label": [
"36660"
]
},
{
"start": 352,
"end": 372,
"label": [
"35348884"
]
},
{
"start": 408,
"end": 412,
"label": [
"40052"
]
},
{
"start": 421,
"end": 429,
"label": [
"74216"
]
},
{
"start": 446,
"end": 466,
"label": [
"16972981"
]
},
{
"start": 477,
"end": 481,
"label": [
"38574"
]
},
{
"start": 490,
"end": 511,
"label": [
"1653512"
]
},
{
"start": 523,
"end": 527,
"label": [
"36069"
]
},
{
"start": 536,
"end": 555,
"label": [
"45588"
]
},
{
"start": 576,
"end": 580,
"label": [
"42512"
]
},
{
"start": 589,
"end": 608,
"label": [
"560209"
]
},
{
"start": 623,
"end": 627,
"label": [
"39965"
]
},
{
"start": 636,
"end": 657,
"label": [
"789624"
]
},
{
"start": 669,
"end": 673,
"label": [
"39536"
]
},
{
"start": 682,
"end": 721,
"label": [
"910997"
]
},
{
"start": 750,
"end": 754,
"label": [
"39905"
]
},
{
"start": 763,
"end": 781,
"label": [
"45597"
]
},
{
"start": 793,
"end": 797,
"label": [
"39510"
]
},
{
"start": 806,
"end": 847,
"label": [
"22292657"
]
},
{
"start": 859,
"end": 863,
"label": [
"38705"
]
},
{
"start": 872,
"end": 883,
"label": [
"19610705"
]
},
{
"start": 925,
"end": 929,
"label": [
"36227"
]
},
{
"start": 938,
"end": 956,
"label": [
"306574"
]
},
{
"start": 983,
"end": 987,
"label": [
"38607"
]
},
{
"start": 996,
"end": 1017,
"label": [
"2539201"
]
},
{
"start": 1043,
"end": 1047,
"label": [
"36224"
]
},
{
"start": 1056,
"end": 1064,
"label": [
"285938"
]
},
{
"start": 1108,
"end": 1112,
"label": [
"34733"
]
},
{
"start": 1121,
"end": 1132,
"label": [
"39661"
]
},
{
"start": 1186,
"end": 1190,
"label": [
"34898"
]
},
{
"start": 1199,
"end": 1215,
"label": [
"4811335"
]
},
{
"start": 1230,
"end": 1234,
"label": [
"32644"
]
},
{
"start": 1266,
"end": 1270,
"label": [
"35844"
]
},
{
"start": 1279,
"end": 1305,
"label": [
"1597578"
]
},
{
"start": 1345,
"end": 1349,
"label": [
"35818"
]
},
{
"start": 1358,
"end": 1373,
"label": [
"640393"
]
},
{
"start": 1418,
"end": 1422,
"label": [
"35799"
]
},
{
"start": 1431,
"end": 1462,
"label": [
"90447"
]
},
{
"start": 1516,
"end": 1520,
"label": [
"35496"
]
},
{
"start": 1529,
"end": 1549,
"label": [
"2994622"
]
},
{
"start": 1595,
"end": 1612,
"label": [
"5289519"
]
},
{
"start": 1617,
"end": 1634,
"label": [
"25828904"
]
},
{
"start": 1646,
"end": 1650,
"label": [
"35627"
]
},
{
"start": 1659,
"end": 1688,
"label": [
"254389"
]
},
{
"start": 1729,
"end": 1733,
"label": [
"34948"
]
},
{
"start": 1742,
"end": 1756,
"label": [
"2563"
]
},
{
"start": 1794,
"end": 1821,
"label": [
"12850"
]
},
{
"start": 1833,
"end": 1837,
"label": [
"35552"
]
},
{
"start": 1846,
"end": 1877,
"label": [
"1485073"
]
},
{
"start": 1962,
"end": 1966,
"label": [
"34592"
]
},
{
"start": 1975,
"end": 1988,
"label": [
"1614777"
]
},
{
"start": 2018,
"end": 2022,
"label": [
"34787"
]
},
{
"start": 2031,
"end": 2049,
"label": [
"5804"
]
},
{
"start": 2085,
"end": 2089,
"label": [
"34789"
]
},
{
"start": 2098,
"end": 2107,
"label": [
"1960919"
]
},
{
"start": 2154,
"end": 2158,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2167,
"end": 2181,
"label": [
"1398355"
]
},
{
"start": 2254,
"end": 2258,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 2267,
"end": 2279,
"label": [
"2094161"
]
},
{
"start": 2310,
"end": 2314,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 2323,
"end": 2336,
"label": [
"7443463"
]
},
{
"start": 2395,
"end": 2399,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 2408,
"end": 2425,
"label": [
"7096153"
]
},
{
"start": 2452,
"end": 2456,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 2465,
"end": 2478,
"label": [
"34128"
]
},
{
"start": 2539,
"end": 2543,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 2552,
"end": 2569,
"label": [
"1744659"
]
},
{
"start": 2600,
"end": 2604,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 2613,
"end": 2621,
"label": [
"4161993"
]
},
{
"start": 2651,
"end": 2655,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 2658,
"end": 2670,
"label": [
"55314941"
]
},
{
"start": 2701,
"end": 2705,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 2714,
"end": 2730,
"label": [
"4299389"
]
},
{
"start": 2763,
"end": 2767,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 2776,
"end": 2788,
"label": [
"2770978"
]
},
{
"start": 2830,
"end": 2856,
"label": [
"24654"
]
},
{
"start": 2882,
"end": 2898,
"label": [
"20187"
]
},
{
"start": 2935,
"end": 2939,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 2948,
"end": 2962,
"label": [
"524393"
]
},
{
"start": 3012,
"end": 3016,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 3025,
"end": 3035,
"label": [
"53938600"
]
},
{
"start": 3060,
"end": 3064,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 3073,
"end": 3087,
"label": [
"246538"
]
},
{
"start": 3134,
"end": 3138,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 3147,
"end": 3158,
"label": [
"25902755"
]
},
{
"start": 3196,
"end": 3200,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 3209,
"end": 3223,
"label": [
"12317"
]
},
{
"start": 3264,
"end": 3268,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 3277,
"end": 3288,
"label": [
"9814"
]
},
{
"start": 3330,
"end": 3334,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 3343,
"end": 3357,
"label": [
"433968"
]
},
{
"start": 3400,
"end": 3404,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 3413,
"end": 3424,
"label": [
"9398808"
]
},
{
"start": 3462,
"end": 3466,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 3475,
"end": 3489,
"label": [
"154971"
]
},
{
"start": 3517,
"end": 3521,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 3530,
"end": 3539,
"label": [
"280738"
]
},
{
"start": 3605,
"end": 3609,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 3618,
"end": 3643,
"label": [
"1834846"
]
},
{
"start": 3697,
"end": 3708,
"label": [
"344560"
]
},
{
"start": 3752,
"end": 3781,
"label": [
"106321"
]
},
{
"start": 3793,
"end": 3797,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 3806,
"end": 3819,
"label": [
"750273"
]
},
{
"start": 3862,
"end": 3883,
"label": [
"30874659"
]
},
{
"start": 3895,
"end": 3899,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 3908,
"end": 3918,
"label": [
"452152"
]
},
{
"start": 3973,
"end": 3984,
"label": [
"3238438"
]
},
{
"start": 4025,
"end": 4029,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 4038,
"end": 4051,
"label": [
"27273798"
]
},
{
"start": 4121,
"end": 4125,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 4134,
"end": 4157,
"label": [
"417493"
]
},
{
"start": 4195,
"end": 4206,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 4227,
"end": 4231,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 4240,
"end": 4260,
"label": [
"5851900"
]
},
{
"start": 4312,
"end": 4325,
"label": [
"32048"
]
},
{
"start": 4375,
"end": 4395,
"label": [
"196964"
]
},
{
"start": 4421,
"end": 4432,
"label": [
"5517329"
]
},
{
"start": 4478,
"end": 4482,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 4491,
"end": 4508,
"label": [
"2057600"
]
},
{
"start": 4558,
"end": 4562,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 4571,
"end": 4584,
"label": [
"8485995"
]
},
{
"start": 4624,
"end": 4628,
"label": [
"34601"
]
},
{
"start": 4637,
"end": 4647,
"label": [
"148804"
]
},
{
"start": 4697,
"end": 4721,
"label": [
"24095"
]
},
{
"start": 4733,
"end": 4737,
"label": [
"34548"
]
},
{
"start": 4746,
"end": 4762,
"label": [
"2733289"
]
},
{
"start": 4811,
"end": 4824,
"label": [
"31333193"
]
},
{
"start": 4875,
"end": 4879,
"label": [
"35502"
]
},
{
"start": 4888,
"end": 4902,
"label": [
"78231"
]
},
{
"start": 4972,
"end": 4985,
"label": [
"5687203"
]
},
{
"start": 5062,
"end": 5075,
"label": [
"764956"
]
},
{
"start": 5107,
"end": 5118,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 5139,
"end": 5143,
"label": [
"35984"
]
},
{
"start": 5152,
"end": 5166,
"label": [
"315742"
]
},
{
"start": 5207,
"end": 5218,
"label": [
"26230922"
]
},
{
"start": 5239,
"end": 5243,
"label": [
"36164"
]
},
{
"start": 5252,
"end": 5270,
"label": [
"6779527"
]
},
{
"start": 5317,
"end": 5328,
"label": [
"6888267"
]
},
{
"start": 5381,
"end": 5385,
"label": [
"36165"
]
},
{
"start": 5394,
"end": 5404,
"label": [
"5064542"
]
},
{
"start": 5447,
"end": 5467,
"label": [
"26918537"
]
},
{
"start": 5511,
"end": 5523,
"label": [
"13187812"
]
},
{
"start": 5568,
"end": 5572,
"label": [
"35825"
]
},
{
"start": 5581,
"end": 5593,
"label": [
"1415167"
]
},
{
"start": 5651,
"end": 5661,
"label": [
"19150168"
]
},
{
"start": 5708,
"end": 5720,
"label": [
"9989552"
]
},
{
"start": 5758,
"end": 5762,
"label": [
"43226"
]
},
{
"start": 5771,
"end": 5785,
"label": [
"556345"
]
},
{
"start": 5813,
"end": 5817,
"label": [
"36225"
]
},
{
"start": 5826,
"end": 5836,
"label": [
"695443"
]
},
{
"start": 5876,
"end": 5880,
"label": [
"47374"
]
},
{
"start": 5889,
"end": 5901,
"label": [
"151540"
]
},
{
"start": 5942,
"end": 5951,
"label": [
"4334441"
]
},
{
"start": 6012,
"end": 6031,
"label": [
"3956748"
]
},
{
"start": 6075,
"end": 6088,
"label": [
"4191933"
]
},
{
"start": 6144,
"end": 6158,
"label": [
"21831151"
]
},
{
"start": 6215,
"end": 6229,
"label": [
"3196403"
]
},
{
"start": 6269,
"end": 6309,
"label": [
"3695933"
]
},
{
"start": 6321,
"end": 6325,
"label": [
"46945"
]
},
{
"start": 6334,
"end": 6349,
"label": [
"26445373"
]
},
{
"start": 6405,
"end": 6416,
"label": [
"399078"
]
},
{
"start": 6481,
"end": 6497,
"label": [
"12146577"
]
},
{
"start": 6555,
"end": 6573,
"label": [
"40331164"
]
},
{
"start": 6621,
"end": 6625,
"label": [
"48630"
]
},
{
"start": 6634,
"end": 6638,
"label": [
"1151718"
]
},
{
"start": 6698,
"end": 6711,
"label": [
"28311931"
]
},
{
"start": 6739,
"end": 6775,
"label": [
"6079447"
]
},
{
"start": 6801,
"end": 6814,
"label": [
"5296946"
]
},
{
"start": 6862,
"end": 6875,
"label": [
"3762844"
]
},
{
"start": 6925,
"end": 6929,
"label": [
"49708"
]
},
{
"start": 6938,
"end": 6997,
"label": [
"1610811"
]
},
{
"start": 7031,
"end": 7052,
"label": [
"160685"
]
},
{
"start": 7078,
"end": 7087,
"label": [
"10425282"
]
},
{
"start": 7125,
"end": 7129,
"label": [
"51390"
]
},
{
"start": 7138,
"end": 7152,
"label": [
"5343976"
]
},
{
"start": 7190,
"end": 7194,
"label": [
"51391"
]
},
{
"start": 7203,
"end": 7218,
"label": [
"51322222"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1746_Rhetorical works
|
Anaximenes was a pupil of Diogenes the Cynic and Zoilus and, like his teacher, wrote a work on Homer. As a rhetorician, he was a determined opponent of Isocrates and his school. He is generally regarded as the author of the Rhetoric to Alexander, an Art of Rhetoric included in the traditional corpus of Aristotle's works. Quintilian seems to refer to this work under Anaximenes' name in Institutio Oratoria , as the Italian Renaissance philologist Piero Vettori first recognized. This attribution has, however, been disputed by some scholars. The to Isocrates' Helen mentions that Anaximenes, too, had written a Helen, "though it is more a defense speech (apologia) than an encomium," and concludes that he was "the man who has written about Helen" to whom Isocrates refers (Isoc. Helen 14). Jebb entertained the possibility that this work survives in the form of the Encomium of Helen ascribed to Gorgias: "It appears not improbable that Anaximenes may have been the real author of the work ascribed to Gorgias." According to Pausanias (), Anaximenes was "the first who practised the art of speaking extemporaneously." He also worked as a logographer, having written the speech prosecuting Phryne according to Diodorus Periegetes (quoted by Athenaeus ). The "ethical" fragments preserved in Stobaeus' Florilegium may represent "some philosophical book." According to Suda, no one before Anaximenes had invented improvised speeches.
|
[
{
"start": 26,
"end": 44,
"label": [
"234264"
]
},
{
"start": 49,
"end": 55,
"label": [
"245077"
]
},
{
"start": 95,
"end": 100,
"label": [
"13633"
]
},
{
"start": 152,
"end": 161,
"label": [
"168260"
]
},
{
"start": 224,
"end": 245,
"label": [
"24615824"
]
},
{
"start": 294,
"end": 300,
"label": [
"1666053"
]
},
{
"start": 304,
"end": 313,
"label": [
"308"
]
},
{
"start": 323,
"end": 333,
"label": [
"97092"
]
},
{
"start": 449,
"end": 462,
"label": [
"30638947"
]
},
{
"start": 675,
"end": 683,
"label": [
"290266"
]
},
{
"start": 793,
"end": 797,
"label": [
"312767"
]
},
{
"start": 869,
"end": 886,
"label": [
"98394"
]
},
{
"start": 899,
"end": 906,
"label": [
"98394"
]
},
{
"start": 1028,
"end": 1037,
"label": [
"416255"
]
},
{
"start": 1102,
"end": 1118,
"label": [
"1637999"
]
},
{
"start": 1141,
"end": 1152,
"label": [
"1578745"
]
},
{
"start": 1192,
"end": 1198,
"label": [
"848698"
]
},
{
"start": 1243,
"end": 1252,
"label": [
"166983"
]
},
{
"start": 1293,
"end": 1301,
"label": [
"78402"
]
},
{
"start": 1369,
"end": 1373,
"label": [
"78815"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1777_Births
|
* 742 – Charlemagne, Frankish king (d. 814) *1473 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504) *1545 – Elisabeth of Valois (d. 1568) *1565 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599) *1586 – Pietro Della Valle, Italian traveler (d. 1652) *1602 – Mary of Jesus of Ágreda, Franciscan abbess (d. 1665) *1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663) *1647 – Maria Sibylla Merian, German-Dutch botanist and illustrator (d. 1717) *1653 – Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708) *1696 – Francesca Cuzzoni, Italian operatic soprano (d. 1778) *1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803) *1725 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian explorer and author (d. 1798) *1788 – Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet and author (d. 1862) * 1788 – Wilhelmine Reichard, German balloonist (d. 1848) *1789 – Lucio Norberto Mansilla, Argentinian general and politician (d. 1871) *1792 – Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician, 4th President of the Republic of the New Granada (d. 1840) *1798 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet and academic (d. 1874) *1805 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1875) *1814 – Henry L. Benning, American general and judge (d. 1875) *1814 – Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879) *1827 – William Holman Hunt, English soldier and painter (d. 1910) *1835 – Jacob Nash Victor, American engineer (d. 1907) *1838 – Léon Gambetta, French lawyer and politician, 45th Prime Minister of France (d. 1882) *1840 – Émile Zola, French novelist, playwright, journalist (d. 1902) *1841 – Clément Ader, French engineer, designed the Ader Avion III (d. 1926) *1842 – Dominic Savio, Italian Catholic saint, adolescent student of Saint John Bosco (d. 1857) *1861 – Iván Persa, Slovenian priest and author (d. 1935) *1862 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947) *1869 – Hughie Jennings, American baseball player and manager (d. 1928) *1875 – Walter Chrysler, American businessman, founded Chrysler (d. 1940) * 1875 – William Donne, English cricketer and captain (d. 1942) *1884 – J. C. Squire, English poet, author, and historian (d. 1958) *1891 – Jack Buchanan, Scottish entertainer (d. 1957) * 1891 – Max Ernst, German painter, sculptor, and poet (d. 1976) * 1891 – Tristão de Bragança Cunha, Indian nationalist and anti-colonial activist from Goa (d. 1958) *1896 – Johnny Golden, American golfer (d. 1936) *1898 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990) *1898 – Chiungtze C. Tsen, Chinese mathematician (d. 1940) *1900 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1942) * 1900 – Anis Fuleihan, Cypriot-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1970) * 1900 – Alfred Strange, English footballer (d. 1978) *1902 – Jan Tschichold, German-Swiss graphic designer and typographer (d. 1974) *1903 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (d. 1987) *1906 – Alphonse-Marie Parent, Canadian priest and educator (d. 1970) *1907 – Harald Andersson, American-Swedish discus thrower (d. 1985) * 1907 – Luke Appling, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991) *1908 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003) *1910 – Paul Triquet, Canadian general, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1980) * 1910 – Chico Xavier, Brazilian spiritual medium (d. 2002) *1914 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000) *1919 – Delfo Cabrera, Argentinian runner and soldier (d. 1981) *1920 – Gerald Bouey, Canadian lieutenant and civil servant (d. 2004) * 1920 – Jack Stokes, English animator and director (d. 2013) * 1920 – Jack Webb, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1982) *1922 – John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician, 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State (d. 2015) *1923 – Gloria Henry, American actress * 1923 – Johnny Paton, Scottish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2015) * 1923 – G. Spencer-Brown, English mathematician, psychologist, and author (d. 2016) *1924 – Bobby Ávila, Mexican baseball player (d. 2004) *1925 – George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish author and screenwriter (d. 2008) * 1925 – Hans Rosenthal, German radio and television host (d. 1987) *1926 – Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver (d. 2014) * 1926 – Rudra Rajasingham, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (d. 2006) *1927 – Carmen Basilio, American boxer and soldier (d. 2012) * 1927 – Howard Callaway, American soldier and politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Army (d. 2014) * 1927 – Rita Gam, American actress (d. 2016) * 1927 – Billy Pierce, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015) * 1927 – Kenneth Tynan, English author and critic (d. 1980) *1928 – Joseph Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996) * 1928 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer-songwriter, actor, and director (d. 1991) * 1928 – Roy Masters, English-American radio host * 1928 – David Robinson, Northern Irish horticulturist and academic (d. 2004) *1929 – Ed Dorn, American poet and educator (d. 1999) *1930 – Roddy Maude-Roxby, English actor *1931 – Vladimir Kuznetsov, Russian javelin thrower (d. 1986) *1932 – Edward Egan, American cardinal (d. 2015) *1933 – György Konrád, Hungarian sociologist and author *1934 – Paul Cohen, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2007) * 1934 – Brian Glover, English wrestler and actor (d. 1997) * 1934 – Carl Kasell, American journalist and game show host (d. 2018) * 1934 – Richard Portman, American sound engineer (d. 2017) * 1934 – Dovid Shmidel, Austrian-born Israeli rabbi *1936 – Shaul Ladany, Serbian-Israeli race walker and engineer *1937 – Dick Radatz, American baseball player (d. 2005) *1938 – John Larsson, Swedish 17th General of The Salvation Army * 1938 – Booker Little, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1961) * 1938 – Al Weis, American baseball player *1939 – Marvin Gaye, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984) * 1939 – Anthony Lake, American academic and diplomat, 18th United States National Security Advisor * 1939 – Lise Thibault, Canadian journalist and politician, 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec *1940 – Donald Jackson, Canadian figure skater and coach * 1940 – Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer (d. 1981) * 1940 – Penelope Keith, English actress *1941 – Dr. Demento, American radio host * 1941 – Sonny Throckmorton, American country singer-songwriter *1942 – Leon Russell, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2016) * 1942 – Roshan Seth, Indian-English actor *1943 – Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce, South African-English admiral and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports * 1943 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007) * 1943 – Larry Coryell, American jazz guitarist (d. 2017) * 1943 – Antonio Sabàto, Sr., Italian actor *1944 – Bill Malinchak, American football player *1945 – Jürgen Drews, German singer-songwriter * 1945 – Guy Fréquelin, French race car driver * 1945 – Linda Hunt, American actress * 1945 – Reggie Smith, American baseball player and coach * 1945 – Don Sutton, American baseball player and sportscaster * 1945 – Anne Waldman, American poet *1946 – Richard Collinge, New Zealand cricketer * 1946 – David Heyes, English politician * 1946 – Sue Townsend, English author and playwright (d. 2014) * 1946 – Kurt Winter, Canadian guitarist and songwriter (d. 1997) *1947 – Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer-songwriter * 1947 – Tua Forsström, Finnish writer * 1947 – Emmylou Harris, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1947 – Camille Paglia, American author and critic *1948 – Roald Als, Danish author and illustrator * 1948 – Dimitris Mitropanos, Greek singer (d. 2012) * 1948 – Daniel Okrent, American journalist and author * 1948 – Joan D. Vinge, American author *1949 – Paul Gambaccini, American-English radio and television host * 1949 – Bernd Müller, German footballer * 1949 – Pamela Reed, American actress * 1949 – David Robinson, American drummer *1950 – Lynn Westmoreland, American politician *1951 – Ayako Okamoto, Japanese golfer *1952 – Lennart Fagerlund, Swedish cyclist * 1952 – Will Hoy, English race car driver (d. 2002) * 1952 – Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2001) *1953 – Jim Allister, Northern Irish lawyer and politician * 1953 – Rosemary Bryant Mariner, 20th and 21st-century U.S. Navy aviator * 1953 – Malika Oufkir, Moroccan Berber writer * 1953 – Debralee Scott, American actress (d. 2005) * 1953 – James Vance, American author and playwright (d. 2017) *1954 – Gregory Abbott, American singer-songwriter and producer * 1954 – Donald Petrie, American actor and director *1955 – Michael Stone, Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary *1957 – Caroline Dean, English biologist and academic * 1957 – Hank Steinbrenner, American businessman, co-owner of the New York Yankees *1958 – Stefano Bettarello, Italian rugby player * 1958 – Larry Drew, American basketball player and coach *1959 – Gelindo Bordin, Italian runner * 1959 – David Frankel, American director, producer, and screenwriter * 1959 – Juha Kankkunen, Finnish race car driver * 1959 – Yves Lavandier, French director and producer * 1959 – Badou Ezzaki, Moroccan footballer and manager *1960 – Linford Christie, Jamaican-English sprinter * 1960 – Brad Jones, Australian race car driver * 1960 – Pascale Nadeau, Canadian journalist *1961 – Buddy Jewell, American singer-songwriter * 1961 – Christopher Meloni, American actor * 1961 – Keren Woodward, English singer-songwriter *1962 – Pierre Carles, French director and producer * 1962 – Billy Dean, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1962 – Clark Gregg, American actor *1963 – Karl Beattie, English director and producer * 1963 – Mike Gascoyne, English engineer *1964 – Pete Incaviglia, American baseball player and coach * 1964 – Jonathon Sharkey, American wrestler *1965 – Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (d. 2012) *1966 – Bill Romanowski, American football player and actor * 1966 – Teddy Sheringham, English footballer and coach *1967 – Greg Camp, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1967 – Phil Demmel, American guitarist and songwriter *1969 – Ajay Devgan, Indian actor, director, and producer *1971 – Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto, Brazilian footballer * 1971 – Jason Lewry, English cricketer * 1971 – Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player and sportscaster *1972 – Remo D'Souza, Indian choreographer and dancer * 1972 – Calvin Davis, American sprinter and hurdler * 1972 – Zane Lamprey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1973 – Dmitry Lipartov, Russian footballer * 1973 – Roselyn Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American actress * 1973 – Aleksejs Semjonovs, Latvian footballer *1974 – Tayfun Korkut, Turkish football manager and former player *1975 – Randy Livingston, American basketball player * 1975 – Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski, German rower *1976 – Andreas Anastasopoulos, Greek shot putter * 1976 – Rory Sabbatini, South African golfer * 1976 – Pattie Mallette, Canadian author and film producer *1977 – Per Elofsson, Swedish skier * 1977 – Michael Fassbender, German-Irish actor and producer * 1977 – Hanno Pevkur, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice *1978 – Scott Lynch, American author * 1978 – Ethan Smith, American actor, director, and producer *1979 – Jesse Carmichael, American keyboard player *1980 – Avi Benedi, Israeli singer and songwriter * 1980 – Adam Fleming, Scottish journalist * 1980 – Gavin Heffernan, Canadian director and screenwriter * 1980 – Ricky Hendrick, American race car driver (d. 2004) * 1980 – Wairangi Koopu, New Zealand rugby league player * 1980 – Carlos Salcido, Mexican footballer *1981 – Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer * 1981 – Kapil Sharma, Indian stand-up comedian, television presenter and actor *1982 – Marco Amelia, Italian footballer * 1982 – Jeremy Bloom, American football player and skier * 1982 – Jack Evans, American wrestler * 1982 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player * 1983 – Yung Joc, American rapper * 1983 – Maksym Mazuryk, Ukrainian pole vaulter *1984 – Engin Atsür, Turkish basketball player * 1984 – Nóra Barta, Hungarian diver * 1984 – Jérémy Morel, French footballer *1985 – Thom Evans, Zimbabwean-Scottish rugby player * 1985 – Stéphane Lambiel, Swiss figure skater *1986 – Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer * 1986 – Andris Biedriņš, Latvian basketball player * 1986 – Lee DeWyze, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1987 – Pablo Aguilar, Paraguayan footballer * 1987 – Marc Pugh, English footballer *1988 – Jesse Plemons, American actor *1990 – Yevgeniya Kanayeva, Russian gymnast * 1990 – Miralem Pjanić, Bosnian footballer *1991 – Quavo, American rapper *1997 – Dillon Bassett, American racing driver * 1997 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"35055"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 25,
"label": [
"5314"
]
},
{
"start": 51,
"end": 55,
"label": [
"35077"
]
},
{
"start": 64,
"end": 77,
"label": [
"3103491"
]
},
{
"start": 106,
"end": 110,
"label": [
"38675"
]
},
{
"start": 119,
"end": 138,
"label": [
"956135"
]
},
{
"start": 150,
"end": 154,
"label": [
"35229"
]
},
{
"start": 163,
"end": 182,
"label": [
"113054"
]
},
{
"start": 210,
"end": 214,
"label": [
"38593"
]
},
{
"start": 223,
"end": 241,
"label": [
"2181500"
]
},
{
"start": 271,
"end": 275,
"label": [
"35083"
]
},
{
"start": 284,
"end": 307,
"label": [
"2279953"
]
},
{
"start": 338,
"end": 342,
"label": [
"34909"
]
},
{
"start": 351,
"end": 375,
"label": [
"755690"
]
},
{
"start": 424,
"end": 428,
"label": [
"38608"
]
},
{
"start": 437,
"end": 457,
"label": [
"3101059"
]
},
{
"start": 508,
"end": 512,
"label": [
"38610"
]
},
{
"start": 521,
"end": 545,
"label": [
"322159"
]
},
{
"start": 557,
"end": 561,
"label": [
"38645"
]
},
{
"start": 570,
"end": 587,
"label": [
"741208"
]
},
{
"start": 625,
"end": 629,
"label": [
"38631"
]
},
{
"start": 638,
"end": 665,
"label": [
"216612"
]
},
{
"start": 690,
"end": 694,
"label": [
"35856"
]
},
{
"start": 703,
"end": 719,
"label": [
"231699"
]
},
{
"start": 760,
"end": 764,
"label": [
"34627"
]
},
{
"start": 773,
"end": 791,
"label": [
"656112"
]
},
{
"start": 843,
"end": 862,
"label": [
"31515965"
]
},
{
"start": 893,
"end": 897,
"label": [
"34697"
]
},
{
"start": 906,
"end": 929,
"label": [
"33659008"
]
},
{
"start": 977,
"end": 981,
"label": [
"34914"
]
},
{
"start": 990,
"end": 1018,
"label": [
"1048505"
]
},
{
"start": 1058,
"end": 1102,
"label": [
"251302"
]
},
{
"start": 1114,
"end": 1118,
"label": [
"35798"
]
},
{
"start": 1127,
"end": 1168,
"label": [
"418508"
]
},
{
"start": 1206,
"end": 1210,
"label": [
"35074"
]
},
{
"start": 1219,
"end": 1242,
"label": [
"13550"
]
},
{
"start": 1301,
"end": 1305,
"label": [
"34948"
]
},
{
"start": 1314,
"end": 1330,
"label": [
"1871648"
]
},
{
"start": 1370,
"end": 1374,
"label": [
"34948"
]
},
{
"start": 1383,
"end": 1406,
"label": [
"1795882"
]
},
{
"start": 1437,
"end": 1441,
"label": [
"35018"
]
},
{
"start": 1450,
"end": 1469,
"label": [
"118449"
]
},
{
"start": 1510,
"end": 1514,
"label": [
"35516"
]
},
{
"start": 1523,
"end": 1540,
"label": [
"5897543"
]
},
{
"start": 1571,
"end": 1575,
"label": [
"35514"
]
},
{
"start": 1584,
"end": 1597,
"label": [
"203292"
]
},
{
"start": 1634,
"end": 1658,
"label": [
"218751"
]
},
{
"start": 1670,
"end": 1674,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 1683,
"end": 1693,
"label": [
"44980"
]
},
{
"start": 1746,
"end": 1750,
"label": [
"34921"
]
},
{
"start": 1759,
"end": 1771,
"label": [
"193875"
]
},
{
"start": 1803,
"end": 1817,
"label": [
"1018219"
]
},
{
"start": 1829,
"end": 1833,
"label": [
"34922"
]
},
{
"start": 1842,
"end": 1855,
"label": [
"1592517"
]
},
{
"start": 1903,
"end": 1919,
"label": [
"2345746"
]
},
{
"start": 1931,
"end": 1935,
"label": [
"34680"
]
},
{
"start": 1944,
"end": 1954,
"label": [
"32214367"
]
},
{
"start": 1995,
"end": 1999,
"label": [
"34785"
]
},
{
"start": 2008,
"end": 2030,
"label": [
"575927"
]
},
{
"start": 2067,
"end": 2078,
"label": [
"26230922"
]
},
{
"start": 2099,
"end": 2103,
"label": [
"34789"
]
},
{
"start": 2112,
"end": 2127,
"label": [
"337534"
]
},
{
"start": 2177,
"end": 2181,
"label": [
"34763"
]
},
{
"start": 2190,
"end": 2205,
"label": [
"86648"
]
},
{
"start": 2237,
"end": 2245,
"label": [
"6882"
]
},
{
"start": 2271,
"end": 2284,
"label": [
"8163500"
]
},
{
"start": 2327,
"end": 2331,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2340,
"end": 2352,
"label": [
"988192"
]
},
{
"start": 2401,
"end": 2405,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 2414,
"end": 2427,
"label": [
"893552"
]
},
{
"start": 2475,
"end": 2484,
"label": [
"42649"
]
},
{
"start": 2546,
"end": 2571,
"label": [
"19942926"
]
},
{
"start": 2624,
"end": 2627,
"label": [
"40010153"
]
},
{
"start": 2639,
"end": 2643,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 2652,
"end": 2665,
"label": [
"5474745"
]
},
{
"start": 2694,
"end": 2698,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2707,
"end": 2733,
"label": [
"7012340"
]
},
{
"start": 2780,
"end": 2784,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2793,
"end": 2810,
"label": [
"10143482"
]
},
{
"start": 2845,
"end": 2849,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 2858,
"end": 2870,
"label": [
"994301"
]
},
{
"start": 2944,
"end": 2957,
"label": [
"17040293"
]
},
{
"start": 3034,
"end": 3048,
"label": [
"15566419"
]
},
{
"start": 3080,
"end": 3084,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 3093,
"end": 3107,
"label": [
"84839"
]
},
{
"start": 3166,
"end": 3170,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 3179,
"end": 3194,
"label": [
"1693715"
]
},
{
"start": 3233,
"end": 3261,
"label": [
"621301"
]
},
{
"start": 3273,
"end": 3277,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 3286,
"end": 3307,
"label": [
"1910776"
]
},
{
"start": 3349,
"end": 3353,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 3362,
"end": 3378,
"label": [
"35775344"
]
},
{
"start": 3437,
"end": 3449,
"label": [
"355186"
]
},
{
"start": 3499,
"end": 3503,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3512,
"end": 3523,
"label": [
"179320"
]
},
{
"start": 3562,
"end": 3566,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3575,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"1192295"
]
},
{
"start": 3607,
"end": 3621,
"label": [
"17491404"
]
},
{
"start": 3657,
"end": 3669,
"label": [
"866740"
]
},
{
"start": 3709,
"end": 3713,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3722,
"end": 3735,
"label": [
"19672828"
]
},
{
"start": 3762,
"end": 3766,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 3775,
"end": 3788,
"label": [
"883483"
]
},
{
"start": 3832,
"end": 3836,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 3845,
"end": 3857,
"label": [
"520128"
]
},
{
"start": 3922,
"end": 3933,
"label": [
"38944751"
]
},
{
"start": 3990,
"end": 3999,
"label": [
"140929"
]
},
{
"start": 4065,
"end": 4069,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4078,
"end": 4095,
"label": [
"1830535"
]
},
{
"start": 4133,
"end": 4172,
"label": [
"401375"
]
},
{
"start": 4184,
"end": 4188,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4197,
"end": 4209,
"label": [
"14321330"
]
},
{
"start": 4243,
"end": 4255,
"label": [
"25426064"
]
},
{
"start": 4322,
"end": 4338,
"label": [
"37941963"
]
},
{
"start": 4399,
"end": 4403,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4412,
"end": 4423,
"label": [
"843919"
]
},
{
"start": 4460,
"end": 4464,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 4473,
"end": 4496,
"label": [
"420617"
]
},
{
"start": 4556,
"end": 4570,
"label": [
"17085795"
]
},
{
"start": 4616,
"end": 4620,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 4629,
"end": 4641,
"label": [
"16564"
]
},
{
"start": 4695,
"end": 4712,
"label": [
"39491179"
]
},
{
"start": 4764,
"end": 4768,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 4777,
"end": 4791,
"label": [
"159845"
]
},
{
"start": 4900,
"end": 4935,
"label": [
"272214"
]
},
{
"start": 4961,
"end": 4969,
"label": [
"3674284"
]
},
{
"start": 5013,
"end": 5025,
"label": [
"911362"
]
},
{
"start": 5094,
"end": 5107,
"label": [
"872331"
]
},
{
"start": 5146,
"end": 5150,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5159,
"end": 5175,
"label": [
"304082"
]
},
{
"start": 5220,
"end": 5236,
"label": [
"79505"
]
},
{
"start": 5309,
"end": 5320,
"label": [
"1510958"
]
},
{
"start": 5365,
"end": 5379,
"label": [
"8189790"
]
},
{
"start": 5435,
"end": 5439,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5448,
"end": 5455,
"label": [
"430559"
]
},
{
"start": 5495,
"end": 5499,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5508,
"end": 5525,
"label": [
"4687169"
]
},
{
"start": 5542,
"end": 5546,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5555,
"end": 5573,
"label": [
"42378672"
]
},
{
"start": 5610,
"end": 5614,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 5623,
"end": 5634,
"label": [
"245239"
]
},
{
"start": 5665,
"end": 5669,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5678,
"end": 5691,
"label": [
"669366"
]
},
{
"start": 5727,
"end": 5731,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 5740,
"end": 5750,
"label": [
"22994"
]
},
{
"start": 5813,
"end": 5825,
"label": [
"594736"
]
},
{
"start": 5879,
"end": 5890,
"label": [
"429926"
]
},
{
"start": 5956,
"end": 5971,
"label": [
"32894541"
]
},
{
"start": 6022,
"end": 6035,
"label": [
"52173358"
]
},
{
"start": 6066,
"end": 6070,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6079,
"end": 6091,
"label": [
"38630209"
]
},
{
"start": 6135,
"end": 6139,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6148,
"end": 6159,
"label": [
"839296"
]
},
{
"start": 6197,
"end": 6201,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6210,
"end": 6222,
"label": [
"292991"
]
},
{
"start": 6237,
"end": 6266,
"label": [
"2020679"
]
},
{
"start": 6282,
"end": 6295,
"label": [
"1108976"
]
},
{
"start": 6359,
"end": 6366,
"label": [
"6225318"
]
},
{
"start": 6394,
"end": 6398,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6407,
"end": 6418,
"label": [
"147995"
]
},
{
"start": 6472,
"end": 6484,
"label": [
"373221"
]
},
{
"start": 6523,
"end": 6562,
"label": [
"44028"
]
},
{
"start": 6578,
"end": 6591,
"label": [
"1018753"
]
},
{
"start": 6634,
"end": 6663,
"label": [
"839345"
]
},
{
"start": 6665,
"end": 6669,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6678,
"end": 6692,
"label": [
"4181126"
]
},
{
"start": 6742,
"end": 6755,
"label": [
"1226505"
]
},
{
"start": 6807,
"end": 6821,
"label": [
"159012"
]
},
{
"start": 6840,
"end": 6844,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 6853,
"end": 6864,
"label": [
"231982"
]
},
{
"start": 6901,
"end": 6919,
"label": [
"20310608"
]
},
{
"start": 6957,
"end": 6961,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6970,
"end": 6982,
"label": [
"820867"
]
},
{
"start": 7048,
"end": 7059,
"label": [
"242653"
]
},
{
"start": 7083,
"end": 7087,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7096,
"end": 7122,
"label": [
"523546"
]
},
{
"start": 7217,
"end": 7231,
"label": [
"20475122"
]
},
{
"start": 7273,
"end": 7286,
"label": [
"1766031"
]
},
{
"start": 7337,
"end": 7356,
"label": [
"27238764"
]
},
{
"start": 7373,
"end": 7377,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7386,
"end": 7400,
"label": [
"2390014"
]
},
{
"start": 7428,
"end": 7432,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7441,
"end": 7453,
"label": [
"25722487"
]
},
{
"start": 7495,
"end": 7508,
"label": [
"8150209"
]
},
{
"start": 7548,
"end": 7558,
"label": [
"492152"
]
},
{
"start": 7592,
"end": 7604,
"label": [
"2666972"
]
},
{
"start": 7656,
"end": 7666,
"label": [
"304686"
]
},
{
"start": 7725,
"end": 7737,
"label": [
"395943"
]
},
{
"start": 7754,
"end": 7758,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 7767,
"end": 7783,
"label": [
"1807216"
]
},
{
"start": 7822,
"end": 7833,
"label": [
"434642"
]
},
{
"start": 7869,
"end": 7881,
"label": [
"175458"
]
},
{
"start": 7938,
"end": 7949,
"label": [
"4356678"
]
},
{
"start": 7996,
"end": 8000,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8009,
"end": 8030,
"label": [
"6994018"
]
},
{
"start": 8073,
"end": 8086,
"label": [
"19936648"
]
},
{
"start": 8118,
"end": 8132,
"label": [
"123572"
]
},
{
"start": 8190,
"end": 8204,
"label": [
"23820760"
]
},
{
"start": 8234,
"end": 8238,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8247,
"end": 8256,
"label": [
"17126512"
]
},
{
"start": 8303,
"end": 8322,
"label": [
"10182404"
]
},
{
"start": 8362,
"end": 8375,
"label": [
"563094"
]
},
{
"start": 8423,
"end": 8436,
"label": [
"457535"
]
},
{
"start": 8455,
"end": 8459,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8468,
"end": 8483,
"label": [
"511156"
]
},
{
"start": 8543,
"end": 8555,
"label": [
"34631053"
]
},
{
"start": 8590,
"end": 8601,
"label": [
"1507404"
]
},
{
"start": 8635,
"end": 8649,
"label": [
"751526"
]
},
{
"start": 8669,
"end": 8673,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8682,
"end": 8699,
"label": [
"1164050"
]
},
{
"start": 8722,
"end": 8726,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8735,
"end": 8748,
"label": [
"1636008"
]
},
{
"start": 8767,
"end": 8771,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8780,
"end": 8797,
"label": [
"44175082"
]
},
{
"start": 8830,
"end": 8838,
"label": [
"4692977"
]
},
{
"start": 8889,
"end": 8902,
"label": [
"2036745"
]
},
{
"start": 8951,
"end": 8955,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8964,
"end": 8976,
"label": [
"725455"
]
},
{
"start": 9030,
"end": 9053,
"label": [
"15940307"
]
},
{
"start": 9110,
"end": 9123,
"label": [
"3494436"
]
},
{
"start": 9163,
"end": 9177,
"label": [
"1743718"
]
},
{
"start": 9221,
"end": 9232,
"label": [
"12585516"
]
},
{
"start": 9276,
"end": 9280,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9289,
"end": 9303,
"label": [
"1515826"
]
},
{
"start": 9360,
"end": 9373,
"label": [
"1759432"
]
},
{
"start": 9404,
"end": 9408,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9417,
"end": 9430,
"label": [
"1405155"
]
},
{
"start": 9470,
"end": 9474,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9483,
"end": 9496,
"label": [
"18517757"
]
},
{
"start": 9544,
"end": 9561,
"label": [
"14052139"
]
},
{
"start": 9601,
"end": 9617,
"label": [
"4848143"
]
},
{
"start": 9619,
"end": 9623,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9632,
"end": 9650,
"label": [
"10022483"
]
},
{
"start": 9688,
"end": 9698,
"label": [
"5948858"
]
},
{
"start": 9738,
"end": 9742,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9751,
"end": 9765,
"label": [
"883738"
]
},
{
"start": 9797,
"end": 9810,
"label": [
"4953116"
]
},
{
"start": 9873,
"end": 9887,
"label": [
"412742"
]
},
{
"start": 9928,
"end": 9942,
"label": [
"3539742"
]
},
{
"start": 9988,
"end": 10000,
"label": [
"5153971"
]
},
{
"start": 10035,
"end": 10039,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 10048,
"end": 10064,
"label": [
"67118"
]
},
{
"start": 10107,
"end": 10117,
"label": [
"5920138"
]
},
{
"start": 10161,
"end": 10175,
"label": [
"21028263"
]
},
{
"start": 10198,
"end": 10202,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 10211,
"end": 10223,
"label": [
"511806"
]
},
{
"start": 10267,
"end": 10285,
"label": [
"1151359"
]
},
{
"start": 10317,
"end": 10331,
"label": [
"618491"
]
},
{
"start": 10360,
"end": 10364,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10373,
"end": 10386,
"label": [
"1393470"
]
},
{
"start": 10432,
"end": 10442,
"label": [
"2535593"
]
},
{
"start": 10500,
"end": 10511,
"label": [
"4580417"
]
},
{
"start": 10529,
"end": 10533,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10542,
"end": 10554,
"label": [
"3048686"
]
},
{
"start": 10601,
"end": 10614,
"label": [
"1410759"
]
},
{
"start": 10634,
"end": 10638,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10647,
"end": 10662,
"label": [
"2437666"
]
},
{
"start": 10714,
"end": 10730,
"label": [
"31596273"
]
},
{
"start": 10751,
"end": 10755,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10764,
"end": 10775,
"label": [
"168601"
]
},
{
"start": 10796,
"end": 10812,
"label": [
"166029"
]
},
{
"start": 10824,
"end": 10828,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10837,
"end": 10852,
"label": [
"938544"
]
},
{
"start": 10904,
"end": 10920,
"label": [
"526155"
]
},
{
"start": 10952,
"end": 10956,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10965,
"end": 10974,
"label": [
"1893333"
]
},
{
"start": 11032,
"end": 11043,
"label": [
"23962249"
]
},
{
"start": 11080,
"end": 11084,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11093,
"end": 11104,
"label": [
"1085284"
]
},
{
"start": 11144,
"end": 11148,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11157,
"end": 11184,
"label": [
"321109"
]
},
{
"start": 11222,
"end": 11233,
"label": [
"3572430"
]
},
{
"start": 11268,
"end": 11283,
"label": [
"1547951"
]
},
{
"start": 11328,
"end": 11332,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11341,
"end": 11353,
"label": [
"24043197"
]
},
{
"start": 11402,
"end": 11414,
"label": [
"7457007"
]
},
{
"start": 11461,
"end": 11473,
"label": [
"10071314"
]
},
{
"start": 11529,
"end": 11533,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11542,
"end": 11557,
"label": [
"12941390"
]
},
{
"start": 11593,
"end": 11608,
"label": [
"894461"
]
},
{
"start": 11655,
"end": 11673,
"label": [
"23119445"
]
},
{
"start": 11695,
"end": 11699,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11708,
"end": 11721,
"label": [
"5994529"
]
},
{
"start": 11767,
"end": 11771,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11780,
"end": 11796,
"label": [
"2938927"
]
},
{
"start": 11840,
"end": 11868,
"label": [
"5287349"
]
},
{
"start": 11884,
"end": 11888,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11897,
"end": 11919,
"label": [
"7148073"
]
},
{
"start": 11954,
"end": 11968,
"label": [
"3466532"
]
},
{
"start": 12006,
"end": 12021,
"label": [
"37133773"
]
},
{
"start": 12058,
"end": 12062,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 12071,
"end": 12083,
"label": [
"3777251"
]
},
{
"start": 12114,
"end": 12132,
"label": [
"3092836"
]
},
{
"start": 12181,
"end": 12193,
"label": [
"23112153"
]
},
{
"start": 12227,
"end": 12255,
"label": [
"13423188"
]
},
{
"start": 12257,
"end": 12261,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 12270,
"end": 12281,
"label": [
"5871652"
]
},
{
"start": 12367,
"end": 12371,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12380,
"end": 12396,
"label": [
"1084348"
]
},
{
"start": 12424,
"end": 12428,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12437,
"end": 12447,
"label": [
"49928249"
]
},
{
"start": 12494,
"end": 12506,
"label": [
"11278017"
]
},
{
"start": 12543,
"end": 12558,
"label": [
"1060306"
]
},
{
"start": 12610,
"end": 12624,
"label": [
"1102002"
]
},
{
"start": 12676,
"end": 12690,
"label": [
"7447150"
]
},
{
"start": 12739,
"end": 12753,
"label": [
"2163368"
]
},
{
"start": 12775,
"end": 12779,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12788,
"end": 12802,
"label": [
"896426"
]
},
{
"start": 12840,
"end": 12852,
"label": [
"28372152"
]
},
{
"start": 12912,
"end": 12916,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12925,
"end": 12937,
"label": [
"4224701"
]
},
{
"start": 12973,
"end": 12985,
"label": [
"3996698"
]
},
{
"start": 13037,
"end": 13047,
"label": [
"1871067"
]
},
{
"start": 13082,
"end": 13094,
"label": [
"2080298"
]
},
{
"start": 13133,
"end": 13141,
"label": [
"4123604"
]
},
{
"start": 13174,
"end": 13188,
"label": [
"7165190"
]
},
{
"start": 13214,
"end": 13218,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 13227,
"end": 13238,
"label": [
"7219157"
]
},
{
"start": 13281,
"end": 13291,
"label": [
"10407923"
]
},
{
"start": 13324,
"end": 13336,
"label": [
"6966714"
]
},
{
"start": 13357,
"end": 13361,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 13370,
"end": 13380,
"label": [
"15150377"
]
},
{
"start": 13430,
"end": 13446,
"label": [
"2464235"
]
},
{
"start": 13469,
"end": 13473,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 13482,
"end": 13497,
"label": [
"3159724"
]
},
{
"start": 13531,
"end": 13546,
"label": [
"1640462"
]
},
{
"start": 13589,
"end": 13599,
"label": [
"26250199"
]
},
{
"start": 13643,
"end": 13647,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13656,
"end": 13669,
"label": [
"17329712"
]
},
{
"start": 13708,
"end": 13717,
"label": [
"3936094"
]
},
{
"start": 13739,
"end": 13743,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 13752,
"end": 13765,
"label": [
"10687798"
]
},
{
"start": 13783,
"end": 13787,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 13796,
"end": 13814,
"label": [
"18385965"
]
},
{
"start": 13847,
"end": 13861,
"label": [
"8703405"
]
},
{
"start": 13883,
"end": 13887,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13896,
"end": 13901,
"label": [
"43618191"
]
},
{
"start": 13920,
"end": 13924,
"label": [
"34601"
]
},
{
"start": 13933,
"end": 13947,
"label": [
"60582576"
]
},
{
"start": 13987,
"end": 14001,
"label": [
"46195740"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1781_Births
|
* 932 – Richard I, duke of Normandy (d. 996) *1023 – Go-Reizei, emperor of Japan (d. 1068) *1366 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421) *1476 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559) *1481 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (d. 1558) *1582 – Taichang, emperor of China (d. 1620) *1591 – John Christian of Brieg, duke of Brzeg (d. 1639) *1592 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English courtier and politician (d. 1628) *1612 – Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch linguist and scholar (d. 1653) *1667 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1721) *1691 – Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1750) *1714 – Anthony Ulrich, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774) *1728 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822) *1739 – Agostino Accorimboni, Italian composer (d. 1818) *1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German novelist, poet, playwright, and diplomat (d. 1832) *1774 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of Charity Federation in the Vincentian-Setonian Tradition (d. 1821) *1801 – Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1877) *1814 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (d. 1873) *1816 – Charles Sladen, English-Australian politician, 6th Premier of Victoria (d. 1884) *1822 – Graham Berry, English-Australian politician, 11th Premier of Victoria (d. 1904) *1827 – Catherine Mikhailovna, Russian grand duchess (d. 1894) *1833 – Edward Burne-Jones, English artist of the Pre-Raphaelite movement (d. 1898) *1837 – Francis von Hohenstein, duke of Teck (d. 1900) *1840 – Alexander Cameron Sim, Scottish-Japanese pharmacist and businessman, founded Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club (d. 1900) *1853 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian architect and engineer, designed the Adziogol Lighthouse (d. 1939) *1859 – Matilda Howell, American archer (d. 1938) * 1859 – Vittorio Sella, Italian mountaineer and photographer (d. 1943) *1867 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer and academic (d. 1948) *1878 – George Whipple, American physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976) *1884 – Peter Fraser, Scottish-New Zealand journalist and politician, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1950) *1885 – Vance Palmer, Australian author, playwright, and critic (d. 1959) *1887 – August Kippasto, Estonian-Australian wrestler and poet (d. 1973) * 1887 – István Kühár, Slovenian priest and politician (d. 1922) *1888 – Evadne Price, Australian actress, astrologer, and author (d. 1985) *1891 – Benno Schotz, Estonian-Scottish sculptor and engineer (d. 1984) *1894 – Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor and director (d. 1981) *1896 – Firaq Gorakhpuri, Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 1982) *1898 – Charlie Grimm, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (d. 1983) *1899 – Charles Boyer, French-American actor, singer, and producer (d. 1978) * 1899 – Andrei Platonov, Russian author and poet (d. 1951) * 1899 – James Wong Howe, Chinese American cinematographer (d. 1976) *1903 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (d. 1990) *1904 – Secondo Campini, Italian-American engineer (d. 1980) * 1904 – Leho Laurine, Estonian chess player (d. 1998) *1905 – Cyril Walters, Welsh-English cricketer (d. 1992) *1906 – John Betjeman, English poet and academic (d. 1984) *1908 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and author (d. 1996) *1910 – Morris Graves, American painter and academic (d. 2001) * 1910 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-American mathematician and economist Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) *1911 – Joseph Luns, Dutch politician and diplomat, 5th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2002) *1913 – Robertson Davies, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1995) * 1913 – Jack Dreyfus, American businessman, founded the Dreyfus Corporation (d. 2009) * 1913 – Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1993) * 1913 – Robert Irving, English conductor and director (d. 1991) * 1913 – Terence Reese, English bridge player and author (d. 1996) * 1913 – Richard Tucker, American tenor and actor (d. 1975) *1915 – Max Robertson, Bengal-born English sportscaster and author (d. 2009) * 1915 – Tasha Tudor, American author and illustrator (d. 2008) *1916 – Hélène Baillargeon, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1997) * 1916 – C. Wright Mills American sociologist and author (d. 1962) * 1916 – Jack Vance, American author (d. 2013) *1917 – Jack Kirby, American author and illustrator (d. 1994) *1918 – L. B. Cole, American illustrator and publisher (d. 1995) *1919 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English biophysicist and engineer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004) *1921 – John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist and engineer (d. 1979) * 1921 – Fernando Fernán Gómez, Spanish actor, director, and playwright (d. 2007) * 1921 – Nancy Kulp, American actress and soldier (d. 1991) * 1921 – Lidia Gueiler Tejada, the first female President of Bolivia (d. 2011) *1924 – Janet Frame, New Zealand author and poet (d. 2004) * 1924 – Tony MacGibbon, New Zealand cricketer and engineer (d. 2010) * 1924 – Peggy Ryan, American actress and dancer (d. 2004) * 1924 – Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (d. 2014) *1925 – Billy Grammer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011) * 1925 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003) * 1925 – Philip Purser, English author and critic *1928 – F. William Free, American businessman (d. 2003) * 1928 – Vilayat Khan, Indian sitar player and composer (d. 2004) *1929 – István Kertész, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973) * 1929 – Roxie Roker, American actress (d. 1995) *1930 – Ben Gazzara, American actor (d. 2012) * 1930 – Windsor Davies, British actor. *1931 – Tito Capobianco, Argentinian director and producer (d. 2018) * 1931 – Cristina Deutekom, Dutch soprano and actress (d. 2014) * 1931 – Ola L. Mize, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2014) * 1931 – John Shirley-Quirk, English actor, singer, and educator (d. 2014) * 1931 – Roger Williams, English hepatologist and academic *1932 – Andy Bathgate, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2016) * 1932 – Yakir Aharonov, Israeli academic and educator *1933 – Philip French, English journalist, critic, and producer (d. 2015) * 1933 – Patrick Kalilombe, Malawian bishop and theologian (d. 2012) *1935 – Melvin Charney, Canadian sculptor and architect (d. 2012) * 1935 – Gilles Rocheleau, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998) *1936 – Don Denkinger, American baseball player and umpire * 1935 – Warren M. Washington, American atmospheric scientist *1938 – Maurizio Costanzo, Italian journalist and academic * 1938 – Paul Martin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Canada * 1938 – Bengt Fahlström, Swedish journalist (d. 2017) *1939 – John Kingman, English mathematician and academic *1940 – William Cohen, American lawyer and politician, 20th United States Secretary of Defense * 1940 – Roger Pingeon, French cyclist (d. 2017) *1941 – Michael Craig-Martin, Irish painter and illustrator * 1941 – Toomas Leius, Estonian tennis player and coach * 1941 – John Stanley Marshall, English drummer * 1941 – Paul Plishka, American opera singer *1942 – Wendy Davies, Welsh historian and academic * 1942 – Sterling Morrison, American singer and guitarist (d. 1995) * 1942 – Jorge Urosa, Venezuelan cardinal *1943 – Surayud Chulanont, Thai general and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand * 1943 – Robert Greenwald, American director and producer * 1943 – Shuja Khanzada, Pakistani colonel and politician (d. 2015) * 1943 – Lou Piniella, American baseball player and manager * 1943 – David Soul, American actor and singer * 1943 – Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor and voice actor *1944 – Marianne Heemskerk, Dutch swimmer *1945 – Bob Segarini, American-Canadian singer-songwriter *1947 – Emlyn Hughes, English footballer (d. 2004) * 1947 – Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress and singer *1948 – Vonda N. McIntyre, American author * 1948 – Murray Parker, New Zealand cricketer and educator * 1948 – Heather Reisman, Canadian publisher and businesswoman * 1948 – Danny Seraphine, American drummer and producer * 1948 – Elizabeth Wilmshurst, English academic and jurist *1949 – Hugh Cornwell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1949 – Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player and coach *1950 – Ron Guidry, American baseball player and coach * 1950 – Tony Husband, English cartoonist *1951 – Colin McAdam, Scottish footballer (d. 2013) * 1951 – Wayne Osmond, American singer-songwriter and actor * 1951 – Keiichi Suzuki, Japanese singer-songwriter *1952 – Jacques Chagnon, Canadian educator and politician * 1952 – Rita Dove, American poet and essayist * 1952 – Wendelin Wiedeking, German businessman *1953 – Ditmar Jakobs, German footballer * 1953 – Tõnu Kaljuste, Estonian conductor and journalist *1954 – Katharine Abraham, American feminist economist * 1954 – George M. Church, American geneticist, chemist, and engineer * 1954 – John Dorahy, Australian rugby player and coach * 1954 – Ravi Kanbur, Indian-English economist and academic *1956 – Luis Guzmán, Puerto Rican-American actor and producer * 1956 – Steve Whiteman, American singer-songwriter *1957 – Greg Clark, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government * 1957 – Ivo Josipović, Croatian lawyer, jurist, and politician, 3rd President of Croatia * 1957 – Daniel Stern, American actor and director * 1957 – Ai Weiwei, Chinese sculptor and activist *1958 – Scott Hamilton, American figure skater *1959 – Brian Thompson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1961 – Kim Appleby, English singer-songwriter and actress * 1961 – Cliff Benson, American football player * 1961 – Jennifer Coolidge, American actress * 1961 – Deepak Tijori, Indian actor and director * 1961 – Ian Pont, English cricketer and coach *1962 – Paul Allen, English footballer * 1962 – Craig Anton, American actor and screenwriter * 1962 – David Fincher, American director and producer *1963 – Regina Jacobs, American runner * 1963 – Maria Gheorghiu, Romanian folk singer-songwriter *1964 – Lee Janzen, American golfer * 1964 – Kaj Leo Johannesen, Faroese footballer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands *1965 – Dan Crowley, Australian rugby player * 1965 – Sonia Kruger, Australian television host and actress * 1965 – Satoshi Tajiri, Japanese video game developer; created Pokémon * 1965 – Shania Twain, Canadian singer-songwriter *1966 – Priya Dutt, Indian social worker and politician *1967 – Jamie Osborne, English jockey and trainer *1968 – Billy Boyd, Scottish actor and singer *1969 – Jack Black, American actor and comedian * 1969 – Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook and Founder of Leanin.org * 1969 – Mary McCartney, English photographer and activist * 1969 – Jason Priestley, Canadian actor, director, and producer * 1969 – Pierre Turgeon, Canadian-American ice hockey player *1970 – Melina Aslanidou, German-Greek singer-songwriter * 1970 – Rick Recht, American singer-songwriter *1971 – Shane Andrews, American baseball player * 1971 – Todd Eldredge, American figure skater and coach * 1971 – Janet Evans, American swimmer * 1971 – Raúl Márquez, Mexican-American boxer and sportscaster *1972 – Ravindu Shah, Kenyan cricketer * 1972 – Jay Witasick, American baseball player and coach *1973 – J. August Richards, American actor *1974 – Johan Andersson, Swedish game designer and programmer * 1974 – Takahito Eguchi, Japanese pianist and composer * 1974 – Carsten Jancker, German footballer and manager *1975 – Jamie Cureton, English footballer * 1975 – Gareth Farrelly, Irish footballer and manager * 1975 – Hamish McLachlan, Australian television personality * 1975 – Royce Willis, New Zealand rugby player *1976 – Federico Magallanes, Uruguayan footballer *1978 – Jess Margera, American drummer *1979 – Shaila Dúrcal, Spanish singer-songwriter * 1979 – Robert Hoyzer, German footballer and referee * 1979 – Kristen Hughes, Australian netball player * 1979 – Markus Pröll, German footballer * 1979 – Ruth Riley, American basketball player *1980 – Antony Hämäläinen, Finnish singer-songwriter * 1980 – Jaakko Ojaniemi, Finnish decathlete * 1980 – Carly Pope, Canadian actress and producer * 1980 – Jonathan Reynolds, English lawyer and politician *1981 – Matt Alrich, American lacrosse player * 1981 – Kezia Dugdale, Scottish politician * 1981 – Martin Erat, Czech ice hockey player * 1981 – Daniel Gygax, Swiss footballer * 1981 – Raphael Matos, Brazilian race car driver * 1981 – Jake Owen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1981 – Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer * 1981 – Agata Wróbel, Polish weightlifter *1982 – Anderson Silva de França, Brazilian footballer * 1982 – Kevin McNaughton, Scottish footballer * 1982 – Thiago Motta, Brazilian-Italian footballer * 1982 – LeAnn Rimes, American singer-songwriter and actress *1983 – Lasith Malinga, Sri Lankan cricketer * 1983 – Luke McAlister, New Zealand rugby player * 1983 – Lilli Schwarzkopf, German heptathlete *1985 – Kjetil Jansrud, Norwegian skier *1986 – Jeff Green, American basketball player * 1986 – Armie Hammer, American actor * 1986 – Tommy Hanson, American baseball player (d. 2015) * 1986 – Simon Mannering, New Zealand rugby league player * 1986 – Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier and hostage * 1986 – Florence Welch, English singer-songwriter *1987 – Caleb Moore, American snowmobile racer (d. 2013) *1989 – César Azpilicueta, Spanish footballer * 1989 – Valtteri Bottas, Finnish race car driver * 1989 – Jo Kwon, South Korean singer and dancer * 1989 – Cassadee Pope, American singer-songwriter *1990 – Bojan Krkić, Spanish footballer *1991 – Felicio Brown Forbes, German footballer * 1991 – Andreja Pejić Bosnian model *1992 – Gabriela Drăgoi, Romanian gymnast * 1992 – Bismack Biyombo, Congolese basketball player * 1992 – Max Collins, American-Filipino actress and model *1993 – Jakub Sokolík, Czech footballer *1994 – Bobby Andonov, Australian singer * 1994 – Manon Arcangioli, French tennis player * 1994 – Junior Malanda, Belgian footballer (d. 2015) *1995 – Joshua Kalu, American football player *2003 – Quvenzhané Wallis, American actress
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"49388"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 23,
"label": [
"912351"
]
},
{
"start": 52,
"end": 56,
"label": [
"38730"
]
},
{
"start": 65,
"end": 74,
"label": [
"36691"
]
},
{
"start": 104,
"end": 108,
"label": [
"39530"
]
},
{
"start": 117,
"end": 132,
"label": [
"1278173"
]
},
{
"start": 163,
"end": 167,
"label": [
"34779"
]
},
{
"start": 176,
"end": 189,
"label": [
"1196025"
]
},
{
"start": 219,
"end": 223,
"label": [
"34886"
]
},
{
"start": 232,
"end": 258,
"label": [
"384899"
]
},
{
"start": 287,
"end": 291,
"label": [
"34868"
]
},
{
"start": 300,
"end": 308,
"label": [
"390594"
]
},
{
"start": 338,
"end": 342,
"label": [
"38589"
]
},
{
"start": 351,
"end": 374,
"label": [
"21259573"
]
},
{
"start": 401,
"end": 405,
"label": [
"35529"
]
},
{
"start": 414,
"end": 453,
"label": [
"146842"
]
},
{
"start": 498,
"end": 502,
"label": [
"35098"
]
},
{
"start": 511,
"end": 537,
"label": [
"2304177"
]
},
{
"start": 577,
"end": 581,
"label": [
"38623"
]
},
{
"start": 590,
"end": 619,
"label": [
"4078012"
]
},
{
"start": 660,
"end": 664,
"label": [
"34895"
]
},
{
"start": 673,
"end": 718,
"label": [
"7605343"
]
},
{
"start": 750,
"end": 754,
"label": [
"38550"
]
},
{
"start": 763,
"end": 777,
"label": [
"2867097"
]
},
{
"start": 817,
"end": 821,
"label": [
"34766"
]
},
{
"start": 830,
"end": 840,
"label": [
"173016"
]
},
{
"start": 870,
"end": 874,
"label": [
"35846"
]
},
{
"start": 883,
"end": 903,
"label": [
"18959118"
]
},
{
"start": 933,
"end": 937,
"label": [
"35838"
]
},
{
"start": 946,
"end": 972,
"label": [
"19242322"
]
},
{
"start": 1033,
"end": 1037,
"label": [
"34901"
]
},
{
"start": 1046,
"end": 1065,
"label": [
"306456"
]
},
{
"start": 1106,
"end": 1172,
"label": [
"3885280"
]
},
{
"start": 1184,
"end": 1188,
"label": [
"34704"
]
},
{
"start": 1197,
"end": 1221,
"label": [
"1079244"
]
},
{
"start": 1271,
"end": 1275,
"label": [
"34948"
]
},
{
"start": 1284,
"end": 1300,
"label": [
"28584"
]
},
{
"start": 1326,
"end": 1330,
"label": [
"35531"
]
},
{
"start": 1339,
"end": 1353,
"label": [
"1848400"
]
},
{
"start": 1390,
"end": 1409,
"label": [
"24655"
]
},
{
"start": 1421,
"end": 1425,
"label": [
"35020"
]
},
{
"start": 1434,
"end": 1446,
"label": [
"1895180"
]
},
{
"start": 1484,
"end": 1503,
"label": [
"24655"
]
},
{
"start": 1515,
"end": 1519,
"label": [
"35018"
]
},
{
"start": 1528,
"end": 1549,
"label": [
"13581540"
]
},
{
"start": 1584,
"end": 1588,
"label": [
"34706"
]
},
{
"start": 1597,
"end": 1615,
"label": [
"178877"
]
},
{
"start": 1639,
"end": 1662,
"label": [
"103326"
]
},
{
"start": 1674,
"end": 1678,
"label": [
"34950"
]
},
{
"start": 1687,
"end": 1709,
"label": [
"285525"
]
},
{
"start": 1735,
"end": 1739,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 1748,
"end": 1769,
"label": [
"3870952"
]
},
{
"start": 1825,
"end": 1853,
"label": [
"9726950"
]
},
{
"start": 1865,
"end": 1869,
"label": [
"35015"
]
},
{
"start": 1878,
"end": 1894,
"label": [
"3884211"
]
},
{
"start": 1941,
"end": 1960,
"label": [
"14612095"
]
},
{
"start": 1972,
"end": 1976,
"label": [
"34646"
]
},
{
"start": 1985,
"end": 1999,
"label": [
"7304090"
]
},
{
"start": 2042,
"end": 2056,
"label": [
"18787182"
]
},
{
"start": 2106,
"end": 2110,
"label": [
"34787"
]
},
{
"start": 2119,
"end": 2135,
"label": [
"272884"
]
},
{
"start": 2178,
"end": 2182,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 2191,
"end": 2205,
"label": [
"12234"
]
},
{
"start": 2243,
"end": 2254,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 2275,
"end": 2279,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2288,
"end": 2300,
"label": [
"400991"
]
},
{
"start": 2355,
"end": 2384,
"label": [
"106321"
]
},
{
"start": 2396,
"end": 2400,
"label": [
"34715"
]
},
{
"start": 2409,
"end": 2421,
"label": [
"412634"
]
},
{
"start": 2476,
"end": 2480,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2489,
"end": 2504,
"label": [
"25178360"
]
},
{
"start": 2569,
"end": 2581,
"label": [
"30555650"
]
},
{
"start": 2626,
"end": 2630,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 2639,
"end": 2651,
"label": [
"7131000"
]
},
{
"start": 2707,
"end": 2711,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 2720,
"end": 2732,
"label": [
"1820600"
]
},
{
"start": 2785,
"end": 2789,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 2798,
"end": 2807,
"label": [
"251380"
]
},
{
"start": 2852,
"end": 2856,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 2865,
"end": 2881,
"label": [
"7057509"
]
},
{
"start": 2926,
"end": 2930,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2939,
"end": 2952,
"label": [
"2054066"
]
},
{
"start": 3017,
"end": 3021,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 3030,
"end": 3043,
"label": [
"98968"
]
},
{
"start": 3114,
"end": 3129,
"label": [
"592476"
]
},
{
"start": 3180,
"end": 3195,
"label": [
"2076936"
]
},
{
"start": 3241,
"end": 3245,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 3254,
"end": 3270,
"label": [
"639800"
]
},
{
"start": 3325,
"end": 3329,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3338,
"end": 3353,
"label": [
"192326"
]
},
{
"start": 3406,
"end": 3418,
"label": [
"11734512"
]
},
{
"start": 3453,
"end": 3457,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3466,
"end": 3479,
"label": [
"1350806"
]
},
{
"start": 3516,
"end": 3520,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 3529,
"end": 3542,
"label": [
"155287"
]
},
{
"start": 3581,
"end": 3585,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3594,
"end": 3613,
"label": [
"332896"
]
},
{
"start": 3660,
"end": 3664,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3673,
"end": 3686,
"label": [
"2119668"
]
},
{
"start": 3743,
"end": 3760,
"label": [
"1331883"
]
},
{
"start": 3805,
"end": 3816,
"label": [
"23535306"
]
},
{
"start": 3837,
"end": 3841,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3850,
"end": 3861,
"label": [
"65674"
]
},
{
"start": 3898,
"end": 3923,
"label": [
"22194433"
]
},
{
"start": 3935,
"end": 3939,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3948,
"end": 3964,
"label": [
"25757"
]
},
{
"start": 4035,
"end": 4047,
"label": [
"4941436"
]
},
{
"start": 4083,
"end": 4102,
"label": [
"2562652"
]
},
{
"start": 4128,
"end": 4143,
"label": [
"1866482"
]
},
{
"start": 4208,
"end": 4221,
"label": [
"16875431"
]
},
{
"start": 4279,
"end": 4292,
"label": [
"2163790"
]
},
{
"start": 4352,
"end": 4366,
"label": [
"1239111"
]
},
{
"start": 4404,
"end": 4408,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 4417,
"end": 4430,
"label": [
"7795924"
]
},
{
"start": 4501,
"end": 4512,
"label": [
"3245555"
]
},
{
"start": 4557,
"end": 4561,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4570,
"end": 4588,
"label": [
"9403701"
]
},
{
"start": 4643,
"end": 4658,
"label": [
"464067"
]
},
{
"start": 4716,
"end": 4726,
"label": [
"59359"
]
},
{
"start": 4755,
"end": 4759,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4768,
"end": 4778,
"label": [
"16556"
]
},
{
"start": 4823,
"end": 4827,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4836,
"end": 4846,
"label": [
"3422466"
]
},
{
"start": 4894,
"end": 4898,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4907,
"end": 4925,
"label": [
"885357"
]
},
{
"start": 4961,
"end": 4972,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 4993,
"end": 4997,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 5006,
"end": 5026,
"label": [
"645237"
]
},
{
"start": 5085,
"end": 5106,
"label": [
"1659118"
]
},
{
"start": 5173,
"end": 5183,
"label": [
"726025"
]
},
{
"start": 5239,
"end": 5259,
"label": [
"1246450"
]
},
{
"start": 5310,
"end": 5314,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5323,
"end": 5334,
"label": [
"168194"
]
},
{
"start": 5389,
"end": 5403,
"label": [
"3194560"
]
},
{
"start": 5465,
"end": 5475,
"label": [
"1127664"
]
},
{
"start": 5530,
"end": 5554,
"label": [
"142870"
]
},
{
"start": 5603,
"end": 5607,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5616,
"end": 5629,
"label": [
"1896948"
]
},
{
"start": 5697,
"end": 5712,
"label": [
"329705"
]
},
{
"start": 5774,
"end": 5787,
"label": [
"17857246"
]
},
{
"start": 5816,
"end": 5820,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5829,
"end": 5844,
"label": [
"8597099"
]
},
{
"start": 5892,
"end": 5904,
"label": [
"22537059"
]
},
{
"start": 5913,
"end": 5918,
"label": [
"74195"
]
},
{
"start": 5950,
"end": 5954,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5963,
"end": 5977,
"label": [
"317924"
]
},
{
"start": 6024,
"end": 6035,
"label": [
"851374"
]
},
{
"start": 6065,
"end": 6069,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 6078,
"end": 6089,
"label": [
"1057389"
]
},
{
"start": 6131,
"end": 6145,
"label": [
"287660"
]
},
{
"start": 6163,
"end": 6167,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6176,
"end": 6191,
"label": [
"9447783"
]
},
{
"start": 6252,
"end": 6269,
"label": [
"2022344"
]
},
{
"start": 6322,
"end": 6333,
"label": [
"8334792"
]
},
{
"start": 6353,
"end": 6367,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 6403,
"end": 6421,
"label": [
"1227702"
]
},
{
"start": 6484,
"end": 6498,
"label": [
"3233068"
]
},
{
"start": 6535,
"end": 6539,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 6548,
"end": 6561,
"label": [
"539632"
]
},
{
"start": 6635,
"end": 6649,
"label": [
"4638559"
]
},
{
"start": 6682,
"end": 6686,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 6695,
"end": 6708,
"label": [
"2472136"
]
},
{
"start": 6776,
"end": 6793,
"label": [
"31176475"
]
},
{
"start": 6837,
"end": 6841,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 6850,
"end": 6864,
"label": [
"37062472"
]
},
{
"start": 6923,
"end": 6939,
"label": [
"8241826"
]
},
{
"start": 6988,
"end": 6992,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 7001,
"end": 7014,
"label": [
"1116715"
]
},
{
"start": 7067,
"end": 7087,
"label": [
"25589107"
]
},
{
"start": 7121,
"end": 7125,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 7134,
"end": 7151,
"label": [
"163798"
]
},
{
"start": 7200,
"end": 7211,
"label": [
"129205"
]
},
{
"start": 7250,
"end": 7274,
"label": [
"24135"
]
},
{
"start": 7290,
"end": 7305,
"label": [
"47665312"
]
},
{
"start": 7337,
"end": 7341,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7350,
"end": 7362,
"label": [
"3201866"
]
},
{
"start": 7400,
"end": 7404,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7413,
"end": 7426,
"label": [
"375197"
]
},
{
"start": 7465,
"end": 7499,
"label": [
"43998"
]
},
{
"start": 7515,
"end": 7528,
"label": [
"3603119"
]
},
{
"start": 7556,
"end": 7560,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 7569,
"end": 7589,
"label": [
"1493928"
]
},
{
"start": 7636,
"end": 7648,
"label": [
"36806060"
]
},
{
"start": 7698,
"end": 7719,
"label": [
"4054609"
]
},
{
"start": 7752,
"end": 7764,
"label": [
"5214530"
]
},
{
"start": 7789,
"end": 7793,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 7802,
"end": 7814,
"label": [
"6093810"
]
},
{
"start": 7860,
"end": 7877,
"label": [
"816284"
]
},
{
"start": 7934,
"end": 7945,
"label": [
"4176256"
]
},
{
"start": 7968,
"end": 7972,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7981,
"end": 7998,
"label": [
"7154969"
]
},
{
"start": 8034,
"end": 8060,
"label": [
"273644"
]
},
{
"start": 8076,
"end": 8092,
"label": [
"1361716"
]
},
{
"start": 8140,
"end": 8154,
"label": [
"47539183"
]
},
{
"start": 8214,
"end": 8226,
"label": [
"572923"
]
},
{
"start": 8280,
"end": 8290,
"label": [
"591204"
]
},
{
"start": 8333,
"end": 8348,
"label": [
"49408192"
]
},
{
"start": 8382,
"end": 8386,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 8395,
"end": 8413,
"label": [
"3239161"
]
},
{
"start": 8430,
"end": 8434,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8443,
"end": 8455,
"label": [
"10039413"
]
},
{
"start": 8494,
"end": 8498,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8507,
"end": 8519,
"label": [
"925417"
]
},
{
"start": 8565,
"end": 8574,
"label": [
"1221319"
]
},
{
"start": 8606,
"end": 8610,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8619,
"end": 8636,
"label": [
"1479283"
]
},
{
"start": 8669,
"end": 8682,
"label": [
"4013810"
]
},
{
"start": 8734,
"end": 8749,
"label": [
"2798132"
]
},
{
"start": 8803,
"end": 8818,
"label": [
"1950875"
]
},
{
"start": 8865,
"end": 8885,
"label": [
"9248042"
]
},
{
"start": 8916,
"end": 8920,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8929,
"end": 8942,
"label": [
"2257759"
]
},
{
"start": 8999,
"end": 9014,
"label": [
"12208744"
]
},
{
"start": 9053,
"end": 9057,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 9066,
"end": 9076,
"label": [
"876403"
]
},
{
"start": 9128,
"end": 9140,
"label": [
"39014680"
]
},
{
"start": 9162,
"end": 9166,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 9175,
"end": 9187,
"label": [
"15232361"
]
},
{
"start": 9234,
"end": 9246,
"label": [
"3683615"
]
},
{
"start": 9300,
"end": 9314,
"label": [
"1406744"
]
},
{
"start": 9344,
"end": 9348,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 9357,
"end": 9372,
"label": [
"7310720"
]
},
{
"start": 9422,
"end": 9431,
"label": [
"540272"
]
},
{
"start": 9475,
"end": 9493,
"label": [
"5459178"
]
},
{
"start": 9515,
"end": 9519,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 9528,
"end": 9541,
"label": [
"6464936"
]
},
{
"start": 9576,
"end": 9589,
"label": [
"13571007"
]
},
{
"start": 9626,
"end": 9630,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9639,
"end": 9656,
"label": [
"49795256"
]
},
{
"start": 9701,
"end": 9717,
"label": [
"3813728"
]
},
{
"start": 9777,
"end": 9788,
"label": [
"15040927"
]
},
{
"start": 9839,
"end": 9850,
"label": [
"44001532"
]
},
{
"start": 9891,
"end": 9895,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9904,
"end": 9915,
"label": [
"669594"
]
},
{
"start": 9973,
"end": 9987,
"label": [
"3189551"
]
},
{
"start": 10017,
"end": 10021,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 10030,
"end": 10040,
"label": [
"46437939"
]
},
{
"start": 10078,
"end": 10133,
"label": [
"1850855"
]
},
{
"start": 10149,
"end": 10162,
"label": [
"22691176"
]
},
{
"start": 10209,
"end": 10229,
"label": [
"308781"
]
},
{
"start": 10245,
"end": 10257,
"label": [
"534351"
]
},
{
"start": 10302,
"end": 10311,
"label": [
"8572928"
]
},
{
"start": 10344,
"end": 10348,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 10357,
"end": 10371,
"label": [
"945072"
]
},
{
"start": 10397,
"end": 10401,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 10410,
"end": 10424,
"label": [
"5816734"
]
},
{
"start": 10480,
"end": 10484,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 10493,
"end": 10504,
"label": [
"1375085"
]
},
{
"start": 10559,
"end": 10571,
"label": [
"11560645"
]
},
{
"start": 10613,
"end": 10630,
"label": [
"2315688"
]
},
{
"start": 10664,
"end": 10677,
"label": [
"14936026"
]
},
{
"start": 10720,
"end": 10728,
"label": [
"12255458"
]
},
{
"start": 10759,
"end": 10763,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10772,
"end": 10782,
"label": [
"4727819"
]
},
{
"start": 10818,
"end": 10829,
"label": [
"2216590"
]
},
{
"start": 10878,
"end": 10891,
"label": [
"8079"
]
},
{
"start": 10925,
"end": 10929,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10938,
"end": 10951,
"label": [
"6192340"
]
},
{
"start": 10984,
"end": 10999,
"label": [
"48404221"
]
},
{
"start": 11034,
"end": 11038,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 11047,
"end": 11057,
"label": [
"1507431"
]
},
{
"start": 11090,
"end": 11108,
"label": [
"19575074"
]
},
{
"start": 11187,
"end": 11191,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 11200,
"end": 11211,
"label": [
"5746768"
]
},
{
"start": 11252,
"end": 11264,
"label": [
"2862241"
]
},
{
"start": 11320,
"end": 11334,
"label": [
"467668"
]
},
{
"start": 11375,
"end": 11382,
"label": [
"23745"
]
},
{
"start": 11398,
"end": 11410,
"label": [
"28701"
]
},
{
"start": 11440,
"end": 11444,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 11453,
"end": 11463,
"label": [
"10068241"
]
},
{
"start": 11502,
"end": 11506,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 11515,
"end": 11528,
"label": [
"27764162"
]
},
{
"start": 11558,
"end": 11562,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 11571,
"end": 11581,
"label": [
"159906"
]
},
{
"start": 11610,
"end": 11614,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11623,
"end": 11633,
"label": [
"343560"
]
},
{
"start": 11678,
"end": 11693,
"label": [
"1624080"
]
},
{
"start": 11752,
"end": 11766,
"label": [
"4125858"
]
},
{
"start": 11817,
"end": 11832,
"label": [
"221691"
]
},
{
"start": 11888,
"end": 11902,
"label": [
"568915"
]
},
{
"start": 11941,
"end": 11945,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11954,
"end": 11970,
"label": [
"41669497"
]
},
{
"start": 12018,
"end": 12028,
"label": [
"4089493"
]
},
{
"start": 12058,
"end": 12062,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 12071,
"end": 12084,
"label": [
"4151098"
]
},
{
"start": 12126,
"end": 12139,
"label": [
"1346260"
]
},
{
"start": 12189,
"end": 12200,
"label": [
"113251"
]
},
{
"start": 12234,
"end": 12246,
"label": [
"6553019"
]
},
{
"start": 12289,
"end": 12293,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 12302,
"end": 12314,
"label": [
"3072505"
]
},
{
"start": 12348,
"end": 12360,
"label": [
"5493548"
]
},
{
"start": 12398,
"end": 12402,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 12411,
"end": 12429,
"label": [
"159336"
]
},
{
"start": 12447,
"end": 12451,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 12460,
"end": 12475,
"label": [
"1621145"
]
},
{
"start": 12529,
"end": 12544,
"label": [
"2196371"
]
},
{
"start": 12591,
"end": 12606,
"label": [
"1834853"
]
},
{
"start": 12639,
"end": 12643,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 12652,
"end": 12665,
"label": [
"1060927"
]
},
{
"start": 12701,
"end": 12716,
"label": [
"3501484"
]
},
{
"start": 12762,
"end": 12778,
"label": [
"29978873"
]
},
{
"start": 12829,
"end": 12841,
"label": [
"22276254"
]
},
{
"start": 12869,
"end": 12873,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 12882,
"end": 12901,
"label": [
"5681876"
]
},
{
"start": 12925,
"end": 12929,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 12938,
"end": 12950,
"label": [
"580725"
]
},
{
"start": 12970,
"end": 12974,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12983,
"end": 12996,
"label": [
"10279520"
]
},
{
"start": 13039,
"end": 13052,
"label": [
"3603801"
]
},
{
"start": 13099,
"end": 13113,
"label": [
"7581184"
]
},
{
"start": 13156,
"end": 13168,
"label": [
"2548088"
]
},
{
"start": 13203,
"end": 13213,
"label": [
"2588220"
]
},
{
"start": 13243,
"end": 13247,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 13256,
"end": 13273,
"label": [
"15678211"
]
},
{
"start": 13316,
"end": 13331,
"label": [
"9078759"
]
},
{
"start": 13367,
"end": 13377,
"label": [
"2448838"
]
},
{
"start": 13424,
"end": 13441,
"label": [
"27354938"
]
},
{
"start": 13474,
"end": 13478,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 13487,
"end": 13498,
"label": [
"16098682"
]
},
{
"start": 13540,
"end": 13553,
"label": [
"31776596"
]
},
{
"start": 13590,
"end": 13601,
"label": [
"686239"
]
},
{
"start": 13642,
"end": 13654,
"label": [
"5298849"
]
},
{
"start": 13688,
"end": 13701,
"label": [
"7896912"
]
},
{
"start": 13744,
"end": 13753,
"label": [
"6131798"
]
},
{
"start": 13811,
"end": 13822,
"label": [
"22506553"
]
},
{
"start": 13859,
"end": 13871,
"label": [
"1241153"
]
},
{
"start": 13894,
"end": 13898,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 13907,
"end": 13931,
"label": [
"3079320"
]
},
{
"start": 13969,
"end": 13985,
"label": [
"2240411"
]
},
{
"start": 14022,
"end": 14034,
"label": [
"2322845"
]
},
{
"start": 14080,
"end": 14091,
"label": [
"215642"
]
},
{
"start": 14133,
"end": 14137,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 14146,
"end": 14160,
"label": [
"894403"
]
},
{
"start": 14198,
"end": 14212,
"label": [
"3298011"
]
},
{
"start": 14254,
"end": 14271,
"label": [
"7666299"
]
},
{
"start": 14293,
"end": 14297,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 14306,
"end": 14320,
"label": [
"21469164"
]
},
{
"start": 14339,
"end": 14343,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 14352,
"end": 14362,
"label": [
"3914646"
]
},
{
"start": 14406,
"end": 14418,
"label": [
"16527939"
]
},
{
"start": 14450,
"end": 14462,
"label": [
"20458533"
]
},
{
"start": 14514,
"end": 14529,
"label": [
"7372562"
]
},
{
"start": 14578,
"end": 14590,
"label": [
"5725251"
]
},
{
"start": 14635,
"end": 14649,
"label": [
"21050020"
]
},
{
"start": 14678,
"end": 14682,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 14691,
"end": 14702,
"label": [
"38386092"
]
},
{
"start": 14741,
"end": 14745,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 14754,
"end": 14771,
"label": [
"15931699"
]
},
{
"start": 14807,
"end": 14822,
"label": [
"19846772"
]
},
{
"start": 14863,
"end": 14870,
"label": [
"26821306"
]
},
{
"start": 14918,
"end": 14931,
"label": [
"26145945"
]
},
{
"start": 14961,
"end": 14965,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 14974,
"end": 14985,
"label": [
"5210351"
]
},
{
"start": 15007,
"end": 15011,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 15020,
"end": 15040,
"label": [
"34772620"
]
},
{
"start": 15075,
"end": 15088,
"label": [
"30995181"
]
},
{
"start": 15104,
"end": 15108,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 15117,
"end": 15132,
"label": [
"18850379"
]
},
{
"start": 15166,
"end": 15181,
"label": [
"31115354"
]
},
{
"start": 15226,
"end": 15237,
"label": [
"27690542"
]
},
{
"start": 15276,
"end": 15280,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 15289,
"end": 15302,
"label": [
"42210583"
]
},
{
"start": 15322,
"end": 15326,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 15335,
"end": 15348,
"label": [
"19496665"
]
},
{
"start": 15383,
"end": 15399,
"label": [
"46729198"
]
},
{
"start": 15437,
"end": 15451,
"label": [
"36749635"
]
},
{
"start": 15483,
"end": 15487,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 15496,
"end": 15507,
"label": [
"59030624"
]
},
{
"start": 15535,
"end": 15539,
"label": [
"36163"
]
},
{
"start": 15548,
"end": 15565,
"label": [
"37889621"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1793_Births
|
* 979 – Otto (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1045) *1321 – John of Artois, French nobleman (d. 1387) *1347 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375) *1434 – Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop and poet (d. 1472) *1514 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577) *1534 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572) *1597 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645) *1619 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1683) *1628 – John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1701) *1632 – John Locke, English physician and philosopher (d. 1704) *1724 – Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and author (d. 1803) *1725 – Charles Townshend, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1767) *1728 – Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, electress of Bavaria (d. 1797) *1756 – Jan Śniadecki, Polish mathematician and astronomer (d. 1830) *1756 – Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Austrian general and politician (d. 1845) *1773 – Aimé Bonpland, French botanist and explorer (d. 1858) *1777 – Hyacinth, Russian religious leader, founded Sinology (d. 1853) *1780 – Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter and illustrator (d. 1867) *1792 – Charles Grandison Finney, American minister and author (d. 1875) *1805 – Frederick Denison Maurice, English priest, theologian, and author (d. 1872) *1809 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., American physician and author (d. 1894) *1810 – Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentinian theorist and diplomat (d. 1884) *1811 – Henry Bergh, American activist, founded the ASPCA (d. 1888) *1842 – Alfred Shaw, English cricketer, rugby player, and umpire (d. 1907) *1843 – David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (d. 1910) *1844 – Edward Carpenter, English anthologist and poet (d. 1929) *1857 – Sandford Schultz, English cricketer (d. 1937) *1861 – Byron G. Harlan, American singer (d. 1936) *1862 – Andrew Fisher, Scottish-Australian politician and diplomat, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928) * 1862 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949) *1871 – Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (d. 1950) *1875 – Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flute player and educator (d. 1962) *1876 – Charles F. Kettering, American engineer and businessman, founded Delco Electronics (d. 1958) * 1876 – Kim Koo, South Korean politician, 6th President of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (d. 1949) *1887 – Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Indian physicians and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 1978) *1888 – Salme Dutt, Estonian-English politician (d. 1964) *1890 – Peder Furubotn, Norwegian Communist and anti-Nazi Resistance leader (d.1975) *1891 – Marquis James, American journalist and author (d. 1955) *1898 – Preston Sturges, American director and producer (d. 1959) *1901 – Aurèle Joliat, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 1986) *1904 – Werner Forssmann, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) *1905 – Dhyan Chand, Indian field hockey player (d. 1979) * 1905 – Arndt Pekurinen, Finnish activist (d. 1941) *1910 – Vivien Thomas, American surgeon and academic (d. 1985) *1911 – John Charnley, British orthopedic surgeon (d. 1982) *1912 – Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002) * 1912 – Barry Sullivan, American actor (d. 1994) * 1912 – Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-English cinematographer and photographer (d. 2016) *1913 – Len Butterfield, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999) *1915 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982) * 1915 – Nathan Pritikin, American nutritionist and author (d. 1985) *1916 – Luther Davis, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2008) * 1916 – George Montgomery, American actor, stuntman, director, and producer (d. 2000) *1917 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004) *1920 – Charlie Parker, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1955) * 1920 – Herb Simpson, American baseball player (d. 2015) * 1920 – Otis Boykin, American inventor and engineer (d. 1982) *1922 – Richard Blackwell, American actor, fashion designer, and critic (d. 2008) * 1922 – John Edward Williams, American author and educator (d. 1994) * 1922 – Arthur Anderson, American actor (d. 2016) *1923 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, and producer (d. 2014) *1924 – Dinah Washington, American singer and pianist (d. 1963) *1926 – Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic * 1926 – Donn Fendler, American author and speaker (d. 2016) * 1926 – Betty Lynn, American actress *1927 – Jimmy C. Newman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014) *1928 – Charles Gray, English actor (d. 2000) * 1928 – Herbert Meier, Swiss author and translator *1929 – Thom Gunn, English-American poet and academic (d. 2004) *1930 – Jacques Bouchard, Canadian businessman (d. 2006) * 1930 – Carlos Loyzaga, Filipino basketball player and coach (d. 2016) *1931 – Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer and guitarist (d. 2001) * 1931 – Lise Payette, Canadian journalist and politician *1933 – Sorel Etrog, Romanian-Canadian sculptor, painter, and illustrator (d. 2014) * 1933 – Arnold Koller, Swiss politician *1934 – Dimitris Papamichael, Greek actor and director (d. 2004) *1935 – Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch linguist and author (d. 2014) * 1935 – William Friedkin, American director, producer, and screenwriter * 1935 – László Garai, Hungarian psychologist and scholar *1936 – John McCain, American captain and politician (d. 2018) *1937 – James Florio, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 49th Governor of New Jersey *1938 – Elliott Gould, American actor and producer * 1938 – Angela Huth, English journalist and author * 1938 – Christian Müller, German footballer and manager * 1938 – Robert Rubin, American lawyer and politician, 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury *1939 – Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek, Hungarian discus thrower and shot putter * 1939 – Joel Schumacher, American director, producer, and screenwriter *1940 – James Brady, American politician and activist, 15th White House Press Secretary (d. 2014) * 1940 – Gary Gabelich, American race car driver (d. 1984) *1941 – Robin Leach, English journalist and television host (d. 2018) *1942 – James Glennon, American cinematographer (d. 2006) * 1942 – Gottfried John, German actor (d. 2014) *1943 – Mohamed Amin, Kenyan photographer and journalist (d. 1996) * 1943 – Dick Halligan, American pianist and composer * 1943 – Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate *1945 – Chris Copping, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1945 – Wyomia Tyus, American runner *1946 – Bob Beamon, American long jumper * 1946 – Francine D. Blau, American economist and academic * 1946 – Demetris Christofias, Cypriot businessman and politician, 6th President of Cyprus (d. 2019) * 1946 – Giorgio Orsoni, Italian lawyer and politician, 17th Mayor of Venice *1947 – Temple Grandin, American ethologist, academic, and author * 1947 – James Hunt, English race car driver and sportscaster (d. 1993) *1948 – Robert S. Langer, American chemical engineer, entrepreneur, and academic *1949 – Stan Hansen, American wrestler and actor *1950 – Doug DeCinces, American baseball player * 1950 – Frank Henenlotter, American director and screenwriter * 1950 – Dave Reichert, American soldier and politician *1951 – Geoff Whitehorn, English singer-songwriter and guitarist *1952 – Karen Hesse, American author and poet * 1952 – Dave Malone, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1952 – Don Schlitz, American Hall of Fame country music songwriter *1953 – David Boaz, American businessman and author * 1953 – Richard Harding, English rugby player * 1953 – James Quesada, Nicaraguan-American anthropologist and academic *1954 – Michael P. Kube-McDowell, American journalist, author, and academic *1955 – Diamanda Galás, American singer-songwriter and pianist * 1955 – Jack Lew, American lawyer and politician, 25th White House Chief of Staff *1956 – Mark Morris, American dancer and choreographer * 1956 – Eddie Murray, American football player * 1956 – Charalambos Xanthopoulos, Greek footballer * 1956 – Steve Yarbrough, American novelist and short story writer *1957 – Jerry D. Bailey, American jockey and sportscaster * 1957 – Grzegorz Ciechowski, Polish singer-songwriter, film music composer (d. 2001) *1958 – Lenny Henry, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter * 1958 – Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter, producer, dancer, and actor (d. 2009) *1959 – Rebecca De Mornay, American actress * 1959 – Ramón Díaz, Argentinian footballer and manager * 1959 – Ray Elgaard, Canadian football player * 1959 – Chris Hadfield, Canadian colonel, pilot, and astronaut * 1959 – Eddi Reader, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1959 – Timothy Shriver, American businessman and activist * 1959 – Stephen Wolfram, English-American physicist and mathematician * 1959 – Akkineni Nagarjuna, Indian film actor, Producer and Businessman *1960 – Todd English, American chef and author * 1960 – Tony MacAlpine, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer *1961 – Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player * 1961 – Rodney McCray, American basketball player *1962 – Carl Banks, American football player and sportscaster * 1962 – Hiroki Kikuta, Japanese game designer and composer * 1962 – Ian James Corlett, Canadian voice actor, writer, producer and author * 1962 – Simon Thurley, English historian and academic *1963 – Elizabeth Fraser, Scottish singer-songwriter *1964 – Perri "Pebbles" Reid, American dance-pop and urban contemporary singer-songwriter * 1964 – Zisis Tsekos, Greek footballer *1965 – Will Perdue, American basketball player and sportscaster *1966 – Jörn Großkopf, German footballer and manager *1967 – Neil Gorsuch, American judge * 1967 – Anton Newcombe, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1968 – Meshell Ndegeocello, German-American singer-songwriter *1969 – Joe Swail, Northern Irish snooker player * 1969 – Jennifer Crittenden, American screenwriter and producer * 1969 – Lucero, Mexican singer, songwriter, actress, and television host *1971 – Henry Blanco, Venezuelan baseball player and coach * 1971 – Alex Griffin, English bass player * 1971 – Carla Gugino, American actress *1972 – Amanda Marshall, Canadian singer-songwriter * 1972 – Bae Yong-joon, South Korean actor *1973 – Vincent Cavanagh, English singer and guitarist * 1973 – Olivier Jacque, French motorcycle racer *1974 – Kumi Tanioka, Japanese keyboard player and composer *1975 – Kyle Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1976 – Stephen Carr, Irish footballer * 1976 – Phil Harvey, English businessman * 1976 – Kevin Kaesviharn, American football player * 1976 – Georgios Kalaitzis, Greek basketball player * 1976 – Pablo Mastroeni, Argentine-American soccer player and manager * 1976 – Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish footballer and manager *1977 – Cayetano, Greek DJ and producer * 1977 – Devean George, American basketball player * 1977 – John Patrick O'Brien, American soccer player * 1977 – Roy Oswalt, American baseball player * 1977 – Charlie Pickering, Australian comedian and radio host * 1977 – Aaron Rowand, American baseball player and sportscaster *1978 – Volkan Arslan, German-Turkish footballer * 1978 – Celestine Babayaro, Nigerian footballer *1979 – Stijn Devolder, Belgian cyclist * 1979 – Kristjan Rahnu, Estonian decathlete * 1979 – Ryan Shealy, American baseball player *1980 – Chris Simms, American football player * 1980 – David West, American basketball player *1981 – Geneviève Jeanson, Canadian cyclist * 1981 – Jay Ryan, New Zealand-Australian actor and producer *1982 – Ruhila Adatia-Sood, Kenyan journalist and radio host (d. 2013) * 1982 – Carlos Delfino, Argentinian-Italian basketball player * 1982 – Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian footballer *1983 – Antti Niemi, Finnish ice hockey player *1986 – Hajime Isayama, Japanese illustrator * 1986 – Lea Michele, American actress and singer *1987 – Tony Kane, Irish footballer *1990 – Jakub Kosecki, Polish footballer * 1990 – Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer *1991 – Néstor Araujo, Mexican footballer *1991 – Deshaun Thomas, American basketball player *1992 – Mallu Magalhães, Brazilian singer-songwriter * 1992 – Noah Syndergaard, American baseball player *1993 – Liam Payne, English singer-songwriter
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"35933"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 18,
"label": [
"3394775"
]
},
{
"start": 58,
"end": 62,
"label": [
"39964"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end": 85,
"label": [
"2647017"
]
},
{
"start": 114,
"end": 118,
"label": [
"39512"
]
},
{
"start": 127,
"end": 162,
"label": [
"3714123"
]
},
{
"start": 204,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"39918"
]
},
{
"start": 217,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"5908886"
]
},
{
"start": 271,
"end": 275,
"label": [
"38694"
]
},
{
"start": 284,
"end": 336,
"label": [
"22694446"
]
},
{
"start": 375,
"end": 379,
"label": [
"36116"
]
},
{
"start": 388,
"end": 402,
"label": [
"6503234"
]
},
{
"start": 449,
"end": 453,
"label": [
"34718"
]
},
{
"start": 462,
"end": 472,
"label": [
"3568734"
]
},
{
"start": 527,
"end": 531,
"label": [
"35108"
]
},
{
"start": 540,
"end": 561,
"label": [
"146811"
]
},
{
"start": 596,
"end": 626,
"label": [
"6402611"
]
},
{
"start": 638,
"end": 642,
"label": [
"35142"
]
},
{
"start": 651,
"end": 683,
"label": [
"1122120"
]
},
{
"start": 717,
"end": 743,
"label": [
"170015"
]
},
{
"start": 755,
"end": 759,
"label": [
"34990"
]
},
{
"start": 768,
"end": 778,
"label": [
"16143"
]
},
{
"start": 825,
"end": 829,
"label": [
"35857"
]
},
{
"start": 838,
"end": 861,
"label": [
"2390814"
]
},
{
"start": 898,
"end": 902,
"label": [
"35856"
]
},
{
"start": 911,
"end": 928,
"label": [
"376675"
]
},
{
"start": 950,
"end": 977,
"label": [
"70075"
]
},
{
"start": 989,
"end": 993,
"label": [
"34766"
]
},
{
"start": 1002,
"end": 1029,
"label": [
"10518802"
]
},
{
"start": 1063,
"end": 1067,
"label": [
"34589"
]
},
{
"start": 1076,
"end": 1089,
"label": [
"1060504"
]
},
{
"start": 1138,
"end": 1142,
"label": [
"34589"
]
},
{
"start": 1151,
"end": 1180,
"label": [
"765038"
]
},
{
"start": 1225,
"end": 1229,
"label": [
"35817"
]
},
{
"start": 1238,
"end": 1251,
"label": [
"398762"
]
},
{
"start": 1293,
"end": 1297,
"label": [
"35815"
]
},
{
"start": 1306,
"end": 1314,
"label": [
"1521035"
]
},
{
"start": 1350,
"end": 1358,
"label": [
"376186"
]
},
{
"start": 1370,
"end": 1374,
"label": [
"35803"
]
},
{
"start": 1383,
"end": 1412,
"label": [
"48030"
]
},
{
"start": 1456,
"end": 1460,
"label": [
"34914"
]
},
{
"start": 1469,
"end": 1493,
"label": [
"241758"
]
},
{
"start": 1535,
"end": 1539,
"label": [
"35074"
]
},
{
"start": 1548,
"end": 1573,
"label": [
"206518"
]
},
{
"start": 1625,
"end": 1629,
"label": [
"34705"
]
},
{
"start": 1638,
"end": 1663,
"label": [
"517143"
]
},
{
"start": 1706,
"end": 1710,
"label": [
"34947"
]
},
{
"start": 1719,
"end": 1740,
"label": [
"491671"
]
},
{
"start": 1787,
"end": 1791,
"label": [
"35627"
]
},
{
"start": 1800,
"end": 1811,
"label": [
"56598"
]
},
{
"start": 1844,
"end": 1849,
"label": [
"218780"
]
},
{
"start": 1861,
"end": 1865,
"label": [
"34922"
]
},
{
"start": 1874,
"end": 1885,
"label": [
"1291503"
]
},
{
"start": 1942,
"end": 1946,
"label": [
"34951"
]
},
{
"start": 1955,
"end": 1968,
"label": [
"673717"
]
},
{
"start": 2007,
"end": 2027,
"label": [
"12861"
]
},
{
"start": 2039,
"end": 2043,
"label": [
"34955"
]
},
{
"start": 2052,
"end": 2068,
"label": [
"397597"
]
},
{
"start": 2110,
"end": 2114,
"label": [
"34762"
]
},
{
"start": 2123,
"end": 2139,
"label": [
"2439116"
]
},
{
"start": 2170,
"end": 2174,
"label": [
"34680"
]
},
{
"start": 2183,
"end": 2198,
"label": [
"1843910"
]
},
{
"start": 2227,
"end": 2231,
"label": [
"34785"
]
},
{
"start": 2240,
"end": 2253,
"label": [
"70970"
]
},
{
"start": 2304,
"end": 2331,
"label": [
"24117"
]
},
{
"start": 2357,
"end": 2376,
"label": [
"162198"
]
},
{
"start": 2407,
"end": 2418,
"label": [
"23385442"
]
},
{
"start": 2439,
"end": 2443,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 2452,
"end": 2474,
"label": [
"207509"
]
},
{
"start": 2513,
"end": 2532,
"label": [
"24899"
]
},
{
"start": 2544,
"end": 2548,
"label": [
"34763"
]
},
{
"start": 2557,
"end": 2576,
"label": [
"35933147"
]
},
{
"start": 2623,
"end": 2627,
"label": [
"34725"
]
},
{
"start": 2636,
"end": 2656,
"label": [
"275593"
]
},
{
"start": 2701,
"end": 2718,
"label": [
"4358928"
]
},
{
"start": 2744,
"end": 2751,
"label": [
"572306"
]
},
{
"start": 2782,
"end": 2846,
"label": [
"2033707"
]
},
{
"start": 2858,
"end": 2862,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 2871,
"end": 2891,
"label": [
"20615718"
]
},
{
"start": 2968,
"end": 2972,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 2981,
"end": 2991,
"label": [
"20792405"
]
},
{
"start": 3032,
"end": 3036,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 3045,
"end": 3059,
"label": [
"19335427"
]
},
{
"start": 3123,
"end": 3127,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 3136,
"end": 3149,
"label": [
"4500896"
]
},
{
"start": 3193,
"end": 3197,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 3206,
"end": 3221,
"label": [
"401133"
]
},
{
"start": 3265,
"end": 3269,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 3278,
"end": 3291,
"label": [
"349282"
]
},
{
"start": 3343,
"end": 3347,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3356,
"end": 3372,
"label": [
"370242"
]
},
{
"start": 3405,
"end": 3416,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 3437,
"end": 3441,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3450,
"end": 3461,
"label": [
"1517526"
]
},
{
"start": 3515,
"end": 3530,
"label": [
"255473"
]
},
{
"start": 3560,
"end": 3564,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3573,
"end": 3586,
"label": [
"679723"
]
},
{
"start": 3629,
"end": 3633,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3642,
"end": 3655,
"label": [
"8434819"
]
},
{
"start": 3695,
"end": 3699,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 3708,
"end": 3722,
"label": [
"241365"
]
},
{
"start": 3769,
"end": 3783,
"label": [
"2367454"
]
},
{
"start": 3825,
"end": 3844,
"label": [
"2970438"
]
},
{
"start": 3907,
"end": 3911,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3920,
"end": 3935,
"label": [
"3988289"
]
},
{
"start": 3970,
"end": 3974,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3983,
"end": 3997,
"label": [
"41562"
]
},
{
"start": 4040,
"end": 4055,
"label": [
"14184798"
]
},
{
"start": 4101,
"end": 4105,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4114,
"end": 4126,
"label": [
"4471708"
]
},
{
"start": 4190,
"end": 4207,
"label": [
"1586807"
]
},
{
"start": 4269,
"end": 4273,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4282,
"end": 4296,
"label": [
"654318"
]
},
{
"start": 4326,
"end": 4330,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4339,
"end": 4353,
"label": [
"54408"
]
},
{
"start": 4414,
"end": 4426,
"label": [
"44996626"
]
},
{
"start": 4478,
"end": 4489,
"label": [
"8433621"
]
},
{
"start": 4533,
"end": 4537,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4546,
"end": 4563,
"label": [
"1387451"
]
},
{
"start": 4635,
"end": 4655,
"label": [
"6973870"
]
},
{
"start": 4711,
"end": 4726,
"label": [
"4103539"
]
},
{
"start": 4754,
"end": 4758,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4767,
"end": 4787,
"label": [
"26546076"
]
},
{
"start": 4838,
"end": 4842,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4851,
"end": 4867,
"label": [
"166278"
]
},
{
"start": 4908,
"end": 4912,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 4921,
"end": 4937,
"label": [
"22075972"
]
},
{
"start": 4983,
"end": 4995,
"label": [
"7432912"
]
},
{
"start": 5050,
"end": 5060,
"label": [
"2829214"
]
},
{
"start": 5080,
"end": 5084,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5093,
"end": 5108,
"label": [
"7073706"
]
},
{
"start": 5162,
"end": 5166,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5175,
"end": 5187,
"label": [
"4332259"
]
},
{
"start": 5228,
"end": 5241,
"label": [
"29059677"
]
},
{
"start": 5272,
"end": 5276,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5285,
"end": 5294,
"label": [
"623375"
]
},
{
"start": 5342,
"end": 5346,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5355,
"end": 5371,
"label": [
"5796920"
]
},
{
"start": 5419,
"end": 5433,
"label": [
"5101711"
]
},
{
"start": 5483,
"end": 5487,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5496,
"end": 5515,
"label": [
"512497"
]
},
{
"start": 5569,
"end": 5581,
"label": [
"1533385"
]
},
{
"start": 5619,
"end": 5623,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5632,
"end": 5643,
"label": [
"1253733"
]
},
{
"start": 5723,
"end": 5736,
"label": [
"155838"
]
},
{
"start": 5756,
"end": 5760,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 5769,
"end": 5789,
"label": [
"886724"
]
},
{
"start": 5827,
"end": 5831,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 5840,
"end": 5860,
"label": [
"2949273"
]
},
{
"start": 5913,
"end": 5929,
"label": [
"393496"
]
},
{
"start": 5992,
"end": 6004,
"label": [
"9377725"
]
},
{
"start": 6042,
"end": 6046,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6055,
"end": 6066,
"label": [
"43715"
]
},
{
"start": 6111,
"end": 6115,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6124,
"end": 6136,
"label": [
"442288"
]
},
{
"start": 6187,
"end": 6209,
"label": [
"214884"
]
},
{
"start": 6211,
"end": 6215,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6224,
"end": 6237,
"label": [
"624312"
]
},
{
"start": 6282,
"end": 6293,
"label": [
"5322010"
]
},
{
"start": 6340,
"end": 6356,
"label": [
"29750201"
]
},
{
"start": 6403,
"end": 6415,
"label": [
"614418"
]
},
{
"start": 6454,
"end": 6493,
"label": [
"43338"
]
},
{
"start": 6495,
"end": 6499,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6508,
"end": 6529,
"label": [
"6823410"
]
},
{
"start": 6587,
"end": 6602,
"label": [
"275103"
]
},
{
"start": 6651,
"end": 6655,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 6664,
"end": 6675,
"label": [
"214323"
]
},
{
"start": 6716,
"end": 6743,
"label": [
"284101"
]
},
{
"start": 6769,
"end": 6782,
"label": [
"436811"
]
},
{
"start": 6820,
"end": 6824,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 6833,
"end": 6844,
"label": [
"1000243"
]
},
{
"start": 6896,
"end": 6900,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6909,
"end": 6922,
"label": [
"3989025"
]
},
{
"start": 6974,
"end": 6988,
"label": [
"3259982"
]
},
{
"start": 7014,
"end": 7018,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7027,
"end": 7039,
"label": [
"1713541"
]
},
{
"start": 7101,
"end": 7114,
"label": [
"5237627"
]
},
{
"start": 7161,
"end": 7179,
"label": [
"14031024"
]
},
{
"start": 7219,
"end": 7230,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 7241,
"end": 7245,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7254,
"end": 7267,
"label": [
"10798842"
]
},
{
"start": 7324,
"end": 7335,
"label": [
"71386"
]
},
{
"start": 7354,
"end": 7358,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 7367,
"end": 7377,
"label": [
"305498"
]
},
{
"start": 7415,
"end": 7431,
"label": [
"31648439"
]
},
{
"start": 7480,
"end": 7500,
"label": [
"3658579"
]
},
{
"start": 7542,
"end": 7561,
"label": [
"1671074"
]
},
{
"start": 7587,
"end": 7601,
"label": [
"26987459"
]
},
{
"start": 7656,
"end": 7660,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 7669,
"end": 7683,
"label": [
"169496"
]
},
{
"start": 7742,
"end": 7752,
"label": [
"287740"
]
},
{
"start": 7806,
"end": 7810,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 7819,
"end": 7835,
"label": [
"2133090"
]
},
{
"start": 7893,
"end": 7897,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 7906,
"end": 7917,
"label": [
"1931195"
]
},
{
"start": 7948,
"end": 7952,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 7961,
"end": 7974,
"label": [
"2624577"
]
},
{
"start": 8016,
"end": 8033,
"label": [
"2309869"
]
},
{
"start": 8085,
"end": 8098,
"label": [
"810186"
]
},
{
"start": 8133,
"end": 8137,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8146,
"end": 8161,
"label": [
"9953029"
]
},
{
"start": 8204,
"end": 8208,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8217,
"end": 8228,
"label": [
"91868"
]
},
{
"start": 8270,
"end": 8281,
"label": [
"6811035"
]
},
{
"start": 8339,
"end": 8350,
"label": [
"13479374"
]
},
{
"start": 8361,
"end": 8373,
"label": [
"60630"
]
},
{
"start": 8400,
"end": 8404,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8413,
"end": 8423,
"label": [
"1000363"
]
},
{
"start": 8472,
"end": 8487,
"label": [
"21733882"
]
},
{
"start": 8525,
"end": 8538,
"label": [
"5253513"
]
},
{
"start": 8589,
"end": 8593,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 8602,
"end": 8626,
"label": [
"1758306"
]
},
{
"start": 8671,
"end": 8675,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 8684,
"end": 8698,
"label": [
"262751"
]
},
{
"start": 8754,
"end": 8762,
"label": [
"5194296"
]
},
{
"start": 8801,
"end": 8827,
"label": [
"212934"
]
},
{
"start": 8829,
"end": 8833,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 8842,
"end": 8853,
"label": [
"1699981"
]
},
{
"start": 8904,
"end": 8916,
"label": [
"6378985"
]
},
{
"start": 8958,
"end": 8982,
"label": [
"16449046"
]
},
{
"start": 9016,
"end": 9031,
"label": [
"2641837"
]
},
{
"start": 9075,
"end": 9079,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9088,
"end": 9103,
"label": [
"2410788"
]
},
{
"start": 9153,
"end": 9172,
"label": [
"14793962"
]
},
{
"start": 9231,
"end": 9235,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9244,
"end": 9255,
"label": [
"151612"
]
},
{
"start": 9314,
"end": 9329,
"label": [
"14995351"
]
},
{
"start": 9398,
"end": 9402,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9411,
"end": 9428,
"label": [
"43273"
]
},
{
"start": 9462,
"end": 9472,
"label": [
"2967958"
]
},
{
"start": 9524,
"end": 9535,
"label": [
"5983909"
]
},
{
"start": 9577,
"end": 9591,
"label": [
"78114"
]
},
{
"start": 9647,
"end": 9658,
"label": [
"2343505"
]
},
{
"start": 9727,
"end": 9742,
"label": [
"481817"
]
},
{
"start": 9793,
"end": 9808,
"label": [
"52469"
]
},
{
"start": 9870,
"end": 9888,
"label": [
"2142373"
]
},
{
"start": 9935,
"end": 9939,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9948,
"end": 9960,
"label": [
"3188185"
]
},
{
"start": 10002,
"end": 10016,
"label": [
"263986"
]
},
{
"start": 10064,
"end": 10068,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 10077,
"end": 10092,
"label": [
"3084630"
]
},
{
"start": 10136,
"end": 10149,
"label": [
"4529936"
]
},
{
"start": 10179,
"end": 10183,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10192,
"end": 10202,
"label": [
"4154803"
]
},
{
"start": 10261,
"end": 10274,
"label": [
"657361"
]
},
{
"start": 10327,
"end": 10344,
"label": [
"3052406"
]
},
{
"start": 10411,
"end": 10424,
"label": [
"15638645"
]
},
{
"start": 10458,
"end": 10462,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10471,
"end": 10487,
"label": [
"433664"
]
},
{
"start": 10517,
"end": 10521,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10530,
"end": 10550,
"label": [
"2206267"
]
},
{
"start": 10627,
"end": 10639,
"label": [
"25257909"
]
},
{
"start": 10659,
"end": 10663,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10672,
"end": 10683,
"label": [
"3310963"
]
},
{
"start": 10730,
"end": 10734,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10743,
"end": 10756,
"label": [
"26839952"
]
},
{
"start": 10789,
"end": 10793,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10802,
"end": 10814,
"label": [
"6049434"
]
},
{
"start": 10846,
"end": 10860,
"label": [
"2238669"
]
},
{
"start": 10904,
"end": 10908,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10917,
"end": 10936,
"label": [
"427564"
]
},
{
"start": 10973,
"end": 10977,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10986,
"end": 10995,
"label": [
"681159"
]
},
{
"start": 11042,
"end": 11061,
"label": [
"3552806"
]
},
{
"start": 11113,
"end": 11119,
"label": [
"3634892"
]
},
{
"start": 11179,
"end": 11183,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11192,
"end": 11204,
"label": [
"715374"
]
},
{
"start": 11258,
"end": 11270,
"label": [
"883733"
]
},
{
"start": 11307,
"end": 11319,
"label": [
"2150262"
]
},
{
"start": 11339,
"end": 11343,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11352,
"end": 11367,
"label": [
"940490"
]
},
{
"start": 11411,
"end": 11424,
"label": [
"30874652"
]
},
{
"start": 11446,
"end": 11450,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11459,
"end": 11475,
"label": [
"7602363"
]
},
{
"start": 11521,
"end": 11535,
"label": [
"7744250"
]
},
{
"start": 11562,
"end": 11566,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11575,
"end": 11587,
"label": [
"2194843"
]
},
{
"start": 11628,
"end": 11632,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11641,
"end": 11650,
"label": [
"3908666"
]
},
{
"start": 11694,
"end": 11698,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11707,
"end": 11719,
"label": [
"2504257"
]
},
{
"start": 11753,
"end": 11764,
"label": [
"16675336"
]
},
{
"start": 11801,
"end": 11817,
"label": [
"2089233"
]
},
{
"start": 11859,
"end": 11877,
"label": [
"16020632"
]
},
{
"start": 11918,
"end": 11933,
"label": [
"1044585"
]
},
{
"start": 11995,
"end": 12012,
"label": [
"735169"
]
},
{
"start": 12045,
"end": 12049,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 12058,
"end": 12066,
"label": [
"31682653"
]
},
{
"start": 12105,
"end": 12118,
"label": [
"2452522"
]
},
{
"start": 12162,
"end": 12182,
"label": [
"1076595"
]
},
{
"start": 12222,
"end": 12232,
"label": [
"1542046"
]
},
{
"start": 12274,
"end": 12291,
"label": [
"5283348"
]
},
{
"start": 12343,
"end": 12355,
"label": [
"1562952"
]
},
{
"start": 12400,
"end": 12404,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 12413,
"end": 12426,
"label": [
"2384159"
]
},
{
"start": 12469,
"end": 12487,
"label": [
"2167451"
]
},
{
"start": 12510,
"end": 12514,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12523,
"end": 12537,
"label": [
"7287691"
]
},
{
"start": 12570,
"end": 12584,
"label": [
"8674381"
]
},
{
"start": 12621,
"end": 12632,
"label": [
"4633717"
]
},
{
"start": 12660,
"end": 12664,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12673,
"end": 12684,
"label": [
"2051748"
]
},
{
"start": 12726,
"end": 12736,
"label": [
"2456371"
]
},
{
"start": 12766,
"end": 12770,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12779,
"end": 12796,
"label": [
"2585558"
]
},
{
"start": 12830,
"end": 12838,
"label": [
"6856111"
]
},
{
"start": 12883,
"end": 12887,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12896,
"end": 12914,
"label": [
"40601802"
]
},
{
"start": 12974,
"end": 12988,
"label": [
"903328"
]
},
{
"start": 13043,
"end": 13058,
"label": [
"4019380"
]
},
{
"start": 13081,
"end": 13085,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 13094,
"end": 13105,
"label": [
"21735427"
]
},
{
"start": 13134,
"end": 13138,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 13147,
"end": 13161,
"label": [
"39456699"
]
},
{
"start": 13199,
"end": 13210,
"label": [
"10953971"
]
},
{
"start": 13241,
"end": 13245,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13254,
"end": 13263,
"label": [
"5242562"
]
},
{
"start": 13283,
"end": 13287,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 13296,
"end": 13309,
"label": [
"27760983"
]
},
{
"start": 13344,
"end": 13363,
"label": [
"23918527"
]
},
{
"start": 13383,
"end": 13387,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13396,
"end": 13409,
"label": [
"28368030"
]
},
{
"start": 13431,
"end": 13435,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13444,
"end": 13458,
"label": [
"25492844"
]
},
{
"start": 13488,
"end": 13492,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 13501,
"end": 13516,
"label": [
"17330564"
]
},
{
"start": 13561,
"end": 13577,
"label": [
"34506988"
]
},
{
"start": 13605,
"end": 13609,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 13618,
"end": 13628,
"label": [
"40605906"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1794_Births
|
*1334 – Peter of Castile (d. 1369) *1574 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian writer and translator (d. 1634) *1609 – Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1644) * 1609 – Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (d. 1668) *1627 – Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705) *1716 – Capability Brown, British landscape architect (d. 1783) *1720 – Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician, founded Whitbread (d. 1796) *1748 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter and illustrator (d. 1825) *1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist (d. 1812) *1797 – Mary Shelley, English novelist and playwright (d. 1851) *1812 – Agoston Haraszthy, Hungarian-American businessman, founded Buena Vista Winery (d. 1869) *1818 – Alexander H. Rice, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895) *1839 – Gulstan Ropert, French-American bishop and missionary (d. 1903) *1842 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (d. 1849) *1844 – Emily Ruete/Salama bint Said, also called Sayyida Salme, a Princess of Zanzibar and Oman (d. 1924) *1848 – Andrew Onderdonk, American surveyor and contractor (d. 1905) *1850 – Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino journalist and lawyer (d. 1896) *1852 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911) * 1852 – J. Alden Weir, American painter and academic (d. 1919) *1856 – Carl David Tolmé Runge, German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist (d. 1927) *1860 – Isaac Levitan, Russian painter and illustrator (d. 1900) *1870 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia (d. 1891) *1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937) *1883 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist (d. 1931) *1884 – Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) *1885 – Tedda Courtney, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1957) *1890 – Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson, English captain and pilot (d. 1918) *1893 – Huey Long, American lawyer and politician, 40th Governor of Louisiana (d. 1935) *1896 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-American actor and playwright (d. 1983) *1898 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (d. 1992) *1901 – John Gunther, American journalist and author (d. 1970) * 1901 – Roy Wilkins, American journalist and activist (d. 1981) *1903 – Bhagwati Charan Verma, Indian author (d. 1981) *1906 – Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (d. 1979) * 1906 – Olga Taussky-Todd, Austrian mathematician (d. 1995) *1907 – Leonor Fini, Argentinian painter, illustrator, and author (d. 1996) * 1907 – Bertha Parker Pallan, American archaeologist (d. 1978) * 1907 – John Mauchly, American physicist and co-founder of the first computer company (d. 1980) *1908 – Fred MacMurray, American actor (d. 1991) *1909 – Virginia Lee Burton, American author and illustrator (d. 1968) *1910 – Roger Bushell, South African-English soldier and pilot (d. 1944) *1912 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997) * 1912 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain (d. 2011) *1913 – Richard Stone, English economist and statistician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991) *1915 – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (d. 2013) * 1915 – Robert Strassburg, American composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2003) *1916 – Shailendra, Pakistani-Indian songwriter (d. 1968) *1917 – Denis Healey, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 2015) * 1917 – Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia (d. 1992) *1918 – Harold Atcherley, English businessman (d. 2017) * 1918 – Billy Johnson, American baseball player (d. 2006) * 1918 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (d. 2002) *1919 – Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. 2005) * 1919 – Wolfgang Wagner, German director and manager (d. 2010) * 1919 – Kitty Wells, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012) *1920 – Arnold Green, Estonian soldier and politician (d. 2011) *1922 – Lionel Murphy, Australian jurist and politician, 22nd Attorney-General of Australia (d. 1986) * 1922 – Regina Resnik, American soprano and actress (d. 2013) *1923 – Barbara Ansell, English physician and author (d. 2001) * 1923 – Charmian Clift, Australian journalist and author (d. 1969) * 1923 – Vic Seixas, American tennis player *1924 – Kenny Dorham, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player (d. 1972) * 1924 – Lajos Kisfaludy, Hungarian chemist and engineer (d. 1988) *1925 – Laurent de Brunhoff, French author and illustrator * 1925 – Donald Symington, American actor (d. 2013) *1926 – Daryl Gates, American police officer, created the D.A.R.E. Program (d. 2010) *1927 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (d. 2004) * 1927 – Bill Daily, American actor and comedian (d. 2018) * 1927 – Piet Kee, Dutch organist and composer (d.2018) *1928 – Lloyd Casner, American race car driver (d. 1965) * 1928 – Harvey Hart, Canadian director and producer (d. 1989) * 1928 – Johnny Mann, American singer-songwriter and conductor (d. 2014) *1929 – Guy de Lussigny, French painter and sculptor (d. 2001) * 1929 – Ian McNaught-Davis, English mountaineer and television host (d. 2014) *1930 – Warren Buffett, American businessman and philanthropist * 1930 – Noel Harford, New Zealand cricketer and basketball player (d. 1981) *1931 – Jack Swigert, American pilot and astronaut (d. 1982) *1933 – Don Getty, Canadian football player and politician, 11th Premier of Alberta (d. 2016) *1934 – Antonio Cabangon Chua, Filipino media mogul and businessman (d. 2016) *1935 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2001) * 1935 – Alexandra Bellow, Romanian-American mathematician *1936 – Peter North, English scholar and academic *1937 – Bruce McLaren, New Zealand race car driver and engineer, founded the McLaren racing team (d. 1970) *1938 – Murray Gleeson, Australian lawyer and judge, 11th Chief Justice of Australia *1939 – Elizabeth Ashley, American actress * 1939 – John Peel, English radio host and producer (d. 2004) *1941 – Ignazio Giunti, Italian race car driver (d. 1971) * 1941 – Ben Jones, American actor and politician * 1941 – Sue MacGregor, English journalist and radio host * 1941 – John McNally, English singer and guitarist (The Searchers) *1942 – Jonathan Aitken, Irish-British journalist and politician, Minister for Defence Procurement * 1942 – Pervez Sajjad, Pakistani cricketer *1943 – Tal Brody, American-Israeli basketball player and coach * 1943 – Robert Crumb, American illustrator * 1943 – Colin Dann, English author * 1943 – Nigel Hall, English sculptor and academic * 1943 – Jean-Claude Killy, French skier * 1943 – David Maslanka, American composer and academic (d. 2017) *1944 – Frances Cairncross, English economist, journalist, and academic * 1944 – Freek de Jonge, Dutch singer and comedian * 1944 – Molly Ivins, American journalist and author (d. 2007) * 1944 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004) * 1944 – Alex Wyllie, New Zealand rugby player and coach *1946 – Queen Anne-Marie of Greece * 1946 – Peggy Lipton, American model and actress (d. 2019) *1947 – Allan Rock, Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations *1948 – Lewis Black, American comedian, actor, and author * 1948 – Fred Hampton, American activist and revolutionary, chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (d. 1969) * 1948 – Victor Skumin, Russian psychiatrist, psychologist, and academic *1949 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (d. 2001) * 1949 – Don Boudria, Canadian public servant and politician, 2nd Canadian Minister for International Cooperation *1950 – Antony Gormley, English sculptor and academic *1951 – Jim Paredes, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor * 1951 – Timothy Bottoms, American actor and producer * 1951 – Dana Rosemary Scallon, Irish singer and activist * 1951 – Gediminas Kirkilas, Lithuanian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Lithuania *1952 – Simon Bainbridge, English composer and educator * 1952 – Wojtek Fibak, Polish tennis player *1953 – Ron George, American businessman and politician * 1953 – Lech Majewski, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter * 1953 – Horace Panter, English bass player * 1953 – Robert Parish, American basketball player *1954 – Alexander Lukashenko, Belarusian marshal and politician, 1st President of Belarus *1954 – Ravi Shankar Prasad, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Communications and IT * 1954 – David Paymer, American actor and director *1955 – Jamie Moses, English-American guitarist *1956 – Frank Conniff, American actor, producer, and screenwriter *1958 – Karen Buck, Northern Irish politician * 1958 – Fran Fraschilla, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster * 1958 – Muriel Gray, Scottish journalist and author * 1958 – Martin Jackson, English drummer * 1958 – Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and activist (d. 2006) * 1958 – Peter Tunks, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster *1959 – Mark "Jacko" Jackson, Australian footballer, actor, and singer *1960 – Ben Bradshaw, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport * 1960 – Gary Gordon, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1993) * 1960 – Guy A. Lepage, Canadian comedian and producer *1962 – Ricky Sanders, American football player * 1962 – Craig Whittaker, English businessman and politician *1963 – Dave Brockie, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2014) * 1963 – Michael Chiklis, American actor, director, and producer * 1963 – Sabine Oberhauser, Austrian physician and politician * 1963 – Phil Mills, Welsh race car driver *1964 – Gavin Fisher, English engineer and designer * 1964 – Ra Luhse, Estonian architect *1966 – Peter Cunnah, Northern Irish singer-songwriter and producer * 1966 – Joann Fletcher, English historian and academic *1967 – Frederique van der Wal, Dutch model and actress * 1967 – Justin Vaughan, New Zealand cricketer *1968 – Diran Adebayo, English author and critic * 1968 – Vladimir Malakhov, Russian ice hockey player *1969 – Vladimir Jugović, Serbian footballer * 1969 – Dimitris Sgouros, Greek pianist and composer *1970 – Carlo Checchinato, Italian rugby player and manager * 1970 – Paulo Sousa, Portuguese footballer and manager * 1970 – Michael Wong, Malaysian-Chinese singer-songwriter *1971 – Lars Frederiksen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1971 – Julian Smith, Scottish politician *1972 – Cameron Diaz, American model, actress, and producer * 1972 – Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer *1973 – Lisa Ling, American journalist and author *1974 – Aaron Barrett, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1974 – Javier Otxoa, Spanish cyclist *1975 – Radhi Jaïdi, Tunisian footballer and coach *1976 – Mike Koplove, American baseball player *1977 – Shaun Alexander, American football player * 1977 – Marlon Byrd, American baseball player * 1977 – Kamil Kosowski, Polish footballer * 1977 – Félix Sánchez, American-Dominican runner and hurdler *1978 – Sinead Kerr, Scottish figure skater * 1978 – Cliff Lee, American baseball player *1979 – Juan Ignacio Chela, Argentinian tennis player * 1979 – Leon Lopez, English singer-songwriter and actor * 1979 – Scott Richmond, Canadian baseball player * 1980 – Justin Mortelliti, American actor and singer-songwriter *1981 – Germán Legarreta, Puerto Rican-American actor * 1981 – Adam Wainwright, American baseball player *1982 – Will Davison, Australian race car driver * 1982 – Andy Roddick, American tennis player *1983 – Emmanuel Culio, Argentinian footballer * 1983 – Gustavo Eberto, Argentinian footballer (d. 2007) * 1983 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer, dancer, and actor * 1983 – Simone Pepe, Italian footballer * 1983 – Tian Qin, Chinese canoe racer * 1983 – Marco Vianello, Italian footballer *1984 – Anthony Ireland, Zimbabwean cricketer *1985 – Richard Duffy, Welsh footballer * 1985 – Joe Inoue, American singer-songwriter * 1985 – Leisel Jones, Australian swimmer * 1985 – Éva Risztov, Hungarian swimmer * 1985 – Steven Smith, Scottish footballer * 1985 – Eamon Sullivan, Australian swimmer * 1985 – Anna Ushenina, Ukrainian chess player * 1985 – Holly Weston, English actress *1986 – Theo Hutchcraft, English singer-songwriter * 1986 – Lelia Masaga, New Zealand rugby player * 1986 – Ryan Ross, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1986 – Zafer Yelen, Turkish footballer *1987 – Tania Foster, English singer-songwriter *1988 – Ernests Gulbis, Latvian tennis player *1989 – Simone Guerra, Italian footballer * 1989 – Ronald Huth, Paraguayan footballer * 1989 – Bebe Rexha, American singer-songwriter *1991 – Seriki Audu, Nigerian footballer (d. 2014) * 1991 – Jacqueline Cako, American tennis player * 1991 – Liam Cooper, Scottish footballer *1992 – Jessica Henwick, British actress *1994 – Monika Povilaitytė, Lithuanian volleyball player * 1994 – Kwon So-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress * 1994 – Heo Young-ji, South Korean singer
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"36363"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 30,
"label": [
"151358"
]
},
{
"start": 42,
"end": 46,
"label": [
"34759"
]
},
{
"start": 55,
"end": 76,
"label": [
"41538395"
]
},
{
"start": 121,
"end": 125,
"label": [
"35096"
]
},
{
"start": 134,
"end": 166,
"label": [
"23918986"
]
},
{
"start": 212,
"end": 237,
"label": [
"9087191"
]
},
{
"start": 267,
"end": 271,
"label": [
"35141"
]
},
{
"start": 280,
"end": 290,
"label": [
"6994466"
]
},
{
"start": 324,
"end": 328,
"label": [
"35059"
]
},
{
"start": 337,
"end": 353,
"label": [
"149959"
]
},
{
"start": 394,
"end": 398,
"label": [
"34945"
]
},
{
"start": 407,
"end": 423,
"label": [
"220772"
]
},
{
"start": 464,
"end": 473,
"label": [
"1742275"
]
},
{
"start": 485,
"end": 489,
"label": [
"35839"
]
},
{
"start": 498,
"end": 517,
"label": [
"9072"
]
},
{
"start": 561,
"end": 565,
"label": [
"35820"
]
},
{
"start": 574,
"end": 587,
"label": [
"20845316"
]
},
{
"start": 631,
"end": 635,
"label": [
"34747"
]
},
{
"start": 644,
"end": 656,
"label": [
"27885687"
]
},
{
"start": 701,
"end": 705,
"label": [
"34949"
]
},
{
"start": 714,
"end": 731,
"label": [
"3724490"
]
},
{
"start": 773,
"end": 791,
"label": [
"15322754"
]
},
{
"start": 803,
"end": 807,
"label": [
"34592"
]
},
{
"start": 816,
"end": 833,
"label": [
"4734334"
]
},
{
"start": 877,
"end": 902,
"label": [
"252510"
]
},
{
"start": 914,
"end": 918,
"label": [
"34903"
]
},
{
"start": 927,
"end": 941,
"label": [
"750974"
]
},
{
"start": 992,
"end": 996,
"label": [
"34922"
]
},
{
"start": 1005,
"end": 1051,
"label": [
"4644935"
]
},
{
"start": 1063,
"end": 1067,
"label": [
"34955"
]
},
{
"start": 1076,
"end": 1104,
"label": [
"2740088"
]
},
{
"start": 1176,
"end": 1180,
"label": [
"34666"
]
},
{
"start": 1189,
"end": 1205,
"label": [
"884995"
]
},
{
"start": 1251,
"end": 1255,
"label": [
"34983"
]
},
{
"start": 1264,
"end": 1284,
"label": [
"24959384"
]
},
{
"start": 1328,
"end": 1332,
"label": [
"34952"
]
},
{
"start": 1341,
"end": 1369,
"label": [
"42909"
]
},
{
"start": 1399,
"end": 1410,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 1445,
"end": 1458,
"label": [
"545008"
]
},
{
"start": 1501,
"end": 1505,
"label": [
"35491"
]
},
{
"start": 1514,
"end": 1536,
"label": [
"747636"
]
},
{
"start": 1601,
"end": 1605,
"label": [
"34784"
]
},
{
"start": 1672,
"end": 1676,
"label": [
"34769"
]
},
{
"start": 1685,
"end": 1729,
"label": [
"2344339"
]
},
{
"start": 1741,
"end": 1745,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 1754,
"end": 1771,
"label": [
"9603"
]
},
{
"start": 1816,
"end": 1827,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 1848,
"end": 1852,
"label": [
"34701"
]
},
{
"start": 1861,
"end": 1878,
"label": [
"293107"
]
},
{
"start": 1904,
"end": 1908,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 1917,
"end": 1933,
"label": [
"204819"
]
},
{
"start": 1966,
"end": 1977,
"label": [
"25416893"
]
},
{
"start": 1998,
"end": 2002,
"label": [
"34715"
]
},
{
"start": 2011,
"end": 2025,
"label": [
"6121257"
]
},
{
"start": 2079,
"end": 2083,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2092,
"end": 2123,
"label": [
"20571276"
]
},
{
"start": 2162,
"end": 2166,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2175,
"end": 2184,
"label": [
"102446"
]
},
{
"start": 2256,
"end": 2260,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 2269,
"end": 2283,
"label": [
"145626"
]
},
{
"start": 2335,
"end": 2339,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2348,
"end": 2361,
"label": [
"187098"
]
},
{
"start": 2402,
"end": 2406,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 2415,
"end": 2427,
"label": [
"362879"
]
},
{
"start": 2485,
"end": 2496,
"label": [
"1070488"
]
},
{
"start": 2542,
"end": 2546,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 2555,
"end": 2576,
"label": [
"5916228"
]
},
{
"start": 2603,
"end": 2607,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 2616,
"end": 2629,
"label": [
"244831"
]
},
{
"start": 2684,
"end": 2701,
"label": [
"1685262"
]
},
{
"start": 2737,
"end": 2741,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 2750,
"end": 2761,
"label": [
"1159074"
]
},
{
"start": 2833,
"end": 2853,
"label": [
"40804647"
]
},
{
"start": 2903,
"end": 2915,
"label": [
"78018"
]
},
{
"start": 2992,
"end": 2996,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3005,
"end": 3019,
"label": [
"86925"
]
},
{
"start": 3047,
"end": 3051,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 3060,
"end": 3079,
"label": [
"2593747"
]
},
{
"start": 3124,
"end": 3128,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3137,
"end": 3150,
"label": [
"3567938"
]
},
{
"start": 3203,
"end": 3207,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 3216,
"end": 3236,
"label": [
"396531"
]
},
{
"start": 3271,
"end": 3282,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 3317,
"end": 3327,
"label": [
"206392"
]
},
{
"start": 3368,
"end": 3372,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3381,
"end": 3394,
"label": [
"324316"
]
},
{
"start": 3432,
"end": 3443,
"label": [
"23535306"
]
},
{
"start": 3464,
"end": 3468,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3477,
"end": 3512,
"label": [
"838254"
]
},
{
"start": 3538,
"end": 3555,
"label": [
"9060014"
]
},
{
"start": 3611,
"end": 3615,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 3624,
"end": 3634,
"label": [
"6716351"
]
},
{
"start": 3675,
"end": 3679,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 3688,
"end": 3700,
"label": [
"163076"
]
},
{
"start": 3734,
"end": 3761,
"label": [
"70075"
]
},
{
"start": 3787,
"end": 3828,
"label": [
"1548476"
]
},
{
"start": 3840,
"end": 3844,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 3853,
"end": 3869,
"label": [
"6820584"
]
},
{
"start": 3916,
"end": 3929,
"label": [
"1869353"
]
},
{
"start": 3981,
"end": 3993,
"label": [
"31496"
]
},
{
"start": 4043,
"end": 4047,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4056,
"end": 4072,
"label": [
"1731754"
]
},
{
"start": 4141,
"end": 4156,
"label": [
"2512419"
]
},
{
"start": 4211,
"end": 4222,
"label": [
"1503167"
]
},
{
"start": 4276,
"end": 4280,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4289,
"end": 4301,
"label": [
"11887341"
]
},
{
"start": 4346,
"end": 4350,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4359,
"end": 4372,
"label": [
"1051535"
]
},
{
"start": 4413,
"end": 4442,
"label": [
"595522"
]
},
{
"start": 4468,
"end": 4481,
"label": [
"3956589"
]
},
{
"start": 4523,
"end": 4527,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4536,
"end": 4550,
"label": [
"7434242"
]
},
{
"start": 4606,
"end": 4620,
"label": [
"2455960"
]
},
{
"start": 4680,
"end": 4690,
"label": [
"2139023"
]
},
{
"start": 4716,
"end": 4720,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4729,
"end": 4741,
"label": [
"348348"
]
},
{
"start": 4814,
"end": 4829,
"label": [
"24765153"
]
},
{
"start": 4873,
"end": 4877,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 4886,
"end": 4905,
"label": [
"1416403"
]
},
{
"start": 4952,
"end": 4968,
"label": [
"39691090"
]
},
{
"start": 4996,
"end": 5000,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 5009,
"end": 5020,
"label": [
"946729"
]
},
{
"start": 5059,
"end": 5075,
"label": [
"874190"
]
},
{
"start": 5087,
"end": 5091,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5100,
"end": 5114,
"label": [
"1045117"
]
},
{
"start": 5167,
"end": 5177,
"label": [
"1124876"
]
},
{
"start": 5232,
"end": 5240,
"label": [
"8031837"
]
},
{
"start": 5280,
"end": 5284,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5293,
"end": 5305,
"label": [
"10583895"
]
},
{
"start": 5357,
"end": 5368,
"label": [
"30762836"
]
},
{
"start": 5426,
"end": 5437,
"label": [
"6640198"
]
},
{
"start": 5491,
"end": 5495,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5504,
"end": 5519,
"label": [
"29574453"
]
},
{
"start": 5574,
"end": 5592,
"label": [
"4623432"
]
},
{
"start": 5645,
"end": 5649,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5658,
"end": 5672,
"label": [
"211518"
]
},
{
"start": 5729,
"end": 5741,
"label": [
"3145028"
]
},
{
"start": 5798,
"end": 5802,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5811,
"end": 5823,
"label": [
"366009"
]
},
{
"start": 5865,
"end": 5869,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 5878,
"end": 5887,
"label": [
"233750"
]
},
{
"start": 5935,
"end": 5953,
"label": [
"470556"
]
},
{
"start": 5965,
"end": 5969,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 5978,
"end": 5999,
"label": [
"36540412"
]
},
{
"start": 6049,
"end": 6053,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 6062,
"end": 6075,
"label": [
"470340"
]
},
{
"start": 6143,
"end": 6159,
"label": [
"17311242"
]
},
{
"start": 6194,
"end": 6198,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6207,
"end": 6218,
"label": [
"4447530"
]
},
{
"start": 6250,
"end": 6254,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6263,
"end": 6276,
"label": [
"475903"
]
},
{
"start": 6332,
"end": 6351,
"label": [
"20994"
]
},
{
"start": 6363,
"end": 6367,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6376,
"end": 6390,
"label": [
"693671"
]
},
{
"start": 6426,
"end": 6452,
"label": [
"30863541"
]
},
{
"start": 6454,
"end": 6458,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 6467,
"end": 6483,
"label": [
"8829594"
]
},
{
"start": 6517,
"end": 6526,
"label": [
"16036"
]
},
{
"start": 6571,
"end": 6575,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 6584,
"end": 6598,
"label": [
"616438"
]
},
{
"start": 6649,
"end": 6658,
"label": [
"1808852"
]
},
{
"start": 6705,
"end": 6718,
"label": [
"3011561"
]
},
{
"start": 6769,
"end": 6781,
"label": [
"20032482"
]
},
{
"start": 6813,
"end": 6826,
"label": [
"1190374"
]
},
{
"start": 6829,
"end": 6833,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 6842,
"end": 6857,
"label": [
"316066"
]
},
{
"start": 6900,
"end": 6932,
"label": [
"10453599"
]
},
{
"start": 6948,
"end": 6961,
"label": [
"3976214"
]
},
{
"start": 6984,
"end": 6988,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 6997,
"end": 7006,
"label": [
"2535354"
]
},
{
"start": 7068,
"end": 7080,
"label": [
"92436"
]
},
{
"start": 7118,
"end": 7128,
"label": [
"2974627"
]
},
{
"start": 7160,
"end": 7170,
"label": [
"26124235"
]
},
{
"start": 7217,
"end": 7234,
"label": [
"40298"
]
},
{
"start": 7264,
"end": 7278,
"label": [
"3372135"
]
},
{
"start": 7322,
"end": 7326,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7335,
"end": 7353,
"label": [
"4968109"
]
},
{
"start": 7414,
"end": 7428,
"label": [
"2293118"
]
},
{
"start": 7471,
"end": 7482,
"label": [
"361934"
]
},
{
"start": 7540,
"end": 7550,
"label": [
"422211"
]
},
{
"start": 7602,
"end": 7613,
"label": [
"6403692"
]
},
{
"start": 7651,
"end": 7655,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 7664,
"end": 7690,
"label": [
"151814"
]
},
{
"start": 7706,
"end": 7718,
"label": [
"2232977"
]
},
{
"start": 7758,
"end": 7762,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 7771,
"end": 7781,
"label": [
"338722"
]
},
{
"start": 7869,
"end": 7873,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 7882,
"end": 7893,
"label": [
"333155"
]
},
{
"start": 7947,
"end": 7959,
"label": [
"306520"
]
},
{
"start": 8038,
"end": 8057,
"label": [
"23278339"
]
},
{
"start": 8083,
"end": 8096,
"label": [
"44386667"
]
},
{
"start": 8148,
"end": 8152,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8161,
"end": 8170,
"label": [
"2297470"
]
},
{
"start": 8227,
"end": 8238,
"label": [
"479215"
]
},
{
"start": 8284,
"end": 8331,
"label": [
"270884"
]
},
{
"start": 8333,
"end": 8337,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8346,
"end": 8360,
"label": [
"194292"
]
},
{
"start": 8393,
"end": 8397,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8406,
"end": 8417,
"label": [
"20847113"
]
},
{
"start": 8471,
"end": 8486,
"label": [
"748021"
]
},
{
"start": 8531,
"end": 8552,
"label": [
"183444"
]
},
{
"start": 8595,
"end": 8613,
"label": [
"5826085"
]
},
{
"start": 8643,
"end": 8670,
"label": [
"465599"
]
},
{
"start": 8672,
"end": 8676,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 8685,
"end": 8701,
"label": [
"2166960"
]
},
{
"start": 8748,
"end": 8760,
"label": [
"450641"
]
},
{
"start": 8784,
"end": 8788,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 8797,
"end": 8807,
"label": [
"10241957"
]
},
{
"start": 8860,
"end": 8873,
"label": [
"9522147"
]
},
{
"start": 8934,
"end": 8947,
"label": [
"631620"
]
},
{
"start": 8984,
"end": 8997,
"label": [
"1467291"
]
},
{
"start": 9027,
"end": 9031,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9040,
"end": 9060,
"label": [
"156589"
]
},
{
"start": 9101,
"end": 9121,
"label": [
"2631957"
]
},
{
"start": 9123,
"end": 9127,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9136,
"end": 9155,
"label": [
"12395952"
]
},
{
"start": 9187,
"end": 9227,
"label": [
"10387486"
]
},
{
"start": 9243,
"end": 9255,
"label": [
"598468"
]
},
{
"start": 9286,
"end": 9290,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9299,
"end": 9310,
"label": [
"7634557"
]
},
{
"start": 9340,
"end": 9344,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9353,
"end": 9366,
"label": [
"1355934"
]
},
{
"start": 9412,
"end": 9416,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9425,
"end": 9435,
"label": [
"414777"
]
},
{
"start": 9478,
"end": 9493,
"label": [
"6948208"
]
},
{
"start": 9562,
"end": 9573,
"label": [
"3408483"
]
},
{
"start": 9621,
"end": 9635,
"label": [
"1403336"
]
},
{
"start": 9668,
"end": 9686,
"label": [
"1610152"
]
},
{
"start": 9745,
"end": 9756,
"label": [
"6108360"
]
},
{
"start": 9807,
"end": 9811,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9820,
"end": 9840,
"label": [
"1519790"
]
},
{
"start": 9884,
"end": 9888,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9897,
"end": 9909,
"label": [
"221182"
]
},
{
"start": 9946,
"end": 9993,
"label": [
"356422"
]
},
{
"start": 10009,
"end": 10020,
"label": [
"60151"
]
},
{
"start": 10041,
"end": 10055,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 10091,
"end": 10104,
"label": [
"1365567"
]
},
{
"start": 10138,
"end": 10142,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 10151,
"end": 10164,
"label": [
"4279944"
]
},
{
"start": 10206,
"end": 10221,
"label": [
"27292088"
]
},
{
"start": 10259,
"end": 10263,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10272,
"end": 10284,
"label": [
"5222531"
]
},
{
"start": 10363,
"end": 10378,
"label": [
"875763"
]
},
{
"start": 10434,
"end": 10451,
"label": [
"53293567"
]
},
{
"start": 10502,
"end": 10512,
"label": [
"3549095"
]
},
{
"start": 10537,
"end": 10541,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10550,
"end": 10562,
"label": [
"1689228"
]
},
{
"start": 10609,
"end": 10617,
"label": [
"25452574"
]
},
{
"start": 10639,
"end": 10643,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10652,
"end": 10664,
"label": [
"2861420"
]
},
{
"start": 10727,
"end": 10741,
"label": [
"3255375"
]
},
{
"start": 10775,
"end": 10779,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10788,
"end": 10810,
"label": [
"23624055"
]
},
{
"start": 10851,
"end": 10865,
"label": [
"2911777"
]
},
{
"start": 10890,
"end": 10894,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 10903,
"end": 10916,
"label": [
"3417501"
]
},
{
"start": 10959,
"end": 10976,
"label": [
"1280227"
]
},
{
"start": 11005,
"end": 11009,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11018,
"end": 11034,
"label": [
"4727956"
]
},
{
"start": 11070,
"end": 11086,
"label": [
"3113083"
]
},
{
"start": 11116,
"end": 11120,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11129,
"end": 11146,
"label": [
"10022272"
]
},
{
"start": 11196,
"end": 11207,
"label": [
"1469201"
]
},
{
"start": 11258,
"end": 11270,
"label": [
"3416917"
]
},
{
"start": 11309,
"end": 11313,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11322,
"end": 11338,
"label": [
"1595365"
]
},
{
"start": 11396,
"end": 11408,
"label": [
"27271687"
]
},
{
"start": 11431,
"end": 11435,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11444,
"end": 11456,
"label": [
"42104"
]
},
{
"start": 11511,
"end": 11523,
"label": [
"616605"
]
},
{
"start": 11543,
"end": 11547,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11556,
"end": 11565,
"label": [
"2009982"
]
},
{
"start": 11599,
"end": 11603,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11694,
"end": 11706,
"label": [
"1022683"
]
},
{
"start": 11725,
"end": 11729,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 11738,
"end": 11749,
"label": [
"1436610"
]
},
{
"start": 11782,
"end": 11786,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11795,
"end": 11807,
"label": [
"4766150"
]
},
{
"start": 11835,
"end": 11839,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 11848,
"end": 11863,
"label": [
"1164815"
]
},
{
"start": 11905,
"end": 11916,
"label": [
"1996225"
]
},
{
"start": 11958,
"end": 11972,
"label": [
"2669978"
]
},
{
"start": 12007,
"end": 12020,
"label": [
"936895"
]
},
{
"start": 12061,
"end": 12065,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 12074,
"end": 12085,
"label": [
"7987405"
]
},
{
"start": 12125,
"end": 12134,
"label": [
"1567027"
]
},
{
"start": 12162,
"end": 12166,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12175,
"end": 12193,
"label": [
"2627311"
]
},
{
"start": 12236,
"end": 12246,
"label": [
"6599979"
]
},
{
"start": 12299,
"end": 12313,
"label": [
"18627022"
]
},
{
"start": 12355,
"end": 12372,
"label": [
"43246110"
]
},
{
"start": 12412,
"end": 12416,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12425,
"end": 12441,
"label": [
"14910116"
]
},
{
"start": 12486,
"end": 12501,
"label": [
"4630134"
]
},
{
"start": 12529,
"end": 12533,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12542,
"end": 12554,
"label": [
"2979255"
]
},
{
"start": 12598,
"end": 12610,
"label": [
"345090"
]
},
{
"start": 12636,
"end": 12640,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 12649,
"end": 12663,
"label": [
"11944260"
]
},
{
"start": 12703,
"end": 12717,
"label": [
"13119714"
]
},
{
"start": 12767,
"end": 12780,
"label": [
"1864002"
]
},
{
"start": 12832,
"end": 12843,
"label": [
"8481340"
]
},
{
"start": 12879,
"end": 12887,
"label": [
"24784766"
]
},
{
"start": 12924,
"end": 12938,
"label": [
"29421202"
]
},
{
"start": 12960,
"end": 12964,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 12973,
"end": 12988,
"label": [
"3189359"
]
},
{
"start": 13012,
"end": 13016,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 13025,
"end": 13038,
"label": [
"1132105"
]
},
{
"start": 13072,
"end": 13081,
"label": [
"22631481"
]
},
{
"start": 13125,
"end": 13137,
"label": [
"937355"
]
},
{
"start": 13173,
"end": 13184,
"label": [
"8925217"
]
},
{
"start": 13219,
"end": 13231,
"label": [
"3511307"
]
},
{
"start": 13268,
"end": 13282,
"label": [
"15806536"
]
},
{
"start": 13318,
"end": 13331,
"label": [
"17635264"
]
},
{
"start": 13371,
"end": 13383,
"label": [
"36491320"
]
},
{
"start": 13402,
"end": 13406,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 13415,
"end": 13430,
"label": [
"29128330"
]
},
{
"start": 13473,
"end": 13485,
"label": [
"9537318"
]
},
{
"start": 13527,
"end": 13536,
"label": [
"4651806"
]
},
{
"start": 13594,
"end": 13605,
"label": [
"12725611"
]
},
{
"start": 13627,
"end": 13631,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13640,
"end": 13652,
"label": [
"28524886"
]
},
{
"start": 13681,
"end": 13685,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 13694,
"end": 13708,
"label": [
"7679426"
]
},
{
"start": 13733,
"end": 13737,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 13746,
"end": 13759,
"label": [
"29331173"
]
},
{
"start": 13795,
"end": 13806,
"label": [
"26275265"
]
},
{
"start": 13845,
"end": 13855,
"label": [
"41573651"
]
},
{
"start": 13885,
"end": 13889,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 13898,
"end": 13909,
"label": [
"44790593"
]
},
{
"start": 13956,
"end": 13971,
"label": [
"37615861"
]
},
{
"start": 14011,
"end": 14022,
"label": [
"18363927"
]
},
{
"start": 14045,
"end": 14049,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 14058,
"end": 14073,
"label": [
"26735930"
]
},
{
"start": 14092,
"end": 14096,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 14105,
"end": 14123,
"label": [
"45152355"
]
},
{
"start": 14169,
"end": 14181,
"label": [
"45484800"
]
},
{
"start": 14241,
"end": 14253,
"label": [
"43349098"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1805_Production
|
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons. Since the first pioneering efforts of Howard Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria, production of the active compounds is carried out using fermentation, usually in strongly aerobic conditions.
|
[
{
"start": 17,
"end": 36,
"label": [
"938177"
]
},
{
"start": 69,
"end": 82,
"label": [
"782890"
]
},
{
"start": 159,
"end": 182,
"label": [
"52784"
]
},
{
"start": 202,
"end": 212,
"label": [
"23312"
]
},
{
"start": 246,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"162264"
]
},
{
"start": 264,
"end": 277,
"label": [
"695423"
]
},
{
"start": 288,
"end": 298,
"label": [
"2459771"
]
},
{
"start": 365,
"end": 379,
"label": [
"617210"
]
},
{
"start": 428,
"end": 440,
"label": [
"499685"
]
},
{
"start": 446,
"end": 456,
"label": [
"31690663"
]
},
{
"start": 466,
"end": 479,
"label": [
"8096796"
]
},
{
"start": 504,
"end": 522,
"label": [
"85029"
]
},
{
"start": 568,
"end": 582,
"label": [
"477588"
]
},
{
"start": 591,
"end": 607,
"label": [
"19836"
]
},
{
"start": 626,
"end": 633,
"label": [
"42445"
]
},
{
"start": 673,
"end": 686,
"label": [
"40494"
]
},
{
"start": 691,
"end": 696,
"label": [
"740289"
]
},
{
"start": 766,
"end": 774,
"label": [
"18957"
]
},
{
"start": 978,
"end": 990,
"label": [
"2723752"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1805_Research
|
===Alternatives=== The increase in bacterial strains that are resistant to conventional antibacterial therapies together with decreasing number of new antibiotics currently being developed in the drug pipeline has prompted the development of bacterial disease treatment strategies that are alternatives to conventional antibacterials. Non-compound approaches (that is, products other than classical antibacterial agents) that target bacteria or approaches that target the host including phage therapy and vaccines are also being investigated to combat the problem. One strategy to address bacterial drug resistance is the discovery and application of compounds that modify resistance to common antibacterials. Resistance modifying agents are capable of partly or completely suppressing bacterial resistance mechanisms. For example, some resistance-modifying agents may inhibit multidrug resistance mechanisms, such as drug efflux from the cell, thus increasing the susceptibility of bacteria to an antibacterial. Targets include: * The efflux inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide. * Beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam Metabolic stimuli such as sugar can help eradicate a certain type of antibiotic-tolerant bacteria by keeping their metabolism active. Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins. Phage therapy is another method for treating antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Phage therapy infects pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses. Bacteriophages and their host ranges are extremely specific for certain bacteria, thus, unlike antibiotics, they do not disturb the host organism and intestinal microflora. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, infect and can kill bacteria and affect bacterial growth primarily during lytic cycles. Phages insert their DNA into the bacterium, where it is transcribed and used to make new phages, after which the cell will lyse, releasing new phage that are able to infect and destroy further bacteria of the same strain. The high specificity of phage protects "good" bacteria from destruction. Some disadvantages to the use of bacteriophages also exist, however. Bacteriophages may harbour virulence factors or toxic genes in their genomes and, prior to use, it may be prudent to identify genes with similarity to known virulence factors or toxins by genomic sequencing. In addition, the oral and IV administration of phages for the eradication of bacterial infections poses a much higher safety risk than topical application. Also, there is the additional concern of uncertain immune responses to these large antigenic cocktails. There are considerable regulatory hurdles that must be cleared for such therapies. Despite numerous challenges, the use of bacteriophages as a replacement for antimicrobial agents against MDR pathogens that no longer respond to conventional antibiotics, remains an attractive option. Plants are an important source of antimicrobial compounds and traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious diseases. There is a recent renewed interest into the use of natural products for the identification of new members of the 'antibiotic-ome' (defined as natural products with antibiotic activity), and their application in antibacterial drug discovery in the genomics era. Phytochemicals are the active biological component of plants and some phytochemicals including tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids possess antimicrobial activity. Some antioxidant dietary supplements also contain phytochemicals (polyphenols), such as grape seed extract, and demonstrate in vitro anti-bacterial properties. Phytochemicals are able to inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, damage microbial membrane structures, modify bacterial membrane surface hydrophobicity and also modulate quorum sensing. With increasing antibiotic resistance in recent years, the potential of new plant-derived antibiotics is under investigation. Both the WHO and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. The IDSA report noted that the number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year had been declining and identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in or clinical trials. These drugs however, did not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. According to the WHO fifty one new therapeutic entities (NTEs) - antibiotics (including combinations), are in phase 1-3 clinical trials as of May 2017. Recent entries in the clinical pipeline targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens has improved the treatment options due to marketing approval of new antibiotic classes, the oxazolidinones and cyclic lipopeptides. However, resistance to these antibiotics is certainly likely to occur, the need for the development new antibiotics against those pathogens still remains a high priority. Recent drugs in development that target Gram-negative bacteria have focused on re-working existing drugs to target specific microorganisms or specific types of resistance. A few antibiotics have received marketing authorization in the last seven years. The cephalosporin ceftaroline and the lipoglycopeptides oritavancin and telavancin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. The lipoglycopeptide dalbavancin and the oxazolidinone tedizolid has also been approved for use for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. The first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotics, fidaxomicin, has been approved for the treatment of C. difficile colitis. New cephalosporin-lactamase inhibitor combinations also approved include ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-avibactam for complicated urinary tract infection and intra-abdominal infection. Streptomyces research is expected to provide new antibiotics, including treatment against MRSA and infections resistant to commonly used medication. Efforts of John Innes Centre and universities in the UK, supported by BBSRC, resulted in the creation of spin-out companies, for example Novacta Biosystems, which has designed the type-b lantibiotic-based compound NVB302 (in phase 1) to treat Clostridium difficile infections. Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. In the US, the Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act was introduced with the aim of fast tracking the drug development of antibiotics to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
|
[
{
"start": 196,
"end": 209,
"label": [
"18713030"
]
},
{
"start": 487,
"end": 500,
"label": [
"682382"
]
},
{
"start": 505,
"end": 512,
"label": [
"32653"
]
},
{
"start": 918,
"end": 929,
"label": [
"5657994"
]
},
{
"start": 1036,
"end": 1052,
"label": [
"5657994"
]
},
{
"start": 1080,
"end": 1104,
"label": [
"12815929"
]
},
{
"start": 1115,
"end": 1130,
"label": [
"1749180"
]
},
{
"start": 1135,
"end": 1144,
"label": [
"3120531"
]
},
{
"start": 1279,
"end": 1286,
"label": [
"32653"
]
},
{
"start": 1296,
"end": 1302,
"label": [
"298547"
]
},
{
"start": 1456,
"end": 1467,
"label": [
"169270"
]
},
{
"start": 1487,
"end": 1497,
"label": [
"2362"
]
},
{
"start": 1499,
"end": 1511,
"label": [
"70425"
]
},
{
"start": 1935,
"end": 1948,
"label": [
"682382"
]
},
{
"start": 2088,
"end": 2101,
"label": [
"4185"
]
},
{
"start": 3897,
"end": 3913,
"label": [
"55170"
]
},
{
"start": 3915,
"end": 3928,
"label": [
"472231"
]
},
{
"start": 4010,
"end": 4016,
"label": [
"61983"
]
},
{
"start": 4019,
"end": 4027,
"label": [
"2341"
]
},
{
"start": 4030,
"end": 4039,
"label": [
"214241"
]
},
{
"start": 4046,
"end": 4055,
"label": [
"292340"
]
},
{
"start": 4094,
"end": 4105,
"label": [
"3277"
]
},
{
"start": 4106,
"end": 4124,
"label": [
"104444"
]
},
{
"start": 4155,
"end": 4165,
"label": [
"362892"
]
},
{
"start": 4177,
"end": 4195,
"label": [
"2058099"
]
},
{
"start": 4213,
"end": 4221,
"label": [
"15188"
]
},
{
"start": 4414,
"end": 4428,
"label": [
"161995"
]
},
{
"start": 4577,
"end": 4614,
"label": [
"7340420"
]
},
{
"start": 4886,
"end": 4907,
"label": [
"12937"
]
},
{
"start": 6238,
"end": 6249,
"label": [
"2317120"
]
},
{
"start": 6619,
"end": 6623,
"label": [
"192595"
]
},
{
"start": 6689,
"end": 6706,
"label": [
"577974"
]
},
{
"start": 6865,
"end": 6876,
"label": [
"476251"
]
},
{
"start": 7165,
"end": 7216,
"label": [
"46434889"
]
},
{
"start": 7490,
"end": 7493,
"label": [
"6811"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1826_Births
|
* 359 – Gratian, Roman emperor (d. 383) * 588 – K'an II, Mayan ruler (d. 658) * 812 – Al-Wathiq, Abbasid caliph (d. 847) *1446 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484) *1480 – Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI *1503 – Henry II of Navarre, (d. 1555) *1534 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593) *1580 – Thomas Middleton, English Jacobean playwright and poet (d. 1627) *1590 – Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor (d. 1617) *1605 – Giacomo Carissimi, Italian priest and composer (d. 1674) *1666 – Jean-Féry Rebel, French violinist and composer (d. 1747) *1740 – Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, English banker and politician (d. 1810) *1759 – Jacques Widerkehr, French cellist and composer (d. 1823) *1771 – Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg (d. 1820) *1772 – David Ricardo, British economist and politician (d. 1823) *1794 – William Debenham, English founder of Debenhams (d. 1863) *1797 – Adolphe Thiers, French historian and politician, 2nd President of France (d. 1877) *1813 – James McCune Smith, African-American physician, apothecary, abolitionist, and author (d. 1865) *1819 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban lawyer and activist (d. 1874) * 1819 – Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1895) *1838 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French chemist and academic (d. 1912) *1854 – Ludwig Levy, German architect (d. 1907) *1857 – Clarence Darrow, American lawyer (d. 1938) *1858 – Dhondo Keshav Karve, Indian educator and activist, Bharat Ratna Awardee (d. 1962) * 1858 – Alexander Shirvanzade, Armenian playwright and author (d. 1935) *1863 – Count Leopold Berchtold, Austrian-Hungarian politician and diplomat, Joint Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary (d. 1942) * 1863 – Linton Hope, English sailor and architect (d. 1920) *1864 – Richard Harding Davis, American journalist and author (d. 1916) *1874 – Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Croatian author and poet (d. 1938) *1877 – Vicente Sotto, Filipino lawyer and politician (d. 1950) *1879 – Korneli Kekelidze, Georgian philologist and scholar (d. 1962) *1880 – Sam Crawford, American baseball player, coach, and umpire (d. 1968) *1882 – Isaac Babalola Akinyele, Nigerian ruler (d. 1964) * 1882 – Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977) *1884 – Jaan Anvelt, Estonian educator and politician (d. 1937) *1888 – Duffy Lewis, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1979) *1889 – Jessie Street, Australian activist (d. 1970) *1892 – Eugene Houdry, French-American mechanical engineer and inventor (d. 1962) *1893 – Violette Morris, French shot putter and discus thrower (d. 1944) *1897 – Ardito Desio, Italian geologist and cartographer (d. 2001) * 1897 – Per-Erik Hedlund, Swedish skier (d. 1975) *1898 – Patrick Hennessy, Irish soldier and businessman (d. 1981) *1900 – Bertha Isaacs, Bahamian teacher, tennis player, politician and women's rights activist (d. 1997) *1901 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967) * 1901 – László Németh, Hungarian dentist, author, and playwright (d. 1975) *1902 – Waldemar Hammenhög, Swedish author (d. 1972) * 1902 – Giuseppe Pella, Italian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1981) *1904 – Pigmeat Markham, African-American comedian, singer, and dancer (d. 1981) *1905 – Sydney Halter, Canadian lawyer and businessman (d. 1990) * 1905 – George H. Hitchings, American physician and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) *1907 – Miklós Rózsa, Hungarian-American composer and conductor (d. 1995) *1911 – Ilario Bandini, Italian businessman and racing driver (d. 1992) * 1911 – Maurice Goldhaber, Ukrainian Jewish-American physicist and academic (d. 2011) *1914 – Claire Martin, Canadian author (d. 2014) *1915 – Joy Davidman, Polish-Ukrainian Jewish American poet and author (d. 1960) *1916 – Carl Burgos, American illustrator (d. 1984) * 1916 – Doug Peden, Canadian basketball player (d. 2005) *1917 – Ty LaForest, Canadian-American baseball player (d. 1947) *1918 – Gabriel Axel, Danish-French actor, director, and producer (d. 2014) * 1918 – André Bazin, French critic and theorist (d. 1958) * 1918 – Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018) * 1918 – Clifton Hillegass, American publisher, founded CliffsNotes (d. 2001) * 1918 – Tony Mottola, American guitarist and composer (d. 2004) *1919 – Virginia O'Brien, American actress and singer (d. 2001) * 1919 – Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian entrepreneur and pioneer of microlending (d. 2002) *1920 – John F. Wiley, American football player and coach (d. 2013) *1921 – Jean Richard, French actor and singer (d. 2001) *1922 – Barbara Hale, American actress (d. 2017) * 1922 – Lord Kitchner, Trinidadian singer (d. 2000) *1923 – Alfred Bieler, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2013) * 1923 – Beryl Platt, Baroness Platt of Writtle, English engineer and politician (d. 2015) *1924 – Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005) * 1924 – Henry Hyde, American commander, lawyer, and politician (d. 2007) * 1924 – Roy Mason, English miner and politician, Secretary of State for Defence (d. 2015) *1925 – Marcus Schmuck, Austrian mountaineer and author (d. 2005) *1926 – Doug Insole, English cricketer *1927 – Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist, author, and academic (d. 2008) * 1927 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Polish journalist and politician, Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2013) * 1927 – Charles Pasqua, French businessman and politician, French Minister of the Interior (d. 2015) *1928 – Karl Josef Becker, German cardinal and theologian (d. 2015) * 1928 – Otto Piene, German sculptor and academic (d. 2014) *1929 – Peter Hordern, English soldier and politician *1930 – Clive Revill, New Zealand actor and singer *1931 – Bill Miles, American director and producer (d. 2013) *1934 – James Drury, American actor * 1934 – George Shirley, African-American tenor and educator *1935 – Brian Clay, Australian rugby league player (d. 1987) * 1935 – Costas Ferris, Egyptian-Greek actor, director, producer, and screenwriter *1936 – Roger Graef, American-English criminologist, director, and producer * 1936 – Vladimir Hütt, Estonian physicist and philosopher (d. 1997) * 1936 – "TV" Tommy Ivo, American actor and drag racer *1937 – Jan Kaplický, Czech architect, designed the Selfridges Building (d. 2009) * 1937 – Tatyana Shchelkanova, Russian long jumper and heptathlete (d. 2011) * 1937 – Teddy Taylor, Scottish journalist and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland *1939 – Glen Hardin, American pianist and arranger * 1939 – Thomas J. Moyer, American lawyer and judge (d. 2010) *1940 – Joseph L. Goldstein, American biochemist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate * 1940 – Mike Vickers, English guitarist, saxophonist, and songwriter *1941 – Michael D. Higgins, Irish sociologist and politician, 9th President of Ireland *1942 – Michael Beloff, English lawyer and academic * 1942 – Steve Blass, American baseball player and sportscaster * 1942 – Robert Christgau, American journalist and critic * 1942 – Jochen Rindt, German-Austrian racing driver (d. 1970) *1944 – Kathy Acker, American author and poet (d. 1997) * 1944 – Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza, English academic and politician * 1944 – Robert Hanssen, American FBI agent and double agent * 1944 – Philip Jackson, Scottish sculptor and photographer *1945 – Bernard Arcand, Canadian anthropologist and author (d. 2009) *1945 – Richard Bausch, American novelist and short story writer * 1945 – Robert Bausch, American novelist and short story writer *1946 – Hayley Mills, English actress * 1946 – Tommy Shannon, American bass guitarist *1947 – Moses Blah, Liberian general and politician, 23rd President of Liberia (d. 2013) * 1947 – Dorothy Lyman, American actress * 1947 – Cindy Pickett, American actress * 1947 – Jerzy Stuhr, Polish actor, director, and screenwriter * 1947 – James Woods, American actor and producer *1948 – Régis Wargnier, French director, producer, and screenwriter *1949 – Geoff Bodine, American race car driver *1950 – Paul Callery, Australian footballer * 1950 – Tina Chow, American model and jewelry designer (d. 1992) * 1950 – Kenny Ortega, American director, producer, and choreographer * 1950 – Grigory Sokolov, Russian pianist and composer *1951 – Ricardo Fortaleza, Australian-Filipino boxer and coach * 1951 – Pierre Pettigrew, Canadian businessman and politician, 5th Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs *1953 – Rick Moranis, Canadian-American actor, comedian, singer and screenwriter *1954 – Robert Greenberg, American pianist and composer *1956 – Eric Roberts, American actor *1957 – Ian Campbell, Australian jumper *1958 – Gabi Delgado-López, Spanish-German singer, co-founder of D.A.F. * 1958 – Malcolm Marshall, Barbadian cricketer and coach (d. 1999) *1959 – Susan Faludi, American journalist and author * 1959 – Frank Mulholland, Lord Mulholland, Scottish judge, former Solicitor General for Scotland and Lord Advocate *1960 – Yelena Zhupiyeva-Vyazova, Ukrainian runner *1961 – Kelly Hansen, American singer-songwriter * 1961 – Jane Leeves, English actress and dancer * 1961 – John Podhoretz, American journalist and author *1962 – Jeff Dunham, American comedian and ventriloquist * 1962 – Nick Farr-Jones, Australian rugby player and sportscaster *1963 – Eric McCormack, Canadian-American actor and producer * 1963 – Conan O'Brien, American actor, producer, screenwriter, and talk show host * 1963 – Phil Simmons, Trinidadian cricketer * 1963 – Peter Van Loan, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Canadian Minister of International Trade *1964 – Niall Ferguson, Scottish historian and academic * 1964 – Rithy Panh, Cambodian director and screenwriter *1966 – Valeri Kamensky, Russian ice hockey player *1967 – Maria Bello, American actress and writer *1969 – Keith DeCandido, American author * 1969 – Stefan Schwarz, Swedish footballer and manager * 1969 – Robert Změlík, Czech decathlete *1970 – Rico Brogna, American baseball player and coach * 1970 – Greg Eklund, American drummer and guitarist * 1970 – Saad Hariri, Saudi Arabian-Lebanese businessman and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Lebanon * 1970 – François Leroux, Canadian ice hockey player and radio host * 1970 – Tatiana Stefanidou, Greek journalist and talk show host *1971 – Oleg Petrov, Russian ice hockey player * 1971 – Graham Rowntree, English rugby player * 1971 – David Tennant, Scottish actor *1972 – Rosa Clemente, American journalist and activist * 1972 – Eli Roth, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter * 1972 – Michael Rutter, English motorcycle racer *1973 – Derrick Brooks, American football player * 1973 – Brady Clark, American baseball player * 1973 – Haile Gebrselassie, Ethiopian runner *1974 – Millie Corretjer, Puerto Rican-American actress and singer * 1974 – Mark Tremonti, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1976 – Gavin Creel, American actor and singer * 1976 – Melissa Joan Hart, American actress, director, and producer * 1976 – Andrew Ilie, Romanian-Australian tennis player * 1976 – Justin Ross, American politician * 1976 – Staffan Strand, Swedish high jumper *1977 – Dan LaCouture, American ice hockey player * 1977 – Cindy Taylor, Paraguayan model and actress *1979 – Michael Bradley, American basketball player and coach * 1979 – Ethan Cohn, American actor * 1979 – Matt Cooper, Australian rugby league player * 1979 – Anthony Davidson, English racing driver * 1979 – Kourtney Kardashian, American model and businesswoman *1980 – Rabiu Afolabi, Nigerian footballer and manager * 1980 – Justin Levens, American mixed martial artist (d. 2008) *1981 – Brian Buscher, American baseball player * 1981 – Milan Jovanović, Serbian footballer * 1981 – Aldo Ramírez, Colombian footballer * 1981 – Audrey Tang, Taiwanese computer scientist and academic *1982 – Ibrahim al-Asiri, Saudi Arabian terrorist * 1982 – Greg Camarillo, American football player * 1982 – Ricardo Colclough, Canadian-American football player * 1982 – Simone Farina, Italian footballer * 1982 – Scott Hartnell, Canadian ice hockey player * 1982 – Blair Late, American singer-songwriter and journalist * 1982 – Darren Sutherland, Irish boxer (d. 2009) * 1982 – Marie-Élaine Thibert, Canadian singer *1983 – Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player * 1983 – Reeve Carney, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor *1984 – Red Bryant, American football player * 1984 – America Ferrera, American actress and producer *1985 – Łukasz Fabiański, Polish footballer *1986 – Billy Butler, American baseball player * 1986 – Maurice Edu, American soccer player * 1986 – Taylor Griffin, American basketball player * 1986 – Conrad Logan, Irish footballer * 1986 – Efraín Velarde, Mexican footballer *1987 – Brett Deledio, Australian footballer * 1987 – Danny Guthrie, English footballer * 1987 – Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, English model and actress * 1987 – Samantha Jade, Australian singer-songwriter and actress * 1987 – Ivan Tričkovski, Macedonian footballer *1988 – Andre Frolov, Estonian footballer * 1988 – Alexander Hauck, South African-German rugby player *1989 – Jessica Jung, Korean American singer, songwriter, actress, and fashion designer *1990 – Henderson Álvarez, Venezuelan baseball player * 1990 – Anna van der Breggen, Dutch cyclist * 1990 – Jake Howells, English footballer * 1990 – Wojciech Szczęsny, Polish footballer * 1990 – Junior Torunarigha, Nigerian footballer *1993 – Matt Salisbury, English cricketer * 1993 – Nathan Sykes, English singer-songwriter *1995 – Divock Origi, Belgian footballer *1996 – Mariah Bell, American figure skater * 1996 – Ioana Ducu, Romanian tennis player *1997 – Matthias Blübaum, German chess grandmaster * 1997 – Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"48417"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 21,
"label": [
"74655"
]
},
{
"start": 48,
"end": 51,
"label": [
"35723"
]
},
{
"start": 60,
"end": 67,
"label": [
"34290308"
]
},
{
"start": 92,
"end": 95,
"label": [
"35341"
]
},
{
"start": 104,
"end": 113,
"label": [
"503965"
]
},
{
"start": 140,
"end": 144,
"label": [
"39930"
]
},
{
"start": 153,
"end": 174,
"label": [
"20407276"
]
},
{
"start": 201,
"end": 205,
"label": [
"36298"
]
},
{
"start": 214,
"end": 229,
"label": [
"18639"
]
},
{
"start": 262,
"end": 266,
"label": [
"34971"
]
},
{
"start": 275,
"end": 294,
"label": [
"149460"
]
},
{
"start": 307,
"end": 311,
"label": [
"36116"
]
},
{
"start": 320,
"end": 336,
"label": [
"147616"
]
},
{
"start": 367,
"end": 371,
"label": [
"38597"
]
},
{
"start": 380,
"end": 396,
"label": [
"63428"
]
},
{
"start": 446,
"end": 450,
"label": [
"38590"
]
},
{
"start": 459,
"end": 466,
"label": [
"1527"
]
},
{
"start": 495,
"end": 499,
"label": [
"35085"
]
},
{
"start": 508,
"end": 525,
"label": [
"103247"
]
},
{
"start": 566,
"end": 570,
"label": [
"36223"
]
},
{
"start": 579,
"end": 594,
"label": [
"3852242"
]
},
{
"start": 637,
"end": 641,
"label": [
"35845"
]
},
{
"start": 650,
"end": 681,
"label": [
"1713353"
]
},
{
"start": 724,
"end": 728,
"label": [
"35826"
]
},
{
"start": 737,
"end": 754,
"label": [
"34618513"
]
},
{
"start": 795,
"end": 799,
"label": [
"35675"
]
},
{
"start": 808,
"end": 845,
"label": [
"5622009"
]
},
{
"start": 857,
"end": 861,
"label": [
"35818"
]
},
{
"start": 870,
"end": 883,
"label": [
"8470"
]
},
{
"start": 929,
"end": 933,
"label": [
"34946"
]
},
{
"start": 942,
"end": 958,
"label": [
"23292197"
]
},
{
"start": 979,
"end": 988,
"label": [
"460666"
]
},
{
"start": 1000,
"end": 1004,
"label": [
"34747"
]
},
{
"start": 1013,
"end": 1027,
"label": [
"192008"
]
},
{
"start": 1066,
"end": 1085,
"label": [
"24899"
]
},
{
"start": 1097,
"end": 1101,
"label": [
"34965"
]
},
{
"start": 1110,
"end": 1128,
"label": [
"368042"
]
},
{
"start": 1206,
"end": 1210,
"label": [
"34966"
]
},
{
"start": 1219,
"end": 1244,
"label": [
"1758826"
]
},
{
"start": 1297,
"end": 1312,
"label": [
"380132"
]
},
{
"start": 1357,
"end": 1361,
"label": [
"35514"
]
},
{
"start": 1370,
"end": 1401,
"label": [
"151434"
]
},
{
"start": 1442,
"end": 1446,
"label": [
"34781"
]
},
{
"start": 1455,
"end": 1466,
"label": [
"54812172"
]
},
{
"start": 1489,
"end": 1493,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 1496,
"end": 1500,
"label": [
"34762"
]
},
{
"start": 1509,
"end": 1524,
"label": [
"159917"
]
},
{
"start": 1553,
"end": 1557,
"label": [
"34937"
]
},
{
"start": 1566,
"end": 1585,
"label": [
"2014129"
]
},
{
"start": 1617,
"end": 1629,
"label": [
"236912"
]
},
{
"start": 1663,
"end": 1684,
"label": [
"2541779"
]
},
{
"start": 1728,
"end": 1732,
"label": [
"34641"
]
},
{
"start": 1741,
"end": 1764,
"label": [
"862679"
]
},
{
"start": 1877,
"end": 1888,
"label": [
"32797452"
]
},
{
"start": 1930,
"end": 1934,
"label": [
"38275276"
]
},
{
"start": 1943,
"end": 1964,
"label": [
"381475"
]
},
{
"start": 2008,
"end": 2012,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 2021,
"end": 2042,
"label": [
"868893"
]
},
{
"start": 2080,
"end": 2084,
"label": [
"34771"
]
},
{
"start": 2093,
"end": 2106,
"label": [
"8230259"
]
},
{
"start": 2150,
"end": 2154,
"label": [
"34968"
]
},
{
"start": 2163,
"end": 2180,
"label": [
"11430987"
]
},
{
"start": 2226,
"end": 2230,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 2239,
"end": 2251,
"label": [
"337519"
]
},
{
"start": 2308,
"end": 2312,
"label": [
"34772"
]
},
{
"start": 2321,
"end": 2344,
"label": [
"4714686"
]
},
{
"start": 2386,
"end": 2403,
"label": [
"164383"
]
},
{
"start": 2434,
"end": 2438,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2447,
"end": 2458,
"label": [
"4980848"
]
},
{
"start": 2504,
"end": 2508,
"label": [
"34712"
]
},
{
"start": 2517,
"end": 2528,
"label": [
"828267"
]
},
{
"start": 2586,
"end": 2590,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 2599,
"end": 2612,
"label": [
"2056081"
]
},
{
"start": 2645,
"end": 2649,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 2658,
"end": 2671,
"label": [
"6051270"
]
},
{
"start": 2733,
"end": 2737,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2746,
"end": 2761,
"label": [
"5541411"
]
},
{
"start": 2812,
"end": 2816,
"label": [
"34714"
]
},
{
"start": 2825,
"end": 2837,
"label": [
"956503"
]
},
{
"start": 2899,
"end": 2915,
"label": [
"5905880"
]
},
{
"start": 2942,
"end": 2946,
"label": [
"34791"
]
},
{
"start": 2955,
"end": 2971,
"label": [
"22586916"
]
},
{
"start": 3014,
"end": 3018,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 3027,
"end": 3040,
"label": [
"53079682"
]
},
{
"start": 3125,
"end": 3129,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 3138,
"end": 3146,
"label": [
"11240809"
]
},
{
"start": 3193,
"end": 3206,
"label": [
"25188033"
]
},
{
"start": 3261,
"end": 3265,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 3274,
"end": 3292,
"label": [
"46353246"
]
},
{
"start": 3334,
"end": 3348,
"label": [
"1243159"
]
},
{
"start": 3375,
"end": 3398,
"label": [
"273741"
]
},
{
"start": 3410,
"end": 3414,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3423,
"end": 3438,
"label": [
"232719"
]
},
{
"start": 3497,
"end": 3501,
"label": [
"34637"
]
},
{
"start": 3510,
"end": 3523,
"label": [
"2131213"
]
},
{
"start": 3582,
"end": 3601,
"label": [
"881865"
]
},
{
"start": 3642,
"end": 3653,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 3674,
"end": 3678,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 3687,
"end": 3699,
"label": [
"609081"
]
},
{
"start": 3754,
"end": 3758,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 3767,
"end": 3781,
"label": [
"17751658"
]
},
{
"start": 3846,
"end": 3863,
"label": [
"2576754"
]
},
{
"start": 3925,
"end": 3929,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3938,
"end": 3951,
"label": [
"2052344"
]
},
{
"start": 3980,
"end": 3984,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3993,
"end": 4005,
"label": [
"414221"
]
},
{
"start": 4067,
"end": 4071,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4080,
"end": 4091,
"label": [
"2448610"
]
},
{
"start": 4139,
"end": 4149,
"label": [
"11504112"
]
},
{
"start": 4189,
"end": 4193,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 4202,
"end": 4213,
"label": [
"3473099"
]
},
{
"start": 4260,
"end": 4264,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4273,
"end": 4285,
"label": [
"1170419"
]
},
{
"start": 4356,
"end": 4367,
"label": [
"243671"
]
},
{
"start": 4421,
"end": 4438,
"label": [
"1421084"
]
},
{
"start": 4511,
"end": 4528,
"label": [
"1996948"
]
},
{
"start": 4558,
"end": 4569,
"label": [
"285505"
]
},
{
"start": 4595,
"end": 4607,
"label": [
"4507768"
]
},
{
"start": 4652,
"end": 4656,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4665,
"end": 4681,
"label": [
"3215913"
]
},
{
"start": 4736,
"end": 4753,
"label": [
"10616286"
]
},
{
"start": 4816,
"end": 4820,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4829,
"end": 4842,
"label": [
"30882756"
]
},
{
"start": 4890,
"end": 4894,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 4903,
"end": 4915,
"label": [
"16462"
]
},
{
"start": 4952,
"end": 4956,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 4965,
"end": 4977,
"label": [
"1556509"
]
},
{
"start": 5021,
"end": 5034,
"label": [
"183329"
]
},
{
"start": 5066,
"end": 5070,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 5079,
"end": 5092,
"label": [
"21959169"
]
},
{
"start": 5143,
"end": 5181,
"label": [
"23108801"
]
},
{
"start": 5226,
"end": 5230,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 5239,
"end": 5265,
"label": [
"2437473"
]
},
{
"start": 5333,
"end": 5343,
"label": [
"412034"
]
},
{
"start": 5413,
"end": 5422,
"label": [
"856143"
]
},
{
"start": 5454,
"end": 5484,
"label": [
"302332"
]
},
{
"start": 5496,
"end": 5500,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5509,
"end": 5523,
"label": [
"2384430"
]
},
{
"start": 5568,
"end": 5572,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 5581,
"end": 5592,
"label": [
"3635871"
]
},
{
"start": 5613,
"end": 5617,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5626,
"end": 5646,
"label": [
"105891"
]
},
{
"start": 5724,
"end": 5742,
"label": [
"927699"
]
},
{
"start": 5778,
"end": 5802,
"label": [
"40543"
]
},
{
"start": 5828,
"end": 5842,
"label": [
"573549"
]
},
{
"start": 5879,
"end": 5910,
"label": [
"871703"
]
},
{
"start": 5922,
"end": 5926,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5935,
"end": 5952,
"label": [
"24374537"
]
},
{
"start": 6010,
"end": 6020,
"label": [
"6624377"
]
},
{
"start": 6062,
"end": 6066,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 6075,
"end": 6088,
"label": [
"2840360"
]
},
{
"start": 6122,
"end": 6126,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 6135,
"end": 6147,
"label": [
"1181836"
]
},
{
"start": 6179,
"end": 6183,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 6192,
"end": 6202,
"label": [
"20645356"
]
},
{
"start": 6246,
"end": 6250,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 6259,
"end": 6270,
"label": [
"3556451"
]
},
{
"start": 6302,
"end": 6316,
"label": [
"32323250"
]
},
{
"start": 6355,
"end": 6359,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 6368,
"end": 6378,
"label": [
"6311190"
]
},
{
"start": 6436,
"end": 6449,
"label": [
"24280997"
]
},
{
"start": 6511,
"end": 6515,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6524,
"end": 6535,
"label": [
"3577897"
]
},
{
"start": 6607,
"end": 6620,
"label": [
"21778646"
]
},
{
"start": 6682,
"end": 6696,
"label": [
"868786"
]
},
{
"start": 6717,
"end": 6727,
"label": [
"8373"
]
},
{
"start": 6729,
"end": 6733,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6742,
"end": 6754,
"label": [
"3456749"
]
},
{
"start": 6786,
"end": 6805,
"label": [
"34763969"
]
},
{
"start": 6831,
"end": 6851,
"label": [
"6903041"
]
},
{
"start": 6914,
"end": 6926,
"label": [
"414488"
]
},
{
"start": 6964,
"end": 7002,
"label": [
"27368004"
]
},
{
"start": 7004,
"end": 7008,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7017,
"end": 7028,
"label": [
"100641"
]
},
{
"start": 7075,
"end": 7090,
"label": [
"1790281"
]
},
{
"start": 7129,
"end": 7133,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7142,
"end": 7161,
"label": [
"1319809"
]
},
{
"start": 7199,
"end": 7210,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 7235,
"end": 7247,
"label": [
"4096244"
]
},
{
"start": 7297,
"end": 7301,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 7310,
"end": 7328,
"label": [
"559753"
]
},
{
"start": 7368,
"end": 7388,
"label": [
"24676"
]
},
{
"start": 7390,
"end": 7394,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 7403,
"end": 7417,
"label": [
"6715485"
]
},
{
"start": 7462,
"end": 7473,
"label": [
"1205328"
]
},
{
"start": 7532,
"end": 7548,
"label": [
"556641"
]
},
{
"start": 7596,
"end": 7608,
"label": [
"45388"
]
},
{
"start": 7651,
"end": 7655,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7664,
"end": 7675,
"label": [
"16960"
]
},
{
"start": 7727,
"end": 7760,
"label": [
"7518016"
]
},
{
"start": 7809,
"end": 7823,
"label": [
"186073"
]
},
{
"start": 7834,
"end": 7837,
"label": [
"11127"
]
},
{
"start": 7876,
"end": 7890,
"label": [
"1513202"
]
},
{
"start": 7928,
"end": 7932,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7941,
"end": 7955,
"label": [
"22788322"
]
},
{
"start": 8003,
"end": 8007,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 8016,
"end": 8030,
"label": [
"9679438"
]
},
{
"start": 8088,
"end": 8101,
"label": [
"12588035"
]
},
{
"start": 8145,
"end": 8149,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8158,
"end": 8170,
"label": [
"804616"
]
},
{
"start": 8203,
"end": 8216,
"label": [
"2192391"
]
},
{
"start": 8243,
"end": 8247,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8256,
"end": 8266,
"label": [
"294442"
]
},
{
"start": 8352,
"end": 8365,
"label": [
"1176206"
]
},
{
"start": 8399,
"end": 8412,
"label": [
"970470"
]
},
{
"start": 8446,
"end": 8457,
"label": [
"1561606"
]
},
{
"start": 8515,
"end": 8526,
"label": [
"168576"
]
},
{
"start": 8557,
"end": 8561,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8570,
"end": 8584,
"label": [
"12149052"
]
},
{
"start": 8631,
"end": 8635,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8644,
"end": 8656,
"label": [
"606531"
]
},
{
"start": 8684,
"end": 8688,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8697,
"end": 8709,
"label": [
"14760946"
]
},
{
"start": 8748,
"end": 8757,
"label": [
"3055388"
]
},
{
"start": 8820,
"end": 8832,
"label": [
"3812712"
]
},
{
"start": 8896,
"end": 8911,
"label": [
"990279"
]
},
{
"start": 8943,
"end": 8947,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 8956,
"end": 8973,
"label": [
"5126427"
]
},
{
"start": 9026,
"end": 9042,
"label": [
"298032"
]
},
{
"start": 9085,
"end": 9121,
"label": [
"270882"
]
},
{
"start": 9123,
"end": 9127,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 9136,
"end": 9148,
"label": [
"540690"
]
},
{
"start": 9210,
"end": 9214,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 9223,
"end": 9239,
"label": [
"6233862"
]
},
{
"start": 9272,
"end": 9276,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9285,
"end": 9297,
"label": [
"399280"
]
},
{
"start": 9315,
"end": 9319,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 9328,
"end": 9340,
"label": [
"21130514"
]
},
{
"start": 9361,
"end": 9365,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9374,
"end": 9392,
"label": [
"42084946"
]
},
{
"start": 9431,
"end": 9437,
"label": [
"69762"
]
},
{
"start": 9453,
"end": 9469,
"label": [
"897249"
]
},
{
"start": 9512,
"end": 9516,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 9525,
"end": 9537,
"label": [
"28671"
]
},
{
"start": 9585,
"end": 9618,
"label": [
"11472685"
]
},
{
"start": 9643,
"end": 9673,
"label": [
"591132"
]
},
{
"start": 9678,
"end": 9691,
"label": [
"576241"
]
},
{
"start": 9693,
"end": 9697,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9706,
"end": 9730,
"label": [
"6823741"
]
},
{
"start": 9750,
"end": 9754,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9763,
"end": 9775,
"label": [
"5097568"
]
},
{
"start": 9819,
"end": 9830,
"label": [
"585303"
]
},
{
"start": 9874,
"end": 9888,
"label": [
"913797"
]
},
{
"start": 9922,
"end": 9926,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 9935,
"end": 9946,
"label": [
"4699275"
]
},
{
"start": 9999,
"end": 10014,
"label": [
"3489523"
]
},
{
"start": 10058,
"end": 10062,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10071,
"end": 10085,
"label": [
"696094"
]
},
{
"start": 10139,
"end": 10152,
"label": [
"4221870"
]
},
{
"start": 10228,
"end": 10240,
"label": [
"2518836"
]
},
{
"start": 10279,
"end": 10293,
"label": [
"517783"
]
},
{
"start": 10332,
"end": 10372,
"label": [
"692876"
]
},
{
"start": 10374,
"end": 10378,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10387,
"end": 10401,
"label": [
"697242"
]
},
{
"start": 10450,
"end": 10460,
"label": [
"3957805"
]
},
{
"start": 10499,
"end": 10503,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10512,
"end": 10527,
"label": [
"4214705"
]
},
{
"start": 10556,
"end": 10560,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10569,
"end": 10580,
"label": [
"1480516"
]
},
{
"start": 10611,
"end": 10615,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 10624,
"end": 10639,
"label": [
"1894358"
]
},
{
"start": 10672,
"end": 10686,
"label": [
"1896409"
]
},
{
"start": 10734,
"end": 10747,
"label": [
"560742"
]
},
{
"start": 10767,
"end": 10771,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 10780,
"end": 10791,
"label": [
"6275327"
]
},
{
"start": 10843,
"end": 10854,
"label": [
"1770372"
]
},
{
"start": 10902,
"end": 10913,
"label": [
"2020700"
]
},
{
"start": 10971,
"end": 10996,
"label": [
"508949"
]
},
{
"start": 11012,
"end": 11027,
"label": [
"7118189"
]
},
{
"start": 11086,
"end": 11104,
"label": [
"8384786"
]
},
{
"start": 11143,
"end": 11147,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11156,
"end": 11167,
"label": [
"3375737"
]
},
{
"start": 11210,
"end": 11225,
"label": [
"772331"
]
},
{
"start": 11263,
"end": 11276,
"label": [
"1672146"
]
},
{
"start": 11294,
"end": 11298,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11307,
"end": 11320,
"label": [
"14008239"
]
},
{
"start": 11370,
"end": 11378,
"label": [
"1531980"
]
},
{
"start": 11448,
"end": 11462,
"label": [
"4971060"
]
},
{
"start": 11490,
"end": 11494,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 11503,
"end": 11517,
"label": [
"1283357"
]
},
{
"start": 11559,
"end": 11570,
"label": [
"2093788"
]
},
{
"start": 11612,
"end": 11630,
"label": [
"616517"
]
},
{
"start": 11650,
"end": 11654,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 11663,
"end": 11679,
"label": [
"253648"
]
},
{
"start": 11737,
"end": 11750,
"label": [
"1724615"
]
},
{
"start": 11805,
"end": 11809,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 11818,
"end": 11829,
"label": [
"1380095"
]
},
{
"start": 11872,
"end": 11889,
"label": [
"148164"
]
},
{
"start": 11947,
"end": 11958,
"label": [
"4016549"
]
},
{
"start": 12009,
"end": 12020,
"label": [
"9629210"
]
},
{
"start": 12057,
"end": 12071,
"label": [
"2603797"
]
},
{
"start": 12094,
"end": 12098,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 12107,
"end": 12120,
"label": [
"3632995"
]
},
{
"start": 12208,
"end": 12212,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12221,
"end": 12236,
"label": [
"602820"
]
},
{
"start": 12290,
"end": 12300,
"label": [
"19318340"
]
},
{
"start": 12332,
"end": 12343,
"label": [
"5544132"
]
},
{
"start": 12391,
"end": 12407,
"label": [
"1079348"
]
},
{
"start": 12446,
"end": 12465,
"label": [
"14254953"
]
},
{
"start": 12501,
"end": 12505,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12514,
"end": 12527,
"label": [
"5932544"
]
},
{
"start": 12576,
"end": 12589,
"label": [
"10220225"
]
},
{
"start": 12632,
"end": 12636,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 12645,
"end": 12658,
"label": [
"12489293"
]
},
{
"start": 12700,
"end": 12715,
"label": [
"8015338"
]
},
{
"start": 12751,
"end": 12763,
"label": [
"12517975"
]
},
{
"start": 12801,
"end": 12812,
"label": [
"1721497"
]
},
{
"start": 12857,
"end": 12861,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 12870,
"end": 12886,
"label": [
"24301648"
]
},
{
"start": 12927,
"end": 12941,
"label": [
"8171308"
]
},
{
"start": 12983,
"end": 13000,
"label": [
"2209460"
]
},
{
"start": 13051,
"end": 13064,
"label": [
"26841222"
]
},
{
"start": 13100,
"end": 13114,
"label": [
"2165720"
]
},
{
"start": 13158,
"end": 13168,
"label": [
"25546946"
]
},
{
"start": 13227,
"end": 13244,
"label": [
"16880965"
]
},
{
"start": 13283,
"end": 13303,
"label": [
"12730764"
]
},
{
"start": 13322,
"end": 13326,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 13335,
"end": 13349,
"label": [
"685085"
]
},
{
"start": 13393,
"end": 13405,
"label": [
"28596786"
]
},
{
"start": 13457,
"end": 13461,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 13470,
"end": 13480,
"label": [
"15359398"
]
},
{
"start": 13522,
"end": 13537,
"label": [
"1254277"
]
},
{
"start": 13570,
"end": 13574,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 13583,
"end": 13599,
"label": [
"4603012"
]
},
{
"start": 13620,
"end": 13624,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 13633,
"end": 13645,
"label": [
"7440506"
]
},
{
"start": 13687,
"end": 13698,
"label": [
"8891147"
]
},
{
"start": 13738,
"end": 13752,
"label": [
"22213969"
]
},
{
"start": 13796,
"end": 13808,
"label": [
"7209954"
]
},
{
"start": 13842,
"end": 13856,
"label": [
"6024374"
]
},
{
"start": 13878,
"end": 13882,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13891,
"end": 13904,
"label": [
"2582960"
]
},
{
"start": 13943,
"end": 13956,
"label": [
"4294687"
]
},
{
"start": 13992,
"end": 14017,
"label": [
"11538573"
]
},
{
"start": 14060,
"end": 14073,
"label": [
"11797768"
]
},
{
"start": 14131,
"end": 14146,
"label": [
"15343469"
]
},
{
"start": 14171,
"end": 14175,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 14184,
"end": 14196,
"label": [
"37772486"
]
},
{
"start": 14233,
"end": 14248,
"label": [
"26612843"
]
},
{
"start": 14285,
"end": 14289,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 14298,
"end": 14310,
"label": [
"23954193"
]
},
{
"start": 14379,
"end": 14383,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 14392,
"end": 14409,
"label": [
"28008618"
]
},
{
"start": 14453,
"end": 14473,
"label": [
"40663428"
]
},
{
"start": 14504,
"end": 14516,
"label": [
"17685304"
]
},
{
"start": 14552,
"end": 14569,
"label": [
"24223895"
]
},
{
"start": 14604,
"end": 14622,
"label": [
"34439182"
]
},
{
"start": 14645,
"end": 14649,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 14658,
"end": 14672,
"label": [
"44960871"
]
},
{
"start": 14707,
"end": 14719,
"label": [
"45660171"
]
},
{
"start": 14748,
"end": 14752,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 14761,
"end": 14773,
"label": [
"38432191"
]
},
{
"start": 14795,
"end": 14799,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 14808,
"end": 14819,
"label": [
"45205852"
]
},
{
"start": 14859,
"end": 14869,
"label": [
"42992290"
]
},
{
"start": 14895,
"end": 14899,
"label": [
"34601"
]
},
{
"start": 14908,
"end": 14924,
"label": [
"55153726"
]
},
{
"start": 14966,
"end": 14983,
"label": [
"45275583"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1842_Politics and religious beliefs
|
Augustin-Louis Cauchy grew up in the house of a staunch royalist. This made his father flee with the family to Arcueil during the French Revolution. Their life there during that time was apparently hard; Augustin-Louis's father, Louis François, spoke of living on rice, bread, and crackers during the period. A paragraph from an undated letter from Louis François to his mother in Rouen says: In any event, he inherited his father's staunch royalism and hence refused to take oaths to any government after the overthrow of Charles X. He was an equally staunch Catholic and a member of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul. He also had links to the Society of Jesus and defended them at the Academy when it was politically unwise to do so. His zeal for his faith may have led to his caring for Charles Hermite during his illness and leading Hermite to become a faithful Catholic. It also inspired Cauchy to plead on behalf of the Irish during the Potato Famine. His royalism and religious zeal also made him contentious, which caused difficulties with his colleagues. He felt that he was mistreated for his beliefs, but his opponents felt he intentionally provoked people by berating them over religious matters or by defending the Jesuits after they had been suppressed. Niels Henrik Abel called him a "bigoted Catholic" and added he was "mad and there is nothing that can be done about him", but at the same time praised him as a mathematician. Cauchy's views were widely unpopular among mathematicians and when Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja was made chair in mathematics before him he, and many others, felt his views were the cause. When Libri was accused of stealing books he was replaced by Joseph Liouville rather than Cauchy, which caused a rift between Liouville and Cauchy. Another dispute with political overtones concerned Jean Marie Constant Duhamel and a claim on inelastic shocks. Cauchy was later shown, by Jean-Victor Poncelet, to be wrong.
|
[
{
"start": 111,
"end": 118,
"label": [
"2360839"
]
},
{
"start": 381,
"end": 386,
"label": [
"49114"
]
},
{
"start": 589,
"end": 621,
"label": [
"241060"
]
},
{
"start": 648,
"end": 664,
"label": [
"16083"
]
},
{
"start": 793,
"end": 808,
"label": [
"22870422"
]
},
{
"start": 946,
"end": 959,
"label": [
"14726"
]
},
{
"start": 1271,
"end": 1288,
"label": [
"21573"
]
},
{
"start": 1513,
"end": 1550,
"label": [
"2642486"
]
},
{
"start": 1704,
"end": 1720,
"label": [
"341810"
]
},
{
"start": 1842,
"end": 1869,
"label": [
"17481880"
]
},
{
"start": 1930,
"end": 1950,
"label": [
"764818"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1875_Life
|
Born around 1045 into the family of the Counts of Valentinois and elected Bishop of Le Puy around 1080, he was an advocate of the Gregorian Reform, and among his supporters were the future Pope Urban II and Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Count of Toulouse and the richest, most powerful nobleman in France. He was also said to have gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem around 1086. He was the brother of William Hugh of Monteil, who was also a Crusader during the First Crusade. Adhemar most likely met Pope Urban II, when he visited Puy in August 1095. At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Adhemar showed great zeal for the crusade (there is evidence that Urban II had conferred with Adhemar before the council). Adhemar was named apostolic legate and appointed to lead the crusade by Pope Urban II on 27 November 1095. In part, Adhemar was selected to lead because he had already undertaken a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1086 and 1087. Following the announcement of the Crusade Adhemar spent the next year raising money and recruiting men. Departing on 15 August 1096, he accompanied Raymond of Toulouse in his army to the east. Whilst Raymond and the other leaders often quarrelled with each other over the leadership of the crusade, Adhemar was always recognized as the spiritual leader of the crusade and was widely respected by the majority of the Crusaders. During the leg of the trip from Durazzo to Constantinople, in the Valley of Pelagonia, Adhemar was set upon by a group of Pecheneg mercenaries, when he had wandered too far from the majority of the Crusader forces. The Pechenegs beat and robbed Adhemar, but began to fight among themselves over his belongings; Adhemar was saved by Crusader forces who had noticed the disturbance. Once the army had reached Thessalonica, Adhemar decided to stay there for some time, due to sickness, whilst the Crusader forces moved onward. Following this delay Adhemar, eventually was able to regroup with the Crusaders. Adhemar negotiated with Alexius I Comnenus at Constantinople, reestablished some discipline among the crusaders at Nicaea, fought a crucial role at the Battle of Dorylaeum and was largely responsible for sustaining morale during the siege of Antioch through various religious rites including fasting and special observances of holy days. One such time he did this, was after an earthquake during the siege of Antioch, he had the Crusaders fast for three days and had the priests and clergy perform mass and prayers. Adhemar during the Siege of Antioch, also had ordered the Crusaders to shave and wear a cross in an attempt to stop Crusaders from attacking one another by accident. After the capture of the city in June 1098 and the subsequent siege led by Kerbogha, Adhemar organized a procession through the streets and had the gates locked so that the Crusaders, many of whom had begun to panic, would be unable to leave the city. He was extremely skeptical of Peter Bartholomew's discovery in Antioch of the Holy Lance, especially because he knew such a relic already existed in Constantinople; however, he was willing to let the Crusader army believe it was real if it raised their morale. Adhemar was protected by a band of Crusaders led by Henry of Esch to preserve the (albeit suspect) relic. In June 1098 Adhemar fell prey to sickness and in the following months his condition would continue to deteriorate. When Kerbogha was defeated, Adhemar organized a council in an attempt to settle the leadership disputes, but he died on 1 August 1098, probably of typhus. Following his death, Adhemar was buried in Antioch within the Basilica of St Peter. The disputes among the higher nobles went unsolved and the march to Jerusalem was delayed for months. However, the lower-class soldiers continued to think of Adhemar as a leader. Following his death, Adhemar reportedly appeared in several visions seen by various different Crusaders. One of the first visions was reported by Peter Bartholomew who stated that Adhemar appeared to him stating that due to his skeptism of the Holy Lance he had spent a few days in hell and was only rescued because a candle had been burned in his memory, he had given a gift to the Shrine where the Holy Lance was kept, and due to the prayers of Bohemond. At the siege of Jerusalem Peter Desiderius claimed that to have received a vision from Adhemar, himself. It was in this vision, that Peter claimed Adhemar had instructed him to have the Crusaders fast and lead a procession around the Walls of Jerusalem. This was done and Jerusalem was taken by the Crusaders in 1099. Later on, Stephen of Valence also claimed to have had visions featuring Adhemar in which Adhemar spoke to Stephen of several relics. Adhemar told Stephen great reverence should be given to the cross Adhemar had taken with him on the crusade. He also told Stephen how the Holy Lance should be treated and told Stephen to give Stephen's ring to Count Raymond. He told Stephen that through this ring Count Raymond would be able to call upon the power of Mary.
|
[
{
"start": 40,
"end": 61,
"label": [
"2140190"
]
},
{
"start": 74,
"end": 90,
"label": [
"10591765"
]
},
{
"start": 130,
"end": 146,
"label": [
"435584"
]
},
{
"start": 207,
"end": 230,
"label": [
"157667"
]
},
{
"start": 348,
"end": 357,
"label": [
"16043"
]
},
{
"start": 550,
"end": 569,
"label": [
"250392"
]
},
{
"start": 720,
"end": 736,
"label": [
"21819"
]
},
{
"start": 1100,
"end": 1104,
"label": [
"53168251"
]
},
{
"start": 1395,
"end": 1409,
"label": [
"5646"
]
},
{
"start": 1474,
"end": 1482,
"label": [
"682784"
]
},
{
"start": 1759,
"end": 1771,
"label": [
"40471"
]
},
{
"start": 1981,
"end": 1999,
"label": [
"1613"
]
},
{
"start": 2003,
"end": 2017,
"label": [
"5646"
]
},
{
"start": 2072,
"end": 2078,
"label": [
"7493823"
]
},
{
"start": 2109,
"end": 2128,
"label": [
"398093"
]
},
{
"start": 2190,
"end": 2206,
"label": [
"1119248"
]
},
{
"start": 2492,
"end": 2508,
"label": [
"1119248"
]
},
{
"start": 2660,
"end": 2668,
"label": [
"36900"
]
},
{
"start": 2714,
"end": 2722,
"label": [
"163057"
]
},
{
"start": 2921,
"end": 2938,
"label": [
"284567"
]
},
{
"start": 2969,
"end": 2979,
"label": [
"163075"
]
},
{
"start": 3204,
"end": 3217,
"label": [
"51096191"
]
},
{
"start": 3521,
"end": 3527,
"label": [
"20321147"
]
},
{
"start": 3681,
"end": 3690,
"label": [
"16043"
]
},
{
"start": 3938,
"end": 3955,
"label": [
"284567"
]
},
{
"start": 4256,
"end": 4274,
"label": [
"950767"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1912_Interactions
|
Ampicillin reacts with probenecid and methotrexate to decrease renal excretion. Large doses of ampicillin can increase the risk of bleeding with concurrent use of warfarin and other oral anticoagulants, possibly by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Ampicillin has been said to make oral contraceptives less effective, but this has been disputed. It can be made less effective by other antibiotic, such as chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines. For example, tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, reducing the target against which ampicillin acts. If given at the same time as aminoglycosides, it can bind to it and inactivate it. When administered separately, aminoglycosides and ampicillin can potentiate each other instead. Ampicillin causes skin rashes more often when given with allopurinol. Both the live cholera vaccine and live typhoid vaccine can be made ineffective if given with ampicillin. Ampicillin is normally used to treat cholera and typhoid fever, lowering the immunological response that the body has to mount.
|
[
{
"start": 23,
"end": 33,
"label": [
"3210446"
]
},
{
"start": 38,
"end": 50,
"label": [
"286517"
]
},
{
"start": 63,
"end": 78,
"label": [
"2402393"
]
},
{
"start": 163,
"end": 171,
"label": [
"238097"
]
},
{
"start": 281,
"end": 300,
"label": [
"8578330"
]
},
{
"start": 404,
"end": 419,
"label": [
"6346"
]
},
{
"start": 421,
"end": 433,
"label": [
"10090"
]
},
{
"start": 435,
"end": 449,
"label": [
"695423"
]
},
{
"start": 455,
"end": 468,
"label": [
"3917234"
]
},
{
"start": 823,
"end": 834,
"label": [
"254790"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1914_Society and culture
|
Since the mid-1980s pharmaceutical companies have invested in medications for cancer or chronic disease that have greater potential to make money and have "de-emphasized or dropped development of antibiotics". On January 20, 2016 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, more than "80 pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies" from around the world called for "transformational commercial models" at a global level to spur research and development on antibiotics and on the "enhanced use of diagnostic tests that can rapidly identify the infecting organism". Some global health scholars have argued that a global, legal framework is needed to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. For instance, binding global policies could be used to create antimicrobial use standards, regulate antibiotic marketing, and strengthen global surveillance systems. Ensuring compliance of involved parties is a challenge. Global antimicrobial resistance policies could take lessons from the environmental sector by adopting strategies that have made international environmental agreements successful in the past such as: sanctions for non-compliance, assistance for implementation, majority vote decision-making rules, an independent scientific panel, and specific commitments. For the United States 2016 budget, U.S. president Barack Obama proposed to nearly double the amount of federal funding to "combat and prevent" antibiotic resistance to more than $1.2 billion. Many international funding agencies like USAID, DFID, SIDA and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have pledged money for developing strategies to counter antimicrobial resistance. On March 27, 2015, the White House released a comprehensive plan to address the increasing need for agencies to combat the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The Task Force for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria developed The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria with the intent of providing a roadmap to guide the US in the antibiotic resistance challenge and with hopes of saving many lives. This plan outlines steps taken by the Federal government over the next five years needed in order to prevent and contain outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant infections; maintain the efficacy of antibiotics already on the market; and to help to develop future diagnostics, antibiotics, and vaccines. The Action Plan was developed around five goals with focuses on strengthening health care, public health veterinary medicine, agriculture, food safety and research, and manufacturing. These goals, as listed by the White House, are as follows: * Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant Infections * Strengthen National One-Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance * Advance Development and use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests for Identification and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria * Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics, Other Therapeutics, and Vaccines * Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic Resistance Prevention, Surveillance, Control and Antibiotic Research and Development The following are goals set to meet by 2020: * Establishment of antimicrobial programs within acute care hospital settings * Reduction of inappropriate antibiotic prescription and use by at least 50% in outpatient settings and 20% inpatient settings * Establishment of State Antibiotic Resistance (AR) Prevention Programs in all 50 states * Elimination of the use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion in food-producing animals. According to World Health Organization, policymakers can help tackle resistance by strengthening resistance-tracking and laboratory capacity and by regulating and promoting the appropriate use of medicines. Policymakers and industry can help tackle resistance by: fostering innovation and research and development of new tools; and promoting cooperation and information sharing among all stakeholders.
|
[
{
"start": 237,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"172185"
]
},
{
"start": 261,
"end": 266,
"label": [
"99184"
]
},
{
"start": 268,
"end": 279,
"label": [
"26748"
]
},
{
"start": 1284,
"end": 1309,
"label": [
"47616341"
]
},
{
"start": 1311,
"end": 1325,
"label": [
"24113"
]
},
{
"start": 1326,
"end": 1338,
"label": [
"534366"
]
},
{
"start": 1522,
"end": 1526,
"label": [
"1169039"
]
},
{
"start": 1531,
"end": 1562,
"label": [
"146192"
]
},
{
"start": 1668,
"end": 1679,
"label": [
"33057"
]
},
{
"start": 3637,
"end": 3662,
"label": [
"33583"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1930_Culture
|
The culture of Arkansas is available to all in various forms, whether it be architecture, literature, or fine and performing arts. The state's culture also includes distinct cuisine, dialect, and traditional festivals. Sports are also very important to the culture of Arkansas, ranging from football, baseball, and basketball to hunting and fishing. Perhaps the best-known piece of Arkansas's culture is the stereotype of its citizens as shiftless hillbillies. The reputation began when the state was characterized by early explorers as a savage wilderness full of outlaws and thieves. The most enduring icon of Arkansas's hillbilly reputation is The Arkansas Traveller, a painted depiction of a folk tale from the 1840s. Although intended to represent the divide between rich southeastern plantation Arkansas planters and the poor northwestern hill country, the meaning was twisted to represent a Northerner lost in the Ozarks on a white horse asking a backwoods Arkansan for directions. The state also suffers from the racial stigma common to former Confederate states, with historical events such as the Little Rock Nine adding to Arkansas's enduring image. Art and history museums display pieces of cultural value for Arkansans and tourists to enjoy. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville was visited by 604,000 people in 2012, its first year. The museum includes walking trails and educational opportunities in addition to displaying over 450 works covering five centuries of American art. Several historic town sites have been restored as Arkansas state parks, including Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park, and Davidsonville Historic State Park. Arkansas features a variety of native music across the state, ranging from the blues heritage of West Memphis, Pine Bluff, Helena–West Helena to rockabilly, bluegrass, and folk music from the Ozarks. Festivals such as the King Biscuit Blues Festival and Bikes, Blues, and BBQ pay homage to the history of blues in the state. The Ozark Folk Festival in Mountain View is a celebration of Ozark culture and often features folk and bluegrass musicians. Literature set in Arkansas such as I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou and A Painted House by John Grisham describe the culture at various time periods. Sports have become an integral part of the culture of Arkansas, and her residents enjoy participating in and spectating various events throughout the year. Team sports and especially collegiate football have been important to Arkansans. College football in Arkansas began from humble beginnings. The University of Arkansas first fielded a team in 1894 when football was a very dangerous game. Recent studies of the damage to team members from the concussions common in football make it clear that the danger persists. "Calling the Hogs" is a cheer that shows support for the Razorbacks, one of the two NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) teams in the state. High school football also began to grow in Arkansas in the early 20th century. Over the years, many Arkansans have looked to the Razorbacks football team as the public image of the state. Although the University of Arkansas is based in Fayetteville, the Razorbacks have always played at least one game per season at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock in an effort to keep fan support in central and south Arkansas. Arkansas State University joined the University of Arkansas in FBS (then known as Division I-A) in 1992 after playing in lower divisions for nearly two decades. The two schools have never played each other, due to the University of Arkansas's policy of not playing intrastate games. Two other campuses of the University of Arkansas System are Division I members. The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff is a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, a league whose members all play football in the second-level Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a member of the FBS Sun Belt Conference, but is one of two conference schools that has no football program. The state's other Division I member is the University of Central Arkansas, which is a full member (including football) of the FCS Southland Conference. Seven of Arkansas's smaller colleges play in NCAA Division II, with six in the Great American Conference and one in the Lone Star Conference. Two other small Arkansas colleges compete in NCAA Division III, in which athletic scholarships are prohibited. Baseball runs deep in Arkansas and has been popular before the state hosted Major League Baseball (MLB) spring training in Hot Springs from 1886 to the 1920s. Two minor league teams are based in the state. The Arkansas Travelers play at Dickey–Stephens Park in North Little Rock, and the Northwest Arkansas Naturals play in Arvest Ballpark in Springdale. Both teams compete in the Texas League. Related to the state's frontier past, hunting continues in the state. The state created the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission in 1915 to regulate hunting and enforce those regulations. Today a significant portion of Arkansas's population participates in hunting duck in the Mississippi flyway and deer across the state. Millions of acres of public land are available for both bow and modern gun hunters. Fishing has always been popular in Arkansas, and the sport and the state have benefited from the creation of reservoirs across the state. Following the completion of Norfork Dam, the Norfork Tailwater and the White River have become a destination for trout fishers. Several smaller retirement communities such as Bull Shoals, Hot Springs Village, and Fairfield Bay have flourished due to their position on a fishing lake. The Buffalo National River has been preserved in its natural state by the National Park Service and is frequented by fly fishers annually.
|
[
{
"start": 647,
"end": 669,
"label": [
"294425"
]
},
{
"start": 1107,
"end": 1123,
"label": [
"20329639"
]
},
{
"start": 1255,
"end": 1293,
"label": [
"3986620"
]
},
{
"start": 1297,
"end": 1308,
"label": [
"106832"
]
},
{
"start": 1593,
"end": 1623,
"label": [
"332966"
]
},
{
"start": 1625,
"end": 1653,
"label": [
"37653785"
]
},
{
"start": 1659,
"end": 1692,
"label": [
"6628321"
]
},
{
"start": 1773,
"end": 1778,
"label": [
"3352"
]
},
{
"start": 1791,
"end": 1803,
"label": [
"106948"
]
},
{
"start": 1805,
"end": 1815,
"label": [
"107057"
]
},
{
"start": 1817,
"end": 1835,
"label": [
"3550304"
]
},
{
"start": 1839,
"end": 1849,
"label": [
"171930"
]
},
{
"start": 1851,
"end": 1860,
"label": [
"60590"
]
},
{
"start": 1916,
"end": 1943,
"label": [
"22886879"
]
},
{
"start": 1948,
"end": 1969,
"label": [
"4237678"
]
},
{
"start": 2046,
"end": 2059,
"label": [
"107280"
]
},
{
"start": 2178,
"end": 2209,
"label": [
"1219913"
]
},
{
"start": 2213,
"end": 2225,
"label": [
"288140"
]
},
{
"start": 2230,
"end": 2245,
"label": [
"1703709"
]
},
{
"start": 2249,
"end": 2261,
"label": [
"61998"
]
},
{
"start": 2608,
"end": 2630,
"label": [
"296857"
]
},
{
"start": 2655,
"end": 2659,
"label": [
"55846286"
]
},
{
"start": 2827,
"end": 2843,
"label": [
"21498002"
]
},
{
"start": 2883,
"end": 2893,
"label": [
"335296"
]
},
{
"start": 2910,
"end": 2951,
"label": [
"15100051"
]
},
{
"start": 3214,
"end": 3226,
"label": [
"107293"
]
},
{
"start": 3294,
"end": 3314,
"label": [
"2771242"
]
},
{
"start": 3318,
"end": 3329,
"label": [
"18520327"
]
},
{
"start": 3394,
"end": 3419,
"label": [
"292999"
]
},
{
"start": 3703,
"end": 3732,
"label": [
"2414440"
]
},
{
"start": 3761,
"end": 3797,
"label": [
"988951"
]
},
{
"start": 3817,
"end": 3849,
"label": [
"79383"
]
},
{
"start": 3912,
"end": 3945,
"label": [
"669931"
]
},
{
"start": 3957,
"end": 3994,
"label": [
"2448407"
]
},
{
"start": 4018,
"end": 4037,
"label": [
"79369"
]
},
{
"start": 4149,
"end": 4179,
"label": [
"1134157"
]
},
{
"start": 4236,
"end": 4256,
"label": [
"393467"
]
},
{
"start": 4303,
"end": 4319,
"label": [
"1608423"
]
},
{
"start": 4337,
"end": 4362,
"label": [
"29729755"
]
},
{
"start": 4378,
"end": 4398,
"label": [
"79633"
]
},
{
"start": 4445,
"end": 4462,
"label": [
"874503"
]
},
{
"start": 4473,
"end": 4493,
"label": [
"3142324"
]
},
{
"start": 4587,
"end": 4608,
"label": [
"38776"
]
},
{
"start": 4615,
"end": 4630,
"label": [
"18952605"
]
},
{
"start": 4634,
"end": 4645,
"label": [
"106991"
]
},
{
"start": 4674,
"end": 4686,
"label": [
"48704155"
]
},
{
"start": 4721,
"end": 4739,
"label": [
"672582"
]
},
{
"start": 4748,
"end": 4768,
"label": [
"13723131"
]
},
{
"start": 4772,
"end": 4789,
"label": [
"107224"
]
},
{
"start": 4799,
"end": 4826,
"label": [
"10060417"
]
},
{
"start": 4835,
"end": 4850,
"label": [
"6874110"
]
},
{
"start": 4854,
"end": 4864,
"label": [
"106850"
]
},
{
"start": 4892,
"end": 4904,
"label": [
"70292"
]
},
{
"start": 5168,
"end": 5172,
"label": [
"37674"
]
},
{
"start": 5180,
"end": 5198,
"label": [
"3483849"
]
},
{
"start": 5203,
"end": 5207,
"label": [
"38428"
]
},
{
"start": 5476,
"end": 5487,
"label": [
"3194729"
]
},
{
"start": 5493,
"end": 5510,
"label": [
"7211788"
]
},
{
"start": 5519,
"end": 5530,
"label": [
"311548"
]
},
{
"start": 5561,
"end": 5566,
"label": [
"47326"
]
},
{
"start": 5623,
"end": 5634,
"label": [
"107122"
]
},
{
"start": 5636,
"end": 5655,
"label": [
"106992"
]
},
{
"start": 5661,
"end": 5674,
"label": [
"106902"
]
},
{
"start": 5736,
"end": 5758,
"label": [
"299281"
]
},
{
"start": 5806,
"end": 5827,
"label": [
"161535"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1942_History
|
===The first airlines=== DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft I was the world's first airline. It was founded on November 16, 1909, with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. Its headquarters were in Frankfurt. The first fixed wing scheduled airline was started on January 1, 1914, from St. Petersburg, Florida, to Tampa, Florida, operated by the St. Petersburg and Tampa Airboat Line. The four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1921), and the Czech Republic's Czech Airlines (1923). The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was Aircraft Transport and Travel, formed by George Holt Thomas in 1916; via a series of takeovers and mergers, this company is an ancestor of modern-day British Airways. Using a fleet of former military Airco DH.4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, despite a lack of support from the British government. Flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris – Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH.16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the first regular international service in the world. The airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather, and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract. Six Royal Air Force Airco DH.9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force. Other British competitors were quick to follow – Handley Page Transport was established in 1919 and used the company's converted wartime Type O/400 bombers with a capacity for 12 passengers, to run a London-Paris passenger service. The first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The Société Générale des Transports Aériens was created in late 1919, by the Farman brothers and the Farman F.60 Goliath plane flew scheduled services from Toussus-le-Noble to Kenley, near Croydon, England. Another early French airline was the Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes, established in 1919 by Louis-Charles Breguet, offering a mail and freight service between Le Bourget Airport, Paris and Lesquin Airport, Lille. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919. In its first year, the D.L.R. operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a combined length of nearly 1000 miles. By 1921 the D.L.R. network was more than 3000 km (1865 miles) long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics. Another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a separate company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland. The Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was immediately awarded a "Royal" predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, and carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services. In Finland, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now Finnair) was signed in the city of Helsinki on September 12, 1923. Junkers F.13 D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on March 14, 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and Tallinn, capital of Estonia, and it took place on March 20, 1924, one week later. In the Soviet Union, the Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet was established in 1921. One of its first acts was to help found Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. (Deruluft), a German-Russian joint venture to provide air transport from Russia to the West. Domestic air service began around the same time, when Dobrolyot started operations on 15 July 1923 between Moscow and Nizhni Novgorod. Since 1932 all operations had been carried under the name Aeroflot. Early European airlines tended to favor comfort – the passenger cabins were often spacious with luxurious interiors – over speed and efficiency. The relatively basic navigational capabilities of pilots at the time also meant that delays due to the weather were commonplace. By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards increased rationalization and consolidation. In 1924, Imperial Airways was formed from the merger of Instone Air Line Company, British Marine Air Navigation, Daimler Airway and Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., to allow British airlines to compete with stiff competition from French and German airlines that were enjoying heavy government subsidies. The airline was a pioneer in surveying and opening up air routes across the world to serve far-flung parts of the British Empire and to enhance trade and integration. The first new airliner ordered by Imperial Airways, was the Handley Page W8f City of Washington, delivered on 3 November 1924. In the first year of operation the company carried 11,395 passengers and 212,380 letters. In April 1925, the film The Lost World became the first film to be screened for passengers on a scheduled airliner flight when it was shown on the London-Paris route. Two French airlines also merged to form Air Union on 1 January 1923. This later merged with four other French airlines to become Air France, the country's flagship carrier to this day, on 7 October 1933. Germany's Deutsche Luft Hansa was created in 1926 by merger of two airlines, one of them Junkers Luftverkehr. Luft Hansa, due to the Junkers heritage and unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to Varig and Avianca. German airliners built by Junkers, Dornier, and Fokker were among the most advanced in the world at the time. In 1926, Alan Cobham surveyed a flight route from the UK to Cape Town, South Africa, following this up with another proving flight to Melbourne, Australia. Other routes to British India and the Far East were also charted and demonstrated at this time. Regular services to Cairo and Basra began in 1927 and were extended to Karachi in 1929. The London-Australia service was inaugurated in 1932 with the Handley Page HP 42 airliners. Further services were opened up to Calcutta, Rangoon, Singapore, Brisbane and Hong Kong passengers departed London on 14 March 1936 following the establishment of a branch from Penang to Hong Kong. Imperial's aircraft were small, most seating fewer than twenty passengers, and catered for the rich. Only about 50,000 passengers used Imperial Airways in the 1930s. Most passengers on intercontinental routes or on services within and between British colonies were men doing colonial administration, business or research. Like Imperial Airways, Air France and KLM's early growth depended heavily on the needs to service links with far-flung colonial possessions (North Africa and Indochina for the French and the East Indies for the Dutch). France began an air mail service to Morocco in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed Aéropostale, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went bankrupt, was nationalized and merged into Air France. Although Germany lacked colonies, it also began expanding its services globally. In 1931, the airship Graf Zeppelin began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America, usually every two weeks, which continued until 1937. In 1936, the airship Hindenburg entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before crashing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on May 6, 1937. In 1938, a weekly air service from Berlin to Kabul, Afghanistan, started operating. From February 1934 until World War II began in 1939 Deutsche Lufthansa operated an airmail service from Stuttgart, Germany via Spain, the Canary Islands and West Africa to Natal in Brazil. This was the first time an airline flew across an ocean. By the end of the 1930s Aeroflot had become the world's largest airline, employing more than 4,000 pilots and 60,000 other service personnel and operating around 3,000 aircraft (of which 75% were considered obsolete by its own standards). During the Soviet era Aeroflot was synonymous with Russian civil aviation, as it was the only air carrier. It became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the Tupolev Tu-104. Deregulation of the European Union airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on the structure of the industry there. The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such as EasyJet and Ryanair have often grown at the expense of the traditional national airlines. There has also been a trend for these national airlines themselves to be privatized such as has occurred for Aer Lingus and British Airways. Other national airlines, including Italy's Alitalia, have suffered – particularly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008. Tony Jannus conducted the United States' first scheduled commercial airline flight on 1 January 1914 for the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line. The 23-minute flight traveled between St. Petersburg, Florida and Tampa, Florida, passing some above Tampa Bay in Jannus' Benoist XIV wood and muslin biplane flying boat. His passenger was a former mayor of St. Petersburg, who paid $400 for the privilege of sitting on a wooden bench in the open cockpit. The Airboat line operated for about four months, carrying more than 1,200 passengers who paid $5 each. Chalk's International Airlines began service between Miami and Bimini in the Bahamas in February 1919. Based in Ft. Lauderdale, Chalk's claimed to be the oldest continuously operating airline in the United States until its closure in 2008. Following World War I, the United States found itself swamped with aviators. Many decided to take their war-surplus aircraft on barnstorming campaigns, performing aerobatic maneuvers to woo crowds. In 1918, the United States Postal Service won the financial backing of Congress to begin experimenting with air mail service, initially using Curtiss Jenny aircraft that had been procured by the United States Army Air Service. Private operators were the first to fly the mail but due to numerous accidents the US Army was tasked with mail delivery. During the Army's involvement they proved to be too unreliable and lost their air mail duties. By the mid-1920s, the Postal Service had developed its own air mail network, based on a transcontinental backbone between New York City and San Francisco. To supplement this service, they offered twelve contracts for spur routes to independent bidders. Some of the carriers that won these routes would, through time and mergers, evolve into Pan Am, Delta Air Lines, Braniff Airways, American Airlines, United Airlines (originally a division of Boeing), Trans World Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Eastern Air Lines. Service during the early 1920s was sporadic: most airlines at the time were focused on . In 1925, however, the Ford Motor Company bought out the Stout Aircraft Company and began construction of the all-metal Ford Trimotor, which became the first successful American airliner. With a 12-passenger capacity, the Trimotor made passenger service potentially profitable. Air service was seen as a supplement to rail service in the American transportation network. At the same time, Juan Trippe began a crusade to create an air network that would link America to the world, and he achieved this goal through his airline, Pan American World Airways, with a fleet of flying boats that linked Los Angeles to Shanghai and Boston to London. Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which began flights to Canada in the 1920s) were the only U.S. airlines to go international before the 1940s. With the introduction of the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-3 in the 1930s, the U.S. airline industry was generally profitable, even during the Great Depression. This trend continued until the beginning of World War II. World War II, like World War I, brought new life to the airline industry. Many airlines in the Allied countries were flush from lease contracts to the military, and foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. They were eager to invest in the newly emerging flagships of air travel such as the Boeing Stratocruiser, Lockheed Constellation, and Douglas DC-6. Most of these new aircraft were based on American bombers such as the B-29, which had spearheaded research into new technologies such as pressurization. Most offered increased efficiency from both added speed and greater payload. In the 1950s, the De Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, and Sud Aviation Caravelle became the first flagships of the Jet Age in the West, while the Eastern bloc had Tupolev Tu-104 and Tupolev Tu-124 in the fleets of state-owned carriers such as Czechoslovak ČSA, Soviet Aeroflot and East-German Interflug. The Vickers Viscount and Lockheed L-188 Electra inaugurated turboprop transport. On 4 October 1958, BOAC started transatlantic flights between London Heathrow and New York Idlewild with a Comet 4, and Pan Am followed on 26 October with a B707 service between New York and Paris. The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and Lockheed L-1011 inaugurated widebody ("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel. The Tupolev Tu-144 and its Western counterpart, Concorde, made supersonic travel a reality. Concorde first flew in 1969 and operated through 2003. In 1972, Airbus began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range. Airbus also features modern electronic cockpits that were common across their aircraft to enable pilots to fly multiple models with minimal cross-training. The 1978 U.S. airline industry deregulation lowered federally controlled barriers for new airlines just as a downturn in the nation's economy occurred. New start-ups entered during the downturn, during which time they found aircraft and funding, contracted hangar and maintenance services, trained new employees, and recruited laid-off staff from other airlines. Major airlines dominated their routes through aggressive pricing and additional capacity offerings, often swamping new start-ups. In the place of high barriers to entry imposed by regulation, the major airlines implemented an equally high barrier called loss leader pricing. In this strategy an already established and dominant airline stomps out its competition by lowering airfares on specific routes, below the cost of operating on it, choking out any chance a start-up airline may have. The industry side effect is an overall drop in revenue and service quality. Since deregulation in 1978 the average domestic ticket price has dropped by 40%. So has airline employee pay. By incurring massive losses, the airlines of the USA now rely upon a scourge of cyclical Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings to continue doing business. America West Airlines (which has since merged with US Airways) remained a significant survivor from this new entrant era, as dozens, even hundreds, have gone under. In many ways, the biggest winner in the deregulated environment was the air passenger. Although not exclusively attributable to deregulation, indeed the U.S. witnessed an explosive growth in demand for air travel. Many millions who had never or rarely flown before became regular fliers, even joining frequent flyer loyalty programs and receiving free flights and other benefits from their flying. New services and higher frequencies meant that business fliers could fly to another city, do business, and return the same day, from almost any point in the country. Air travel's advantages put long distance intercity railroad travel and bus lines under pressure, with most of the latter having withered away, whilst the former is still protected under nationalization through the continuing existence of Amtrak. By the 1980s, almost half of the total flying in the world took place in the U.S., and today the domestic industry operates over 10,000 daily departures nationwide. Toward the end of the century, a new style of low cost airline emerged, offering a no-frills product at a lower price. Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, AirTran Airways, Skybus Airlines and other low-cost carriers began to represent a serious challenge to the so-called "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in many other countries. Their commercial viability represented a serious competitive threat to the legacy carriers. However, of these, ATA and Skybus have since ceased operations. Increasingly since 1978, US airlines have been reincorporated and spun off by newly created and internally led management companies, and thus becoming nothing more than operating units and subsidiaries with limited financially decisive control. Among some of these holding companies and parent companies which are relatively well known, are the UAL Corporation, along with the AMR Corporation, among a long list of airline holding companies sometime recognized worldwide. Less recognized are the private equity firms which often seize managerial, financial, and board of directors control of distressed airline companies by temporarily investing large sums of capital in air carriers, to rescheme an airlines assets into a profitable organization or liquidating an air carrier of their profitable and worthwhile routes and business operations. Thus the last 50 years of the airline industry have varied from reasonably profitable, to devastatingly depressed. As the first major market to deregulate the industry in 1978, U.S. airlines have experienced more turbulence than almost any other country or region. In fact, no U.S. legacy carrier survived bankruptcy-free. Among the outspoken critics of deregulation, former CEO of American Airlines, Robert Crandall has publicly stated: <blockquote>"Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing shows airline industry deregulation was a mistake."</blockquote> Congress passed the (P.L. 107-42) in response to a severe liquidity crisis facing the already-troubled airline industry in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Through the ATSB Congress sought to provide cash infusions to carriers for both the cost of the four-day federal shutdown of the airlines and the incremental losses incurred through December 31, 2001, as a result of the terrorist attacks. This resulted in the first government bailout of the 21st century. Between 2000 and 2005 US airlines lost $30 billion with wage cuts of over $15 billion and 100,000 employees laid off. In recognition of the essential national economic role of a healthy aviation system, Congress authorized partial compensation of up to $5 billion in cash subject to review by the U.S. Department of Transportation and up to $10 billion in loan guarantees subject to review by a newly created Air Transportation Stabilization Board (ATSB). The applications to DOT for reimbursements were subjected to rigorous multi-year reviews not only by DOT program personnel but also by the Government Accountability Office and the DOT Inspector General. Ultimately, the federal government provided $4.6 billion in one-time, subject-to-income-tax cash payments to 427 U.S. air carriers, with no provision for repayment, essentially a gift from the taxpayers. (Passenger carriers operating scheduled service received approximately $4 billion, subject to tax.) In addition, the ATSB approved loan guarantees to six airlines totaling approximately $1.6 billion. Data from the U.S. Treasury Department show that the government recouped the $1.6 billion and a profit of $339 million from the fees, interest and purchase of discounted airline stock associated with loan guarantees. The three largest major carriers and Southwest Airlines control 70% of the U.S. passenger market. Although Philippine Airlines (PAL) was officially founded on February 26, 1941, its license to operate as an airliner was derived from merged Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO) established by mining magnate Emmanuel N. Bachrach on December 3, 1930, making it Asia's oldest scheduled carrier still in operation. Commercial air service commenced three weeks later from Manila to Baguio, making it Asia's first airline route. Bachrach's death in 1937 paved the way for its eventual merger with Philippine Airlines in March 1941 and made it Asia's oldest airline. It is also the oldest airline in Asia still operating under its current name. Bachrach's majority share in PATCO was bought by beer magnate Andres R. Soriano in 1939 upon the advice of General Douglas MacArthur and later merged with newly formed Philippine Airlines with PAL as the surviving entity. Soriano has controlling interest in both airlines before the merger. PAL restarted service on March 15, 1941, with a single Beech Model 18 NPC-54 aircraft, which started its daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio, later to expand with larger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount. Korean Air was one of the first airlines to be launched among the other Asian countries in 1946 along with Asiana Airlines, which later joined in 1988. The license to operate as an airliner was granted by the federal government body after reviewing the necessity at the national assembly. The Hanjin occupies the largest ownership of Korean Air as well as few low-budget airlines as of now. The Korean Air is among the founders of SkyTeam, which was established in 2000. Asiana Airlines joined Star Alliance in 2003. Korean Air and Asiana Airlines comprise one of the largest combined airline miles and number of passenger served at the regional market of Asian airline industry India was also one of the first countries to embrace civil aviation. One of the first Asian airline companies was Air India, which was founded as Tata Airlines in 1932, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now Tata Group). The airline was founded by India's leading industrialist, JRD Tata. On October 15, 1932, J. R. D. Tata himself flew a single engined De Havilland Puss Moth carrying air mail (postal mail of Imperial Airways) from Karachi to Bombay via Ahmedabad. The aircraft continued to Madras via Bellary piloted by Royal Air Force pilot Nevill Vintcent. Tata Airlines was also one of the world's first major airlines which began its operations without any support from the Government. With the outbreak of World War II, the airline presence in Asia came to a relative halt, with many new flag carriers donating their aircraft for military aid and other uses. Following the end of the war in 1945, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on July 29, 1946, under the name Air India. After the independence of India, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name Air India International. On July 31, 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines (PAL) DC-4 ferried 40 American servicemen to Oakland, California, from Nielson Airport in Makati City with stops in Guam, Wake Island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu, Hawaii, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean. A regular service between Manila and San Francisco was started in December. It was during this year that the airline was designated as the flag carrier of Philippines. During the era of decolonization, newly born Asian countries started to embrace air transport. Among the first Asian carriers during the era were Cathay Pacific of Hong Kong (founded in September 1946), Orient Airways (later Pakistan International Airlines; founded in October 1946), Air Ceylon (later SriLankan Airlines; founded in 1947), Malayan Airways Limited in 1947 (later Singapore and Malaysia Airlines), El Al in Israel in 1948, Garuda Indonesia in 1949, Japan Airlines in 1951, Thai Airways International in 1960, and Korean National Airlines in 1947. Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America and the Caribbean were Bolivia with Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Cuba with Cubana de Aviación, Colombia with Avianca (the first airline established in the Americas), Argentina with Aerolineas Argentinas, Chile with LAN Chile (today LATAM Airlines), Brazil with Varig, Dominican Republic with Dominicana de Aviación, Mexico with Mexicana de Aviación, Trinidad and Tobago with BWIA West Indies Airways (today Caribbean Airlines), Venezuela with Aeropostal, Puerto Rico with Puertorriquena; and TACA based in El Salvador and representing several airlines of Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before World War II. Puerto Rican commercial airlines such as Prinair, Oceanair, Fina Air and Vieques Air Link came much after the second world war, as did several others from other countries like Mexico's Interjet and Volaris, Venezuela's Aserca Airlines and others. The air travel market has evolved rapidly over recent years in Latin America. Some industry estimates indicate that over 2,000 new aircraft will begin service over the next five years in this region. These airlines serve domestic flights within their countries, as well as connections within Latin America and also overseas flights to North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Only two airlines - Avianca and LATAM Airlines - have international subsidiaries and cover many destinations within the Americas as well as major hubs in other continents. LATAM with Chile as the central operation along with Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina and formerly with some operations in the Dominican Republic. The Avianca group has its main operation in Colombia based around the hub in Bogotá, Colombia, as well as subsidiaries in various latin american countries with hubs in San Salvador, El Salvador, as well as Lima, Peru, with a smaller operation in Ecuador.
|
[
{
"start": 25,
"end": 30,
"label": [
"6779060"
]
},
{
"start": 216,
"end": 236,
"label": [
"34440"
]
},
{
"start": 263,
"end": 272,
"label": [
"10992"
]
},
{
"start": 350,
"end": 373,
"label": [
"84504"
]
},
{
"start": 378,
"end": 392,
"label": [
"92995"
]
},
{
"start": 522,
"end": 525,
"label": [
"16882"
]
},
{
"start": 545,
"end": 552,
"label": [
"82195"
]
},
{
"start": 573,
"end": 579,
"label": [
"25254"
]
},
{
"start": 613,
"end": 627,
"label": [
"335703"
]
},
{
"start": 682,
"end": 711,
"label": [
"10854746"
]
},
{
"start": 723,
"end": 741,
"label": [
"31564629"
]
},
{
"start": 832,
"end": 847,
"label": [
"3970"
]
},
{
"start": 882,
"end": 892,
"label": [
"3323781"
]
},
{
"start": 957,
"end": 965,
"label": [
"160891"
]
},
{
"start": 1002,
"end": 1012,
"label": [
"88301"
]
},
{
"start": 1017,
"end": 1022,
"label": [
"12341"
]
},
{
"start": 1086,
"end": 1101,
"label": [
"9230"
]
},
{
"start": 1184,
"end": 1194,
"label": [
"7447714"
]
},
{
"start": 1203,
"end": 1213,
"label": [
"2994746"
]
},
{
"start": 1218,
"end": 1244,
"label": [
"606404"
]
},
{
"start": 1343,
"end": 1349,
"label": [
"10663184"
]
},
{
"start": 1384,
"end": 1408,
"label": [
"30628344"
]
},
{
"start": 1659,
"end": 1666,
"label": [
"357156"
]
},
{
"start": 1681,
"end": 1696,
"label": [
"25679"
]
},
{
"start": 1697,
"end": 1708,
"label": [
"8944078"
]
},
{
"start": 1783,
"end": 1791,
"label": [
"1628051"
]
},
{
"start": 1796,
"end": 1803,
"label": [
"6187"
]
},
{
"start": 1906,
"end": 1928,
"label": [
"9934607"
]
},
{
"start": 1986,
"end": 1993,
"label": [
"4764461"
]
},
{
"start": 1994,
"end": 2004,
"label": [
"512615"
]
},
{
"start": 2005,
"end": 2011,
"label": [
"3446"
]
},
{
"start": 2057,
"end": 2063,
"label": [
"17867"
]
},
{
"start": 2064,
"end": 2069,
"label": [
"22989"
]
},
{
"start": 2118,
"end": 2146,
"label": [
"2165081"
]
},
{
"start": 2235,
"end": 2274,
"label": [
"13492986"
]
},
{
"start": 2308,
"end": 2314,
"label": [
"5000599"
]
},
{
"start": 2332,
"end": 2351,
"label": [
"9543003"
]
},
{
"start": 2387,
"end": 2403,
"label": [
"5572089"
]
},
{
"start": 2407,
"end": 2413,
"label": [
"1157183"
]
},
{
"start": 2420,
"end": 2427,
"label": [
"491650"
]
},
{
"start": 2475,
"end": 2510,
"label": [
"18179831"
]
},
{
"start": 2535,
"end": 2556,
"label": [
"937393"
]
},
{
"start": 2602,
"end": 2620,
"label": [
"606404"
]
},
{
"start": 2622,
"end": 2627,
"label": [
"22989"
]
},
{
"start": 2632,
"end": 2647,
"label": [
"5212573"
]
},
{
"start": 2649,
"end": 2654,
"label": [
"50116"
]
},
{
"start": 2718,
"end": 2740,
"label": [
"15447363"
]
},
{
"start": 3119,
"end": 3138,
"label": [
"6838088"
]
},
{
"start": 3219,
"end": 3226,
"label": [
"242050"
]
},
{
"start": 3404,
"end": 3409,
"label": [
"21148"
]
},
{
"start": 3418,
"end": 3421,
"label": [
"16882"
]
},
{
"start": 3539,
"end": 3553,
"label": [
"2466123"
]
},
{
"start": 3607,
"end": 3623,
"label": [
"102298"
]
},
{
"start": 3651,
"end": 3666,
"label": [
"101216"
]
},
{
"start": 3668,
"end": 3674,
"label": [
"17867"
]
},
{
"start": 3678,
"end": 3687,
"label": [
"844"
]
},
{
"start": 3704,
"end": 3733,
"label": [
"10854746"
]
},
{
"start": 3734,
"end": 3739,
"label": [
"10663184"
]
},
{
"start": 3850,
"end": 3857,
"label": [
"10577"
]
},
{
"start": 3898,
"end": 3905,
"label": [
"144592"
]
},
{
"start": 3933,
"end": 3941,
"label": [
"13696"
]
},
{
"start": 3965,
"end": 3977,
"label": [
"486829"
]
},
{
"start": 4117,
"end": 4124,
"label": [
"31577"
]
},
{
"start": 4137,
"end": 4144,
"label": [
"28222445"
]
},
{
"start": 4206,
"end": 4218,
"label": [
"26779"
]
},
{
"start": 4655,
"end": 4663,
"label": [
"89659"
]
},
{
"start": 5089,
"end": 5105,
"label": [
"15357"
]
},
{
"start": 5136,
"end": 5160,
"label": [
"11698762"
]
},
{
"start": 5162,
"end": 5191,
"label": [
"16103275"
]
},
{
"start": 5193,
"end": 5207,
"label": [
"14604189"
]
},
{
"start": 5212,
"end": 5242,
"label": [
"9934607"
]
},
{
"start": 5497,
"end": 5511,
"label": [
"4721"
]
},
{
"start": 5610,
"end": 5626,
"label": [
"6949413"
]
},
{
"start": 5791,
"end": 5805,
"label": [
"2509613"
]
},
{
"start": 5974,
"end": 5983,
"label": [
"18179879"
]
},
{
"start": 6063,
"end": 6073,
"label": [
"14998012"
]
},
{
"start": 6148,
"end": 6167,
"label": [
"6838088"
]
},
{
"start": 6227,
"end": 6246,
"label": [
"6838088"
]
},
{
"start": 6271,
"end": 6278,
"label": [
"242188"
]
},
{
"start": 6408,
"end": 6413,
"label": [
"26158862"
]
},
{
"start": 6453,
"end": 6460,
"label": [
"242050"
]
},
{
"start": 6462,
"end": 6469,
"label": [
"93334"
]
},
{
"start": 6475,
"end": 6481,
"label": [
"51522"
]
},
{
"start": 6546,
"end": 6557,
"label": [
"663926"
]
},
{
"start": 6597,
"end": 6606,
"label": [
"6653"
]
},
{
"start": 6608,
"end": 6620,
"label": [
"17416221"
]
},
{
"start": 6671,
"end": 6680,
"label": [
"17306237"
]
},
{
"start": 6682,
"end": 6691,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 6709,
"end": 6722,
"label": [
"3574003"
]
},
{
"start": 6731,
"end": 6739,
"label": [
"11672"
]
},
{
"start": 6809,
"end": 6814,
"label": [
"6293"
]
},
{
"start": 6819,
"end": 6824,
"label": [
"57580"
]
},
{
"start": 6860,
"end": 6867,
"label": [
"17123"
]
},
{
"start": 6888,
"end": 6897,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 6939,
"end": 6957,
"label": [
"1419858"
]
},
{
"start": 7004,
"end": 7012,
"label": [
"47905"
]
},
{
"start": 7014,
"end": 7021,
"label": [
"57404"
]
},
{
"start": 7023,
"end": 7032,
"label": [
"27318"
]
},
{
"start": 7034,
"end": 7042,
"label": [
"192093"
]
},
{
"start": 7047,
"end": 7056,
"label": [
"13404"
]
},
{
"start": 7512,
"end": 7522,
"label": [
"14998012"
]
},
{
"start": 7527,
"end": 7530,
"label": [
"16882"
]
},
{
"start": 7630,
"end": 7642,
"label": [
"762984"
]
},
{
"start": 7647,
"end": 7656,
"label": [
"52053"
]
},
{
"start": 7680,
"end": 7691,
"label": [
"23476997"
]
},
{
"start": 7744,
"end": 7751,
"label": [
"19291"
]
},
{
"start": 7797,
"end": 7808,
"label": [
"2165081"
]
},
{
"start": 7946,
"end": 7956,
"label": [
"14998012"
]
},
{
"start": 8060,
"end": 8073,
"label": [
"567983"
]
},
{
"start": 8234,
"end": 8244,
"label": [
"55106"
]
},
{
"start": 8421,
"end": 8426,
"label": [
"16826"
]
},
{
"start": 8428,
"end": 8439,
"label": [
"737"
]
},
{
"start": 8512,
"end": 8530,
"label": [
"6838088"
]
},
{
"start": 8564,
"end": 8573,
"label": [
"28565"
]
},
{
"start": 8575,
"end": 8582,
"label": [
"11867"
]
},
{
"start": 8587,
"end": 8592,
"label": [
"26667"
]
},
{
"start": 8598,
"end": 8612,
"label": [
"5717"
]
},
{
"start": 8632,
"end": 8637,
"label": [
"658282"
]
},
{
"start": 8641,
"end": 8647,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 8730,
"end": 8738,
"label": [
"89659"
]
},
{
"start": 9165,
"end": 9179,
"label": [
"229909"
]
},
{
"start": 9201,
"end": 9215,
"label": [
"9317"
]
},
{
"start": 9404,
"end": 9411,
"label": [
"180466"
]
},
{
"start": 9416,
"end": 9423,
"label": [
"262878"
]
},
{
"start": 9603,
"end": 9613,
"label": [
"140665"
]
},
{
"start": 9618,
"end": 9633,
"label": [
"3970"
]
},
{
"start": 9678,
"end": 9686,
"label": [
"22741252"
]
},
{
"start": 9770,
"end": 9781,
"label": [
"1939939"
]
},
{
"start": 9879,
"end": 9912,
"label": [
"20983602"
]
},
{
"start": 9952,
"end": 9975,
"label": [
"84504"
]
},
{
"start": 9980,
"end": 9994,
"label": [
"92995"
]
},
{
"start": 10036,
"end": 10047,
"label": [
"11890610"
]
},
{
"start": 10322,
"end": 10352,
"label": [
"573803"
]
},
{
"start": 10399,
"end": 10406,
"label": [
"3451"
]
},
{
"start": 10434,
"end": 10448,
"label": [
"109028"
]
},
{
"start": 10572,
"end": 10583,
"label": [
"4764461"
]
},
{
"start": 10773,
"end": 10801,
"label": [
"50591"
]
},
{
"start": 10831,
"end": 10839,
"label": [
"31756"
]
},
{
"start": 10868,
"end": 10876,
"label": [
"357156"
]
},
{
"start": 10902,
"end": 10915,
"label": [
"251858"
]
},
{
"start": 10955,
"end": 10985,
"label": [
"662917"
]
},
{
"start": 11226,
"end": 11240,
"label": [
"50591"
]
},
{
"start": 11326,
"end": 11339,
"label": [
"645042"
]
},
{
"start": 11344,
"end": 11357,
"label": [
"49728"
]
},
{
"start": 11545,
"end": 11551,
"label": [
"81024"
]
},
{
"start": 11553,
"end": 11568,
"label": [
"77549"
]
},
{
"start": 11570,
"end": 11585,
"label": [
"383819"
]
},
{
"start": 11587,
"end": 11604,
"label": [
"2386"
]
},
{
"start": 11606,
"end": 11621,
"label": [
"32307"
]
},
{
"start": 11648,
"end": 11654,
"label": [
"18933266"
]
},
{
"start": 11657,
"end": 11677,
"label": [
"152449"
]
},
{
"start": 11679,
"end": 11697,
"label": [
"146068"
]
},
{
"start": 11703,
"end": 11720,
"label": [
"92313"
]
},
{
"start": 11833,
"end": 11851,
"label": [
"30433662"
]
},
{
"start": 11867,
"end": 11889,
"label": [
"3890442"
]
},
{
"start": 11930,
"end": 11943,
"label": [
"536357"
]
},
{
"start": 12128,
"end": 12132,
"label": [
"25715"
]
},
{
"start": 12199,
"end": 12210,
"label": [
"244525"
]
},
{
"start": 12337,
"end": 12363,
"label": [
"81024"
]
},
{
"start": 12406,
"end": 12417,
"label": [
"18110"
]
},
{
"start": 12421,
"end": 12429,
"label": [
"27643"
]
},
{
"start": 12434,
"end": 12440,
"label": [
"24437894"
]
},
{
"start": 12444,
"end": 12450,
"label": [
"17867"
]
},
{
"start": 12621,
"end": 12631,
"label": [
"487888"
]
},
{
"start": 12636,
"end": 12648,
"label": [
"167815"
]
},
{
"start": 12731,
"end": 12747,
"label": [
"19283335"
]
},
{
"start": 12793,
"end": 12805,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 13146,
"end": 13166,
"label": [
"444990"
]
},
{
"start": 13168,
"end": 13190,
"label": [
"274115"
]
},
{
"start": 13196,
"end": 13208,
"label": [
"494192"
]
},
{
"start": 13280,
"end": 13284,
"label": [
"53179"
]
},
{
"start": 13347,
"end": 13361,
"label": [
"1413453"
]
},
{
"start": 13458,
"end": 13476,
"label": [
"182728"
]
},
{
"start": 13478,
"end": 13488,
"label": [
"67409"
]
},
{
"start": 13490,
"end": 13502,
"label": [
"186219"
]
},
{
"start": 13508,
"end": 13530,
"label": [
"319451"
]
},
{
"start": 13613,
"end": 13627,
"label": [
"229909"
]
},
{
"start": 13632,
"end": 13646,
"label": [
"534390"
]
},
{
"start": 13706,
"end": 13709,
"label": [
"335703"
]
},
{
"start": 13718,
"end": 13726,
"label": [
"89659"
]
},
{
"start": 13743,
"end": 13752,
"label": [
"568281"
]
},
{
"start": 13758,
"end": 13774,
"label": [
"323960"
]
},
{
"start": 13779,
"end": 13801,
"label": [
"488719"
]
},
{
"start": 13854,
"end": 13858,
"label": [
"44866611"
]
},
{
"start": 13867,
"end": 13887,
"label": [
"669724"
]
},
{
"start": 13897,
"end": 13912,
"label": [
"13595"
]
},
{
"start": 13917,
"end": 13934,
"label": [
"97218"
]
},
{
"start": 13955,
"end": 13961,
"label": [
"81024"
]
},
{
"start": 14103,
"end": 14113,
"label": [
"4614"
]
},
{
"start": 14115,
"end": 14138,
"label": [
"150296"
]
},
{
"start": 14144,
"end": 14159,
"label": [
"103076"
]
},
{
"start": 14172,
"end": 14180,
"label": [
"181206"
]
},
{
"start": 14261,
"end": 14275,
"label": [
"31102"
]
},
{
"start": 14305,
"end": 14313,
"label": [
"7045"
]
},
{
"start": 14413,
"end": 14419,
"label": [
"26220236"
]
},
{
"start": 14785,
"end": 14814,
"label": [
"64671"
]
},
{
"start": 15388,
"end": 15399,
"label": [
"408006"
]
},
{
"start": 15962,
"end": 15983,
"label": [
"80404"
]
},
{
"start": 16428,
"end": 16442,
"label": [
"254753"
]
},
{
"start": 16743,
"end": 16751,
"label": [
"25715"
]
},
{
"start": 16878,
"end": 16893,
"label": [
"1062429"
]
},
{
"start": 16930,
"end": 16936,
"label": [
"51928"
]
},
{
"start": 17149,
"end": 17165,
"label": [
"428422"
]
},
{
"start": 17222,
"end": 17240,
"label": [
"63032"
]
},
{
"start": 17242,
"end": 17249,
"label": [
"374328"
]
},
{
"start": 17251,
"end": 17266,
"label": [
"321331"
]
},
{
"start": 17268,
"end": 17283,
"label": [
"4491265"
]
},
{
"start": 17558,
"end": 17561,
"label": [
"149874"
]
},
{
"start": 17669,
"end": 17677,
"label": [
"22499"
]
},
{
"start": 17868,
"end": 17885,
"label": [
"146080"
]
},
{
"start": 17948,
"end": 17963,
"label": [
"3038280"
]
},
{
"start": 17980,
"end": 17995,
"label": [
"1042296"
]
},
{
"start": 18099,
"end": 18118,
"label": [
"13240432"
]
},
{
"start": 18165,
"end": 18183,
"label": [
"4822"
]
},
{
"start": 18263,
"end": 18270,
"label": [
"68804"
]
},
{
"start": 18353,
"end": 18364,
"label": [
"565034"
]
},
{
"start": 18729,
"end": 18743,
"label": [
"8305907"
]
},
{
"start": 18848,
"end": 18863,
"label": [
"536887"
]
},
{
"start": 19147,
"end": 19179,
"label": [
"5058690"
]
},
{
"start": 19193,
"end": 19197,
"label": [
"2304457"
]
},
{
"start": 19784,
"end": 19817,
"label": [
"58235"
]
},
{
"start": 19896,
"end": 19934,
"label": [
"2304457"
]
},
{
"start": 20082,
"end": 20114,
"label": [
"199096"
]
},
{
"start": 20564,
"end": 20588,
"label": [
"53667"
]
},
{
"start": 20785,
"end": 20798,
"label": [
"753433"
]
},
{
"start": 20804,
"end": 20822,
"label": [
"63032"
]
},
{
"start": 20874,
"end": 20893,
"label": [
"296889"
]
},
{
"start": 21236,
"end": 21242,
"label": [
"184334"
]
},
{
"start": 21246,
"end": 21252,
"label": [
"162480"
]
},
{
"start": 21622,
"end": 21639,
"label": [
"48596"
]
},
{
"start": 21853,
"end": 21867,
"label": [
"2045174"
]
},
{
"start": 21926,
"end": 21932,
"label": [
"184334"
]
},
{
"start": 21939,
"end": 21952,
"label": [
"162122"
]
},
{
"start": 21958,
"end": 21964,
"label": [
"162480"
]
},
{
"start": 22042,
"end": 22052,
"label": [
"315411"
]
},
{
"start": 22149,
"end": 22164,
"label": [
"331239"
]
},
{
"start": 22335,
"end": 22341,
"label": [
"1171882"
]
},
{
"start": 22473,
"end": 22480,
"label": [
"333199"
]
},
{
"start": 22536,
"end": 22549,
"label": [
"286390"
]
},
{
"start": 22721,
"end": 22726,
"label": [
"14533"
]
},
{
"start": 22835,
"end": 22844,
"label": [
"26457880"
]
},
{
"start": 22867,
"end": 22880,
"label": [
"26457880"
]
},
{
"start": 22924,
"end": 22934,
"label": [
"156818"
]
},
{
"start": 22995,
"end": 23003,
"label": [
"177603"
]
},
{
"start": 23070,
"end": 23092,
"label": [
"2428776"
]
},
{
"start": 23127,
"end": 23143,
"label": [
"15357"
]
},
{
"start": 23150,
"end": 23157,
"label": [
"17123"
]
},
{
"start": 23161,
"end": 23167,
"label": [
"19189"
]
},
{
"start": 23172,
"end": 23181,
"label": [
"206337"
]
},
{
"start": 23209,
"end": 23215,
"label": [
"45139"
]
},
{
"start": 23239,
"end": 23254,
"label": [
"25679"
]
},
{
"start": 23261,
"end": 23276,
"label": [
"10702069"
]
},
{
"start": 23774,
"end": 23795,
"label": [
"161022"
]
},
{
"start": 23836,
"end": 23855,
"label": [
"553883"
]
},
{
"start": 23990,
"end": 24013,
"label": [
"26457880"
]
},
{
"start": 24071,
"end": 24075,
"label": [
"518813"
]
},
{
"start": 24110,
"end": 24117,
"label": [
"50548"
]
},
{
"start": 24119,
"end": 24129,
"label": [
"5407"
]
},
{
"start": 24155,
"end": 24166,
"label": [
"210279"
]
},
{
"start": 24181,
"end": 24185,
"label": [
"11974"
]
},
{
"start": 24187,
"end": 24198,
"label": [
"33189"
]
},
{
"start": 24200,
"end": 24214,
"label": [
"15704"
]
},
{
"start": 24219,
"end": 24227,
"label": [
"13887"
]
},
{
"start": 24229,
"end": 24235,
"label": [
"13270"
]
},
{
"start": 24285,
"end": 24298,
"label": [
"23070"
]
},
{
"start": 24326,
"end": 24332,
"label": [
"184334"
]
},
{
"start": 24337,
"end": 24350,
"label": [
"49728"
]
},
{
"start": 24486,
"end": 24500,
"label": [
"302084"
]
},
{
"start": 24614,
"end": 24628,
"label": [
"151575"
]
},
{
"start": 24632,
"end": 24641,
"label": [
"13404"
]
},
{
"start": 24671,
"end": 24685,
"label": [
"4487481"
]
},
{
"start": 24693,
"end": 24724,
"label": [
"194124"
]
},
{
"start": 24752,
"end": 24762,
"label": [
"3127316"
]
},
{
"start": 24770,
"end": 24788,
"label": [
"483603"
]
},
{
"start": 24808,
"end": 24831,
"label": [
"1528210"
]
},
{
"start": 24847,
"end": 24856,
"label": [
"161591"
]
},
{
"start": 24861,
"end": 24878,
"label": [
"153162"
]
},
{
"start": 24881,
"end": 24886,
"label": [
"101594"
]
},
{
"start": 24890,
"end": 24896,
"label": [
"9282173"
]
},
{
"start": 24906,
"end": 24922,
"label": [
"175837"
]
},
{
"start": 24932,
"end": 24946,
"label": [
"197676"
]
},
{
"start": 24956,
"end": 24982,
"label": [
"303449"
]
},
{
"start": 24996,
"end": 25020,
"label": [
"7526662"
]
},
{
"start": 25121,
"end": 25128,
"label": [
"3462"
]
},
{
"start": 25134,
"end": 25155,
"label": [
"162436"
]
},
{
"start": 25157,
"end": 25161,
"label": [
"5042481"
]
},
{
"start": 25167,
"end": 25185,
"label": [
"162126"
]
},
{
"start": 25187,
"end": 25195,
"label": [
"5222"
]
},
{
"start": 25201,
"end": 25208,
"label": [
"82195"
]
},
{
"start": 25273,
"end": 25294,
"label": [
"85198"
]
},
{
"start": 25296,
"end": 25301,
"label": [
"5489"
]
},
{
"start": 25307,
"end": 25316,
"label": [
"419797"
]
},
{
"start": 25324,
"end": 25338,
"label": [
"28375816"
]
},
{
"start": 25341,
"end": 25347,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 25353,
"end": 25358,
"label": [
"26158862"
]
},
{
"start": 25360,
"end": 25378,
"label": [
"8060"
]
},
{
"start": 25384,
"end": 25406,
"label": [
"173215"
]
},
{
"start": 25408,
"end": 25414,
"label": [
"3966054"
]
},
{
"start": 25420,
"end": 25440,
"label": [
"98591"
]
},
{
"start": 25442,
"end": 25461,
"label": [
"3565457"
]
},
{
"start": 25467,
"end": 25491,
"label": [
"615407"
]
},
{
"start": 25499,
"end": 25517,
"label": [
"6954813"
]
},
{
"start": 25520,
"end": 25529,
"label": [
"32374"
]
},
{
"start": 25535,
"end": 25545,
"label": [
"1489828"
]
},
{
"start": 25547,
"end": 25558,
"label": [
"23041"
]
},
{
"start": 25564,
"end": 25578,
"label": [
"11938901"
]
},
{
"start": 25584,
"end": 25588,
"label": [
"417568"
]
},
{
"start": 25598,
"end": 25609,
"label": [
"9356"
]
},
{
"start": 25647,
"end": 25662,
"label": [
"6121"
]
},
{
"start": 25664,
"end": 25674,
"label": [
"5551"
]
},
{
"start": 25676,
"end": 25685,
"label": [
"17238567"
]
},
{
"start": 25687,
"end": 25695,
"label": [
"13394"
]
},
{
"start": 25700,
"end": 25709,
"label": [
"21362"
]
},
{
"start": 25777,
"end": 25789,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 25832,
"end": 25839,
"label": [
"85450"
]
},
{
"start": 25841,
"end": 25849,
"label": [
"504015"
]
},
{
"start": 25851,
"end": 25859,
"label": [
"245007"
]
},
{
"start": 25864,
"end": 25880,
"label": [
"103422"
]
},
{
"start": 25976,
"end": 25984,
"label": [
"3502023"
]
},
{
"start": 25989,
"end": 25996,
"label": [
"3717400"
]
},
{
"start": 26010,
"end": 26025,
"label": [
"2069687"
]
},
{
"start": 26101,
"end": 26114,
"label": [
"18524"
]
},
{
"start": 26437,
"end": 26444,
"label": [
"82195"
]
},
{
"start": 26449,
"end": 26463,
"label": [
"28375816"
]
},
{
"start": 26600,
"end": 26605,
"label": [
"5489"
]
},
{
"start": 26642,
"end": 26646,
"label": [
"170691"
]
},
{
"start": 26648,
"end": 26655,
"label": [
"9334"
]
},
{
"start": 26657,
"end": 26665,
"label": [
"5222"
]
},
{
"start": 26667,
"end": 26673,
"label": [
"3383"
]
},
{
"start": 26678,
"end": 26687,
"label": [
"18951905"
]
},
{
"start": 26729,
"end": 26747,
"label": [
"8060"
]
},
{
"start": 26753,
"end": 26760,
"label": [
"38907811"
]
},
{
"start": 26826,
"end": 26832,
"label": [
"299434"
]
},
{
"start": 26917,
"end": 26929,
"label": [
"11705288"
]
},
{
"start": 26955,
"end": 26959,
"label": [
"102000"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1943_History
|
===1977–1986: Foundation and Don Chipp's leadership=== The Australian Democrats were formed in May 1977 from an amalgamation of the Australia Party and the New Liberal Movement. The two groups found a common basis for a new political movement in the widespread discontent with the two major parties. In the former Liberal Government Minister, Don Chipp, the two groups found their leader. The first Australian Democrat to sit in the federal parliamentarian was Senator Janine Haines who in 1977 was nominated by the South Australian Parliament to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Liberal Senator Steele Hall. The party's broad aim was to achieve a balance of power in one or more parliaments and to exercise it responsibly in line with policies determined by membership. In 1977, the Australian Democrats secured two seats in the Senate with the election of Colin Mason (NSW) and Don Chipp (VIC). In 1980, this increased to five seats with the election of Michael Macklin (QLD) and John Siddons (VIC) and the re-election of Janine Haines (SA). Thereafter they frequently held enough seats to give them the balance of power in the upper chamber. At a Melbourne media conference on 19 September 1980, in the midst of the 1980 election campaign, Chipp described his party's aim as to "keep the bastards honest"—the "bastards" being the major parties and/or politicians in general. This became a long-lived slogan for the Democrats. In South Australia, the New Liberal Movement dissolved and merged with the Democrats, making its sole parliamentary representative, Robin Millhouse, the Democrats' first member of the South Australian parliament. Millhouse held his seat (Mitcham) at the 1977 and 1979 state elections. In 1982, Millhouse resigned to take up a senior judicial appointment, and Heather Southcott won the by-election for the Democrats, but lost the seat to the Liberals later that year at the 1982 state election. Mitcham was the only single-member lower-house seat anywhere in Australia to be won by the Democrats. Don Chipp resigned from the Senate on 18 August 1986, being succeeded as party leader by Janine Haines and replaced as a senator for Victoria by Janet Powell. At the 1987 election following a double dissolution, the reduced of 7.7% necessary to win a seat assisted the election of three new senators. 6-year terms were won by Paul McLean (NSW) and incumbents Janine Haines (South Australia) and Janet Powell (Victoria). In South Australia, a second senator, John Coulter, was elected for a 3-year term, as were incumbent Michael Macklin (Queensland) and Jean Jenkins (Western Australia). 1990 saw the voluntary departure from the Senate of Janine Haines (a step with which not all Democrats agreed) and the failure of her strategic goal of winning the House of Representatives seat of Kingston. The casual vacancy was filled by Meg Lees several months before the election of Cheryl Kernot in place of retired deputy leader Michael Macklin. The ambitious Kernot immediately contested the party's national parliamentary deputy leadership. Being unemployed at the time, she requested and obtained party funds to pay for her travel to address members in all seven divisions. In the event, Victorian Janet Powell was elected as leader and John Coulter was chosen as deputy leader. Despite the loss of Haines and the WA Senate seat (through an inconsistent national preference agreement with the ALP), the 1990 federal election heralded something of a rebirth for the party, with a dramatic rise in primary vote. This was at the same time as an economic recession was building, and events such as the Gulf War in Kuwait were beginning to shepherd issues of globalisation and transnational trade on to national government agendas. The Australian Democrats had a long-standing policy to oppose war and so opposed Australia's support of, and participation in, the Gulf War. Whereas the House of Representatives was able to avoid any debate about the war and Australia's participation, the Democrats took full advantage of the opportunity to move for a debate in the Senate. Because of the party's pacifist-based opposition to the Gulf War, there was mass-media antipathy and negative publicity which some construed as poor media performance by Janet Powell, the party's standing having stalled at about 10%. Before 12 months of her leadership had passed, the South Australian and Queensland divisions were circulating the party's first-ever petition to criticise and oust the parliamentary leader. The explicit grounds related to Powell's alleged responsibility for poor AD ratings in Gallup and other media surveys of potential voting support. When this charge was deemed insufficient, interested party officers and senators reinforced it with negative media 'leaks' concerning her openly established relationship with Sid Spindler and exposure of administrative failings resulting in excessive overtime to a staff member. With National Executive blessing, the party room pre-empted the ballot by replacing the leader with deputy John Coulter. In the process, severe internal divisions were generated. One major collateral casualty was the party whip Paul McLean who resigned and quit the Senate in disgust at what he perceived as in-fighting between close friends. The casual NSW vacancy created by his resignation was filled by Karin Sowada. Powell duly left the party, along with many leading figures of the Victorian branch of the party, and unsuccessfully stood as an Independent candidate when her term expired. In later years, she campaigned for the Australian Greens. The party's parliamentary influence was weakened in 1996 after the Howard Government was elected, and a Labor senator, Mal Colston, resigned from the Labor Party. Since the Democrats now shared the parliamentary balance of power with two Independent senators, the Coalition government was able on occasion to pass legislation by negotiating with Colston and Brian Harradine. In October 1997, party leader Cheryl Kernot resigned, announcing that she would be joining the Australian Labor Party. (Five years later it was revealed that she had been in a sexual relationship with Labor deputy leader Gareth Evans). Kernot resigned from the Senate and was replaced by Andrew Bartlett, while deputy Meg Lees became the new party leader. Under Lees' leadership, in the 1998 federal election, the Democrats' candidate John Schumann came within 2 per cent of taking Liberal Foreign Minister Alexander Downer's seat of Mayo in the Adelaide Hills under Australia's preferential voting system. The party's representation increased to nine senators, and they regained the balance of power, holding it until the Coalition gained a Senate majority at the 2004 election. Internal conflict and leadership tensions from 2000 to 2002, blamed on the party's support for the Government's Goods and Services Tax (GST), was damaging to the Democrats. Opposed by the Labor Party, the Australian Greens and independent Senator Harradine, the GST required Democrat support to pass. In an election fought on tax, the Democrats publicly stated that they liked neither the Liberal (GST) tax package nor the Labor package, but pledged to work with whichever party was elected to make their tax package better. They campaigned with the slogan "No GST on food". In 1999, after negotiations with Prime Minister Howard, Meg Lees, Andrew Murray and the party room senators agreed to support the A New Tax System (ANTS) legislation with exemptions from GST for most food and some medicines, as well as many environmental and social concessions. Five Australian Democrats senators voted in favour. However, two dissident senators on the party's left Natasha Stott Despoja and Andrew Bartlett voted against the GST. In 2001, a leadership spill saw Meg Lees replaced as leader by Natasha Stott Despoja after a very public and bitter leadership battle. Despite criticism of Stott Despoja's youth and lack of experience, the 2001 election saw the Democrats receive similar media coverage to the previous election. Despite the internal divisions, the Australian Democrats' election result in 2001 was quite good. However, it was not enough to prevent the loss of Vicki Bourne's Senate seat in NSW. The 2002 South Australian election was the last time an Australian Democrat would be elected to an Australian parliament. Sandra Kanck was re-elected to a second eight-year term from an upper house primary vote of 7.3 percent. Resulting tensions between Stott Despoja and Lees led to Meg Lees leaving the party in 2002, becoming an independent and forming the Australian Progressive Alliance. Stott Despoja stood down from the leadership following a loss of confidence by her party room colleagues. It led to a protracted leadership battle in 2002, which eventually led to the election of Senator Andrew Bartlett as leader. While the public fighting stopped, the public support for the party remained at record lows. On 6 December 2003, Bartlett stepped aside temporarily as leader of the party, after an incident in which he swore at Liberal Senator Jeannie Ferris on the floor of Parliament while intoxicated. The party issued a statement stating that deputy leader Lyn Allison would serve as the acting leader of the party. Bartlett apologised to the Democrats, Jeannie Ferris and the Australian public for his behaviour and assured all concerned that it would never happen again. On 29 January 2004, after seeking medical treatment, Bartlett returned to the Australian Democrats leadership, vowing to abstain from alcohol. Following internal conflict over GST (1998–2001) and resultant leadership changes, a dramatic decline occurred in the Democrats' membership and voting support in all states. Simultaneously, an increase was recorded in support for the Australian Greens who, by 2004, were supplanting the Democrats as a substantial third party. The trend was noted that year by political scientists Dean Jaensch et al. Support for the Australian Democrats fell significantly at the 2004 federal election in which they achieved only 2.4 per cent of the national vote. Nowhere was this more noticeable than in their key support base of suburban Adelaide in South Australia, where they received between 1 and 4 percent of the lower house vote; by comparison, they tallied between 7 and 31 per cent of the vote in 2001. Three incumbent senators were defeated—Aden Ridgeway (NSW), Brian Greig (WA) and John Cherry (Qld). Following the loss, the customary post-election leadership ballot installed Allison as leader, with Bartlett as her deputy. From 1 July 2005 the Australian Democrats lost official parliamentary party status, being represented by only four senators while the governing Liberal-National Coalition gained a majority and potential control of the Senate—the first time this advantage had been enjoyed by any government since 1980. On 28 August 2006, the founder of the Australian Democrats, Don Chipp, died. Former prime minister Bob Hawke said: "... there is a coincidental timing almost between the passing of Don Chipp and what I think is the death throes of the Democrats." In November 2006, the Australian Democrats fared very poorly in the Victorian state election, receiving a Legislative Council vote tally of only 0.83%, less than half of the party's result in 2002 (1.79 per cent). The Tasmanian division of the party was deregistered for having insufficient members in January 2006. On 18 March 2006, at the 2006 South Australian election, the Australian Democrats were reduced to 1.7 per cent of the Legislative Council (upper house) vote. Their sole councillor up for re-election, Kate Reynolds, was defeated. In July 2006, Richard Pascoe, national and South Australian party president, resigned, citing slumping opinion polls and the poor result in the 2006 South Australian election as well as South Australian parliamentary leader Sandra Kanck's comments regarding the drug MDMA which he saw as damaging to the party. In the New South Wales state election of March 2007, the Australian Democrats lost their last remaining NSW Upper House representative, Arthur Chesterfield-Evans. The party fared poorly, gaining only 1.8 per cent of the Legislative Council vote. On 13 September 2007, the ACT Democrats (Australian Capital Territory Division of the party) was deregistered by the ACT Electoral Commissioner, being unable to demonstrate a minimum membership of 100 electors. The Democrats had no success at the 2007 federal election. Two incumbent senators, Lyn Allison (Victoria) and Andrew Bartlett (Queensland), were defeated, their seats both reverting to major parties. Their two remaining colleagues, Andrew Murray (WA) and Natasha Stott Despoja (SA), retired. All four senators' terms expired on 30 June 2008—leaving the Australian Democrats with no federal representation for the first time since its founding in 1977. Later, in 2009, Jaensch suggested it was possible the Democrats could make a political comeback at the 2010 South Australian election, but this did not occur. The last of the party's state upper-house members, David Winderlich, resigned from the party in October 2009 and was defeated as an independent at the 2010 election. On 16 April 2015, the Australian Electoral Commission deregistered the Australian Democrats as a political party for failure to demonstrate the requisite 500 members to maintain registration. However, the party did run candidates and remain registered for a period of time thereafter in the New South Wales Democrats and Queensland Democrat divisions. In November 2018 there was a report that CountryMinded, a de-registered microparty, would merge with the Australian Democrats in a new bid to seek membership growth, electoral re-registration and financial support. In February 2019, application for registration was submitted to the AEC and was upheld on 7 April 2019, despite an objection from the party's incorporated former Queensland division.
|
[
{
"start": 132,
"end": 147,
"label": [
"185052"
]
},
{
"start": 156,
"end": 176,
"label": [
"1346577"
]
},
{
"start": 469,
"end": 482,
"label": [
"1010283"
]
},
{
"start": 616,
"end": 627,
"label": [
"1117087"
]
},
{
"start": 1239,
"end": 1261,
"label": [
"9937264"
]
},
{
"start": 1581,
"end": 1596,
"label": [
"1193406"
]
},
{
"start": 1687,
"end": 1694,
"label": [
"22343804"
]
},
{
"start": 1703,
"end": 1707,
"label": [
"8823396"
]
},
{
"start": 1712,
"end": 1716,
"label": [
"8823221"
]
},
{
"start": 1808,
"end": 1825,
"label": [
"20009808"
]
},
{
"start": 1834,
"end": 1845,
"label": [
"21390839"
]
},
{
"start": 1922,
"end": 1941,
"label": [
"8821950"
]
},
{
"start": 2190,
"end": 2202,
"label": [
"1054185"
]
},
{
"start": 2211,
"end": 2224,
"label": [
"4041845"
]
},
{
"start": 2237,
"end": 2255,
"label": [
"1336913"
]
},
{
"start": 2371,
"end": 2382,
"label": [
"12112238"
]
},
{
"start": 2503,
"end": 2515,
"label": [
"1054186"
]
},
{
"start": 2599,
"end": 2611,
"label": [
"5085171"
]
},
{
"start": 2830,
"end": 2838,
"label": [
"1142438"
]
},
{
"start": 2873,
"end": 2881,
"label": [
"917290"
]
},
{
"start": 2920,
"end": 2933,
"label": [
"710660"
]
},
{
"start": 3240,
"end": 3252,
"label": [
"1054185"
]
},
{
"start": 3279,
"end": 3291,
"label": [
"1054186"
]
},
{
"start": 3593,
"end": 3602,
"label": [
"25382"
]
},
{
"start": 3640,
"end": 3648,
"label": [
"182000"
]
},
{
"start": 4133,
"end": 4141,
"label": [
"24956"
]
},
{
"start": 4790,
"end": 4803,
"label": [
"1818846"
]
},
{
"start": 4856,
"end": 4868,
"label": [
"16049861"
]
},
{
"start": 5067,
"end": 5079,
"label": [
"1054186"
]
},
{
"start": 5188,
"end": 5199,
"label": [
"12112238"
]
},
{
"start": 5367,
"end": 5379,
"label": [
"2945155"
]
},
{
"start": 5680,
"end": 5697,
"label": [
"17780763"
]
},
{
"start": 5732,
"end": 5743,
"label": [
"1908418"
]
},
{
"start": 5971,
"end": 5986,
"label": [
"1070257"
]
},
{
"start": 6018,
"end": 6031,
"label": [
"710660"
]
},
{
"start": 6083,
"end": 6105,
"label": [
"1495"
]
},
{
"start": 6209,
"end": 6221,
"label": [
"761546"
]
},
{
"start": 6276,
"end": 6291,
"label": [
"391902"
]
},
{
"start": 6306,
"end": 6314,
"label": [
"917290"
]
},
{
"start": 6375,
"end": 6396,
"label": [
"455788"
]
},
{
"start": 6423,
"end": 6436,
"label": [
"6455342"
]
},
{
"start": 6495,
"end": 6511,
"label": [
"331078"
]
},
{
"start": 6522,
"end": 6526,
"label": [
"1446813"
]
},
{
"start": 6567,
"end": 6586,
"label": [
"36968102"
]
},
{
"start": 6753,
"end": 6766,
"label": [
"456666"
]
},
{
"start": 6880,
"end": 6902,
"label": [
"962277"
]
},
{
"start": 6973,
"end": 6990,
"label": [
"171629"
]
},
{
"start": 7391,
"end": 7397,
"label": [
"4689709"
]
},
{
"start": 7409,
"end": 7422,
"label": [
"2889886"
]
},
{
"start": 7726,
"end": 7747,
"label": [
"21876"
]
},
{
"start": 7752,
"end": 7767,
"label": [
"391902"
]
},
{
"start": 8234,
"end": 8246,
"label": [
"2735735"
]
},
{
"start": 8273,
"end": 8303,
"label": [
"3976330"
]
},
{
"start": 8391,
"end": 8403,
"label": [
"5669833"
]
},
{
"start": 8629,
"end": 8660,
"label": [
"757467"
]
},
{
"start": 8866,
"end": 8881,
"label": [
"391902"
]
},
{
"start": 9104,
"end": 9111,
"label": [
"18453"
]
},
{
"start": 9120,
"end": 9134,
"label": [
"2148325"
]
},
{
"start": 9151,
"end": 9161,
"label": [
"302298"
]
},
{
"start": 9237,
"end": 9248,
"label": [
"637881"
]
},
{
"start": 9629,
"end": 9632,
"label": [
"962277"
]
},
{
"start": 9830,
"end": 9847,
"label": [
"171629"
]
},
{
"start": 9977,
"end": 9989,
"label": [
"2799471"
]
},
{
"start": 10060,
"end": 10081,
"label": [
"456666"
]
},
{
"start": 10221,
"end": 10229,
"label": [
"1148"
]
},
{
"start": 10433,
"end": 10446,
"label": [
"521415"
]
},
{
"start": 10454,
"end": 10465,
"label": [
"967350"
]
},
{
"start": 10475,
"end": 10486,
"label": [
"968210"
]
},
{
"start": 11508,
"end": 11538,
"label": [
"1899754"
]
},
{
"start": 11683,
"end": 11696,
"label": [
"4398185"
]
},
{
"start": 11755,
"end": 11770,
"label": [
"26716"
]
},
{
"start": 11936,
"end": 11948,
"label": [
"5669833"
]
},
{
"start": 11979,
"end": 11983,
"label": [
"10024"
]
},
{
"start": 12159,
"end": 12184,
"label": [
"6809861"
]
},
{
"start": 12516,
"end": 12537,
"label": [
"1056082"
]
},
{
"start": 12590,
"end": 12605,
"label": [
"391902"
]
},
{
"start": 13035,
"end": 13065,
"label": [
"14887546"
]
},
{
"start": 13142,
"end": 13158,
"label": [
"21158991"
]
},
{
"start": 13578,
"end": 13597,
"label": [
"38070903"
]
},
{
"start": 13650,
"end": 13663,
"label": [
"45458262"
]
},
{
"start": 13986,
"end": 14005,
"label": [
"38070903"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1950_Organization
|
===Leadership=== The ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chair of the ACLU's board of directors, leads fundraising, and facilitates policy-setting. The executive director manages the day-to-day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, as well as at-large delegates. The organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40-story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions; differences of opinion within the ACLU leadership have sometimes grown into major debates. In 1937, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Ford's right to distribute anti-union literature. In 1939, a heated debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles. During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism, the board was divided on whether to defend communists. In 1968, a schism formed over whether to represent Benjamin Spock's anti-war activism. In 1973, as the Watergate Scandal continued to unfold, leadership was initially divided over whether to call for President Nixon's impeachment and removal from office. In 2005, there was internal conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes. In the year ending March 31, 2014, the ACLU and the ACLU Foundation had a combined income from support and revenue of $100.4 million, originating from grants (50.0%), membership donations (25.4%), donated legal services (7.6%), bequests (16.2%), and revenue (0.9%). Membership dues are treated as donations; members choose the amount they pay annually, averaging approximately $50 per member per year. In the year ending March 31, 2014, the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million, spent on programs (86.2%), management (7.4%), and fundraising (8.2%). (After factoring in other changes in net assets of +$30.9 million, from sources such as investment income, the organization had an overall decrease in net assets of $2.1 million.) Over the period from 2011 to 2014 the ACLU Foundation, on the average, has accounted for roughly 70% of the combined budget, and the ACLU roughly 30%. The ACLU solicits donations to its charitable foundation. The ACLU is accredited by the Better Business Bureau, and the Charity Navigator has ranked the ACLU with a four-star rating. The local affiliates solicit their own funding; however, some also receive funds from the national ACLU, with the distribution and amount of such assistance varying from state to state. At its discretion, the national organization provides subsidies to smaller affiliates that lack sufficient resources to be self-sustaining; for example, the Wyoming ACLU chapter received such subsidies until April 2015, when, as part of a round of layoffs at the national ACLU, the Wyoming office was closed. In October 2004, the ACLU rejected $1.5 million from both the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation because the foundations had adopted language from the USA PATRIOT Act in their donation agreements, including a clause stipulating that none of the money would go to "underwriting terrorism or other unacceptable activities." The ACLU views this clause, both in federal law and in the donors' agreements, as a threat to civil liberties, saying it is overly broad and ambiguous. Due to the nature of its legal work, the ACLU is often involved in litigation against governmental bodies, which are generally protected from adverse monetary judgments; a town, state or federal agency may be required to change its laws or behave differently, but not to pay monetary damages except by an explicit statutory waiver. In some cases, the law permits plaintiffs who successfully sue government agencies to collect money damages or other monetary relief. In particular, the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 leaves the government liable in some civil rights cases. Fee awards under this civil rights statute are considered "equitable relief" rather than damages, and government entities are not immune from equitable relief. Under laws such as this, the ACLU and its state affiliates sometimes share in monetary judgments against government agencies. In 2006, the Public Expressions of Religion Protection Act sought to prevent monetary judgments in the particular case of violations of church-state separation. The ACLU has received court awarded fees from opponents, for example, the Georgia affiliate was awarded $150,000 in fees after suing a county demanding the removal of a Ten Commandments display from its courthouse; a second Ten Commandments case in the state, in a different county, led to a $74,462 judgment. The State of Tennessee was required to pay $50,000, the State of Alabama $175,000, and the State of Kentucky $121,500, in similar Ten Commandments cases. Most of the organization's workload is performed by its local affiliates. There is at least one affiliate organization in each state, as well as one in Washington, D.C., and in Puerto Rico. California has three affiliates. The affiliates operate autonomously from the national organization; each affiliate has its own staff, executive director, board of directors, and budget. Each affiliate consists of two non-profit corporations: a 501(c)(3) corporation that does not perform lobbying, and a 501(c)(4) corporation which is entitled to lobby. ACLU affiliates are the basic unit of the ACLU's organization and engage in litigation, lobbying, and public education. For example, in a twenty-month period beginning January 2004, the ACLU's New Jersey chapter was involved in fifty-one cases according to their annual report—thirty-five cases in state courts, and sixteen in federal court. They provided legal representation in thirty-three of those cases, and served as amicus in the remaining eighteen. They listed forty-four volunteer attorneys who assisted them in those cases. <center> </center> The ACLU's official position statements, , included the following policies: * Affirmative action – The ACLU supports affirmative action. * Birth control and abortion – The ACLU supports the right to abortion, as established in the Roe v. Wade decision. The ACLU believes that everyone should have affordable access to the full range of contraceptive options. The ACLU's Reproductive Freedom Project manages efforts related to reproductive rights. * Campaign funding – The ACLU believes that the current system is badly flawed, and supports a system based on public funding. The ACLU supports full transparency to identify donors. However, the ACLU opposes attempts to control political spending. The ACLU supported the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC, which allowed corporations and unions more political speech rights. * Child pornography – The Arizona chapter of the ACLU believes that production of child pornography should be illegal, but that possessing it is protected by the right to privacy. "Our policy is that possessing even pornographic material about children should not itself be a crime. The way to deal with this issue is to prosecute the makers of child pornography for exploiting minors." * Criminal law reform – The ACLU seeks an end to what it feels are excessively harsh sentences that "stand in the way of a just and equal society". The ACLU's Criminal Law Reform Project focuses on this issue. * Death penalty – The ACLU is opposed to the death penalty in all circumstances. The ACLU's Capital Punishment Project focuses on this issue. * Free speech – The ACLU supports free speech, including the right to express unpopular or controversial ideas, such as flag desecration, racist or sexist views, etc. However, a leaked memo from June 2018 said that speech that can "inflict serious harms" and "impede progress toward equality" may be a lower priority for the organization. * Gun rights – The national ACLU's position is that the Second Amendment protects a collective right to own guns rather than an individual right, despite the 2008 Supreme Court decision in District of Columbia v. Heller that the Second Amendment is an individual right. The national organization's position is based on the phrases "a well regulated Militia" and "the security of a free State". However, the ACLU opposes any effort to create a registry of gun owners and has worked with the National Rifle Association to prevent a registry from being created, and it has favored protecting the right to carry guns under the 4th Amendment. * HIV/AIDS – The policy of the ACLU is to "create a world in which discrimination based on HIV status has ended, people with HIV have control over their medical information and care, and where the government's HIV policy promotes public health and respect and compassion for people living with HIV and AIDS." This effort is managed by the ACLU's AIDS Project. * Human rights – The ACLU's Human Rights project advocates (primarily in an international context) for children's rights, immigrants rights, gay rights, and other international obligations. * Immigrants' rights – The ACLU supports civil liberties for immigrants to the United States. * Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights – The ACLU's LGBT Rights Project supports equal rights for all gays and lesbians, and works to eliminate discrimination. The ACLU supports equal employment, housing, civil marriage and adoption rights for LGBT couples. * National security – The ACLU is opposed to compromising civil liberties in the name of national security. In this context, the ACLU has condemned government use of spying, indefinite detention without charge or trial, and government-sponsored torture. This effort is led by the ACLU's National Security Project. * Prisoners' rights – The ACLU's National Prison Project believes that incarceration should only be used as a last resort, and that prisons should focus on rehabilitation. The ACLU works to ensure that prisons treat prisoners in accordance with the Constitution and domestic law. * Privacy and technology – The ACLU's Project on Speech, Privacy, and Technology promotes "responsible uses of technology that enhance privacy protection", and opposes uses "that undermine our freedoms and move us closer to a surveillance society". * Racial issues – The ACLU's Racial Justice Program combats racial discrimination in all aspects of society, including the educational system, justice system, and the application of the death penalty. However, the ACLU opposes state censorship of the Confederate flag. * Religion – The ACLU supports the right of religious persons to practice their faiths without government interference. The ACLU believes the government should neither prefer religion over non-religion, nor favor particular faiths over others. The ACLU is opposed to school-led prayer, but protects students' right to pray in school. It opposes the use of religious beliefs to discriminate, such as refusing to provide abortion coverage or providing services to LGBT people. * Single sex public education – The ACLU opposes single sex public education options. It believes that single-sex education contributes to gender stereotyping and compares single-sex education to racial segregation. * Voting rights – The ACLU believes that impediments to voting should be eliminated, particularly if they disproportionately impact minority or poor citizens. The ACLU believes that misdemeanor convictions should not lead to a loss of voting rights. The ACLU's Voting Rights Project leads this effort. * Women's rights – The ACLU works to eliminate discrimination against women in all realms. The ACLU encourages government to be proactive in stopping violence against women. These efforts are led by the ACLU's Women's Rights project. The ACLU is supported by a variety of persons and organizations. There were over 1,000,000 members in 2017, and the ACLU annually receives thousands of grants from hundreds of charitable foundations. Allies of the ACLU in legal actions have included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Jewish Congress, People For the American Way, the National Rifle Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and the National Organization for Women. The ACLU has been criticized by liberals, such as when it excluded communists from its leadership ranks, when it defended Neo-Nazis, when it declined to defend Paul Robeson, or when it opposed the passage of the National Labor Relations Act. Conversely, it has been criticized by conservatives, such as when it argued against official prayer in public schools, or when it opposed the Patriot Act. The ACLU has supported conservative figures such as Rush Limbaugh, George Wallace, Henry Ford, and Oliver North; and it has supported liberal figures such as Dick Gregory, Rockwell Kent, and Benjamin Spock. A major source of criticism are legal cases in which the ACLU represents an individual or organization that promotes offensive or unpopular viewpoints, such as the Ku Klux Klan, Neo-Nazis, Nation of Islam, North American Man/Boy Love Association, Westboro Baptist Church or Unite the Right rally. The ACLU responded to these criticisms by stating "It is easy to defend freedom of speech when the message is something many people find at least reasonable. But the defense of freedom of speech is most critical when the message is one most people find repulsive."
|
[
{
"start": 75,
"end": 90,
"label": [
"25264210"
]
},
{
"start": 95,
"end": 109,
"label": [
"1952885"
]
},
{
"start": 497,
"end": 513,
"label": [
"41951964"
]
},
{
"start": 548,
"end": 563,
"label": [
"455646"
]
},
{
"start": 565,
"end": 578,
"label": [
"645042"
]
},
{
"start": 800,
"end": 810,
"label": [
"13371"
]
},
{
"start": 917,
"end": 927,
"label": [
"9209651"
]
},
{
"start": 994,
"end": 1002,
"label": [
"325329"
]
},
{
"start": 1003,
"end": 1014,
"label": [
"43805"
]
},
{
"start": 1122,
"end": 1136,
"label": [
"54522"
]
},
{
"start": 1174,
"end": 1191,
"label": [
"52382"
]
},
{
"start": 1281,
"end": 1286,
"label": [
"25473"
]
},
{
"start": 1386,
"end": 1394,
"label": [
"55574"
]
},
{
"start": 2487,
"end": 2509,
"label": [
"479512"
]
},
{
"start": 2519,
"end": 2536,
"label": [
"3549998"
]
},
{
"start": 3144,
"end": 3159,
"label": [
"92405"
]
},
{
"start": 3164,
"end": 3186,
"label": [
"227730"
]
},
{
"start": 4049,
"end": 4095,
"label": [
"7849628"
]
},
{
"start": 4452,
"end": 4497,
"label": [
"7224820"
]
},
{
"start": 4769,
"end": 4785,
"label": [
"2539671"
]
},
{
"start": 4914,
"end": 4932,
"label": [
"30395"
]
},
{
"start": 5499,
"end": 5508,
"label": [
"5971097"
]
},
{
"start": 5559,
"end": 5568,
"label": [
"1979418"
]
},
{
"start": 5795,
"end": 5820,
"label": [
"28861701"
]
},
{
"start": 5936,
"end": 5949,
"label": [
"1636627"
]
},
{
"start": 6279,
"end": 6297,
"label": [
"49392"
]
},
{
"start": 6393,
"end": 6404,
"label": [
"68493"
]
},
{
"start": 6498,
"end": 6511,
"label": [
"18978770"
]
},
{
"start": 6909,
"end": 6931,
"label": [
"22097436"
]
},
{
"start": 7742,
"end": 7753,
"label": [
"21401843"
]
},
{
"start": 8081,
"end": 8091,
"label": [
"450957"
]
},
{
"start": 8268,
"end": 8298,
"label": [
"9964644"
]
},
{
"start": 8569,
"end": 8595,
"label": [
"70101"
]
},
{
"start": 9594,
"end": 9626,
"label": [
"36523292"
]
},
{
"start": 10448,
"end": 10468,
"label": [
"331195"
]
},
{
"start": 10722,
"end": 10738,
"label": [
"189155"
]
},
{
"start": 11202,
"end": 11206,
"label": [
"66936"
]
},
{
"start": 12221,
"end": 12279,
"label": [
"25624937"
]
},
{
"start": 12285,
"end": 12309,
"label": [
"2743845"
]
},
{
"start": 12311,
"end": 12338,
"label": [
"625680"
]
},
{
"start": 12344,
"end": 12370,
"label": [
"70101"
]
},
{
"start": 12376,
"end": 12406,
"label": [
"18949836"
]
},
{
"start": 12408,
"end": 12459,
"label": [
"1567081"
]
},
{
"start": 12469,
"end": 12500,
"label": [
"8536948"
]
},
{
"start": 12534,
"end": 12542,
"label": [
"8939450"
]
},
{
"start": 12569,
"end": 12579,
"label": [
"9209651"
]
},
{
"start": 12624,
"end": 12633,
"label": [
"54361"
]
},
{
"start": 12662,
"end": 12674,
"label": [
"23229"
]
},
{
"start": 12714,
"end": 12742,
"label": [
"55816"
]
},
{
"start": 12782,
"end": 12795,
"label": [
"2298740"
]
},
{
"start": 12886,
"end": 12897,
"label": [
"32191"
]
},
{
"start": 12951,
"end": 12964,
"label": [
"25427"
]
},
{
"start": 12966,
"end": 12980,
"label": [
"259897"
]
},
{
"start": 12982,
"end": 12992,
"label": [
"13371"
]
},
{
"start": 12998,
"end": 13010,
"label": [
"22507"
]
},
{
"start": 13057,
"end": 13069,
"label": [
"207593"
]
},
{
"start": 13071,
"end": 13084,
"label": [
"233683"
]
},
{
"start": 13090,
"end": 13104,
"label": [
"54522"
]
},
{
"start": 13270,
"end": 13282,
"label": [
"16779"
]
},
{
"start": 13295,
"end": 13310,
"label": [
"21709"
]
},
{
"start": 13312,
"end": 13351,
"label": [
"16365325"
]
},
{
"start": 13353,
"end": 13376,
"label": [
"376898"
]
},
{
"start": 13380,
"end": 13401,
"label": [
"54794956"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1971_Planning and training
|
Like Apollo 15 and Apollo 16, Apollo 17 was slated to be a "", an Apollo mission type that featured lunar surface stays of three days, higher scientific capability, and the usage of the Lunar Roving Vehicle. Since Apollo 17 was to be the final lunar landing of the Apollo program, high-priority landing sites that had not been visited previously were given consideration for potential exploration. A landing in the crater Copernicus was considered, but was ultimately rejected because Apollo 12 had already obtained samples from that impact, and three other Apollo expeditions had already visited the vicinity of Mare Imbrium. A landing in the lunar highlands near the crater Tycho was also considered, but was rejected because of the rough terrain found there and a landing on the lunar far side in the crater Tsiolkovskiy was rejected due to technical considerations and the operational costs of maintaining communication during surface operations. A landing in a region southwest of Mare Crisium was also considered, but rejected on the grounds that a Soviet spacecraft could easily access the site; Luna 21 eventually did so shortly after the Apollo 17 site selection was made. After the elimination of several sites, three sites made the final consideration for Apollo 17: Alphonsus crater, Gassendi crater, and the Taurus-Littrow valley. In making the final landing site decision, mission planners took into consideration the primary objectives for Apollo 17: obtaining old highlands material from a substantial distance from Mare Imbrium, sampling material from young volcanic activity (i.e., less than three billion years), and having minimal ground overlap with the orbital ground tracks of Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 to maximize the amount of new data obtained. The Taurus-Littrow site was selected with the prediction that the crew would be able to obtain samples of old highland material from the remnants of a landslide event that occurred on the south wall of the valley and the possibility of relatively young, explosive volcanic activity in the area. Although the valley is similar to the landing site of Apollo 15 in that it is on the border of a lunar mare, the advantages of Taurus-Littrow were believed to outweigh the drawbacks, thus leading to its selection as the Apollo 17 landing site. As with previous lunar landings, the Apollo 17 astronauts underwent an extensive training program that included training to collect samples on the surface, usage of the spacesuits, navigation in the Lunar Roving Vehicle, field geology training, survival training, splashdown and recovery training, and equipment training.
|
[
{
"start": 422,
"end": 432,
"label": [
"349235"
]
},
{
"start": 485,
"end": 494,
"label": [
"1967"
]
},
{
"start": 676,
"end": 681,
"label": [
"80045"
]
},
{
"start": 782,
"end": 796,
"label": [
"988372"
]
},
{
"start": 811,
"end": 823,
"label": [
"1000165"
]
},
{
"start": 986,
"end": 998,
"label": [
"201570"
]
},
{
"start": 1055,
"end": 1061,
"label": [
"26779"
]
},
{
"start": 1103,
"end": 1110,
"label": [
"99171"
]
},
{
"start": 1278,
"end": 1294,
"label": [
"349228"
]
},
{
"start": 1296,
"end": 1311,
"label": [
"990940"
]
},
{
"start": 2102,
"end": 2127,
"label": [
"32788620"
]
},
{
"start": 2161,
"end": 2171,
"label": [
"817677"
]
},
{
"start": 2477,
"end": 2487,
"label": [
"2439384"
]
},
{
"start": 2572,
"end": 2582,
"label": [
"88259"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1971_Depiction of mission in fiction and popular culture
|
Portions of the Apollo 17 mission are dramatized in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled The prologue to the 1999 novel Back to the Moon, by Homer Hickam, begins with a dramatized depiction of the end of the second Apollo 17 EVA. The orange soil then becomes the major driver of the plot of the rest of the story. The 2005 novel Tyrannosaur Canyon by Douglas Preston opens with a depiction of the Apollo 17 moonwalks using quotes taken from the official mission transcript. Additionally, there have been fictional astronauts in film, literature and television who have been described as "the last man to walk on the Moon", implying they were crew members on Apollo 17. One such character was Steve Austin in the television series The Six Million Dollar Man. In the 1972 novel Cyborg, upon which the series was based, Austin remembers watching the Earth "fall away during Apollo XVII." In the 1998 film Deep Impact fictional astronaut Spurgeon "Fish" Tanner, portrayed by Robert Duvall, was described at a Presidential press conference as the "last man to walk on the Moon" by the President of the United States, portrayed by Morgan Freeman. In the Anime Aldnoah.Zero, the Apollo 17 mission locates an ancient transporter gate leading to Mars left by an unknown, extinct alien race. This discovery is the divergence point for the story's alternative history. The song "Contact" from Daft Punk includes audio from the Apollo 17 mission, courtesy of NASA and Captain Eugene Cernan. The song "Tomorrow" by Public Service Broadcasting also includes audio of Commander Eugene A. Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt from the mission.
|
[
{
"start": 61,
"end": 64,
"label": [
"4765530"
]
},
{
"start": 76,
"end": 102,
"label": [
"516432"
]
},
{
"start": 151,
"end": 167,
"label": [
"4840515"
]
},
{
"start": 172,
"end": 184,
"label": [
"870393"
]
},
{
"start": 360,
"end": 378,
"label": [
"4917454"
]
},
{
"start": 382,
"end": 397,
"label": [
"2194001"
]
},
{
"start": 723,
"end": 735,
"label": [
"2005973"
]
},
{
"start": 761,
"end": 787,
"label": [
"30979"
]
},
{
"start": 807,
"end": 813,
"label": [
"6564761"
]
},
{
"start": 933,
"end": 944,
"label": [
"286544"
]
},
{
"start": 1002,
"end": 1015,
"label": [
"161266"
]
},
{
"start": 1156,
"end": 1170,
"label": [
"20584"
]
},
{
"start": 1185,
"end": 1197,
"label": [
"41952660"
]
},
{
"start": 1399,
"end": 1406,
"label": [
"39394085"
]
},
{
"start": 1533,
"end": 1560,
"label": [
"35818551"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1975_Career
|
===Early career and acting=== On leaving school his theatrical career started immediately, with an introduction to Sir Donald Wolfit by his French master. Ayckbourn joined Wolfit on tour to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe as an acting assistant stage manager (meaning a role that involved both acting and stage management) for three weeks, with his first role on the professional stage being various parts in The Strong are Lonely by Fritz Hochwälder. In the following year, Ayckbourn appeared in six other plays at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing, and the Thorndyke theatre, Leatherhead. In 1957, Ayckbourn was employed by the director Stephen Joseph at the Library Theatre, Scarborough, the predecessor to the modern Stephen Joseph Theatre. His role, again, was initially an acting stage manager. This employment led to Ayckbourn's first professional script commission, in 1958. When he complained about the quality of a script he was performing, Joseph challenged him to write a better one. The result was The Square Cat, written under the pseudonym Roland Allen and first performed in 1959. In this play, Ayckbourn himself played the character Jerry Watiss. After thirty-four appearances in plays at the Library Theatre, including four of his own, in 1962 Ayckbourn moved to Stoke-on-Trent to help set up the Victoria Theatre, (now the New Vic), where he appeared in a further eighteen plays. His final appearance in one of his own plays was as the Crimson Gollywog in the disastrous children's play Christmas v Mastermind. He left the Stoke company in 1964, officially to commit his time to the London production of Mr. Whatnot, but reportedly because was having trouble working with the artistic director, Peter Cheeseman. By now, his career as a writer was coming to fruition, and his acting career was sidelined. His final role on stage was as Jerry in Two for the Seesaw by William Gibson, at the Civic Theatre in Rotherham. He was left stranded on stage because Heather Stoney was unable to re-appear because the props had been left unpacked, and this led him to decide acting was more trouble than it was worth. The assistant stage manager on the production, Bill Kenwright, would become one of the UK's most successful producers. Ayckbourn's earliest plays were written and produced at a time when the Scarborough Library theatre, like most regional theatres, regularly commissioned work from their own actors to keep costs down (the other notable actor whose work was being commissioned being David Campton). His first play, The Square Cat, was sufficiently popular locally to secure further commissions although not this or the following three plays had much impact beyond Scarborough. But, after his transfer to Victoria Theatre in Stoke-on-Trent, there came Christmas v Mastermind, which flopped and is now universally regarded as Ayckbourn's greatest disaster. His fortunes began to revive in 1963 with Mr. Whatnot, again premiering at the Victoria Theatre. This was the first play that Ayckbourn was sufficiently happy with to allow performances today, and the first play to receive a West End performance. However, the West End production flopped, in part down to misguided casting. After this, Ayckbourn experimented by collaborating with comedians, first writing a monologue for Tommy Cooper, and later with Ronnie Barker, who played Lord Slingsby-Craddock in the London production of Mr Whatnot in 1964, for the scripts of for LWT's Hark at Barker. Ayckbourn used the pseudonym 'Peter Caulfield' because he was under exclusive contract to the BBC at the time. Then, in 1965, back at the Scarborough Library Theatre, Meet my Father was produced, later retitled Relatively Speaking. This time, the play was a massive success, both in Scarborough and the West End, making Alan Ayckbourn rich and earning him a congratulatory telegram from Noël Coward. This was not quite the end of Ayckbourn's hit-and-miss record, because his following play, The Sparrow only ran for three weeks at Scarborough. However, the following play, How the Other Half Loves, secured his runaway success as a playwright. The height of Ayckbourn's commercial success included Absurd Person Singular (1975), The Norman Conquests trilogy (1973), Bedroom Farce (1975) and Just Between Ourselves (1976), all plays that focused heavily on marriage in the British middle classes. The only failure during this period was a 1975 musical with Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jeeves, and even this did little to dent Ayckbourn's popularity. Although his plays have received major West End productions almost from the beginning of his writing career, and hence have been reviewed in British newspapers, Ayckbourn's work was for years routinely dismissed as being too slight for serious study. Recently, scholars have begun to view Ayckbourn as an important commentator on the lifestyles of the British suburban middle class, and as a stylistic innovator who experiments with theatrical styles within the boundaries set by popular tastes. From the 1980s, Ayckbourn began to move away from the recurring themes of marriage and explore other contemporary themes, one example being Woman in Mind, a play performed entirely from the perspective of a Woman going through a nervous breakdown. He also experimented with several more unconventional ways of writing plays, such as Intimate Exchanges, which has one beginning and sixteen possible endings, and House & Garden, where two plays take place simultaneously of two different stages, as well as diversifying into children's theatre (such as Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays and musical plays, such as By Jeeves (a more successful rewrite of the original Jeeves). With a résumé of over seventy plays, of which more than forty have played at the National Theatre or in the West End, Alan Ayckbourn is one of England's most successful living playwrights. Despite his success, honours and awards (which include a prestigious Laurence Olivier Award), Alan Ayckbourn remains a relatively anonymous figure dedicated to regional theatre. Throughout his writing career, all but four of his plays were premiered at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough in its three different locations. Ayckbourn received the CBE in 1987 and was knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours. It is frequently claimed (but not proven) that Alan Ayckbourn is the most performed living English playwright, and the second most performed of all time after Shakespeare. Although Ayckbourn's plays no longer dominate the theatrical scene on the scale of his earlier works, he continues to write, his most recent major success being Private Fears in Public Places that had a hugely successful Off-Broadway run at 59E59 Theaters, and in 2006 was made into a film Cœurs, directed by Alain Resnais. After suffering a stroke, there was uncertainty as to whether he could continue to write (the Ayckbourn play premiered immediately after the stroke, If I Were You, was written before his illness), but his first play written afterwards, Life and Beth, was premiered in the summer of 2008. Ayckbourn continues to write for the Stephen Joseph Theatre on invitation of his successor as artistic director, Chris Monks, with the first new play under this arrangement, My Wonderful Day, performed in October 2009. His latest play, Roundelay is scheduled to open in September 2014; the order in which each of the five acts is played in each performance is to be left to chance (allowing 120 possible permutations), with members of the audience being invited to extract five coloured ping pong balls from a bag beforehand. Many of Ayckbourn's plays have had their New York premiere at 59E59 Theaters as part of their annual Brits Off Broadway Festitval including Private Fears in Public Places, Intimate Exchanges, My Wonderful Day and Neighbourhood Watch among others. Although Ayckbourn is best known as a writer, it is said that he only spends 10% of his time writing plays. Most of the rest of his time is spent directing. Ayckbourn began directing at the Scarborough Library Theatre in 1961, with a production of Gaslight by Patrick Hamilton. He directed five other plays that year and the following year in Scarborough, and after transferring to the Victoria Theatre, directed a further six plays in 1963. Between 1964 and 1967 (when much of his time was taken up by various productions of his early successes Mr. Whatnot and Relatively Speaking) he only directed one play (The Sparrow, written by himself, later withdrawn), but in 1968 he resumed regularly directing plays, mostly at Scarborough. At this time he also worked as a radio drama producer for the BBC, based in Leeds. At first, his directing career was separate from his writing career. It was not until 1963 that Ayckbourn directed a play of his own (a revival of Standing Room Only), 1967 that Ayckbourn directed a premiere of his own (The Sparrow). The London premieres remained in the hands of other directors for longer, with the first play of his both written and directed by him in London (Bedroom Farce) waiting until 1977. After the death of Stephen Joseph in 1967, the position of Director of Productions was appointed on an annual basis. Ayckbourn was offered this position in 1969 and 1970, succeeding Rodney Wood, but he handed the position over to Caroline Smith in 1971 (having spent most of his time that year in the US with How the Other Half Loves). He became Director of Productions again in 1972, and this time, on 12 November that same year, he was made the permanent artistic director of the theatre. In mid-1986, Ayckbourn accepted an invitation to work as a visiting director for two years at the Royal National Theatre in London, form his own company, and perform a play in each of the three auditoria provided at least one was a new play of his own. Using a stock company that included established performers like Michael Gambon, Polly Adams and Simon Cadell. The three plays became four, and were: Tons of Money by Will Evans and Valentine, with adaptations by Ayckbourn (Lyttelton), Arthur Miller's A View From the Bridge (Cottesloe), his own A Small Family Business (Olivier) and John Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Olivier again). During this time, Ayckbourn shared his role of artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre with Robin Herford and returned in 1987 to direct the premiere of Henceforward.... He announced in 1999 that he would step back from directing the work of other playwrights, in order to concentrate on his own plays, the last one being Rob Shearman's Knights in Plastic Armour in 1999; the exception being in 2002 when he directed the world premiere of Tim Firth's The Safari Party. In 2002, following a dispute over the Duchess Theatre's handling of Damsels in Distress, Ayckbourn sharply criticised both this and the West End's treatment of theatre in general, in particular their casting of celebrities. Although he did not explicitly say he would boycott the West End, he did not return to direct in the West End again until 2009 with a revival of Woman in Mind (although he did allow other West End producers to revive Absurd Person Singular in 2007 and The Norman Conquests in 2008). After Ayckbourn suffered a stroke in February 2006, he returned to work in September and premiered his 70th play If I Were You at the Stephen Joseph Theatre the following month. He announced in June 2007 that he would retire as artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre after the 2008 season. His successor, Chris Monks, took over at the start of the 2009–2010 season, but Ayckbourn remained to direct premieres and revivals of his work at the theatre, beginning with How the Other Half Loves in June 2009. In March 2010 he directed an in-the-round revival of his play Taking Steps at the Orange Tree Theatre, winning universal press acclaim. In July 2014, Ayckbourn directed a of The Boy Who Fell Into A Book, with musical adaptation and lyrics by Paul James and music by Eric Angus and Cathy Shostak. The show ran in The Stephen Joseph Theatre and received critical acclaim.
|
[
{
"start": 119,
"end": 132,
"label": [
"177264"
]
},
{
"start": 194,
"end": 219,
"label": [
"391974"
]
},
{
"start": 432,
"end": 448,
"label": [
"847931"
]
},
{
"start": 537,
"end": 545,
"label": [
"350224"
]
},
{
"start": 574,
"end": 585,
"label": [
"173837"
]
},
{
"start": 635,
"end": 649,
"label": [
"34559536"
]
},
{
"start": 674,
"end": 685,
"label": [
"381565"
]
},
{
"start": 717,
"end": 739,
"label": [
"1669644"
]
},
{
"start": 1277,
"end": 1291,
"label": [
"173333"
]
},
{
"start": 1338,
"end": 1345,
"label": [
"4280660"
]
},
{
"start": 1710,
"end": 1725,
"label": [
"26798295"
]
},
{
"start": 1859,
"end": 1877,
"label": [
"1239627"
]
},
{
"start": 1881,
"end": 1895,
"label": [
"893642"
]
},
{
"start": 1904,
"end": 1917,
"label": [
"5813852"
]
},
{
"start": 1921,
"end": 1930,
"label": [
"16258945"
]
},
{
"start": 2168,
"end": 2182,
"label": [
"732396"
]
},
{
"start": 2504,
"end": 2517,
"label": [
"13607287"
]
},
{
"start": 2725,
"end": 2741,
"label": [
"4280660"
]
},
{
"start": 2745,
"end": 2759,
"label": [
"173333"
]
},
{
"start": 3101,
"end": 3109,
"label": [
"1154952"
]
},
{
"start": 3298,
"end": 3310,
"label": [
"55992"
]
},
{
"start": 3327,
"end": 3340,
"label": [
"75619"
]
},
{
"start": 3447,
"end": 3450,
"label": [
"226939"
]
},
{
"start": 3453,
"end": 3467,
"label": [
"7925862"
]
},
{
"start": 3563,
"end": 3566,
"label": [
"19344654"
]
},
{
"start": 3680,
"end": 3699,
"label": [
"5937676"
]
},
{
"start": 3856,
"end": 3867,
"label": [
"16764285"
]
},
{
"start": 3960,
"end": 3971,
"label": [
"5937750"
]
},
{
"start": 4042,
"end": 4066,
"label": [
"31476867"
]
},
{
"start": 4167,
"end": 4189,
"label": [
"2875716"
]
},
{
"start": 4198,
"end": 4218,
"label": [
"2925294"
]
},
{
"start": 4235,
"end": 4248,
"label": [
"5937848"
]
},
{
"start": 4425,
"end": 4444,
"label": [
"54764"
]
},
{
"start": 4446,
"end": 4452,
"label": [
"1337229"
]
},
{
"start": 4871,
"end": 4877,
"label": [
"28908"
]
},
{
"start": 4880,
"end": 4892,
"label": [
"251534"
]
},
{
"start": 5147,
"end": 5160,
"label": [
"3207099"
]
},
{
"start": 5418,
"end": 5432,
"label": [
"4993586"
]
},
{
"start": 5558,
"end": 5583,
"label": [
"8127703"
]
},
{
"start": 5611,
"end": 5620,
"label": [
"1337229"
]
},
{
"start": 5931,
"end": 5953,
"label": [
"16432264"
]
},
{
"start": 6119,
"end": 6141,
"label": [
"1669644"
]
},
{
"start": 6250,
"end": 6271,
"label": [
"3640834"
]
},
{
"start": 6432,
"end": 6443,
"label": [
"32897"
]
},
{
"start": 6606,
"end": 6636,
"label": [
"12933153"
]
},
{
"start": 6666,
"end": 6678,
"label": [
"89127"
]
},
{
"start": 6686,
"end": 6700,
"label": [
"28894958"
]
},
{
"start": 6735,
"end": 6740,
"label": [
"14865130"
]
},
{
"start": 6754,
"end": 6767,
"label": [
"89753"
]
},
{
"start": 6918,
"end": 6931,
"label": [
"18555370"
]
},
{
"start": 7005,
"end": 7018,
"label": [
"23851747"
]
},
{
"start": 7231,
"end": 7247,
"label": [
"28632373"
]
},
{
"start": 7645,
"end": 7659,
"label": [
"28894958"
]
},
{
"start": 7723,
"end": 7753,
"label": [
"12933153"
]
},
{
"start": 7755,
"end": 7773,
"label": [
"27177274"
]
},
{
"start": 7775,
"end": 7791,
"label": [
"28632373"
]
},
{
"start": 7796,
"end": 7815,
"label": [
"34985269"
]
},
{
"start": 8020,
"end": 8047,
"label": [
"1669644"
]
},
{
"start": 8078,
"end": 8086,
"label": [
"891285"
]
},
{
"start": 8090,
"end": 8106,
"label": [
"1283532"
]
},
{
"start": 8216,
"end": 8232,
"label": [
"4280660"
]
},
{
"start": 8392,
"end": 8411,
"label": [
"5937676"
]
},
{
"start": 8440,
"end": 8451,
"label": [
"5937750"
]
},
{
"start": 9026,
"end": 9039,
"label": [
"5937848"
]
},
{
"start": 9080,
"end": 9094,
"label": [
"34559536"
]
},
{
"start": 9370,
"end": 9394,
"label": [
"31476867"
]
},
{
"start": 9650,
"end": 9672,
"label": [
"167775"
]
},
{
"start": 9869,
"end": 9883,
"label": [
"163618"
]
},
{
"start": 9885,
"end": 9896,
"label": [
"20025024"
]
},
{
"start": 9901,
"end": 9913,
"label": [
"2576338"
]
},
{
"start": 10040,
"end": 10053,
"label": [
"2310"
]
},
{
"start": 10100,
"end": 10123,
"label": [
"22451817"
]
},
{
"start": 10138,
"end": 10147,
"label": [
"280735"
]
},
{
"start": 10150,
"end": 10173,
"label": [
"4140289"
]
},
{
"start": 10352,
"end": 10367,
"label": [
"5696968"
]
},
{
"start": 10521,
"end": 10533,
"label": [
"9930761"
]
},
{
"start": 10638,
"end": 10647,
"label": [
"11884212"
]
},
{
"start": 10706,
"end": 10721,
"label": [
"2444401"
]
},
{
"start": 10736,
"end": 10755,
"label": [
"17827271"
]
},
{
"start": 10804,
"end": 10812,
"label": [
"1154952"
]
},
{
"start": 11037,
"end": 11050,
"label": [
"3207099"
]
},
{
"start": 11109,
"end": 11131,
"label": [
"2875716"
]
},
{
"start": 11144,
"end": 11164,
"label": [
"2925294"
]
},
{
"start": 11288,
"end": 11301,
"label": [
"18555370"
]
},
{
"start": 11770,
"end": 11789,
"label": [
"9497332"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
1997_History
|
===Before the 16th century=== Some of the roots of algebraic geometry date back to the work of the Hellenistic Greeks from the 5th century BC. The Delian problem, for instance, was to construct a length x so that the cube of side x contained the same volume as the rectangular box a<sup>2</sup>b for given sides a and b. Menaechmus (circa 350 BC) considered the problem geometrically by intersecting the pair of plane conics ay = x<sup>2</sup> and xy = ab. The later work, in the 3rd century BC, of Archimedes and Apollonius studied more systematically problems on conic sections, and also involved the use of coordinates. The Muslim mathematicians were able to solve by purely algebraic means certain cubic equations, and then to interpret the results geometrically. This was done, for instance, by Ibn al-Haytham in the 10th century AD. Subsequently, Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám (born 1048 A.D.) discovered a method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a parabola with a circle and seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations. A few years after Omar Khayyám, Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi's Treatise on equations has been described as "inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry". Such techniques of applying geometrical constructions to algebraic problems were also adopted by a number of Renaissance mathematicians such as Gerolamo Cardano and Niccolò Fontana "Tartaglia" on their studies of the cubic equation. The geometrical approach to construction problems, rather than the algebraic one, was favored by most 16th and 17th century mathematicians, notably Blaise Pascal who argued against the use of algebraic and analytical methods in geometry. The French mathematicians Franciscus Vieta and later René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat revolutionized the conventional way of thinking about construction problems through the introduction of coordinate geometry. They were interested primarily in the properties of algebraic curves, such as those defined by Diophantine equations (in the case of Fermat), and the algebraic reformulation of the classical Greek works on conics and cubics (in the case of Descartes). During the same period, Blaise Pascal and Gérard Desargues approached geometry from a different perspective, developing the synthetic notions of projective geometry. Pascal and Desargues also studied curves, but from the purely geometrical point of view: the analog of the Greek ruler and compass construction. Ultimately, the analytic geometry of Descartes and Fermat won out, for it supplied the 18th century mathematicians with concrete quantitative tools needed to study physical problems using the new calculus of Newton and Leibniz. However, by the end of the 18th century, most of the algebraic character of coordinate geometry was subsumed by the calculus of infinitesimals of Lagrange and Euler. It took the simultaneous 19th century developments of non-Euclidean geometry and Abelian integrals in order to bring the old algebraic ideas back into the geometrical fold. The first of these new developments was seized up by Edmond Laguerre and Arthur Cayley, who attempted to ascertain the generalized metric properties of projective space. Cayley introduced the idea of homogeneous polynomial forms, and more specifically quadratic forms, on projective space. Subsequently, Felix Klein studied projective geometry (along with other types of geometry) from the viewpoint that the geometry on a space is encoded in a certain class of transformations on the space. By the end of the 19th century, projective geometers were studying more general kinds of transformations on figures in projective space. Rather than the projective linear transformations which were normally regarded as giving the fundamental Kleinian geometry on projective space, they concerned themselves also with the higher degree birational transformations. This weaker notion of congruence would later lead members of the 20th century Italian school of algebraic geometry to classify algebraic surfaces up to birational isomorphism. The second early 19th century development, that of Abelian integrals, would lead Bernhard Riemann to the development of Riemann surfaces. In the same period began the algebraization of the algebraic geometry through commutative algebra. The prominent results in this direction are Hilbert's basis theorem and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which are the basis of the connexion between algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, and Macaulay's multivariate resultant, which is the basis of elimination theory. Probably because of the size of the computation which is implied by multivariate resultants, elimination theory was forgotten during the middle of the 20th century until it was renewed by singularity theory and computational algebraic geometry. B. L. van der Waerden, Oscar Zariski and André Weil developed a foundation for algebraic geometry based on contemporary commutative algebra, including valuation theory and the theory of ideals. One of the goals was to give a rigorous framework for proving the results of Italian school of algebraic geometry. In particular, this school used systematically the notion of generic point without any precise definition, which was first given by these authors during the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s, Jean-Pierre Serre and Alexander Grothendieck recast the foundations making use of sheaf theory. Later, from about 1960, and largely led by Grothendieck, the idea of schemes was worked out, in conjunction with a very refined apparatus of homological techniques. After a decade of rapid development the field stabilized in the 1970s, and new applications were made, both to number theory and to more classical geometric questions on algebraic varieties, singularities, moduli, and formal moduli. An important class of varieties, not easily understood directly from their defining equations, are the abelian varieties, which are the projective varieties whose points form an abelian group. The prototypical examples are the elliptic curves, which have a rich theory. They were instrumental in the proof of Fermat's last theorem and are also used in elliptic-curve cryptography. In parallel with the abstract trend of the algebraic geometry, which is concerned with general statements about varieties, methods for effective computation with concretely-given varieties have also been developed, which lead to the new area of computational algebraic geometry. One of the founding methods of this area is the theory of Gröbner bases, introduced by Bruno Buchberger in 1965. Another founding method, more specially devoted to real algebraic geometry, is the cylindrical algebraic decomposition, introduced by George E. Collins in 1973. See also: derived algebraic geometry.
|
[
{
"start": 99,
"end": 117,
"label": [
"565604"
]
},
{
"start": 147,
"end": 161,
"label": [
"91110"
]
},
{
"start": 321,
"end": 331,
"label": [
"1944319"
]
},
{
"start": 519,
"end": 529,
"label": [
"1844"
]
},
{
"start": 534,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"257242"
]
},
{
"start": 585,
"end": 599,
"label": [
"19008673"
]
},
{
"start": 647,
"end": 668,
"label": [
"3304216"
]
},
{
"start": 820,
"end": 834,
"label": [
"1645"
]
},
{
"start": 873,
"end": 880,
"label": [
"24607"
]
},
{
"start": 895,
"end": 907,
"label": [
"92550"
]
},
{
"start": 957,
"end": 971,
"label": [
"180787"
]
},
{
"start": 1128,
"end": 1149,
"label": [
"1768580"
]
},
{
"start": 1357,
"end": 1368,
"label": [
"25532"
]
},
{
"start": 1392,
"end": 1408,
"label": [
"13145"
]
},
{
"start": 1413,
"end": 1440,
"label": [
"22148"
]
},
{
"start": 1629,
"end": 1642,
"label": [
"4068"
]
},
{
"start": 1745,
"end": 1761,
"label": [
"310238"
]
},
{
"start": 1772,
"end": 1786,
"label": [
"25525"
]
},
{
"start": 1791,
"end": 1807,
"label": [
"7576966"
]
},
{
"start": 1912,
"end": 1931,
"label": [
"2202"
]
},
{
"start": 2028,
"end": 2049,
"label": [
"9109"
]
},
{
"start": 2227,
"end": 2243,
"label": [
"358484"
]
},
{
"start": 2309,
"end": 2318,
"label": [
"267484"
]
},
{
"start": 2330,
"end": 2349,
"label": [
"243849"
]
},
{
"start": 2512,
"end": 2529,
"label": [
"2202"
]
},
{
"start": 2704,
"end": 2710,
"label": [
"14627"
]
},
{
"start": 2715,
"end": 2722,
"label": [
"12281"
]
},
{
"start": 2870,
"end": 2878,
"label": [
"87793"
]
},
{
"start": 2883,
"end": 2888,
"label": [
"17902"
]
},
{
"start": 2944,
"end": 2966,
"label": [
"58610"
]
},
{
"start": 2971,
"end": 2987,
"label": [
"1138853"
]
},
{
"start": 3116,
"end": 3131,
"label": [
"1011080"
]
},
{
"start": 3136,
"end": 3149,
"label": [
"311034"
]
},
{
"start": 3315,
"end": 3329,
"label": [
"251478"
]
},
{
"start": 3367,
"end": 3378,
"label": [
"41887"
]
},
{
"start": 3525,
"end": 3540,
"label": [
"56661772"
]
},
{
"start": 3797,
"end": 3814,
"label": [
"2908224"
]
},
{
"start": 3890,
"end": 3915,
"label": [
"382733"
]
},
{
"start": 3996,
"end": 4032,
"label": [
"383424"
]
},
{
"start": 4045,
"end": 4062,
"label": [
"648311"
]
},
{
"start": 4070,
"end": 4092,
"label": [
"2783119"
]
},
{
"start": 4175,
"end": 4191,
"label": [
"41980"
]
},
{
"start": 4214,
"end": 4229,
"label": [
"173181"
]
},
{
"start": 4310,
"end": 4329,
"label": [
"245990"
]
},
{
"start": 4375,
"end": 4398,
"label": [
"13733"
]
},
{
"start": 4403,
"end": 4428,
"label": [
"149215"
]
},
{
"start": 4523,
"end": 4531,
"label": [
"3592252"
]
},
{
"start": 4534,
"end": 4556,
"label": [
"2195020"
]
},
{
"start": 4580,
"end": 4598,
"label": [
"245978"
]
},
{
"start": 4788,
"end": 4806,
"label": [
"581763"
]
},
{
"start": 4845,
"end": 4866,
"label": [
"91390"
]
},
{
"start": 4868,
"end": 4881,
"label": [
"359352"
]
},
{
"start": 4886,
"end": 4896,
"label": [
"2019"
]
},
{
"start": 4965,
"end": 4984,
"label": [
"245990"
]
},
{
"start": 4996,
"end": 5012,
"label": [
"347049"
]
},
{
"start": 5031,
"end": 5037,
"label": [
"25977"
]
},
{
"start": 5116,
"end": 5152,
"label": [
"383424"
]
},
{
"start": 5215,
"end": 5228,
"label": [
"3043978"
]
},
{
"start": 5342,
"end": 5359,
"label": [
"205483"
]
},
{
"start": 5364,
"end": 5386,
"label": [
"2042"
]
},
{
"start": 5424,
"end": 5436,
"label": [
"245466"
]
},
{
"start": 5507,
"end": 5514,
"label": [
"364754"
]
},
{
"start": 5579,
"end": 5601,
"label": [
"139410"
]
},
{
"start": 5714,
"end": 5727,
"label": [
"21527"
]
},
{
"start": 5794,
"end": 5807,
"label": [
"581763"
]
},
{
"start": 5809,
"end": 5815,
"label": [
"361609"
]
},
{
"start": 5821,
"end": 5834,
"label": [
"3018981"
]
},
{
"start": 5939,
"end": 5956,
"label": [
"247152"
]
},
{
"start": 6022,
"end": 6027,
"label": [
"19447"
]
},
{
"start": 6063,
"end": 6077,
"label": [
"10225"
]
},
{
"start": 6145,
"end": 6166,
"label": [
"19021953"
]
},
{
"start": 6188,
"end": 6215,
"label": [
"9966"
]
},
{
"start": 6554,
"end": 6567,
"label": [
"357328"
]
},
{
"start": 6583,
"end": 6599,
"label": [
"1924233"
]
},
{
"start": 6692,
"end": 6727,
"label": [
"12218154"
]
},
{
"start": 6743,
"end": 6760,
"label": [
"41768958"
]
},
{
"start": 6780,
"end": 6806,
"label": [
"40778281"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2017_Origins
|
The Spanish village of Mondoñedo held the first documented arbor plantation festival in the world organized by its mayor in 1594. The place remains as Alameda de los Remedios and it is still planted with lime and horse-chestnut trees. A humble granite marker and a bronze plate recall the event. Additionally, the small Spanish village of Villanueva de la Sierra held the first modern Arbor Day, an initiative launched in 1805 by the local priest with the enthusiastic support of the entire population. The first American Arbor Day was originated in Nebraska City, Nebraska by J. Sterling Morton. On April 10, 1872, an estimated one million trees were planted in Nebraska. Birdsey Northrop of Connecticut was responsible for globalizing the idea when he visited Japan in 1883 and delivered his Arbor Day and Village Improvement message. In that same year, the American Forestry Association made Northrop the Chairman of the committee to campaign for Arbor Day nationwide. He also brought his enthusiasm for Arbor Day to Australia, Canada, and Europe. Beginning in 1906, Pennsylvania conservationist Major Israel McCreight of DuBois, Pennsylvania, argued that President Theodore Roosevelt’s conservation speeches were limited to businessmen in the lumber industry and recommended a campaign of youth education and a national policy on conservation education. McCreight urged Roosevelt to make a public statement to school children about trees and the destruction of American forests. Conservationist Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the United States Forest Service, embraced McCreight’s recommendations and asked the President to speak to the public school children of the United States about conservation. On April 15, 1907, Roosevelt issued an "Arbor Day Proclamation to the School Children of the United States" about the importance of trees and that forestry deserves to be taught in U.S. schools. Pinchot wrote McCreight, "we shall all be indebted to you for having made the suggestion."
|
[
{
"start": 204,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"261456"
]
},
{
"start": 213,
"end": 227,
"label": [
"1420412"
]
},
{
"start": 550,
"end": 573,
"label": [
"124098"
]
},
{
"start": 577,
"end": 595,
"label": [
"723930"
]
},
{
"start": 663,
"end": 671,
"label": [
"21647"
]
},
{
"start": 693,
"end": 704,
"label": [
"6466"
]
},
{
"start": 762,
"end": 767,
"label": [
"15573"
]
},
{
"start": 860,
"end": 889,
"label": [
"5230473"
]
},
{
"start": 1020,
"end": 1029,
"label": [
"4689264"
]
},
{
"start": 1031,
"end": 1037,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 1043,
"end": 1049,
"label": [
"9239"
]
},
{
"start": 1070,
"end": 1082,
"label": [
"23332"
]
},
{
"start": 1125,
"end": 1145,
"label": [
"131993"
]
},
{
"start": 1169,
"end": 1187,
"label": [
"30535"
]
},
{
"start": 1499,
"end": 1514,
"label": [
"224687"
]
},
{
"start": 1529,
"end": 1557,
"label": [
"42652"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2030_See also
|
* Alexander of San Elpidio * Mar Ammo * Augustinian hypothesis * Augustinian Institute * Augustinian Studies * Augustinian theodicy * Augustinians * Domingo Bañez * Thomas Bradwardine * Confessions (Augustine) * Constantinian shift * Council of Orange (529) * Ecclesiology * Jonathan Edwards * Filioque * Free will * Gregory of Rimini * Michael Horton * Incurvatus in se * Cornelius Jansen * Jansenism * Just war theory * Johannes Klenkok * Abraham Kuijper * John Gresham Machen * Neo-Calvinism * Order of Saint Augustine * Original sin * Otium * Blaise Pascal * Patron saint archive * Francis Landey Patton * Pelagianism * Philosophy of history * Philosophy of religion * Predestination * Johann Pupper * Problem of evil * Reformed * Scholasticism * Semipelagianism * Theology of John Calvin * Truth * Bennet Tyler * B. B. Warfield
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 26,
"label": [
"15230840"
]
},
{
"start": 29,
"end": 37,
"label": [
"24393555"
]
},
{
"start": 40,
"end": 62,
"label": [
"2579958"
]
},
{
"start": 65,
"end": 86,
"label": [
"241099"
]
},
{
"start": 89,
"end": 108,
"label": [
"22048911"
]
},
{
"start": 111,
"end": 131,
"label": [
"33008767"
]
},
{
"start": 134,
"end": 146,
"label": [
"144980"
]
},
{
"start": 149,
"end": 162,
"label": [
"15932382"
]
},
{
"start": 165,
"end": 183,
"label": [
"153676"
]
},
{
"start": 186,
"end": 209,
"label": [
"621399"
]
},
{
"start": 212,
"end": 231,
"label": [
"711665"
]
},
{
"start": 234,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"39461966"
]
},
{
"start": 260,
"end": 272,
"label": [
"651997"
]
},
{
"start": 275,
"end": 291,
"label": [
"52057"
]
},
{
"start": 294,
"end": 302,
"label": [
"11110"
]
},
{
"start": 305,
"end": 314,
"label": [
"47921"
]
},
{
"start": 317,
"end": 334,
"label": [
"2601179"
]
},
{
"start": 337,
"end": 351,
"label": [
"386295"
]
},
{
"start": 354,
"end": 370,
"label": [
"12561876"
]
},
{
"start": 373,
"end": 389,
"label": [
"192484"
]
},
{
"start": 392,
"end": 401,
"label": [
"52277"
]
},
{
"start": 404,
"end": 419,
"label": [
"173505"
]
},
{
"start": 422,
"end": 438,
"label": [
"30178033"
]
},
{
"start": 441,
"end": 456,
"label": [
"306153"
]
},
{
"start": 459,
"end": 478,
"label": [
"479421"
]
},
{
"start": 481,
"end": 494,
"label": [
"3012140"
]
},
{
"start": 524,
"end": 536,
"label": [
"22735"
]
},
{
"start": 539,
"end": 544,
"label": [
"33606303"
]
},
{
"start": 547,
"end": 560,
"label": [
"4068"
]
},
{
"start": 586,
"end": 607,
"label": [
"1718198"
]
},
{
"start": 610,
"end": 621,
"label": [
"24986"
]
},
{
"start": 624,
"end": 645,
"label": [
"177438"
]
},
{
"start": 648,
"end": 670,
"label": [
"23003"
]
},
{
"start": 673,
"end": 687,
"label": [
"23705"
]
},
{
"start": 690,
"end": 703,
"label": [
"40696647"
]
},
{
"start": 706,
"end": 721,
"label": [
"30104"
]
},
{
"start": 724,
"end": 732,
"label": [
"6024"
]
},
{
"start": 735,
"end": 748,
"label": [
"39872"
]
},
{
"start": 751,
"end": 766,
"label": [
"767107"
]
},
{
"start": 769,
"end": 792,
"label": [
"39173145"
]
},
{
"start": 795,
"end": 800,
"label": [
"29920"
]
},
{
"start": 803,
"end": 815,
"label": [
"730265"
]
},
{
"start": 818,
"end": 832,
"label": [
"479403"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2067_Demographics
|
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,934 people, 20,502 families, and 47,060 households residing in the city. The population density was 4,093.9 people per square mile (1,580.7/km²), making it less densely populated than Detroit proper and its inner-ring suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale, but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia and Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 4.1% of the population. Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans, including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians. In 2013, Ann Arbor had the second-largest community of Japanese citizens in the state of Michigan, at 1,541; this figure trailed only that of Novi, which had 2,666 Japanese nationals. In 2010, out of 47,060 households, 43.6% were family households, 20.1% had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 17.0% had individuals over age 65 living in them. Of the 20,502 family households, 19.2% included children under age 18, 34.2% were husband-wife families (estimates did not include same-sex married couples), and 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.17 people, and the average family size was 2.85 people. The median age was 27.8; 14.4% of the population was under age 18, and 9.3% was age 65 or older. According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey estimates, the median household income was $57,697, and the median family income was $95,528. Males over age 25 and with earnings had a median income of $51,682, versus $39,203 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,158. Nearly a quarter (23.4%) of people and 6.7% of families had incomes below the poverty level.
|
[
{
"start": 274,
"end": 282,
"label": [
"118777"
]
},
{
"start": 287,
"end": 295,
"label": [
"95878"
]
},
{
"start": 353,
"end": 360,
"label": [
"124387"
]
},
{
"start": 365,
"end": 369,
"label": [
"118798"
]
},
{
"start": 411,
"end": 416,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 450,
"end": 475,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 482,
"end": 497,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 505,
"end": 510,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 517,
"end": 552,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 564,
"end": 575,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 610,
"end": 618,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 622,
"end": 628,
"label": [
"273285"
]
},
{
"start": 719,
"end": 733,
"label": [
"159432"
]
},
{
"start": 771,
"end": 779,
"label": [
"6409741"
]
},
{
"start": 784,
"end": 796,
"label": [
"38626616"
]
},
{
"start": 853,
"end": 861,
"label": [
"186932"
]
},
{
"start": 940,
"end": 944,
"label": [
"118775"
]
},
{
"start": 1589,
"end": 1614,
"label": [
"592043"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2075_Countermeasures
|
As a result of the U.S–Cuba hijacking epidemic of the late 1960s to early 1970s, international airports introduced screening technology such as metal detectors, x-ray machines and explosive detection tools. In the U.S, these rules were enforced starting from January 1973 and were eventually copied around the world. These security measures did make hijacking a "higher-risk proposition" and deter criminals in later decades. Until September 2001, the FAA set and enforced a "layered" system of defense: hijacking intelligence, passenger pre-screening, checkpoint screening and on-board security. The idea was that if one layer were later to fail, another would be able stop a hijacker from boarding a plane. However, the 9/11 Commission found that this layered approach was flawed and unsuitable to prevent the September 11 attacks. The U.S Transportation Security Administration has since strengthened this approach, with a greater emphasis on intelligence sharing. In the history of hijackings, most incidents involved planes being forced to land at a certain destination with demands. As a result, commercial airliners adopted a "total compliance" rule which taught pilots and cabin crew to comply with the hijackers demands. Crews advise passengers to sit quietly to increase their chances of survival. The ultimate goal is to land the plane safely and let the security forces handle the situation. The FAA suggested that the longer a hijacking persisted, the more likely it would end peacefully with the hijackers reaching their goal. Although total compliance is still relevant, the events of September 11 changed this paradigm as this technique cannot prevent a suicide hijacking. It is now evident that each hijacking situation needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Cabin crew, now aware of the severe consequences, have a greater responsibility for maintaining control of their aircraft. Most airlines also give crew members training in self-defense tactics. Ever since the 1970s, crew are taught to be vigilant for suspicious behaviour. For example, passengers who have no carry-on luggage, or are standing next to the cockpit door with fidgety movements. There have been various incidents when crew and passengers intervened to prevent attacks: on December 22, 2001, Richard Reid attempted to ignite explosives on American Airlines Flight 63. In 2009, on Northwest Flight 253, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to detonate explosives sewn into his underwear. In 2012, the attempted hijacking of Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 was stopped when cabin crew placed a trolley in-front of the cockpit door and asked passengers for help. In the September 11 attacks, crew on one of the hijacked planes went beyond their scope of training by informing the airline ground crew about the events on board. In separate phone calls, Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong provided information on seat numbers of the attackers and passenger injuries. This helped authorities identify them. As early as 1964, the FAA required cockpit doors on commercial aircraft be kept locked during flight. In 2002, U.S Congress passed the Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act, allowing pilots at U.S airlines to carry guns in the cockpit. Since 2003, these pilots are known as Federal Flight Deck Officers. It is estimated that one in 10 of the 125,000 commercial pilots are trained and armed. Also in 2002, aircraft manufacturers such as Airbus introduced a reinforced cockpit door which is resistant to gunfire and forced entry. Shortly afterwards, the FAA required operators of more than 6,000 aircraft to install tougher cockpit doors by 9 April 2003. Rules were also tightened to restrict cockpit access and make it easier for pilots to lock the doors. In 2015, a Germanwings plane was seized by the official co-pilot and deliberately crashed. The European Aviation Safety Agency issued a recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least two people—one pilot and a member of cabin crew—occupy the cockpit during flight. The FAA in the United States enforce a similar rule. Some countries operate a marshal service, which puts members of law enforcement on high-risk flights based on intelligence. Their role is to keep passengers safe, by preventing hijackings and other criminal acts committed on a plane. Federal marshals in the U.S are required to identify themselves before boarding a plane, however, marshals of other countries often are not. According to the Congressional Research Service, the budget for the U.S Federal Air Marshal Service was US$719 million in 2007. Marshals often sit as regular passengers, at the front of the plane to allow observation of the cockpit. Despite the expansion of the marshal service, they cannot be on every plane, and they rarely face a real threat on a flight. Critics have questioned the need for them. There is no generic or set of rules for handling a hijacking situation. Air traffic controllers are expected to exercise their best judgement and expertise when dealing with the apparent consequences of an unlawful interference/hijack. The pilots, however, are expected to notify controllers via radio or by "squawking" a transponder code of "7500" – the universal code for a hijack in progress. Depending on the jurisdiction, the controller will inform the authorities such as the military who will escort the hijacked plane. Controllers are expected to keep communications to a minimum and clear the runway for a possible landing.
|
[
{
"start": 180,
"end": 189,
"label": [
"3620303"
]
},
{
"start": 452,
"end": 455,
"label": [
"11186"
]
},
{
"start": 722,
"end": 737,
"label": [
"353496"
]
},
{
"start": 842,
"end": 880,
"label": [
"172933"
]
},
{
"start": 1181,
"end": 1191,
"label": [
"173394"
]
},
{
"start": 1366,
"end": 1381,
"label": [
"146702"
]
},
{
"start": 1408,
"end": 1411,
"label": [
"11186"
]
},
{
"start": 2288,
"end": 2300,
"label": [
"176943"
]
},
{
"start": 2335,
"end": 2362,
"label": [
"346668"
]
},
{
"start": 2376,
"end": 2396,
"label": [
"25558793"
]
},
{
"start": 2398,
"end": 2423,
"label": [
"25565709"
]
},
{
"start": 2518,
"end": 2546,
"label": [
"36349801"
]
},
{
"start": 2777,
"end": 2788,
"label": [
"1001917"
]
},
{
"start": 2841,
"end": 2852,
"label": [
"20619"
]
},
{
"start": 2857,
"end": 2866,
"label": [
"514310"
]
},
{
"start": 3006,
"end": 3009,
"label": [
"11186"
]
},
{
"start": 3095,
"end": 3107,
"label": [
"31756"
]
},
{
"start": 3256,
"end": 3283,
"label": [
"4382434"
]
},
{
"start": 3418,
"end": 3424,
"label": [
"26220236"
]
},
{
"start": 3748,
"end": 3765,
"label": [
"46213006"
]
},
{
"start": 3832,
"end": 3863,
"label": [
"909111"
]
},
{
"start": 4124,
"end": 4139,
"label": [
"18486"
]
},
{
"start": 4294,
"end": 4310,
"label": [
"1032478"
]
},
{
"start": 4452,
"end": 4482,
"label": [
"370772"
]
},
{
"start": 4908,
"end": 4930,
"label": [
"242294"
]
},
{
"start": 5438,
"end": 5444,
"label": [
"165094"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2084_Composition and setting
|
The title "Acts of the Apostles" (, Práxeis Apostólōn) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear, however, that it was not given by the author, as the word práxeis (deeds, acts) only appears once in the text (Acts 19:18) and there it does not refer to the apostles. The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts. Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution attributed to a single author, providing the framework for both the Church's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church. The author is not named in either volume. According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters." (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24).) The author "is an admirer of Paul, but does not share Paul's own view of himself as an apostle; his own theology is considerably different from Paul's on key points and does not represent Paul's own views accurately." He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience. While no proposed date for the composition of Acts is universally accepted, the most common scholarly position is to date Luke–Acts to 80-90 AD, on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source, looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the first century). The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends, Paul's imprisonment in Rome c.63 AD, but such an early dating is a minority position. The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author, but there is no unanimity on this; some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement, while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century. A minority of scholars, necessarily in the latter camp, conclude that Acts dates to the 2nd century, believing that it shows awareness of the letters of Paul, the works of Josephus, or the writings of Marcion. There are two major textual variants of Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. Western texts of Acts are 6.2–8.4% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts. The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian (shorter) text-type over the Western as the more authentic, but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the Gospel of Luke, as in that case the Western version is the shorter; the debate therefore continues. The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author. The anonymous author aligned Luke–Acts to the "narratives" (διήγησις, diēgēsis) which many others had written, and described his own work as an "orderly account" (ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς). It lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature. The author may have taken as his model the works of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, or the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews. Like them, he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven. By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at, but the author would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the Gospel of Mark, and either the hypothetical collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source or the Gospel of Matthew. He transposed a few incidents from Mark's gospel to the time of the Apostles—for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14:58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6:14). There are also points of contacts (meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence) with 1 Peter, the Letter to the Hebrews, and 1 Clement. Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence—the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eyewitness accounts. The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned. Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era, but by the 17th century biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious—its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul's letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. The mid-19th-century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that the author had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews); Baur continues to have enormous influence, but today there is less interest in determining the historical accuracy of Acts (although this has never died out) than in understanding the author's theological program. Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's supper. The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large. He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus (Luke 1:3; cf. Acts 1:1), informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty". He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification—"did it happen?"—but to encourage faith—"what happened, and what does it all mean?" Acts (or Luke–Acts) is intended as a work of "edification." Edification means "the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice," but is not all of Luke's purpose. He also engages with the question of a Christian's proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day: could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? The answer is ambiguous. The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews, in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws, and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection; at the same time, Luke makes clear that the Romans, like all earthly rulers, receive their authority from Satan, while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God.
|
[
{
"start": 73,
"end": 81,
"label": [
"15414"
]
},
{
"start": 318,
"end": 325,
"label": [
"43741005"
]
},
{
"start": 449,
"end": 458,
"label": [
"8120777"
]
},
{
"start": 499,
"end": 512,
"label": [
"21433"
]
},
{
"start": 906,
"end": 918,
"label": [
"24140"
]
},
{
"start": 2603,
"end": 2612,
"label": [
"8977499"
]
},
{
"start": 2894,
"end": 2901,
"label": [
"195259"
]
},
{
"start": 2953,
"end": 2970,
"label": [
"157820"
]
},
{
"start": 2979,
"end": 2990,
"label": [
"155027"
]
},
{
"start": 4170,
"end": 4196,
"label": [
"159387"
]
},
{
"start": 4262,
"end": 4270,
"label": [
"16494"
]
},
{
"start": 4284,
"end": 4303,
"label": [
"1313974"
]
},
{
"start": 4683,
"end": 4693,
"label": [
"27915"
]
},
{
"start": 4746,
"end": 4760,
"label": [
"12490"
]
},
{
"start": 4834,
"end": 4842,
"label": [
"28030968"
]
},
{
"start": 4850,
"end": 4867,
"label": [
"12492"
]
},
{
"start": 5276,
"end": 5283,
"label": [
"11387"
]
},
{
"start": 5289,
"end": 5310,
"label": [
"9901"
]
},
{
"start": 5997,
"end": 6011,
"label": [
"177526"
]
},
{
"start": 6139,
"end": 6146,
"label": [
"195259"
]
},
{
"start": 6785,
"end": 6795,
"label": [
"1796746"
]
},
{
"start": 6797,
"end": 6805,
"label": [
"2916297"
]
},
{
"start": 6811,
"end": 6819,
"label": [
"43595989"
]
},
{
"start": 7882,
"end": 7896,
"label": [
"403882"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2102_Introduction
|
The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in Phoenix, Arizona. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898, and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States. The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium, which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale. The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17, 1920. Along with the Chicago Bears, the club is one of two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league's founding (the Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL a year after its creation in 1921). The club then moved to St. Louis in and played in that city through (sometimes referred to as the "Football Cardinals" or the "Big Red" to avoid confusion with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball). Before the season, the team moved west to Tempe, Arizona, a college suburb east of Phoenix, and played their home games for the next 18 seasons at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. In , the club moved to their current home field in Glendale, although the team's executive offices and training facility remain in Tempe. The franchise has won two NFL championships, both while it was based in Chicago. The first occurred in , but is the subject of controversy, with supporters of the Pottsville Maroons believing that Pottsville should have won the title. Their second title, and the first to be won in a championship game, came in , nearly two decades before the first Super Bowl. They returned to the title game to defend in 1948, but lost the rematch 7–0 in a snowstorm in Philadelphia. Since winning the championship in 1947, the team suffered many losing seasons, and currently holds the longest active championship drought of North American sports at 70 consecutive seasons, because Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs ended their 108-year drought in 2016. In 2012 the Cardinals became the first NFL franchise to lose 700 games since its inception. The franchise's all-time win-loss record (including regular season and playoff games) at the conclusion of the 2018 season is ( in the regular season, in the playoffs). They have been to the playoffs ten times and have won seven playoff games, three of which were victories during their run in the 2008–09 NFL playoffs. During that season, they won their only NFC Championship Game since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, and reached Super Bowl XLIII (losing 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers). The team has also won five division titles (, , , and ) since their 1947–48 NFL championship game appearances. The Cardinals are the only NFL team who have never lost a playoff game at home, with a 5–0 record: the 1947 NFL Championship Game, two postseason victories during the aforementioned 2008–09 NFL playoffs, one during the 2009–10 playoffs, and one during the 2015–16 playoffs. From 1988 to 2012 (except 2005, when they trained in Prescott), the Cardinals conducted their annual summer training camp at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. The Cardinals moved their training camp to State Farm Stadium (then known as University of Phoenix Stadium) in 2013. The stadium was the site of the 2015 Pro Bowl, unlike in past years, where it was held at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The stadium also played host to Super Bowls XLII and XLIX, and will host Super Bowl LVII in 2023.
|
[
{
"start": 41,
"end": 58,
"label": [
"18951490"
]
},
{
"start": 78,
"end": 94,
"label": [
"49121"
]
},
{
"start": 116,
"end": 140,
"label": [
"21211"
]
},
{
"start": 171,
"end": 199,
"label": [
"207152"
]
},
{
"start": 206,
"end": 219,
"label": [
"1875383"
]
},
{
"start": 409,
"end": 427,
"label": [
"2748329"
]
},
{
"start": 495,
"end": 503,
"label": [
"106649"
]
},
{
"start": 533,
"end": 540,
"label": [
"34268853"
]
},
{
"start": 555,
"end": 562,
"label": [
"1049"
]
},
{
"start": 654,
"end": 667,
"label": [
"6611"
]
},
{
"start": 774,
"end": 791,
"label": [
"12663"
]
},
{
"start": 1043,
"end": 1062,
"label": [
"23408844"
]
},
{
"start": 1066,
"end": 1087,
"label": [
"38776"
]
},
{
"start": 1132,
"end": 1146,
"label": [
"106664"
]
},
{
"start": 1150,
"end": 1164,
"label": [
"877011"
]
},
{
"start": 1237,
"end": 1254,
"label": [
"87311"
]
},
{
"start": 1272,
"end": 1296,
"label": [
"1859"
]
},
{
"start": 1563,
"end": 1574,
"label": [
"14137065"
]
},
{
"start": 1599,
"end": 1617,
"label": [
"239716"
]
},
{
"start": 1720,
"end": 1737,
"label": [
"656892"
]
},
{
"start": 1779,
"end": 1784,
"label": [
"29128"
]
},
{
"start": 1785,
"end": 1795,
"label": [
"27718"
]
},
{
"start": 1842,
"end": 1846,
"label": [
"7602037"
]
},
{
"start": 1923,
"end": 1943,
"label": [
"8635966"
]
},
{
"start": 2104,
"end": 2125,
"label": [
"38776"
]
},
{
"start": 2128,
"end": 2140,
"label": [
"6654"
]
},
{
"start": 2153,
"end": 2169,
"label": [
"535759"
]
},
{
"start": 2182,
"end": 2186,
"label": [
"28366732"
]
},
{
"start": 2323,
"end": 2337,
"label": [
"7990664"
]
},
{
"start": 2342,
"end": 2349,
"label": [
"1478772"
]
},
{
"start": 2382,
"end": 2393,
"label": [
"48479614"
]
},
{
"start": 2569,
"end": 2589,
"label": [
"14863528"
]
},
{
"start": 2631,
"end": 2652,
"label": [
"1585112"
]
},
{
"start": 2668,
"end": 2682,
"label": [
"453767"
]
},
{
"start": 2696,
"end": 2712,
"label": [
"1263005"
]
},
{
"start": 2734,
"end": 2753,
"label": [
"23338"
]
},
{
"start": 2970,
"end": 2996,
"label": [
"8635966"
]
},
{
"start": 3086,
"end": 3102,
"label": [
"23994243"
]
},
{
"start": 3123,
"end": 3139,
"label": [
"44849000"
]
},
{
"start": 3194,
"end": 3202,
"label": [
"106793"
]
},
{
"start": 3266,
"end": 3293,
"label": [
"622884"
]
},
{
"start": 3297,
"end": 3306,
"label": [
"57554"
]
},
{
"start": 3351,
"end": 3369,
"label": [
"2748329"
]
},
{
"start": 3457,
"end": 3470,
"label": [
"42449465"
]
},
{
"start": 3515,
"end": 3528,
"label": [
"357740"
]
},
{
"start": 3532,
"end": 3540,
"label": [
"13887"
]
},
{
"start": 3542,
"end": 3548,
"label": [
"13270"
]
},
{
"start": 3594,
"end": 3598,
"label": [
"1259428"
]
},
{
"start": 3603,
"end": 3607,
"label": [
"18784650"
]
},
{
"start": 3623,
"end": 3638,
"label": [
"56390513"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2103_Introduction
|
The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Falcons compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The Falcons joined the NFL in 1965 as an expansion team, after the NFL offered then-owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League (AFL). In their 53 years of existence (through 2018), the Falcons have compiled a record of 368–466–6 ( in the regular season and in the playoffs), winning division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, and 2016. The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls, the first during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII, where they lost to the Denver Broncos and the second was eighteen years later, a overtime loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI. The Falcons' current home field is Mercedes-Benz Stadium, which opened for the 2017 season; the team's headquarters and practice facilities are located at a site in Flowery Branch, northeast of Atlanta in Hall County.
|
[
{
"start": 39,
"end": 56,
"label": [
"18951490"
]
},
{
"start": 71,
"end": 78,
"label": [
"3138"
]
},
{
"start": 80,
"end": 87,
"label": [
"48830"
]
},
{
"start": 116,
"end": 140,
"label": [
"21211"
]
},
{
"start": 180,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"207152"
]
},
{
"start": 215,
"end": 220,
"label": [
"1875376"
]
},
{
"start": 272,
"end": 286,
"label": [
"1945737"
]
},
{
"start": 321,
"end": 333,
"label": [
"14711983"
]
},
{
"start": 381,
"end": 405,
"label": [
"2357"
]
},
{
"start": 588,
"end": 592,
"label": [
"16710965"
]
},
{
"start": 594,
"end": 598,
"label": [
"16323350"
]
},
{
"start": 600,
"end": 604,
"label": [
"17184037"
]
},
{
"start": 606,
"end": 610,
"label": [
"25774233"
]
},
{
"start": 612,
"end": 616,
"label": [
"34254576"
]
},
{
"start": 622,
"end": 626,
"label": [
"48424797"
]
},
{
"start": 661,
"end": 671,
"label": [
"27718"
]
},
{
"start": 710,
"end": 727,
"label": [
"29158"
]
},
{
"start": 752,
"end": 766,
"label": [
"3171029"
]
},
{
"start": 831,
"end": 851,
"label": [
"48417107"
]
},
{
"start": 855,
"end": 868,
"label": [
"37412403"
]
},
{
"start": 905,
"end": 926,
"label": [
"36962066"
]
},
{
"start": 949,
"end": 953,
"label": [
"52194787"
]
},
{
"start": 1035,
"end": 1049,
"label": [
"110157"
]
},
{
"start": 1075,
"end": 1086,
"label": [
"96766"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2116_Advertising, marketing, and packaging
|
Mike Markkula, a retired Intel marketing manager, provided the early critical funding for Apple Computer. From 1977 to 1981, Apple used the Regis McKenna agency for its advertisements and marketing. In 1981, Chiat-Day acquired Regis McKenna's advertising operations and Apple used Chiat-Day. At Regis McKenna Advertising, the team assigned to launch the Apple II consisted of Rob Janoff, art director, Chip Schafer, copywriter and Bill Kelley, account executive. Janoff came up with the Apple logo with a bite out of it. The design was originally an olive green with matching company logotype all in lower case. Steve Jobs insisted on promoting the color capability of the Apple II by putting rainbow stripes on the Apple logo. In its letterhead and business card implementation, the rounded "a" of the logotype echoed the "bite" in the logo. This logo was developed simultaneously with an advertisement and a brochure; the latter being produced for distribution initially at the first West Coast Computer Faire. Since the original Apple II, Apple has paid high attention to its quality of packaging, partly because of Steve Jobs' personal preferences and opinions on packaging and final product appearance. All of Apple's packaging for the Apple II series looked similar, featuring lots of clean white space and showing the Apple rainbow logo prominently. For several years up until the late 1980s, Apple used the font for packaging, until changing to the font. Apple ran the first advertisement for the Apple II, a two-page spread ad titled "Introducing Apple II", in BYTE in July 1977. The first brochure, was entitled "Simplicity" and the copy in both the ad and brochure pioneered "demystifying" language intended to make the new idea of a home computer more "personal." The Apple II introduction ad was later run in the September 1977 issue of Scientific American. Apple later aired eight television commercials for the Apple II<small>GS</small>, emphasizing its benefits to education and students, along with some print ads.
|
[
{
"start": 0,
"end": 13,
"label": [
"1575166"
]
},
{
"start": 25,
"end": 30,
"label": [
"14617"
]
},
{
"start": 140,
"end": 153,
"label": [
"4692303"
]
},
{
"start": 208,
"end": 217,
"label": [
"3826886"
]
},
{
"start": 376,
"end": 386,
"label": [
"2454187"
]
},
{
"start": 612,
"end": 622,
"label": [
"7412236"
]
},
{
"start": 986,
"end": 1011,
"label": [
"652988"
]
},
{
"start": 1119,
"end": 1129,
"label": [
"7412236"
]
},
{
"start": 1570,
"end": 1574,
"label": [
"33564897"
]
},
{
"start": 1850,
"end": 1869,
"label": [
"29507"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2154_History
|
The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina), founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526. The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America (including most of the future United States) were "20 and odd negroes" who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants. As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. An indentured servant (who could be white or black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or was bought out, their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and a small cash payment called "freedom dues". Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced John Punch, a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master Hugh Gwyn for running away. In the Spanish Florida some Spanish married or had unions with Pensacola, Creek or African women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattos. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the southern British colonies to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism. King Charles II of Spain issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Spain as early as 1683. One of the Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would later own one of the first black "slaves", John Casor, resulting from the court ruling of a civil case. The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam (present-day New York City). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British. Massachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women (who were of African descent and thus foreigners) took the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as under English common law. This principle was called partus sequitur ventrum. By an act of 1699, the colony ordered all free blacks deported, virtually defining as slaves all people of African descent who remained in the colony. In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized negroes (and Indians) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning English or European whites) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation". In the Spanish Louisiana although there was no movement toward abolition of the African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called coartación, which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others. Although some did not have the money to buy their freedom that government measures on slavery allowed a high number of free blacks. That brought problems to the Spaniards with the French Creoles who also populated Spanish Louisiana, French creoles cited that measure as one of the system's worst elements. In spite of that, there was a greater number of slaves as the years passed, as also the entire Spanish Louisiana population increased. The earliest African-American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English. During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution. Africans and Englishmen fought side by side and were fully integrated. Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in the Patriot cause included James Armistead, Prince Whipple and Oliver Cromwell. In the Spanish Louisiana, Governor Bernardo de Gálvez organized Spanish free blackmen into two militia companies to defend New Orleans during the American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain took Baton Rouge from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida, he recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for coartación (buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During the 1790s, Governor Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free blackmen for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free blackmen who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of black members and the other of pardo (mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free blackmen one step closer to equality with whites, allowing them, for example, the right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However actually these privileges distanced free blackmen from enslaved blacks and encouraged them to identify with whites. Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the U.S. Constitution through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the 3/5 compromise. Slavery, which by then meant almost exclusively African Americans, was the most important political issue in the antebellum United States, leading to one crisis after another. Among these were the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the Dred Scott decision. Prior to the Civil War, eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice protected by the U.S. Constitution. By 1860, there were 3.5 to 4.4 million enslaved blacks in the U.S. due to the Atlantic slave trade, and another 488,000–500,000 African Americans lived free (with legislated limits) across the country. With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from whites according to Henry Clay, some blacks who weren't enslaved left the U.S. for Liberia in Africa. Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1821, with the abolitionist members of the ACS believing blacks would face better chances for freedom and equality in Africa. The slaves not only constituted a large investment, they produced America's most valuable product and export: cotton. They not only helped build the U.S. Capitol, they built the White House and other District of Columbia buildings. (Washington was a slave trading center.) Similar building projects existed in slaveholding states. In 1863, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865. Slavery in Union-held Confederate territory continued, at least on paper, until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Prior to the Civil War, only white men of property could vote, and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only. The 14th Amendment (1868) gave African-Americans citizenship, and the 15th Amendment (1870) gave African-American males the right to vote (only males could vote in the U.S. at the time). African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from white control or oversight. While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Segregation, which began with slavery, continued with Jim Crow laws, with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with. Most African Americans obeyed the Jim Crow laws, in order to avoid racially motivated violence. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as Anthony Overton and Mary McLeod Bethune continued to build their own schools, churches, banks, social clubs, and other businesses. In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States, a period often referred to as the "nadir of American race relations". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities. The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South sparked the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African-American community in Northern and Western United States. The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both blacks and whites in the two regions. The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919. Overall, blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenants, redlining and racial steering". While many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as white flight. Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included black oriented organizations (eg., Urban League, NAACP), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (eg., Harlem Renaissance, Chicago Black Renaissance). Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of Jim Crow. By the 1950s, the civil rights movement was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in Money, Mississippi, Till was killed for allegedly having wolf-whistled at a white woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. Vann R. Newkirk| wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an all-white jury. One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother Mamie Till that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus." The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority. During the postwar period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average black income stood at 54 percent of that of white workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for whites was $5,600, compared with $2,900 for nonwhite families. In 1965, 43 percent of all black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $3,000 a year. The Sixties saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many black Americans. From 1965 to 1969, black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of white family income. In 1968, 23 percent of black families earned under $3,000 a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late Sixties the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for whites. Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected governor in U.S. history. Clarence Thomas became the second African-American Supreme Court Justice. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman elected to the U.S. Senate. There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic Slave Trade. On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous nonincumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter. Obama was reelected for a second and final term, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012.
|
[
{
"start": 37,
"end": 50,
"label": [
"17426008"
]
},
{
"start": 58,
"end": 80,
"label": [
"3863546"
]
},
{
"start": 116,
"end": 126,
"label": [
"3439594"
]
},
{
"start": 147,
"end": 161,
"label": [
"27956"
]
},
{
"start": 192,
"end": 215,
"label": [
"772248"
]
},
{
"start": 298,
"end": 305,
"label": [
"37770"
]
},
{
"start": 336,
"end": 343,
"label": [
"71930"
]
},
{
"start": 369,
"end": 382,
"label": [
"109790"
]
},
{
"start": 670,
"end": 686,
"label": [
"2402376"
]
},
{
"start": 853,
"end": 858,
"label": [
"13373"
]
},
{
"start": 913,
"end": 934,
"label": [
"219386"
]
},
{
"start": 1018,
"end": 1027,
"label": [
"75804"
]
},
{
"start": 1042,
"end": 1054,
"label": [
"1381043"
]
},
{
"start": 1073,
"end": 1091,
"label": [
"327044"
]
},
{
"start": 1943,
"end": 1955,
"label": [
"3872186"
]
},
{
"start": 1981,
"end": 1997,
"label": [
"20557093"
]
},
{
"start": 2283,
"end": 2293,
"label": [
"36589748"
]
},
{
"start": 2378,
"end": 2393,
"label": [
"2716954"
]
},
{
"start": 2547,
"end": 2554,
"label": [
"163408"
]
},
{
"start": 2560,
"end": 2567,
"label": [
"193629"
]
},
{
"start": 2715,
"end": 2726,
"label": [
"606848"
]
},
{
"start": 2733,
"end": 2752,
"label": [
"163002"
]
},
{
"start": 2894,
"end": 2907,
"label": [
"109790"
]
},
{
"start": 3074,
"end": 3089,
"label": [
"8811082"
]
},
{
"start": 3140,
"end": 3150,
"label": [
"8810766"
]
},
{
"start": 3303,
"end": 3327,
"label": [
"8769"
]
},
{
"start": 3404,
"end": 3417,
"label": [
"21685"
]
},
{
"start": 3527,
"end": 3540,
"label": [
"1645518"
]
},
{
"start": 3839,
"end": 3862,
"label": [
"3809808"
]
},
{
"start": 4250,
"end": 4267,
"label": [
"9853578"
]
},
{
"start": 5036,
"end": 5051,
"label": [
"934177"
]
},
{
"start": 5108,
"end": 5125,
"label": [
"34681"
]
},
{
"start": 5538,
"end": 5553,
"label": [
"1290960"
]
},
{
"start": 5555,
"end": 5569,
"label": [
"2087211"
]
},
{
"start": 5574,
"end": 5589,
"label": [
"36352420"
]
},
{
"start": 5598,
"end": 5615,
"label": [
"9853578"
]
},
{
"start": 5626,
"end": 5644,
"label": [
"869687"
]
},
{
"start": 5714,
"end": 5725,
"label": [
"53842"
]
},
{
"start": 5809,
"end": 5820,
"label": [
"57835"
]
},
{
"start": 5911,
"end": 5917,
"label": [
"20952"
]
},
{
"start": 5932,
"end": 5941,
"label": [
"109162"
]
},
{
"start": 6195,
"end": 6237,
"label": [
"2455899"
]
},
{
"start": 6464,
"end": 6469,
"label": [
"46790333"
]
},
{
"start": 6822,
"end": 6839,
"label": [
"31644"
]
},
{
"start": 6921,
"end": 6935,
"label": [
"483263"
]
},
{
"start": 7050,
"end": 7074,
"label": [
"2180372"
]
},
{
"start": 7134,
"end": 7153,
"label": [
"7743069"
]
},
{
"start": 7159,
"end": 7177,
"label": [
"45976"
]
},
{
"start": 7183,
"end": 7201,
"label": [
"2063080"
]
},
{
"start": 7211,
"end": 7230,
"label": [
"105816"
]
},
{
"start": 7245,
"end": 7254,
"label": [
"863"
]
},
{
"start": 7420,
"end": 7440,
"label": [
"49005"
]
},
{
"start": 7651,
"end": 7661,
"label": [
"47620"
]
},
{
"start": 7714,
"end": 7721,
"label": [
"17791"
]
},
{
"start": 7770,
"end": 7799,
"label": [
"259151"
]
},
{
"start": 8045,
"end": 8051,
"label": [
"2150614"
]
},
{
"start": 8084,
"end": 8096,
"label": [
"31979"
]
},
{
"start": 8113,
"end": 8124,
"label": [
"33057"
]
},
{
"start": 8135,
"end": 8155,
"label": [
"108956"
]
},
{
"start": 8168,
"end": 8178,
"label": [
"108956"
]
},
{
"start": 8286,
"end": 8304,
"label": [
"863"
]
},
{
"start": 8306,
"end": 8315,
"label": [
"24113"
]
},
{
"start": 8316,
"end": 8331,
"label": [
"307"
]
},
{
"start": 8343,
"end": 8368,
"label": [
"9515"
]
},
{
"start": 8661,
"end": 8681,
"label": [
"31665"
]
},
{
"start": 8762,
"end": 8788,
"label": [
"3550980"
]
},
{
"start": 8834,
"end": 8848,
"label": [
"31666"
]
},
{
"start": 8900,
"end": 8914,
"label": [
"31667"
]
},
{
"start": 9374,
"end": 9392,
"label": [
"26316"
]
},
{
"start": 9397,
"end": 9415,
"label": [
"9704515"
]
},
{
"start": 9751,
"end": 9778,
"label": [
"751494"
]
},
{
"start": 9843,
"end": 9858,
"label": [
"26550782"
]
},
{
"start": 9863,
"end": 9882,
"label": [
"1412179"
]
},
{
"start": 9912,
"end": 9919,
"label": [
"363831"
]
},
{
"start": 9921,
"end": 9929,
"label": [
"2365896"
]
},
{
"start": 10165,
"end": 10197,
"label": [
"2234378"
]
},
{
"start": 10235,
"end": 10253,
"label": [
"26316"
]
},
{
"start": 10308,
"end": 10326,
"label": [
"142123"
]
},
{
"start": 10754,
"end": 10769,
"label": [
"375540"
]
},
{
"start": 10865,
"end": 10873,
"label": [
"509638"
]
},
{
"start": 10878,
"end": 10899,
"label": [
"179578"
]
},
{
"start": 11071,
"end": 11081,
"label": [
"1567869"
]
},
{
"start": 11246,
"end": 11271,
"label": [
"8665012"
]
},
{
"start": 11280,
"end": 11303,
"label": [
"835425"
]
},
{
"start": 11364,
"end": 11387,
"label": [
"2162835"
]
},
{
"start": 11712,
"end": 11721,
"label": [
"60562"
]
},
{
"start": 11959,
"end": 11971,
"label": [
"399908"
]
},
{
"start": 12195,
"end": 12207,
"label": [
"401506"
]
},
{
"start": 12209,
"end": 12214,
"label": [
"25624937"
]
},
{
"start": 12370,
"end": 12388,
"label": [
"9119159"
]
},
{
"start": 12390,
"end": 12415,
"label": [
"39395396"
]
},
{
"start": 12535,
"end": 12543,
"label": [
"19481110"
]
},
{
"start": 12563,
"end": 12584,
"label": [
"49001"
]
},
{
"start": 12679,
"end": 12690,
"label": [
"430315"
]
},
{
"start": 12762,
"end": 12780,
"label": [
"2696504"
]
},
{
"start": 12819,
"end": 12831,
"label": [
"2405887"
]
},
{
"start": 13162,
"end": 13177,
"label": [
"33178"
]
},
{
"start": 13266,
"end": 13280,
"label": [
"13426983"
]
},
{
"start": 13327,
"end": 13337,
"label": [
"26458"
]
},
{
"start": 13423,
"end": 13433,
"label": [
"6682935"
]
},
{
"start": 13582,
"end": 13622,
"label": [
"255046"
]
},
{
"start": 13719,
"end": 13734,
"label": [
"5119376"
]
},
{
"start": 13739,
"end": 13756,
"label": [
"54533"
]
},
{
"start": 13804,
"end": 13828,
"label": [
"188746"
]
},
{
"start": 13898,
"end": 13910,
"label": [
"17626"
]
},
{
"start": 13920,
"end": 13937,
"label": [
"55791"
]
},
{
"start": 14118,
"end": 14129,
"label": [
"20648200"
]
},
{
"start": 15428,
"end": 15442,
"label": [
"175366"
]
},
{
"start": 15511,
"end": 15526,
"label": [
"28291766"
]
},
{
"start": 15594,
"end": 15613,
"label": [
"186833"
]
},
{
"start": 15617,
"end": 15625,
"label": [
"14849"
]
},
{
"start": 15681,
"end": 15692,
"label": [
"24909346"
]
},
{
"start": 16016,
"end": 16036,
"label": [
"49005"
]
},
{
"start": 16059,
"end": 16069,
"label": [
"5043544"
]
},
{
"start": 16070,
"end": 16077,
"label": [
"24909346"
]
},
{
"start": 16078,
"end": 16090,
"label": [
"534366"
]
},
{
"start": 16091,
"end": 16099,
"label": [
"406859"
]
},
{
"start": 16100,
"end": 16110,
"label": [
"32070"
]
},
{
"start": 16119,
"end": 16130,
"label": [
"43715"
]
},
{
"start": 16341,
"end": 16347,
"label": [
"148898"
]
},
{
"start": 16349,
"end": 16358,
"label": [
"1007667"
]
},
{
"start": 16364,
"end": 16380,
"label": [
"21217"
]
},
{
"start": 16608,
"end": 16620,
"label": [
"15992"
]
},
{
"start": 16632,
"end": 16641,
"label": [
"20102947"
]
},
{
"start": 16659,
"end": 16669,
"label": [
"505825"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2174_History
|
In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and his fellow 15 munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with each member contributing sixpence and Danskin adding another three shillings to help form the club. Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex, they took the name of the whole complex a month later. Royal Arsenal F.C.'s first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead, at the Manor Ground. Royal Arsenal won Arsenal's first trophies in 1890 and 1891, and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London. In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional. Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893. They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year. Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904. Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city, led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910. Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall became involved in the club, and sought to move them elsewhere. In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London. This saw their third change of name: the following year, they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal. In 1919, The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of . Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means. Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping "The" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today. With a new home and First Division football, attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground, and Arsenal's budget grew rapidly. Their location and record-breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925. Over the next five years, Chapman built a new Arsenal. He appointed enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker, implemented Charlie Buchan's new twist on the nascent , captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood, and lavished Highbury's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James. With record-breaking spending and gate receipts, Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club. Transformed, Chapman's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy, the FA Cup, in 1930. Two League Championships followed, in 1930–31 and 1932–33. Chapman also presided over multiple off the pitch changes: white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit; a Tube station was named after the club; and the first of two opulent, Art Deco stands was completed, with some of the first floodlights in English football. Suddenly, in the middle of the 1933–34 season, Chapman died of pneumonia. His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison, who saw out a hat-trick with the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937–38 title. World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947–48. This was Tom Whittaker's first season as manager, after his promotion to succeed Allison, and the club had equalled the . They won a third FA Cup in 1950, and then won a record-breaking seventh championship in 1952–53. However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal. The club had had more players killed than any top flight club, and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal's resources. Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years. The '53 Champions squad was old, and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements. Although Arsenal were competitive during these years, their fortunes had waned; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in midleague mediocrity. Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966. Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966. With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham, Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals, in 1967–68 and 1968–69. Next season saw a breakthrough: Arsenal's first competitive European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. And the season after, an even greater triumph: Arsenal's first League and FA Cup double, and a new . This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses, starting with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73. Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976. At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date. With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side such as Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals (1978, 1979 and 1980), and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties. The club's only trophy during this time was a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic. One of Bertie Mee's double winners, George Graham, returned as manager in 1986. Arsenal won their first League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge. By 1988, new signings Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club to complete the "famous Back Four" led by existing player Tony Adams. They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy, and followed it with the 1988–89 Football League title, snatched with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and the European Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His permanent replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors. The club metamorphosed during the long tenure of manager Arsène Wenger, appointed in 1996. New, attacking football, an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices, and efficiency with money have defined his reign. Accumulating key players from Wenger's homeland, such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles". This latter feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record. Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title. The club had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury. Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively. The club had not gained a major trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until 17 May 2014 when, spearheaded by then club-record acquisition Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2. A year later, Arsenal appeared in the FA Cup final for the second time in a row, defeating Aston Villa 4–0 in the final and becoming the most successful club in the tournament's history with 12 titles, a record which Manchester United would tie the following season. Arsenal later won the FA Cup for a record 13th time, defeating Chelsea 2–1 in the 2017 final and once more becoming the outright leader in terms of FA Cups won. The victory also saw Wenger become the first manager in English football history to win seven FA Cups. However, in that same season, Arsenal finished in the fifth position in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996. After another unspectacular league season the following year, Wenger announced his departure from the club on 20 April 2018, after 22 years as manager. His decision was met by responses of praise throughout English and world football from many pundits and former players, who also thanked him for developing them as people. His final home match in charge was a 5–0 win over Burnley where his entrance was met to a standing ovation by supporters. The final match under the Wenger era was a 1–0 away victory against Huddersfield. After conducting an overhaul in the club's operating model to coincide with Wenger's departure, Basque-Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018. He would become the club's first ever 'head coach', while also their second ever manager from outside the United Kingdom. In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and reached the final of the Europa League, where they lost 4-1 to Chelsea. On November 29, 2019, Emery was sacked after a 2–1 defeat at home to Eintracht Frankfurt in the Europa League group stages. The club were on a seven game winless run across all competitions and there was a eight point gap to fourth place in the Premier League after 13 games. Former player and assistant first team coach Freddie Ljungberg was appointed as the interim head-coach.
|
[
{
"start": 26,
"end": 39,
"label": [
"3432447"
]
},
{
"start": 79,
"end": 87,
"label": [
"94398"
]
},
{
"start": 277,
"end": 290,
"label": [
"398862"
]
},
{
"start": 391,
"end": 407,
"label": [
"2468356"
]
},
{
"start": 496,
"end": 505,
"label": [
"94245"
]
},
{
"start": 514,
"end": 526,
"label": [
"4061201"
]
},
{
"start": 613,
"end": 633,
"label": [
"584860"
]
},
{
"start": 926,
"end": 945,
"label": [
"14419588"
]
},
{
"start": 1077,
"end": 1092,
"label": [
"563379"
]
},
{
"start": 1122,
"end": 1136,
"label": [
"28789929"
]
},
{
"start": 1352,
"end": 1364,
"label": [
"210623"
]
},
{
"start": 1540,
"end": 1555,
"label": [
"296270"
]
},
{
"start": 1559,
"end": 1567,
"label": [
"94094"
]
},
{
"start": 1786,
"end": 1803,
"label": [
"68198"
]
},
{
"start": 1814,
"end": 1828,
"label": [
"16970984"
]
},
{
"start": 2395,
"end": 2412,
"label": [
"236211"
]
},
{
"start": 2421,
"end": 2436,
"label": [
"538262"
]
},
{
"start": 2535,
"end": 2548,
"label": [
"1772363"
]
},
{
"start": 2562,
"end": 2576,
"label": [
"2421866"
]
},
{
"start": 2634,
"end": 2646,
"label": [
"1544346"
]
},
{
"start": 2651,
"end": 2664,
"label": [
"1602997"
]
},
{
"start": 2711,
"end": 2721,
"label": [
"1386074"
]
},
{
"start": 2726,
"end": 2736,
"label": [
"1579839"
]
},
{
"start": 2823,
"end": 2843,
"label": [
"38979820"
]
},
{
"start": 2917,
"end": 2923,
"label": [
"11237"
]
},
{
"start": 2928,
"end": 2932,
"label": [
"9165769"
]
},
{
"start": 2972,
"end": 2979,
"label": [
"9490076"
]
},
{
"start": 2984,
"end": 2991,
"label": [
"16990769"
]
},
{
"start": 3107,
"end": 3121,
"label": [
"217002"
]
},
{
"start": 3178,
"end": 3186,
"label": [
"1881"
]
},
{
"start": 3296,
"end": 3303,
"label": [
"5708021"
]
},
{
"start": 3328,
"end": 3337,
"label": [
"52135"
]
},
{
"start": 3360,
"end": 3368,
"label": [
"2626986"
]
},
{
"start": 3373,
"end": 3387,
"label": [
"1809795"
]
},
{
"start": 3422,
"end": 3429,
"label": [
"16990771"
]
},
{
"start": 3434,
"end": 3441,
"label": [
"16990789"
]
},
{
"start": 3467,
"end": 3478,
"label": [
"19712610"
]
},
{
"start": 3483,
"end": 3490,
"label": [
"16990803"
]
},
{
"start": 3498,
"end": 3510,
"label": [
"32927"
]
},
{
"start": 3630,
"end": 3637,
"label": [
"16990834"
]
},
{
"start": 3788,
"end": 3792,
"label": [
"19479147"
]
},
{
"start": 3849,
"end": 3856,
"label": [
"16990853"
]
},
{
"start": 4368,
"end": 4375,
"label": [
"9904"
]
},
{
"start": 4384,
"end": 4396,
"label": [
"192223"
]
},
{
"start": 4515,
"end": 4530,
"label": [
"24022"
]
},
{
"start": 4531,
"end": 4541,
"label": [
"1791114"
]
},
{
"start": 4588,
"end": 4596,
"label": [
"1799179"
]
},
{
"start": 4621,
"end": 4630,
"label": [
"2342857"
]
},
{
"start": 4635,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"377014"
]
},
{
"start": 4681,
"end": 4691,
"label": [
"144982"
]
},
{
"start": 4703,
"end": 4710,
"label": [
"24443821"
]
},
{
"start": 4715,
"end": 4722,
"label": [
"24443904"
]
},
{
"start": 4805,
"end": 4835,
"label": [
"5758904"
]
},
{
"start": 4841,
"end": 4857,
"label": [
"4081008"
]
},
{
"start": 4900,
"end": 4906,
"label": [
"16454477"
]
},
{
"start": 4911,
"end": 4917,
"label": [
"19086482"
]
},
{
"start": 4918,
"end": 4924,
"label": [
"88184"
]
},
{
"start": 5160,
"end": 5164,
"label": [
"17608125"
]
},
{
"start": 5199,
"end": 5206,
"label": [
"16454482"
]
},
{
"start": 5222,
"end": 5233,
"label": [
"1797530"
]
},
{
"start": 5346,
"end": 5363,
"label": [
"1075943"
]
},
{
"start": 5368,
"end": 5380,
"label": [
"1276673"
]
},
{
"start": 5423,
"end": 5433,
"label": [
"1045453"
]
},
{
"start": 5438,
"end": 5453,
"label": [
"1796571"
]
},
{
"start": 5497,
"end": 5501,
"label": [
"18675114"
]
},
{
"start": 5503,
"end": 5507,
"label": [
"18657589"
]
},
{
"start": 5512,
"end": 5516,
"label": [
"16312746"
]
},
{
"start": 5532,
"end": 5568,
"label": [
"14671108"
]
},
{
"start": 5572,
"end": 5581,
"label": [
"511302"
]
},
{
"start": 5658,
"end": 5675,
"label": [
"19961"
]
},
{
"start": 5683,
"end": 5700,
"label": [
"9184586"
]
},
{
"start": 5768,
"end": 5781,
"label": [
"377014"
]
},
{
"start": 5850,
"end": 5854,
"label": [
"34456912"
]
},
{
"start": 5911,
"end": 5927,
"label": [
"701844"
]
},
{
"start": 5929,
"end": 5938,
"label": [
"1645232"
]
},
{
"start": 5943,
"end": 5954,
"label": [
"1978830"
]
},
{
"start": 6033,
"end": 6043,
"label": [
"88261"
]
},
{
"start": 6075,
"end": 6107,
"label": [
"16040163"
]
},
{
"start": 6134,
"end": 6157,
"label": [
"9377867"
]
},
{
"start": 6205,
"end": 6229,
"label": [
"22946907"
]
},
{
"start": 6263,
"end": 6272,
"label": [
"18119"
]
},
{
"start": 6312,
"end": 6319,
"label": [
"16940571"
]
},
{
"start": 6352,
"end": 6358,
"label": [
"16094596"
]
},
{
"start": 6363,
"end": 6373,
"label": [
"33743813"
]
},
{
"start": 6398,
"end": 6423,
"label": [
"88178"
]
},
{
"start": 6428,
"end": 6432,
"label": [
"5481510"
]
},
{
"start": 6521,
"end": 6531,
"label": [
"2893524"
]
},
{
"start": 6618,
"end": 6629,
"label": [
"1537662"
]
},
{
"start": 6778,
"end": 6791,
"label": [
"24148454"
]
},
{
"start": 6990,
"end": 7004,
"label": [
"229730"
]
},
{
"start": 7009,
"end": 7022,
"label": [
"220160"
]
},
{
"start": 7070,
"end": 7077,
"label": [
"23638354"
]
},
{
"start": 7093,
"end": 7100,
"label": [
"27921520"
]
},
{
"start": 7149,
"end": 7167,
"label": [
"2102636"
]
},
{
"start": 7192,
"end": 7196,
"label": [
"16176509"
]
},
{
"start": 7201,
"end": 7205,
"label": [
"15786635"
]
},
{
"start": 7245,
"end": 7252,
"label": [
"231674"
]
},
{
"start": 7335,
"end": 7350,
"label": [
"5919871"
]
},
{
"start": 7712,
"end": 7728,
"label": [
"44220"
]
},
{
"start": 7735,
"end": 7742,
"label": [
"2537153"
]
},
{
"start": 7847,
"end": 7856,
"label": [
"5185845"
]
},
{
"start": 7891,
"end": 7900,
"label": [
"68187"
]
},
{
"start": 7936,
"end": 7952,
"label": [
"725839"
]
},
{
"start": 8015,
"end": 8019,
"label": [
"9256070"
]
},
{
"start": 8024,
"end": 8028,
"label": [
"30607411"
]
},
{
"start": 8056,
"end": 8063,
"label": [
"7473"
]
},
{
"start": 8068,
"end": 8083,
"label": [
"185196"
]
},
{
"start": 8227,
"end": 8237,
"label": [
"6323098"
]
},
{
"start": 8252,
"end": 8261,
"label": [
"451358"
]
},
{
"start": 8269,
"end": 8286,
"label": [
"41222238"
]
},
{
"start": 8432,
"end": 8443,
"label": [
"42173"
]
},
{
"start": 8455,
"end": 8460,
"label": [
"44064184"
]
},
{
"start": 8630,
"end": 8636,
"label": [
"50670296"
]
},
{
"start": 8690,
"end": 8700,
"label": [
"53844268"
]
},
{
"start": 9421,
"end": 9428,
"label": [
"376725"
]
},
{
"start": 9687,
"end": 9697,
"label": [
"15601232"
]
},
{
"start": 9859,
"end": 9873,
"label": [
"31717"
]
},
{
"start": 9886,
"end": 9898,
"label": [
"53818243"
]
},
{
"start": 9961,
"end": 9966,
"label": [
"53077928"
]
},
{
"start": 9974,
"end": 9987,
"label": [
"54106652"
]
},
{
"start": 10090,
"end": 10109,
"label": [
"862147"
]
},
{
"start": 10342,
"end": 10359,
"label": [
"484172"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2174_Ownership and finances
|
The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke. Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares off David Dein in August 2007. Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016. Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of May 2017, Kroenke owns 41,721 shares (67.05%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief executive since 2009. Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market. On 29 May 2017, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £18,000, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1,119.9m. Most football clubs are not listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult. Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand. Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2.238 billion (£1.69 billion) in 2018, ranked third in English football. Research by the Henley Business School also ranked Arsenal second in English football, modelling the club's value at £1.118 billion in 2015. Arsenal's financial results for the 2014–15 season show group revenue of £344.5m, with a profit before tax of £24.7m. The footballing core of the business showed a revenue of £329.3m. The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenizes and compares clubs' annual revenue. They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at £331.3m (€435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs. Arsenal and Deloitte both list the match day revenue generated by the Emirates Stadium as £100.4m, more than any other football stadium in the world.
|
[
{
"start": 71,
"end": 83,
"label": [
"5336231"
]
},
{
"start": 242,
"end": 252,
"label": [
"2381449"
]
},
{
"start": 328,
"end": 343,
"label": [
"13020970"
]
},
{
"start": 379,
"end": 393,
"label": [
"13030862"
]
},
{
"start": 648,
"end": 668,
"label": [
"6132091"
]
},
{
"start": 673,
"end": 686,
"label": [
"6466631"
]
},
{
"start": 830,
"end": 842,
"label": [
"20407797"
]
},
{
"start": 953,
"end": 963,
"label": [
"2507317"
]
},
{
"start": 964,
"end": 986,
"label": [
"25109"
]
},
{
"start": 1170,
"end": 1174,
"label": [
"2618180"
]
},
{
"start": 1178,
"end": 1181,
"label": [
"1324017"
]
},
{
"start": 1239,
"end": 1243,
"label": [
"8665280"
]
},
{
"start": 1350,
"end": 1359,
"label": [
"18564981"
]
},
{
"start": 1394,
"end": 1415,
"label": [
"58829"
]
},
{
"start": 1709,
"end": 1715,
"label": [
"294894"
]
},
{
"start": 1845,
"end": 1867,
"label": [
"15692921"
]
},
{
"start": 2011,
"end": 2018,
"label": [
"42439527"
]
},
{
"start": 2163,
"end": 2193,
"label": [
"2240586"
]
},
{
"start": 2389,
"end": 2397,
"label": [
"586015"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2174_Honours
|
Arsenal's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890. The , won by Royal Arsenal's reserves, was the club's first trophy, while the first team's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup. Their first national senior honour came in 1930, when they won the FA Cup. The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles. Arsenal won their first league and cup in the 1970–71 season and twice repeated the feat, in 1997–98 and 2001–02, as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992–93. Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup, or of the FA Cup and League Cup. The 2003–04 season was the only 38-match league season unbeaten in English football history. A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season. As of 6 August 2017. * First Division (until 1992) and Premier League :Winners (13): 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 * League Cup :Winners (2): 1986–87, 1992–93 * League Centenary Trophy :Winners (1) (record): 1988 * FA Cup :Winners (13) (record): 1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17 * FA Community Shield (FA Charity Shield before 2002) :Winners (15): 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991 (shared), 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (European Cup Winners' Cup before 1994) :Winners (1): 1993–94 * Inter-Cities Fairs Cup :Winners (1): 1969–70 When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal, the other football association competitions were County Cups, and they made up many of the matches the club played during a season. Arsenal's first first-team trophy was a County Cup, the inaugural Kent Senior Cup. Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this. Due to the club's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations, Arsenal competed in and won trophies organized by each. During Arsenal's history, the club has participated in and won a variety of pre-season and friendly honours. These include Arsenal's own pre-season competition the Emirates Cup, begun in 2007. During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions. During WWII, Arsenal won several of these.
|
[
{
"start": 215,
"end": 230,
"label": [
"10948275"
]
},
{
"start": 299,
"end": 305,
"label": [
"11237"
]
},
{
"start": 386,
"end": 416,
"label": [
"28789929"
]
},
{
"start": 471,
"end": 485,
"label": [
"4081008"
]
},
{
"start": 518,
"end": 525,
"label": [
"4086290"
]
},
{
"start": 530,
"end": 537,
"label": [
"593038"
]
},
{
"start": 589,
"end": 599,
"label": [
"144982"
]
},
{
"start": 603,
"end": 610,
"label": [
"3395801"
]
},
{
"start": 660,
"end": 666,
"label": [
"88184"
]
},
{
"start": 730,
"end": 737,
"label": [
"18424300"
]
},
{
"start": 781,
"end": 789,
"label": [
"5919871"
]
},
{
"start": 959,
"end": 973,
"label": [
"28789929"
]
},
{
"start": 991,
"end": 1005,
"label": [
"11250"
]
},
{
"start": 1021,
"end": 1028,
"label": [
"5707987"
]
},
{
"start": 1030,
"end": 1037,
"label": [
"5708007"
]
},
{
"start": 1039,
"end": 1046,
"label": [
"5708021"
]
},
{
"start": 1048,
"end": 1055,
"label": [
"5708031"
]
},
{
"start": 1057,
"end": 1064,
"label": [
"5708073"
]
},
{
"start": 1066,
"end": 1073,
"label": [
"5708170"
]
},
{
"start": 1075,
"end": 1082,
"label": [
"5708262"
]
},
{
"start": 1084,
"end": 1091,
"label": [
"4081008"
]
},
{
"start": 1093,
"end": 1100,
"label": [
"4039690"
]
},
{
"start": 1102,
"end": 1109,
"label": [
"4040094"
]
},
{
"start": 1111,
"end": 1118,
"label": [
"1269458"
]
},
{
"start": 1120,
"end": 1127,
"label": [
"226920"
]
},
{
"start": 1129,
"end": 1136,
"label": [
"231674"
]
},
{
"start": 1139,
"end": 1149,
"label": [
"144982"
]
},
{
"start": 1164,
"end": 1171,
"label": [
"12910219"
]
},
{
"start": 1173,
"end": 1180,
"label": [
"7902567"
]
},
{
"start": 1183,
"end": 1206,
"label": [
"16040163"
]
},
{
"start": 1230,
"end": 1234,
"label": [
"16040163"
]
},
{
"start": 1237,
"end": 1243,
"label": [
"11237"
]
},
{
"start": 1268,
"end": 1275,
"label": [
"9165769"
]
},
{
"start": 1277,
"end": 1284,
"label": [
"9165866"
]
},
{
"start": 1286,
"end": 1293,
"label": [
"9166139"
]
},
{
"start": 1295,
"end": 1302,
"label": [
"9173819"
]
},
{
"start": 1304,
"end": 1311,
"label": [
"9184586"
]
},
{
"start": 1313,
"end": 1320,
"label": [
"9184778"
]
},
{
"start": 1322,
"end": 1329,
"label": [
"9184786"
]
},
{
"start": 1331,
"end": 1338,
"label": [
"9184801"
]
},
{
"start": 1340,
"end": 1347,
"label": [
"6814785"
]
},
{
"start": 1349,
"end": 1356,
"label": [
"5798230"
]
},
{
"start": 1358,
"end": 1365,
"label": [
"41222238"
]
},
{
"start": 1367,
"end": 1374,
"label": [
"44064184"
]
},
{
"start": 1376,
"end": 1383,
"label": [
"53844268"
]
},
{
"start": 1386,
"end": 1405,
"label": [
"291075"
]
},
{
"start": 1453,
"end": 1457,
"label": [
"49897130"
]
},
{
"start": 1459,
"end": 1463,
"label": [
"23793086"
]
},
{
"start": 1465,
"end": 1469,
"label": [
"49899132"
]
},
{
"start": 1471,
"end": 1475,
"label": [
"40936563"
]
},
{
"start": 1477,
"end": 1481,
"label": [
"49670695"
]
},
{
"start": 1483,
"end": 1487,
"label": [
"20693731"
]
},
{
"start": 1489,
"end": 1493,
"label": [
"42921231"
]
},
{
"start": 1495,
"end": 1499,
"label": [
"32050054"
]
},
{
"start": 1510,
"end": 1514,
"label": [
"19360678"
]
},
{
"start": 1516,
"end": 1520,
"label": [
"18811879"
]
},
{
"start": 1522,
"end": 1526,
"label": [
"19864980"
]
},
{
"start": 1528,
"end": 1532,
"label": [
"15402146"
]
},
{
"start": 1534,
"end": 1538,
"label": [
"42726913"
]
},
{
"start": 1540,
"end": 1544,
"label": [
"46849825"
]
},
{
"start": 1546,
"end": 1550,
"label": [
"54228142"
]
},
{
"start": 1553,
"end": 1574,
"label": [
"88178"
]
},
{
"start": 1629,
"end": 1636,
"label": [
"14173480"
]
},
{
"start": 1639,
"end": 1661,
"label": [
"1114528"
]
},
{
"start": 1676,
"end": 1683,
"label": [
"20891022"
]
},
{
"start": 1722,
"end": 1742,
"label": [
"2493729"
]
},
{
"start": 1826,
"end": 1837,
"label": [
"584860"
]
},
{
"start": 1975,
"end": 1990,
"label": [
"10948275"
]
},
{
"start": 2026,
"end": 2037,
"label": [
"7320554"
]
},
{
"start": 2210,
"end": 2214,
"label": [
"7987625"
]
},
{
"start": 2458,
"end": 2470,
"label": [
"10965699"
]
},
{
"start": 2605,
"end": 2616,
"label": [
"22165581"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2194_Births
|
*1170 – Isabella of Hainault (d. 1190) *1219 – Wonjong of Goryeo, 24th ruler of Goryeo (d. 1274) *1279 – Al-Nuwayri, Egyptian Muslim historian (d. 1333) *1288 – Emperor Go-Fushimi of Japan (d. 1336) *1315 – James III of Majorca (d. 1349) *1365 – William II, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1417) *1472 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Italian wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1510) *1498 – Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Italian condottiero (d. 1526) *1508 – Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1559) *1514 – Joachim Mörlin, German bishop (d. 1571) *1521 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570) *1523 – Blaise de Vigenère, French cryptographer and diplomat (d. 1596) *1533 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic Cardinal (d. 1578) *1539 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603) *1549 – Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, (d. 1597) *1568 – Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644) *1588 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679) *1591 – Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (d. 1634) *1595 – John Wilson, English composer and educator (d. 1674) *1604 – Charles IV (d. 1675) *1616 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1661) *1622 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (d. 1703) *1649 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (d. 1721) *1656 – Nikita Demidov, Russian industrialist (d. 1725) *1664 – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman and Princess of Epinoy (d. 1748) *1674 – Margravine Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg, (d. 1748) *1691 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768) *1692 – Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress (d. 1730) *1719 – Axel von Fersen the Elder, Swedish field marshal and politician, Lord Marshal of Sweden (d. 1794) *1726 – Benjamin Harrison V, American politician, planter and merchant (d. 1791) *1727 – Pasquale Anfossi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1797) *1729 – Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1809) *1730 – Jean Baptiste Seroux d'Agincourt, French archaeologist and historian (d. 1814) *1732 – Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter and etcher (d. 1806) *1735 – Franziskus Herzan von Harras, Czech Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1804) *1739 – Philemon Dickinson, American lawyer and politician (d. 1809) *1752 – Sébastien Érard, French instrument maker (d. 1831) *1761 – Sybil Ludington, American heroine of the American Revolutionary War (d. 1839) *1769 – Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, English admiral (d. 1839) *1773 – Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (d. 1839) *1777 – Marie Jules César Savigny, French zoologist (d. 1851) *1782 – Wincenty Krasiński, Polish nobleman (d. 1858) *1784 – Louis Spohr, German violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1859) *1788 – Franz Pforr, German painter (d. 1812) *1793 – Casimir Delavigne, French poet and dramatist (d. 1843) * 1793 – Felix de Muelenaere, Belgian politician (d. 1862) *1795 – Henry Havelock, British general (d. 1857) *1799 – Jacques Denys Choisy, Swiss clergyman and botanist (d. 1859) *1801 – Félix Dujardin, French biologist (d. 1860) * 1801 – Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher, publicist and politician (d. 1852) *1804 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist (d. 1881) *1809 – Karl Felix Halm, German scholar and critic (d. 1882) *1810 – Sir Henry Rawlinson, British East India Company army officer and politician (d. 1895) *1811 – Jules Dupré, French painter (d. 1889) *1814 – Felix Lichnowsky, Czech soldier and politician (d. 1848) *1822 – Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye, Belgian economist (d. 1892) *1827 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon and academic (d. 1912) *1832 – Jules Ferry, French lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of France (d. 1893) *1834 – Prentice Mulford, American humorist and author (d. 1891) * 1834 – Wilhelm Olbers Focke, German medical doctor and botanist (d. 1922) * 1834 – Frank R. Stockton, American writer and humorist (d. 1902) *1835 – Vítězslav Hálek, Czech poet, writer, journalist, dramatist and theatre critic. (d. 1874) *1837 – Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic (d. 1909) *1839 – Robert Smalls, African-American ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician (d. 1915) *1840 – Ghazaros Aghayan, Armenian historian and linguist (d. 1911) *1842 – Hans Hildebrand, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1913) *1845 – Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, German anatomist and histopathologist (d. 1919) * 1845 – Jules Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1935) *1846 – Sigmund Exner, Austrian physiologist (d. 1926) * 1846 – Henry Wellesley, British peer and politician (d. 1900) *1848 – Thure de Thulstrup, American illustrator (d. 1930) * 1848 – Ulrich Wille, Swiss army general (d. 1925) *1850 – Enrico Mazzanti, Italian engineer and cartoonist (d. 1910) *1852 – Émile Billard, French sailor (d. 1930) * 1852 – Walter W. Winans, American marksman and sculptor (d. 1920) * 1852 – Franz Eckert, German composer and musician (d. 1916) *1856 – Booker T. Washington, African-American educator, essayist and historian (d. 1915) *1857 – Alexander of Battenberg (d. 1893) *1858 – Washington Atlee Burpee, Canadian businessman, founded Burpee Seeds (d. 1915) *1859 – Reinhold Seeberg, German theologian (d. 1935) *1860 – Harry S. Barlow, British tennis player (d. 1917) *1862 – Louis Ganne, French conductor (d. 1923) * 1862 – Leo Stern, English cellist (d. 1904) *1863 – Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (d. 1950) *1867 – Ernest Lewis, British tennis player (d. 1930) *1869 – Sergey Chaplygin, Russian physicist, mathematician, and engineer (d. 1942) * 1869 – Albert Roussel, French composer (d. 1937) *1870 – Motobu Chōki, Japanese karateka (d. 1944) *1871 – Stanisław Grabski, Polish economist and politician (d. 1949) *1872 – Samuel Cate Prescott, American microbiologist and chemist (d. 1962) *1873 – Joseph Rheden, Austrian astronomer (d. 1946) *1874 – Emmanuel Célestin Suhard, French Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 1949) * 1874 – Manuel María Ponce Brousset, President of Peru (d. 1966) *1878 – Albert Champion, French cyclist (d. 1927) * 1878 – Georg Misch, German philosopher (d. 1965) * 1878 – Paul Weinstein, German high jumper (d. 1964) *1879 – Arthur Berriedale Keith, Scottish lawyer (d. 1944) * 1879 – Nikolaus zu Dohna-Schlodien, German naval officer and author (d. 1956) *1880 – Eric Carlberg, Swedish Army officer, diplomat, shooter, fencer and modern pentathlete (d. 1963) * 1880 – Vilhelm Carlberg, Swedish Army officer and shooter (d. 1970) *1882 – Song Jiaoren, Chinese revolutionary (d. 1913) * 1882 – Natalia Sedova, 2nd wife of Leon Trotsky (d. 1962) *1883 – Walter Huston, Canadian-American actor and singer (d. 1950) *1884 – Ion Inculeț, Bessarabian academic and politician, President of Moldova (d. 1940) *1885 – Dimitrie Cuclin, Romanian composer (d. 1978) *1886 – Gotthelf Bergsträsser, German linguist (d. 1933) * 1886 – Frederick Lindemann, British physicist (d. 1957) * 1886 – Gustavo Jiménez, Peruvian colonel and politician, 73rd President of Peru (d. 1933) *1887 – William Cowhig, British gymnast (d. 1964) *1889 – Vicente Ferreira Pastinha, Brazilian martial artist (d. 1981) *1890 – Karl Kirk, Danish gymnast (d. 1955) * 1890 – William Moore, British track and field athlete (d. 1956) *1891 – Arnold Jackson, English runner, soldier, and lawyer (d. 1972) * 1891 – Laura Vicuña, Chilean nun (d. 1904) *1892 – Raymond Bonney, American ice hockey player (d. 1964) *1893 – Frithjof Andersen, Norwegian wrestler (d. 1975) * 1893 – Clas Thunberg, Finnish speed skater (d. 1973) *1894 – Lawrence Dale Bell, American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation (d. 1956) * 1894 – Hans Hüttig, German SS officer (d. 1980) * 1894 – Carl Rudolf Florin, Swedish botanist (d. 1965) *1895 – Mike O'Dowd, American boxer (d. 1957) *1896 – Einar Lundborg, Swedish aviator (d. 1931) *1897 – Hans Schuberth, German politician (d. 1976) *1899 – Alfred Blalock, American surgeon and academic (d. 1964) *1900 – Herbert Bayer, Austrian-American graphic designer, painter, and photographer (d. 1985) * 1900 – Roman Steinberg, Estonian wrestler (d. 1928) * 1900 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967) *1901 – Curt Bois, German actor (d. 1991) * 1901 – Chester Bowles, American diplomat and ambassador (d. 1986) * 1901 – Melvyn Douglas, American actor (d. 1981) * 1901 – Doggie Julian, American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach (d. 1967) *1902 – Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Russian-American rabbi (d. 1994) *1903 – Marion Aye, American actress (d. 1951) *1904 – Richard Eberhart, American poet and academic (d. 2005) *1906 – Albert Charles Smith, American botanist (d. 1999) * 1906 – Fernando Germani, Italian organist (d. 1998) * 1906 – Ted Morgan, New Zealand boxer (d. 1952) *1907 – Sanya Dharmasakti, Thai jurist (d. 2002) *1908 – Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989) * 1908 – Kurt Neumann, German director (d. 1958) * 1908 – Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician, 4th Deputy Prime Minister of India (d. 1986) * 1908 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor and manager (d. 1989) *1909 – Albert R. Broccoli, American film producer, co-founded Eon Productions (d. 1996) * 1909 – Giacomo Gentilomo, Italian film director and painter (d. 2001) * 1909 – Károly Sós, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1991) * 1909 – Erwin Wegner, German hurdler (d. 1945) *1910 – Sven Andersson, Swedish politician (d. 1987) * 1910 – Oronzo Pugliese, Italian football manager (d. 1990) *1911 – Hedi Amara Nouira, Tunisian politician (d. 1993) * 1911 – Johnny Revolta, American golfer (d. 1991) *1912 – Jehan Buhan, French fencer (d. 1999) * 1912 – Habib Elghanian, Iranian businessman (d. 1979) * 1912 – Antonio Ferri, Italian scientist (d. 1975) * 1912 – Carlos Guastavino, Argentine composer (d. 2000) * 1912 – Makar Honcharenko, Ukrainian footballer and manager (d. 1997) * 1912 – John Le Mesurier, English actor (d. 1983) * 1912 – István Örkény, Hungarian author and playwright (d. 1979) * 1912 – Bill Roberts, English sprinter and soldier (d. 2001) *1913 – Antoni Clavé, Catalan artist (d. 2005) * 1913 – Nicolas Grunitzky, 2nd President of Togo (d. 1969) * 1913 – Ruth Smith, Faroese artist (d. 1958) *1914 – Felice Borel, Italian footballer (d. 1993) *1916 – Gregory Peck, American actor, political activist, and producer (d. 2003) *1917 – Robert Bloch, American author (d. 1994) * 1917 – Frans Gommers, Belgian footballer (d. 1996) *1919 – Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 2018) *1920 – Barend Biesheuvel, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2001) * 1920 – Arthur Hailey, English-Canadian soldier and author (d. 2004) * 1920 – Alfonso Thiele, Turkish-Italian race car driver (d. 1986) * 1920 – John Willem Gran, Swedish bishop (d. 2008) *1921 – Christopher Hewett, English actor and theatre director (d. 2001) *1922 – Tom Finney, English footballer (d. 2014) * 1922 – Harry Freedman, Polish-Canadian horn player, composer, and educator (d. 2005) * 1922 – Andy Linden, American race car driver (d. 1987) * 1922 – Gale Storm, American actress and singer (d. 2009) *1923 – Ernest Mandel, German-born Belgian Marxist economist, Trotskyist activist and theorist (d. 1995) * 1923 – Michael V. Gazzo, American actor (d. 1995) * 1923 – Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, Vietnamese general and politician, 5th President of South Vietnam (d. 2001) *1924 – Igor Borisov, Soviet rower (d. before 2005) *1925 – Janet Rowley, American human geneticist (d. 2013) * 1925 – Pierre Nihant, Belgian cyclist (d. 1993) *1926 – Roger Corman, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter * 1926 – Liang Yusheng, Chinese writer (d. 2009) *1927 – Thanin Kraivichien, Thai lawyer and politician * 1927 – Arne Hoel, Norwegian ski jumper (d. 2006) *1928 – Enzo Cannavale, Italian actor (d. 2011) * 1928 – Tony Williams, American singer (d. 1992) *1929 – Hugo Claus, Belgian author, poet, and painter (d. 2008) * 1929 – Ivar Giaever, Norwegian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate * 1929 – Nigel Hawthorne, English actor and producer (d. 2001) * 1929 – Joe Meek, English songwriter and producer (d. 1967) * 1929 – Mahmoud Mollaghasemi, Iranian wrestler *1930 – Mary Costa, American singer and actress * 1930 – Pierre Lhomme, French director of photography *1931 – Jack Clement, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013) * 1931 – Héctor Olivera, Argentine director, producer and screenwriter *1933 – Feridun Buğeker, Turkish footballer (d. 2014) * 1933 – Frank Gorshin, American actor (d. 2005) * 1933 – Barbara Holland, American author (d. 2010) * 1933 – K. Kailasapathy, Sri Lankan journalist and academic (d. 1982) *1934 – John Carey, English author and critic * 1934 – Roman Herzog, German lawyer and politician, 7th President of Germany (d. 2017) * 1934 – Moise Safra, Brazilian businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Banco Safra (d. 2014) * 1934 – Stanley Turrentine, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2000) *1935 – Giovanni Cianfriglia, Italian actor * 1935 – Peter Grant, English talent manager (d. 1995) * 1935 – Donald Lynden-Bell, English astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 2018) * 1935 – Frank Schepke, German rower (d. 2017) *1936 – Ronnie Bucknum, American race car driver (d. 1992) * 1936 – Glenn Jordan, American director and producer * 1936 – Dragoljub Minić, Yugoslavian chess Grandmaster (d. 2005) *1937 – Joseph Lelyveld, American journalist and author * 1937 – Jean-Pierre Petit, French scientist * 1937 – Colin Powell, American general and politician, 65th United States Secretary of State * 1937 – Andrzej Schinzel, Polish mathematician * 1937 – Arie Selinger, Israeli volleyball player and manager * 1937 – Juan Vicente Lezcano, Paraguayan footballer (d. 2012) *1938 – Colin Bland, Zimbabwean-South African cricketer (d. 2018) * 1938 – Mal Colston, Australian educator and politician (d. 2003) * 1938 – Nancy Holt, American sculptor and painter (d. 2014) * 1938 – Natalya Kustinskaya, Soviet actress (d. 2012) *1939 – Leka I, Crown Prince of Albania (d. 2011) * 1939 – Crispian St. Peters, English singer-songwriter (d. 2010) * 1939 – Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Prime Minister of Yemen * 1939 – Ronald White, American singer-songwriter (d. 1995) * 1939 – David Winters, English-American actor, choreographer and producer (d. 2019) *1940 – Tommy Cash, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1940 – Gilles Proulx, Canadian journalist, historian, and radio host *1941 – Michael Moriarty, American-Canadian actor * 1941 – Dave Swarbrick, English singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2016) *1942 – Allan Clarke, English singer-songwriter * 1942 – Pascal Couchepin, Swiss politician * 1942 – Juan Gisbert Sr., Spanish tennis player * 1942 – Peter Greenaway, Welsh director and screenwriter *1943 – Dean Brown, Australian politician, 41st Premier of South Australia * 1943 – Max Gail, American actor and director * 1943 – Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer * 1943 – Miet Smet, Belgian politician * 1943 – Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018) *1944 – Willeke van Ammelrooy, Dutch actress and director * 1944 – János Martonyi, Hungarian politician * 1944 – Evan Parker, British musician * 1944 – Douangchay Phichit, Laotian politician (d. 2014) * 1944 – Willy Planckaert, Belgian cyclist * 1944 – Pedro Rosselló, Puerto Rican physician and politician, 7th Governor of Puerto Rico * 1944 – Peter T. King, American soldier, lawyer, and politician *1945 – Ove Bengtson, Swedish tennis player * 1945 – Steve Carver, American director and producer * 1945 – Cem Karaca, Turkish musician (d. 2004) * 1945 – Tommy Smith, English footballer (d. 2019) *1946 – Jane Asher, English actress * 1946 – Julio Ángel Fernández, Uruguayan astronomer * 1946 – Björn Granath, Swedish actor (d. 2017) * 1946 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian Greco-Roman wrestler *1947 – Đurđica Bjedov, Yugoslav swimmer * 1947 – Willy Chirino, Cuban-American musician * 1947 – Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Filipino academic and politician, 14th President of the Philippines * 1947 – Ramón Mifflin, Peruvian footballer * 1947 – Virendra Sharma, Indian-English lawyer and politician *1948 – Pierre-Albert Chapuisat, Swiss footballer * 1948 – Dave Holland, English drummer (d. 2018) * 1948 – Roy McFarland, English footballer and manager *1949 – Stanley Dziedzic, American wrestler * 1949 – Larry Franco, American film producer * 1949 – Judith Resnik, Ukrainian-American engineer and astronaut (d. 1986) *1950 – Ann C. Crispin, American writer (d. 2013) * 1950 – Franklin Chang Díaz, Costa Rican-Chinese American astronaut and physicist * 1950 – Agnetha Fältskog, Swedish singer-songwriter and producer * 1950 – Toshiko Fujita, Japanese actress, singer and narrator (d. 2018) * 1950 – Miki Manojlović, Serbian actor *1951 – Les Binks, Irish drummer and songwriter * 1951 – Yevgeniy Gavrilenko, Belarusian hurdler * 1951 – Nedim Gürsel, Turkish writer * 1951 – Dean Kamen, American inventor and businessman, founded Segway Inc. * 1951 – Dave McArtney, New Zealand singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013) * 1951 – Ubol Ratana, Thai Princess *1952 – John C. Dvorak, American author, editor and co-host of No Agenda podcast * 1952 – Sandy Mayer, American tennis player * 1952 – Dennis Mortimer, English footballer * 1952 – Mitch Pileggi, American actor *1953 – Frank Gaffney, American journalist and radio host * 1953 – Keiko Han, Japanese actress * 1953 – Tae Jin-ah, South Korean singer * 1953 – Raleb Majadele, Israeli politician * 1953 – Ian Swales, English accountant and politician *1954 – Guy Bertrand, Canadian linguist and radio host * 1954 – Peter Case, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1954 – Mohamed Ben Mouza, Tunisian footballer * 1954 – Stan Ridgway, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1954 – Yoshiichi Watanabe, Japanese footballer *1955 – Charlotte de Turckheim, French actress, producer, and screenwriter * 1955 – Ricardo Ferrero, Argentine footballer (d. 2015) * 1955 – Christian Gourcuff, French footballer and manager * 1955 – Anthony Horowitz, English author and screenwriter * 1955 – Bernard Longley, English prelate * 1955 – Akira Toriyama, Japanese illustrator * 1955 – Takayoshi Yamano, Japanese footballer *1956 – Diamond Dallas Page, American wrestler and actor * 1956 – Leonid Fedun, Russian businessman * 1956 – Reid Ribble, American politician *1957 – Sebastian Adayanthrath, Indian bishop * 1957 – Karin Roßley, German hurdler *1958 – Henrik Dettmann, Finnish basketball coach * 1958 – Ryoichi Kawakatsu, Japanese footballer * 1958 – Johan Kriek, South African-American tennis player * 1958 – Daniel Schneidermann, French journalist * 1958 – Lasantha Wickrematunge, Sri Lankan lawyer and journalist (d. 2009) *1959 – Paul Chung, Hong Kong actor and host (d. 1989) *1960 – Asteris Koutoulas, Romanian-German record producer, manager, and author * 1960 – Larry McCray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1960 – Ian Redford, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2014) * 1960 – Hiromi Taniguchi, Japanese long-distance runner * 1960 – Adnan Terzić, Bosnian politician *1961 – Andrea Arnold, English filmmaker and actress * 1961 – Anna Caterina Antonacci, Italian soprano * 1961 – Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, Bahraini-Danish human rights activist * 1961 – Lisa Zane, American actress and singer *1962 – Lana Clarkson, American actress and model (d. 2003) * 1962 – Sara Danius, Swedish scholar of literature and aesthetics * 1962 – Richard Gough, Scottish footballer * 1962 – Arild Monsen, Norwegian cross-country skier * 1962 – Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Russian businessman and politician, 1st President of Kalmykia *1963 – Arthur Adams, American comic book artist and writer *1964 – Neil Eckersley, British judoka * 1964 – Vakhtang Iagorashvili, Soviet modern pentathlete * 1964 – Levon Julfalakyan, Soviet Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler * 1964 – Marius Lăcătuș, Romanian footballer and coach *1965 – Aykut Kocaman, Turkish footballer and manager * 1965 – Lang Tzu-yun, Taiwanese actress * 1965 – Elizabeth McIntyre, American freestyle skier * 1965 – Svetlana Paramygina, Belarusian biathlete *1966 – Yoon Hyun, South Korean judoka * 1966 – Mike McCready, American guitarist and songwriter *1967 – Troy Gentry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) * 1967 – Franck Silvestre, French footballer * 1967 – Erland Johnsen, Norwegian footballer * 1967 – Laima Zilporytė, Soviet cyclist *1968 – Paula Cole, American singer-songwriter and pianist *1969 – Dinos Angelidis, Greek basketball player * 1969 – Viatcheslav Djavanian, Russian cyclist * 1969 – Pontus Kåmark, Swedish footballer * 1969 – Pavlo Khnykin, Ukrainian swimmer * 1969 – Tomislav Piplica, Bosnian footballer and manager * 1969 – Ravindra Prabhat, Indian writer and journalist *1970 – Soheil Ayari, French race car driver * 1970 – Valérie Bonneton, French actress * 1970 – Diamond D, American hip hop producer * 1970 – Petar Genov, Bulgarian chess grandmaster * 1970 – Thea Gill, Canadian actress * 1970 – Miho Hatori, Japanese singer-songwriter * 1970 – Irina Timofeyeva, Russian long-distance runner *1971 – Dong Abay, Filipino singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1971 – Austin Berry, Costa Rican footballer * 1971 – Simona Cavallari, Italian actress * 1971 – Victoria Hamilton, English actress * 1971 – Nelson Parraguez, Chilean footballer * 1971 – Kim Soo-nyung, South Korean archer *1972 – Krista Allen, American actress * 1972 – Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-Canadian theoretical physicist * 1972 – Tom Coronel, Dutch race car driver * 1972 – Paul Okon, Australian footballer and manager * 1972 – Yasuhiro Takemoto, Japanese animator and director (d. 2019) * 1972 – Junko Takeuchi, Japanese actress *1973 – Élodie Bouchez, French-American actress * 1973 – Brendan Cannon, Australian rugby player * 1973 – Lidia Trettel, Italian snowboarder * 1973 – Pharrell Williams, American singer-songwriter, rapper, producer, and fashion designer *1974 – Sandra Bagarić, Croatian opera singer and actress * 1974 – Julien Boutter, French tennis player * 1974 – Katja Holanti, Finnish biathlete * 1974 – Oleg Khodkov, Russian handball player * 1974 – Ariel López, Argentine footballer * 1974 – Lukas Ridgeston, Slovak actor and director * 1974 – Vyacheslav Voronin, Russian high jumper *1975 – Sarah Baldock, English organist and conductor * 1975 – John Hartson, Welsh footballer and coach * 1975 – Juicy J, American rapper and producer * 1975 – Serhiy Klymentiev, Ukrainian ice hockey player * 1975 – Caitlin Moran, English journalist, author, and critic * 1975 – Marcos Vales, Spanish footballer * 1975 – Shammond Williams, American basketball player and coach *1976 – Luis de Agustini, Uruguayan footballer * 1976 – Péter Biros, Hungarian water polo player * 1976 – Sterling K. Brown, American actor * 1976 – Aleksei Budõlin, Estonian judoka * 1976 – Simone Inzaghi, Italian footballer * 1976 – Fernando Morientes, Spanish footballer and coach * 1976 – Natascha Ragosina, Russian boxer * 1976 – Henrik Stenson, Swedish golfer * 1976 – Valeria Straneo, Italian long-distance runner * 1976 – Indrek Tobreluts, Estonian biathlete * 1976 – Anouska van der Zee, Dutch cyclist *1977 – Jonathan Erlich, Israeli tennis player * 1977 – Trevor Letowski, Canadian ice hockey player and coach * 1977 – Daniel Majstorović, Swedish footballer *1978 – Dwain Chambers, British track sprinter * 1978 – Marcone Amaral Costa, Qatari footballer * 1978 – Tarek El-Said, Egyptian footballer * 1978 – Jairo Patiño, Colombian footballer * 1978 – Sohyang, South Korean singer * 1978 – Stephen Jackson, American basketball player * 1978 – Arnaud Tournant, French cyclist * 1978 – Franziska van Almsick, German swimmer * 1978 – Günther Weidlinger, Austrian long-distance runner *1979 – Vlada Avramov, Serbian footballer * 1979 – Josh Boone, American screenwriter and director * 1979 – Song Dae-nam, South Korean judoka * 1979 – Timo Hildebrand, German footballer * 1979 – Imany, French singer * 1979 – Barel Mouko, Congolese footballer * 1979 – Cesare Natali, Italian footballer * 1979 – Mitsuo Ogasawara, Japanese footballer * 1979 – Alexander Resch, German luger * 1979 – Andrius Velička, Lithuanian footballer * 1979 – Dante Wesley, American football player * 1979 – Chen Yanqing, Chinese weightlifter *1980 – Matt Bonner, American basketball player * 1980 – Alberta Brianti, Italian tennis player * 1980 – Rafael Cavalcante, Brazilian mixed martial artist * 1980 – David Chocarro, Argentinian baseball player and actor * 1980 – Mike Glumac, Canadian ice hockey player * 1980 – Mario Kasun, Croatian basketball player * 1980 – Lee Jae-won, South Korean DJ and singer * 1980 – Joris Mathijsen, Dutch footballer * 1980 – Rasmus Quist Hansen, Danish rower * 1980 – Odlanier Solís, Cuban boxer *1981 – Matthew Emmons, American rifle shooter * 1981 – Michael A. Monsoor, American sailor, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2006) * 1981 – Mariqueen Maandig, Filipino-American musician and singer-songwriter * 1981 – Daba Modibo Keïta, Malian taekwondo athlete * 1981 – Marissa Nadler, American musician * 1981 – Tom Riley, English actor and producer * 1981 – Mompati Thuma, Botswana footballer * 1981 – Pieter Weening, Dutch cyclist *1982 – Hayley Atwell, English-American actress * 1982 – Matheus Coradini Vivian, Brazilian footballer * 1982 – Thomas Hitzlsperger, German footballer * 1982 – Kelly Pavlik, American boxer * 1982 – Matt Pickens, American soccer player * 1982 – Alexandre Prémat, French race car driver * 1982 – Danylo Sapunov, Ukrainian-Kazakhstani triathlete * 1982 – Hubert Schwab, Swiss cyclist * 1982 – Marcel Seip, Dutch former footballer *1983 – Jaime Castrillón, Colombian footballer * 1983 – Jorge Andrés Martínez, Uruguayan footballer * 1983 – Brock Radunske, Canadian-South Korean ice hockey player * 1983 – Yohann Sangaré, French basketball player * 1983 – Cécile Storti, French cross-country skier * 1983 – Shikha Uberoi, Indian-American tennis player *1984 – Marshall Allman, American actor * 1984 – Aram Mp3, Armenian singer and comedian * 1984 – Rune Brattsveen, Norwegian biathlete * 1984 – Alexei Glukhov, Russian ice hockey player * 1984 – Maartje Goderie, Dutch field hockey player * 1984 – Darija Jurak, Croatian tennis player * 1984 – Dejan Kelhar, Slovenian footballer * 1984 – Dmitry Kozonchuk, Russian cyclist * 1984 – Shin Min-a, South Korean actress * 1984 – Jess Sum, Hong Kong actress * 1984 – Peter Penz, Austrian luger * 1984 – Samuele Preisig, Swiss footballer * 1984 – Cristian Săpunaru, Romanian footballer * 1984 – Fabio Vitaioli, San Marinese footballer * 1984 – Kisho Yano, Japanese footballer * 1984 – Saba Qamar, Pakistani actress-model *1985 – Daniel Congré, French footballer * 1985 – Erwin l'Ami, Dutch chess player * 1985 – Jolanda Keizer, Dutch heptathlete * 1985 – Sergey Khachatryan, Armenian violinist * 1985 – Linas Pilibaitis, Lithuanian footballer * 1985 – Jan Smeets, Dutch chess grandmaster * 1985 – Kristof Vandewalle, Belgian cyclist *1986 – Anna Sophia Berglund, American model and actress * 1986 – Anzor Boltukayev, Chechen wrestler * 1986 – Diego Chará, Colombian footballer * 1986 – Charlotte Flair, American wrestler, author and actress * 1986 – Róbert Kasza, Hungarian Modern pentathlete * 1986 – Eetu Muinonen, Finnish footballer * 1986 – Manuel Ruz, Spanish footballer * 1986 – Albert Selimov, Azerbaijani boxer *1987 – Max Grün, German footballer * 1987 – Balázs Hárai, Hungarian water polo player * 1987 – Anton Kokorin, Russian sprint athlete * 1987 – Fyodor Kudryashov, Russian footballer * 1987 – Etiënne Reijnen, Dutch footballer *1988 – Gerson Acevedo, Chilean footballer * 1988 – Teresa Almeida, Angolan handball player * 1988 – Quade Cooper, New Zealand rugby player and boxer * 1988 – Jonathan Davies, Welsh rugby union player * 1988 – Gevorg Ghazaryan, Armenian footballer * 1988 – Alisha Glass, American ex-indoor volleyball player * 1988 – Vurğun Hüseynov, Azerbaijani footballer * 1988 – Matthias Jaissle, German footballer and manager * 1988 – Jon Kwang-ik, North Korean footballer * 1988 – Christopher Papamichalopoulos, Cypriot skier * 1988 – Zack Smith, Canadian ice hockey player * 1988 – Pape Sy, French basketball player * 1988 – Alexey Volkov, Russian biathlete *1989 – Kader Amadou, Nigerien footballer * 1989 – Yémi Apithy, Beninese fencer * 1989 – Liemarvin Bonevacia, Dutch sprinter * 1989 – Freddie Fox, English actor * 1989 – Emre Güral, Turkish footballer * 1989 – Justin Holiday, American basketball player * 1989 – Rachel Homan, Canadian curler * 1989 – Lily James, English actress * 1989 – Trevor Marsicano, American speed skater * 1989 – Jonathan Rossini, Swiss footballer * 1989 – Kiki Sukezane, Japanese actress * 1989 – Sosuke Takatani, Japanese wrestler *1990 – Alex Cuthbert, Welsh rugby player * 1990 – Amer Said Al-Shatri, Omani footballer * 1990 – Fredy Hinestroza, Colombian footballer * 1990 – Chen Huijia, Chinese swimmer * 1990 – Haruma Miura, Japanese actor and singer * 1990 – Ismaeel Mohammad, Qatari footballer * 1990 – Iryna Pamialova, Belarusian canoeist * 1990 – Jakub Sedláček, Czech ice hockey player * 1990 – Sercan Yıldırım, Turkish footballer * 1990 – Género Zeefuik, Dutch footballer *1991 – Yassine Bounou, Moroccan footballer * 1991 – Nathaniel Clyne, English footballer * 1991 – Adriano Grimaldi, Italian-German footballer * 1991 – Joël Mall, Swiss footballer * 1991 – Guilherme dos Santos Torres, Brazilian footballer *1992 – Emmalyn Estrada, Canadian singer-songwriter and dancer * 1992 – Shintaro Kurumaya, Japanese footballer * 1992 – Kaveh Rezaei, Iranian footballer * 1992 – Dmytro Ryzhuk, Ukrainian footballer *1993 – Andreas Bouchalakis, Greek footballer * 1993 – Maya DiRado, American swimmer * 1993 – Laura Feiersinger, Austrian footballer * 1993 – Scottie Wilbekin, American-born naturalized Turkish basketball player *1994 – Mateusz Bieniek, Polish volleyball player * 1994 – Edem Rjaïbi, Tunisian footballer * 1994 – Richard Sánchez, Mexican footballer *1995 – Viliame Kikau, Fijian rugby league player * 1995 – Sei Muroya, Japanese footballer * 1995 – Gleb Rassadkin, Belarusian footballer * 1995 – Sebastian Starke Hedlund, Swedish footballer *1996 – Nicolas Beer, Danish race car driver * 1996 – Raouf Benguit, Algerian footballer *1997 – Borja Mayoral, Spanish footballer *2000 – Ayush Mahesh Khedekar, Indian actor *2001 – Thylane Blondeau, French model and actress
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"36459"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 34,
"label": [
"690936"
]
},
{
"start": 46,
"end": 50,
"label": [
"39994"
]
},
{
"start": 59,
"end": 76,
"label": [
"4943177"
]
},
{
"start": 92,
"end": 98,
"label": [
"188435"
]
},
{
"start": 110,
"end": 114,
"label": [
"42506"
]
},
{
"start": 123,
"end": 133,
"label": [
"15194867"
]
},
{
"start": 172,
"end": 176,
"label": [
"42513"
]
},
{
"start": 185,
"end": 203,
"label": [
"45762"
]
},
{
"start": 224,
"end": 228,
"label": [
"39959"
]
},
{
"start": 237,
"end": 257,
"label": [
"1589242"
]
},
{
"start": 269,
"end": 273,
"label": [
"36123"
]
},
{
"start": 282,
"end": 309,
"label": [
"3516988"
]
},
{
"start": 321,
"end": 325,
"label": [
"39499"
]
},
{
"start": 334,
"end": 353,
"label": [
"1384003"
]
},
{
"start": 371,
"end": 403,
"label": [
"39070"
]
},
{
"start": 415,
"end": 419,
"label": [
"35500"
]
},
{
"start": 428,
"end": 453,
"label": [
"5140988"
]
},
{
"start": 486,
"end": 490,
"label": [
"38699"
]
},
{
"start": 499,
"end": 532,
"label": [
"5274252"
]
},
{
"start": 559,
"end": 563,
"label": [
"38694"
]
},
{
"start": 572,
"end": 586,
"label": [
"28952743"
]
},
{
"start": 613,
"end": 617,
"label": [
"35225"
]
},
{
"start": 626,
"end": 645,
"label": [
"37415633"
]
},
{
"start": 676,
"end": 680,
"label": [
"36226"
]
},
{
"start": 689,
"end": 707,
"label": [
"468925"
]
},
{
"start": 754,
"end": 758,
"label": [
"38681"
]
},
{
"start": 767,
"end": 786,
"label": [
"29394268"
]
},
{
"start": 825,
"end": 829,
"label": [
"38680"
]
},
{
"start": 838,
"end": 854,
"label": [
"13140"
]
},
{
"start": 899,
"end": 903,
"label": [
"38674"
]
},
{
"start": 912,
"end": 940,
"label": [
"9857437"
]
},
{
"start": 953,
"end": 957,
"label": [
"34960"
]
},
{
"start": 966,
"end": 981,
"label": [
"24308"
]
},
{
"start": 993,
"end": 997,
"label": [
"35147"
]
},
{
"start": 1006,
"end": 1019,
"label": [
"29823"
]
},
{
"start": 1052,
"end": 1056,
"label": [
"38589"
]
},
{
"start": 1065,
"end": 1081,
"label": [
"4942457"
]
},
{
"start": 1121,
"end": 1125,
"label": [
"34890"
]
},
{
"start": 1134,
"end": 1145,
"label": [
"27497254"
]
},
{
"start": 1188,
"end": 1192,
"label": [
"35084"
]
},
{
"start": 1201,
"end": 1211,
"label": [
"655735"
]
},
{
"start": 1223,
"end": 1227,
"label": [
"35106"
]
},
{
"start": 1236,
"end": 1245,
"label": [
"10046770"
]
},
{
"start": 1288,
"end": 1292,
"label": [
"34973"
]
},
{
"start": 1301,
"end": 1317,
"label": [
"1211443"
]
},
{
"start": 1379,
"end": 1383,
"label": [
"36176"
]
},
{
"start": 1392,
"end": 1402,
"label": [
"10204"
]
},
{
"start": 1460,
"end": 1464,
"label": [
"38613"
]
},
{
"start": 1473,
"end": 1487,
"label": [
"21476202"
]
},
{
"start": 1522,
"end": 1526,
"label": [
"38622"
]
},
{
"start": 1535,
"end": 1564,
"label": [
"26710660"
]
},
{
"start": 1618,
"end": 1622,
"label": [
"38658"
]
},
{
"start": 1631,
"end": 1673,
"label": [
"29131703"
]
},
{
"start": 1686,
"end": 1690,
"label": [
"34895"
]
},
{
"start": 1699,
"end": 1709,
"label": [
"5423553"
]
},
{
"start": 1711,
"end": 1739,
"label": [
"8576896"
]
},
{
"start": 1751,
"end": 1755,
"label": [
"38648"
]
},
{
"start": 1764,
"end": 1783,
"label": [
"913926"
]
},
{
"start": 1811,
"end": 1815,
"label": [
"38631"
]
},
{
"start": 1824,
"end": 1849,
"label": [
"201910"
]
},
{
"start": 1889,
"end": 1911,
"label": [
"537079"
]
},
{
"start": 1923,
"end": 1927,
"label": [
"35855"
]
},
{
"start": 1936,
"end": 1955,
"label": [
"75610"
]
},
{
"start": 2010,
"end": 2014,
"label": [
"35854"
]
},
{
"start": 2023,
"end": 2039,
"label": [
"3782570"
]
},
{
"start": 2083,
"end": 2087,
"label": [
"35853"
]
},
{
"start": 2096,
"end": 2123,
"label": [
"35507235"
]
},
{
"start": 2163,
"end": 2167,
"label": [
"34898"
]
},
{
"start": 2176,
"end": 2208,
"label": [
"650366"
]
},
{
"start": 2256,
"end": 2260,
"label": [
"35674"
]
},
{
"start": 2269,
"end": 2290,
"label": [
"605652"
]
},
{
"start": 2329,
"end": 2333,
"label": [
"34727"
]
},
{
"start": 2342,
"end": 2370,
"label": [
"35571553"
]
},
{
"start": 2413,
"end": 2417,
"label": [
"35846"
]
},
{
"start": 2426,
"end": 2444,
"label": [
"1020158"
]
},
{
"start": 2488,
"end": 2492,
"label": [
"34869"
]
},
{
"start": 2501,
"end": 2516,
"label": [
"5887257"
]
},
{
"start": 2553,
"end": 2557,
"label": [
"35823"
]
},
{
"start": 2566,
"end": 2581,
"label": [
"1020309"
]
},
{
"start": 2645,
"end": 2649,
"label": [
"35819"
]
},
{
"start": 2658,
"end": 2687,
"label": [
"396812"
]
},
{
"start": 2716,
"end": 2720,
"label": [
"35817"
]
},
{
"start": 2729,
"end": 2768,
"label": [
"23431071"
]
},
{
"start": 2781,
"end": 2785,
"label": [
"35815"
]
},
{
"start": 2794,
"end": 2819,
"label": [
"746481"
]
},
{
"start": 2849,
"end": 2853,
"label": [
"34698"
]
},
{
"start": 2862,
"end": 2880,
"label": [
"1863135"
]
},
{
"start": 2909,
"end": 2913,
"label": [
"35802"
]
},
{
"start": 2922,
"end": 2933,
"label": [
"254135"
]
},
{
"start": 2988,
"end": 2992,
"label": [
"34627"
]
},
{
"start": 3001,
"end": 3012,
"label": [
"1978160"
]
},
{
"start": 3040,
"end": 3044,
"label": [
"35416"
]
},
{
"start": 3053,
"end": 3070,
"label": [
"508339"
]
},
{
"start": 3123,
"end": 3142,
"label": [
"10970880"
]
},
{
"start": 3174,
"end": 3178,
"label": [
"35799"
]
},
{
"start": 3187,
"end": 3201,
"label": [
"392071"
]
},
{
"start": 3230,
"end": 3234,
"label": [
"35496"
]
},
{
"start": 3243,
"end": 3263,
"label": [
"42190006"
]
},
{
"start": 3305,
"end": 3309,
"label": [
"34704"
]
},
{
"start": 3318,
"end": 3332,
"label": [
"8638440"
]
},
{
"start": 3376,
"end": 3393,
"label": [
"806343"
]
},
{
"start": 3452,
"end": 3456,
"label": [
"35073"
]
},
{
"start": 3465,
"end": 3489,
"label": [
"50678"
]
},
{
"start": 3518,
"end": 3522,
"label": [
"34705"
]
},
{
"start": 3531,
"end": 3546,
"label": [
"200495"
]
},
{
"start": 3585,
"end": 3589,
"label": [
"34947"
]
},
{
"start": 3598,
"end": 3617,
"label": [
"144078"
]
},
{
"start": 3627,
"end": 3645,
"label": [
"43281"
]
},
{
"start": 3685,
"end": 3689,
"label": [
"35627"
]
},
{
"start": 3698,
"end": 3709,
"label": [
"838652"
]
},
{
"start": 3737,
"end": 3741,
"label": [
"34948"
]
},
{
"start": 3750,
"end": 3766,
"label": [
"20717242"
]
},
{
"start": 3808,
"end": 3812,
"label": [
"35020"
]
},
{
"start": 3821,
"end": 3851,
"label": [
"691287"
]
},
{
"start": 3882,
"end": 3886,
"label": [
"35018"
]
},
{
"start": 3895,
"end": 3908,
"label": [
"16535"
]
},
{
"start": 3950,
"end": 3954,
"label": [
"35518"
]
},
{
"start": 3963,
"end": 3974,
"label": [
"183955"
]
},
{
"start": 4011,
"end": 4035,
"label": [
"218751"
]
},
{
"start": 4047,
"end": 4051,
"label": [
"35517"
]
},
{
"start": 4060,
"end": 4076,
"label": [
"8358216"
]
},
{
"start": 4132,
"end": 4152,
"label": [
"16794037"
]
},
{
"start": 4214,
"end": 4231,
"label": [
"61280"
]
},
{
"start": 4273,
"end": 4277,
"label": [
"35516"
]
},
{
"start": 4286,
"end": 4301,
"label": [
"1259823"
]
},
{
"start": 4376,
"end": 4380,
"label": [
"34950"
]
},
{
"start": 4389,
"end": 4415,
"label": [
"58090661"
]
},
{
"start": 4475,
"end": 4479,
"label": [
"34903"
]
},
{
"start": 4488,
"end": 4501,
"label": [
"3687428"
]
},
{
"start": 4573,
"end": 4577,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 4586,
"end": 4602,
"label": [
"2723250"
]
},
{
"start": 4647,
"end": 4651,
"label": [
"34922"
]
},
{
"start": 4660,
"end": 4675,
"label": [
"17034254"
]
},
{
"start": 4710,
"end": 4714,
"label": [
"35242"
]
},
{
"start": 4723,
"end": 4747,
"label": [
"3598173"
]
},
{
"start": 4812,
"end": 4824,
"label": [
"2965473"
]
},
{
"start": 4853,
"end": 4857,
"label": [
"35068"
]
},
{
"start": 4866,
"end": 4879,
"label": [
"12030029"
]
},
{
"start": 4928,
"end": 4943,
"label": [
"409459"
]
},
{
"start": 4984,
"end": 4988,
"label": [
"34666"
]
},
{
"start": 4997,
"end": 5015,
"label": [
"24448979"
]
},
{
"start": 5063,
"end": 5075,
"label": [
"1997309"
]
},
{
"start": 5107,
"end": 5111,
"label": [
"34983"
]
},
{
"start": 5120,
"end": 5135,
"label": [
"24008959"
]
},
{
"start": 5180,
"end": 5184,
"label": [
"34952"
]
},
{
"start": 5193,
"end": 5206,
"label": [
"42505889"
]
},
{
"start": 5247,
"end": 5263,
"label": [
"2812389"
]
},
{
"start": 5321,
"end": 5333,
"label": [
"1117185"
]
},
{
"start": 5375,
"end": 5379,
"label": [
"35491"
]
},
{
"start": 5388,
"end": 5408,
"label": [
"37242"
]
},
{
"start": 5471,
"end": 5475,
"label": [
"34762"
]
},
{
"start": 5484,
"end": 5507,
"label": [
"69882"
]
},
{
"start": 5519,
"end": 5523,
"label": [
"34937"
]
},
{
"start": 5532,
"end": 5555,
"label": [
"1675716"
]
},
{
"start": 5587,
"end": 5599,
"label": [
"1918636"
]
},
{
"start": 5611,
"end": 5615,
"label": [
"34646"
]
},
{
"start": 5624,
"end": 5640,
"label": [
"35717997"
]
},
{
"start": 5671,
"end": 5675,
"label": [
"34784"
]
},
{
"start": 5684,
"end": 5699,
"label": [
"40528261"
]
},
{
"start": 5734,
"end": 5738,
"label": [
"34785"
]
},
{
"start": 5747,
"end": 5758,
"label": [
"11095279"
]
},
{
"start": 5802,
"end": 5811,
"label": [
"23138623"
]
},
{
"start": 5840,
"end": 5844,
"label": [
"34641"
]
},
{
"start": 5853,
"end": 5892,
"label": [
"1301058"
]
},
{
"start": 5904,
"end": 5908,
"label": [
"34787"
]
},
{
"start": 5917,
"end": 5929,
"label": [
"36088452"
]
},
{
"start": 5964,
"end": 5968,
"label": [
"34789"
]
},
{
"start": 5977,
"end": 5993,
"label": [
"1240863"
]
},
{
"start": 6067,
"end": 6081,
"label": [
"620890"
]
},
{
"start": 6110,
"end": 6114,
"label": [
"34769"
]
},
{
"start": 6123,
"end": 6135,
"label": [
"1705290"
]
},
{
"start": 6166,
"end": 6170,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 6179,
"end": 6196,
"label": [
"5384138"
]
},
{
"start": 6241,
"end": 6245,
"label": [
"34768"
]
},
{
"start": 6254,
"end": 6274,
"label": [
"7484794"
]
},
{
"start": 6323,
"end": 6327,
"label": [
"34746"
]
},
{
"start": 6336,
"end": 6349,
"label": [
"48998419"
]
},
{
"start": 6382,
"end": 6386,
"label": [
"34770"
]
},
{
"start": 6395,
"end": 6419,
"label": [
"11327478"
]
},
{
"start": 6485,
"end": 6512,
"label": [
"6601378"
]
},
{
"start": 6543,
"end": 6547,
"label": [
"34938"
]
},
{
"start": 6556,
"end": 6571,
"label": [
"17491270"
]
},
{
"start": 6613,
"end": 6624,
"label": [
"2934715"
]
},
{
"start": 6670,
"end": 6684,
"label": [
"7569993"
]
},
{
"start": 6716,
"end": 6720,
"label": [
"34968"
]
},
{
"start": 6729,
"end": 6752,
"label": [
"12705591"
]
},
{
"start": 6795,
"end": 6822,
"label": [
"24471631"
]
},
{
"start": 6867,
"end": 6871,
"label": [
"34773"
]
},
{
"start": 6880,
"end": 6893,
"label": [
"15396921"
]
},
{
"start": 6991,
"end": 7007,
"label": [
"15262724"
]
},
{
"start": 7053,
"end": 7057,
"label": [
"34772"
]
},
{
"start": 7066,
"end": 7078,
"label": [
"144953"
]
},
{
"start": 7127,
"end": 7141,
"label": [
"427613"
]
},
{
"start": 7155,
"end": 7167,
"label": [
"17888"
]
},
{
"start": 7179,
"end": 7183,
"label": [
"34701"
]
},
{
"start": 7192,
"end": 7205,
"label": [
"145064"
]
},
{
"start": 7253,
"end": 7257,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 7266,
"end": 7277,
"label": [
"15118175"
]
},
{
"start": 7316,
"end": 7336,
"label": [
"1118398"
]
},
{
"start": 7348,
"end": 7352,
"label": [
"34715"
]
},
{
"start": 7361,
"end": 7376,
"label": [
"6271560"
]
},
{
"start": 7407,
"end": 7411,
"label": [
"34845"
]
},
{
"start": 7420,
"end": 7441,
"label": [
"365049"
]
},
{
"start": 7484,
"end": 7503,
"label": [
"921111"
]
},
{
"start": 7548,
"end": 7563,
"label": [
"2914399"
]
},
{
"start": 7603,
"end": 7620,
"label": [
"239109"
]
},
{
"start": 7632,
"end": 7636,
"label": [
"34777"
]
},
{
"start": 7645,
"end": 7659,
"label": [
"10849458"
]
},
{
"start": 7688,
"end": 7692,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 7701,
"end": 7726,
"label": [
"1091154"
]
},
{
"start": 7764,
"end": 7768,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 7777,
"end": 7786,
"label": [
"10891906"
]
},
{
"start": 7828,
"end": 7841,
"label": [
"14934723"
]
},
{
"start": 7886,
"end": 7890,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 7899,
"end": 7913,
"label": [
"816026"
]
},
{
"start": 7976,
"end": 7988,
"label": [
"10324326"
]
},
{
"start": 8013,
"end": 8017,
"label": [
"34793"
]
},
{
"start": 8026,
"end": 8040,
"label": [
"11248222"
]
},
{
"start": 8080,
"end": 8084,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 8093,
"end": 8110,
"label": [
"19061147"
]
},
{
"start": 8156,
"end": 8169,
"label": [
"2483219"
]
},
{
"start": 8203,
"end": 8207,
"label": [
"34792"
]
},
{
"start": 8216,
"end": 8234,
"label": [
"710715"
]
},
{
"start": 8325,
"end": 8336,
"label": [
"29352497"
]
},
{
"start": 8381,
"end": 8399,
"label": [
"7597848"
]
},
{
"start": 8429,
"end": 8433,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 8442,
"end": 8453,
"label": [
"6994142"
]
},
{
"start": 8481,
"end": 8485,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 8494,
"end": 8508,
"label": [
"16571002"
]
},
{
"start": 8537,
"end": 8541,
"label": [
"34714"
]
},
{
"start": 8550,
"end": 8564,
"label": [
"42629212"
]
},
{
"start": 8595,
"end": 8599,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 8608,
"end": 8622,
"label": [
"726855"
]
},
{
"start": 8665,
"end": 8669,
"label": [
"34653"
]
},
{
"start": 8678,
"end": 8691,
"label": [
"69761"
]
},
{
"start": 8780,
"end": 8795,
"label": [
"17326609"
]
},
{
"start": 8840,
"end": 8853,
"label": [
"45782"
]
},
{
"start": 8881,
"end": 8885,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 8894,
"end": 8903,
"label": [
"4939008"
]
},
{
"start": 8943,
"end": 8957,
"label": [
"220747"
]
},
{
"start": 9017,
"end": 9031,
"label": [
"161914"
]
},
{
"start": 9073,
"end": 9086,
"label": [
"1704558"
]
},
{
"start": 9160,
"end": 9164,
"label": [
"34652"
]
},
{
"start": 9173,
"end": 9199,
"label": [
"163056"
]
},
{
"start": 9235,
"end": 9239,
"label": [
"34639"
]
},
{
"start": 9248,
"end": 9258,
"label": [
"4607684"
]
},
{
"start": 9288,
"end": 9292,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 9301,
"end": 9317,
"label": [
"987722"
]
},
{
"start": 9357,
"end": 9361,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 9370,
"end": 9390,
"label": [
"5284972"
]
},
{
"start": 9435,
"end": 9451,
"label": [
"26333027"
]
},
{
"start": 9495,
"end": 9505,
"label": [
"10102623"
]
},
{
"start": 9536,
"end": 9540,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 9549,
"end": 9566,
"label": [
"5809740"
]
},
{
"start": 9591,
"end": 9595,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 9604,
"end": 9615,
"label": [
"63517"
]
},
{
"start": 9659,
"end": 9671,
"label": [
"8379742"
]
},
{
"start": 9714,
"end": 9726,
"label": [
"2390475"
]
},
{
"start": 9751,
"end": 9781,
"label": [
"2007608"
]
},
{
"start": 9807,
"end": 9826,
"label": [
"251388"
]
},
{
"start": 9870,
"end": 9874,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 9883,
"end": 9901,
"label": [
"541497"
]
},
{
"start": 9938,
"end": 9953,
"label": [
"726979"
]
},
{
"start": 9979,
"end": 9996,
"label": [
"18037983"
]
},
{
"start": 10057,
"end": 10067,
"label": [
"22546007"
]
},
{
"start": 10127,
"end": 10139,
"label": [
"42407382"
]
},
{
"start": 10167,
"end": 10171,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 10180,
"end": 10194,
"label": [
"31828680"
]
},
{
"start": 10240,
"end": 10255,
"label": [
"13859449"
]
},
{
"start": 10293,
"end": 10297,
"label": [
"34605"
]
},
{
"start": 10306,
"end": 10323,
"label": [
"761936"
]
},
{
"start": 10370,
"end": 10384,
"label": [
"5393303"
]
},
{
"start": 10413,
"end": 10417,
"label": [
"34616"
]
},
{
"start": 10426,
"end": 10437,
"label": [
"18062572"
]
},
{
"start": 10478,
"end": 10493,
"label": [
"7489209"
]
},
{
"start": 10540,
"end": 10553,
"label": [
"14579774"
]
},
{
"start": 10598,
"end": 10615,
"label": [
"221190"
]
},
{
"start": 10661,
"end": 10678,
"label": [
"36814851"
]
},
{
"start": 10738,
"end": 10754,
"label": [
"163382"
]
},
{
"start": 10795,
"end": 10808,
"label": [
"17244145"
]
},
{
"start": 10867,
"end": 10879,
"label": [
"1423163"
]
},
{
"start": 10921,
"end": 10925,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 10934,
"end": 10946,
"label": [
"20792978"
]
},
{
"start": 10988,
"end": 11005,
"label": [
"1950008"
]
},
{
"start": 11054,
"end": 11064,
"label": [
"7974350"
]
},
{
"start": 11092,
"end": 11096,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 11105,
"end": 11117,
"label": [
"7001040"
]
},
{
"start": 11149,
"end": 11153,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 11162,
"end": 11174,
"label": [
"77491"
]
},
{
"start": 11236,
"end": 11240,
"label": [
"34595"
]
},
{
"start": 11249,
"end": 11261,
"label": [
"26243"
]
},
{
"start": 11304,
"end": 11317,
"label": [
"28496435"
]
},
{
"start": 11349,
"end": 11353,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 11362,
"end": 11381,
"label": [
"6110554"
]
},
{
"start": 11442,
"end": 11446,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 11455,
"end": 11472,
"label": [
"98053"
]
},
{
"start": 11492,
"end": 11525,
"label": [
"273726"
]
},
{
"start": 11551,
"end": 11564,
"label": [
"62081"
]
},
{
"start": 11627,
"end": 11641,
"label": [
"1228198"
]
},
{
"start": 11700,
"end": 11716,
"label": [
"32117413"
]
},
{
"start": 11744,
"end": 11748,
"label": [
"34724"
]
},
{
"start": 11757,
"end": 11775,
"label": [
"579598"
]
},
{
"start": 11823,
"end": 11827,
"label": [
"34866"
]
},
{
"start": 11836,
"end": 11846,
"label": [
"722975"
]
},
{
"start": 11892,
"end": 11906,
"label": [
"2120750"
]
},
{
"start": 11985,
"end": 11996,
"label": [
"1236025"
]
},
{
"start": 12048,
"end": 12058,
"label": [
"165047"
]
},
{
"start": 12099,
"end": 12103,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 12112,
"end": 12125,
"label": [
"42034744"
]
},
{
"start": 12224,
"end": 12240,
"label": [
"471247"
]
},
{
"start": 12282,
"end": 12298,
"label": [
"80096"
]
},
{
"start": 12339,
"end": 12365,
"label": [
"30873508"
]
},
{
"start": 12377,
"end": 12381,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 12390,
"end": 12402,
"label": [
"20717992"
]
},
{
"start": 12435,
"end": 12439,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 12448,
"end": 12460,
"label": [
"1532097"
]
},
{
"start": 12513,
"end": 12526,
"label": [
"34892076"
]
},
{
"start": 12555,
"end": 12559,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 12568,
"end": 12580,
"label": [
"88887"
]
},
{
"start": 12650,
"end": 12663,
"label": [
"5545456"
]
},
{
"start": 12691,
"end": 12695,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 12704,
"end": 12722,
"label": [
"3670589"
]
},
{
"start": 12766,
"end": 12775,
"label": [
"5666276"
]
},
{
"start": 12809,
"end": 12813,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 12822,
"end": 12836,
"label": [
"19442391"
]
},
{
"start": 12877,
"end": 12890,
"label": [
"6817362"
]
},
{
"start": 12919,
"end": 12923,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 12932,
"end": 12942,
"label": [
"899870"
]
},
{
"start": 13003,
"end": 13015,
"label": [
"396621"
]
},
{
"start": 13060,
"end": 13071,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 13096,
"end": 13111,
"label": [
"93754"
]
},
{
"start": 13165,
"end": 13173,
"label": [
"197754"
]
},
{
"start": 13232,
"end": 13252,
"label": [
"35255007"
]
},
{
"start": 13272,
"end": 13276,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 13285,
"end": 13295,
"label": [
"5527283"
]
},
{
"start": 13340,
"end": 13353,
"label": [
"6042442"
]
},
{
"start": 13387,
"end": 13391,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 13400,
"end": 13412,
"label": [
"1844984"
]
},
{
"start": 13479,
"end": 13493,
"label": [
"9122015"
]
},
{
"start": 13542,
"end": 13546,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 13555,
"end": 13570,
"label": [
"33262347"
]
},
{
"start": 13616,
"end": 13629,
"label": [
"834964"
]
},
{
"start": 13671,
"end": 13686,
"label": [
"28823106"
]
},
{
"start": 13729,
"end": 13744,
"label": [
"39548497"
]
},
{
"start": 13792,
"end": 13796,
"label": [
"34981"
]
},
{
"start": 13805,
"end": 13815,
"label": [
"2582255"
]
},
{
"start": 13858,
"end": 13870,
"label": [
"299310"
]
},
{
"start": 13906,
"end": 13926,
"label": [
"60567"
]
},
{
"start": 13952,
"end": 13963,
"label": [
"23474171"
]
},
{
"start": 14018,
"end": 14029,
"label": [
"4782371"
]
},
{
"start": 14055,
"end": 14073,
"label": [
"717480"
]
},
{
"start": 14120,
"end": 14124,
"label": [
"34980"
]
},
{
"start": 14133,
"end": 14153,
"label": [
"19176339"
]
},
{
"start": 14184,
"end": 14195,
"label": [
"584165"
]
},
{
"start": 14245,
"end": 14263,
"label": [
"726602"
]
},
{
"start": 14328,
"end": 14341,
"label": [
"20749828"
]
},
{
"start": 14367,
"end": 14371,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 14380,
"end": 14394,
"label": [
"1235943"
]
},
{
"start": 14446,
"end": 14458,
"label": [
"16586842"
]
},
{
"start": 14506,
"end": 14521,
"label": [
"7086119"
]
},
{
"start": 14564,
"end": 14568,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 14577,
"end": 14592,
"label": [
"1574265"
]
},
{
"start": 14640,
"end": 14657,
"label": [
"837632"
]
},
{
"start": 14691,
"end": 14703,
"label": [
"6984"
]
},
{
"start": 14743,
"end": 14775,
"label": [
"32293"
]
},
{
"start": 14791,
"end": 14807,
"label": [
"11523982"
]
},
{
"start": 14845,
"end": 14858,
"label": [
"10472783"
]
},
{
"start": 14913,
"end": 14933,
"label": [
"8604575"
]
},
{
"start": 14968,
"end": 14972,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 14981,
"end": 14992,
"label": [
"2737056"
]
},
{
"start": 15054,
"end": 15065,
"label": [
"1908418"
]
},
{
"start": 15127,
"end": 15137,
"label": [
"7631876"
]
},
{
"start": 15194,
"end": 15213,
"label": [
"37863977"
]
},
{
"start": 15241,
"end": 15245,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 15254,
"end": 15260,
"label": [
"628503"
]
},
{
"start": 15311,
"end": 15330,
"label": [
"3827019"
]
},
{
"start": 15383,
"end": 15407,
"label": [
"720966"
]
},
{
"start": 15409,
"end": 15432,
"label": [
"718737"
]
},
{
"start": 15448,
"end": 15460,
"label": [
"2403390"
]
},
{
"start": 15514,
"end": 15527,
"label": [
"19422725"
]
},
{
"start": 15591,
"end": 15595,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 15604,
"end": 15614,
"label": [
"2365819"
]
},
{
"start": 15672,
"end": 15685,
"label": [
"30966984"
]
},
{
"start": 15735,
"end": 15739,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 15748,
"end": 15764,
"label": [
"916718"
]
},
{
"start": 15805,
"end": 15819,
"label": [
"766368"
]
},
{
"start": 15870,
"end": 15874,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 15883,
"end": 15895,
"label": [
"4240667"
]
},
{
"start": 15938,
"end": 15954,
"label": [
"162794"
]
},
{
"start": 15988,
"end": 16004,
"label": [
"3601086"
]
},
{
"start": 16043,
"end": 16058,
"label": [
"55452"
]
},
{
"start": 16093,
"end": 16097,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 16106,
"end": 16116,
"label": [
"875160"
]
},
{
"start": 16188,
"end": 16196,
"label": [
"2422821"
]
},
{
"start": 16241,
"end": 16256,
"label": [
"1449641"
]
},
{
"start": 16288,
"end": 16297,
"label": [
"20825899"
]
},
{
"start": 16333,
"end": 16350,
"label": [
"1763744"
]
},
{
"start": 16379,
"end": 16383,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 16392,
"end": 16413,
"label": [
"8099175"
]
},
{
"start": 16457,
"end": 16471,
"label": [
"11629653"
]
},
{
"start": 16509,
"end": 16520,
"label": [
"588700"
]
},
{
"start": 16554,
"end": 16572,
"label": [
"28699498"
]
},
{
"start": 16618,
"end": 16634,
"label": [
"13821578"
]
},
{
"start": 16667,
"end": 16681,
"label": [
"142750"
]
},
{
"start": 16726,
"end": 16749,
"label": [
"708720"
]
},
{
"start": 16765,
"end": 16778,
"label": [
"960364"
]
},
{
"start": 16822,
"end": 16826,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 16835,
"end": 16847,
"label": [
"22907219"
]
},
{
"start": 16886,
"end": 16898,
"label": [
"27133309"
]
},
{
"start": 16946,
"end": 16956,
"label": [
"7516"
]
},
{
"start": 17000,
"end": 17011,
"label": [
"12333141"
]
},
{
"start": 17043,
"end": 17047,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 17056,
"end": 17066,
"label": [
"210382"
]
},
{
"start": 17099,
"end": 17120,
"label": [
"15656746"
]
},
{
"start": 17158,
"end": 17171,
"label": [
"3211366"
]
},
{
"start": 17212,
"end": 17225,
"label": [
"15431152"
]
},
{
"start": 17259,
"end": 17263,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 17272,
"end": 17286,
"label": [
"2622090"
]
},
{
"start": 17320,
"end": 17333,
"label": [
"4291228"
]
},
{
"start": 17374,
"end": 17397,
"label": [
"190445"
]
},
{
"start": 17438,
"end": 17466,
"label": [
"271126"
]
},
{
"start": 17482,
"end": 17495,
"label": [
"14711820"
]
},
{
"start": 17532,
"end": 17547,
"label": [
"10448055"
]
},
{
"start": 17587,
"end": 17591,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 17600,
"end": 17623,
"label": [
"15300449"
]
},
{
"start": 17657,
"end": 17669,
"label": [
"1151551"
]
},
{
"start": 17712,
"end": 17725,
"label": [
"3093757"
]
},
{
"start": 17759,
"end": 17763,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 17772,
"end": 17788,
"label": [
"6527339"
]
},
{
"start": 17823,
"end": 17835,
"label": [
"17688681"
]
},
{
"start": 17875,
"end": 17888,
"label": [
"316815"
]
},
{
"start": 17943,
"end": 17947,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 17956,
"end": 17970,
"label": [
"2182794"
]
},
{
"start": 18013,
"end": 18032,
"label": [
"470578"
]
},
{
"start": 18102,
"end": 18118,
"label": [
"212686"
]
},
{
"start": 18174,
"end": 18188,
"label": [
"1003860"
]
},
{
"start": 18253,
"end": 18268,
"label": [
"2682138"
]
},
{
"start": 18285,
"end": 18289,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 18298,
"end": 18307,
"label": [
"4249785"
]
},
{
"start": 18353,
"end": 18372,
"label": [
"8367727"
]
},
{
"start": 18408,
"end": 18420,
"label": [
"18638125"
]
},
{
"start": 18452,
"end": 18462,
"label": [
"9133"
]
},
{
"start": 18507,
"end": 18518,
"label": [
"29796487"
]
},
{
"start": 18534,
"end": 18547,
"label": [
"906640"
]
},
{
"start": 18618,
"end": 18629,
"label": [
"243686"
]
},
{
"start": 18646,
"end": 18650,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 18659,
"end": 18673,
"label": [
"256152"
]
},
{
"start": 18714,
"end": 18723,
"label": [
"22098564"
]
},
{
"start": 18747,
"end": 18758,
"label": [
"4035659"
]
},
{
"start": 18798,
"end": 18813,
"label": [
"3324507"
]
},
{
"start": 18849,
"end": 18862,
"label": [
"1078887"
]
},
{
"start": 18880,
"end": 18884,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 18893,
"end": 18906,
"label": [
"154075"
]
},
{
"start": 18958,
"end": 18967,
"label": [
"773931"
]
},
{
"start": 19001,
"end": 19011,
"label": [
"16284807"
]
},
{
"start": 19048,
"end": 19062,
"label": [
"8880148"
]
},
{
"start": 19098,
"end": 19108,
"label": [
"27263824"
]
},
{
"start": 19145,
"end": 19149,
"label": [
"34982"
]
},
{
"start": 19158,
"end": 19170,
"label": [
"8562946"
]
},
{
"start": 19220,
"end": 19230,
"label": [
"97206"
]
},
{
"start": 19288,
"end": 19305,
"label": [
"33287143"
]
},
{
"start": 19342,
"end": 19354,
"label": [
"1264578"
]
},
{
"start": 19412,
"end": 19430,
"label": [
"25865143"
]
},
{
"start": 19453,
"end": 19457,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 19466,
"end": 19488,
"label": [
"6041459"
]
},
{
"start": 19548,
"end": 19563,
"label": [
"48623645"
]
},
{
"start": 19611,
"end": 19629,
"label": [
"9594584"
]
},
{
"start": 19676,
"end": 19692,
"label": [
"838335"
]
},
{
"start": 19741,
"end": 19756,
"label": [
"21935742"
]
},
{
"start": 19789,
"end": 19803,
"label": [
"3092"
]
},
{
"start": 19841,
"end": 19857,
"label": [
"25865209"
]
},
{
"start": 19880,
"end": 19884,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 19893,
"end": 19912,
"label": [
"938227"
]
},
{
"start": 19957,
"end": 19969,
"label": [
"23168605"
]
},
{
"start": 20006,
"end": 20017,
"label": [
"28836643"
]
},
{
"start": 20040,
"end": 20044,
"label": [
"34606"
]
},
{
"start": 20053,
"end": 20075,
"label": [
"26165556"
]
},
{
"start": 20106,
"end": 20118,
"label": [
"9977771"
]
},
{
"start": 20136,
"end": 20140,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 20149,
"end": 20164,
"label": [
"43666103"
]
},
{
"start": 20206,
"end": 20223,
"label": [
"25865266"
]
},
{
"start": 20260,
"end": 20271,
"label": [
"2137917"
]
},
{
"start": 20325,
"end": 20345,
"label": [
"4192757"
]
},
{
"start": 20380,
"end": 20402,
"label": [
"21004596"
]
},
{
"start": 20448,
"end": 20452,
"label": [
"34662"
]
},
{
"start": 20461,
"end": 20471,
"label": [
"18987440"
]
},
{
"start": 20509,
"end": 20513,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 20522,
"end": 20539,
"label": [
"25754668"
]
},
{
"start": 20609,
"end": 20621,
"label": [
"25242899"
]
},
{
"start": 20679,
"end": 20690,
"label": [
"9647107"
]
},
{
"start": 20749,
"end": 20765,
"label": [
"4402034"
]
},
{
"start": 20812,
"end": 20824,
"label": [
"393774"
]
},
{
"start": 20846,
"end": 20850,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 20859,
"end": 20872,
"label": [
"5223857"
]
},
{
"start": 20919,
"end": 20942,
"label": [
"21692090"
]
},
{
"start": 20975,
"end": 20995,
"label": [
"9338477"
]
},
{
"start": 21050,
"end": 21059,
"label": [
"2981872"
]
},
{
"start": 21090,
"end": 21094,
"label": [
"34717"
]
},
{
"start": 21103,
"end": 21116,
"label": [
"178895"
]
},
{
"start": 21170,
"end": 21181,
"label": [
"38744396"
]
},
{
"start": 21243,
"end": 21256,
"label": [
"1017476"
]
},
{
"start": 21293,
"end": 21305,
"label": [
"6686063"
]
},
{
"start": 21352,
"end": 21370,
"label": [
"303988"
]
},
{
"start": 21412,
"end": 21433,
"label": [
"23316176"
]
},
{
"start": 21435,
"end": 21439,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 21448,
"end": 21460,
"label": [
"1476132"
]
},
{
"start": 21501,
"end": 21505,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 21514,
"end": 21528,
"label": [
"12361339"
]
},
{
"start": 21560,
"end": 21581,
"label": [
"24915890"
]
},
{
"start": 21624,
"end": 21641,
"label": [
"32621410"
]
},
{
"start": 21695,
"end": 21709,
"label": [
"1563778"
]
},
{
"start": 21742,
"end": 21746,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 21755,
"end": 21768,
"label": [
"1841102"
]
},
{
"start": 21816,
"end": 21828,
"label": [
"58988356"
]
},
{
"start": 21863,
"end": 21881,
"label": [
"16529836"
]
},
{
"start": 21923,
"end": 21942,
"label": [
"8246697"
]
},
{
"start": 21966,
"end": 21970,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 21979,
"end": 21988,
"label": [
"16838162"
]
},
{
"start": 22025,
"end": 22038,
"label": [
"558528"
]
},
{
"start": 22075,
"end": 22079,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 22088,
"end": 22099,
"label": [
"1974368"
]
},
{
"start": 22167,
"end": 22183,
"label": [
"9749120"
]
},
{
"start": 22218,
"end": 22232,
"label": [
"3081425"
]
},
{
"start": 22270,
"end": 22285,
"label": [
"10562098"
]
},
{
"start": 22303,
"end": 22307,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 22316,
"end": 22326,
"label": [
"626672"
]
},
{
"start": 22368,
"end": 22372,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 22381,
"end": 22396,
"label": [
"36419032"
]
},
{
"start": 22437,
"end": 22458,
"label": [
"46251282"
]
},
{
"start": 22491,
"end": 22504,
"label": [
"2001349"
]
},
{
"start": 22540,
"end": 22553,
"label": [
"12988997"
]
},
{
"start": 22588,
"end": 22604,
"label": [
"13153878"
]
},
{
"start": 22652,
"end": 22668,
"label": [
"38419244"
]
},
{
"start": 22700,
"end": 22704,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 22713,
"end": 22725,
"label": [
"1618807"
]
},
{
"start": 22765,
"end": 22781,
"label": [
"40365387"
]
},
{
"start": 22813,
"end": 22822,
"label": [
"3348779"
]
},
{
"start": 22865,
"end": 22876,
"label": [
"31844742"
]
},
{
"start": 22921,
"end": 22930,
"label": [
"1122023"
]
},
{
"start": 22964,
"end": 22975,
"label": [
"846297"
]
},
{
"start": 23019,
"end": 23035,
"label": [
"18876280"
]
},
{
"start": 23067,
"end": 23071,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 23080,
"end": 23089,
"label": [
"2148770"
]
},
{
"start": 23147,
"end": 23159,
"label": [
"7654668"
]
},
{
"start": 23199,
"end": 23215,
"label": [
"22475446"
]
},
{
"start": 23248,
"end": 23265,
"label": [
"5139560"
]
},
{
"start": 23298,
"end": 23314,
"label": [
"5309705"
]
},
{
"start": 23350,
"end": 23363,
"label": [
"2252080"
]
},
{
"start": 23386,
"end": 23390,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 23399,
"end": 23411,
"label": [
"1671242"
]
},
{
"start": 23445,
"end": 23462,
"label": [
"648024"
]
},
{
"start": 23519,
"end": 23530,
"label": [
"5590598"
]
},
{
"start": 23569,
"end": 23578,
"label": [
"2699247"
]
},
{
"start": 23629,
"end": 23646,
"label": [
"2868847"
]
},
{
"start": 23704,
"end": 23718,
"label": [
"1298390"
]
},
{
"start": 23738,
"end": 23742,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 23751,
"end": 23765,
"label": [
"1919343"
]
},
{
"start": 23806,
"end": 23820,
"label": [
"6869457"
]
},
{
"start": 23861,
"end": 23874,
"label": [
"16304994"
]
},
{
"start": 23911,
"end": 23928,
"label": [
"735009"
]
},
{
"start": 23998,
"end": 24002,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 24011,
"end": 24025,
"label": [
"30612713"
]
},
{
"start": 24076,
"end": 24090,
"label": [
"2819821"
]
},
{
"start": 24128,
"end": 24141,
"label": [
"55818976"
]
},
{
"start": 24176,
"end": 24188,
"label": [
"21139503"
]
},
{
"start": 24229,
"end": 24240,
"label": [
"6025298"
]
},
{
"start": 24278,
"end": 24293,
"label": [
"7795112"
]
},
{
"start": 24336,
"end": 24354,
"label": [
"2603946"
]
},
{
"start": 24377,
"end": 24381,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 24390,
"end": 24403,
"label": [
"21550662"
]
},
{
"start": 24451,
"end": 24463,
"label": [
"1062932"
]
},
{
"start": 24507,
"end": 24514,
"label": [
"341121"
]
},
{
"start": 24560,
"end": 24577,
"label": [
"8757036"
]
},
{
"start": 24622,
"end": 24635,
"label": [
"1074131"
]
},
{
"start": 24691,
"end": 24703,
"label": [
"30125494"
]
},
{
"start": 24739,
"end": 24756,
"label": [
"2204048"
]
},
{
"start": 24796,
"end": 24800,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 24809,
"end": 24825,
"label": [
"3795040"
]
},
{
"start": 24863,
"end": 24874,
"label": [
"3253122"
]
},
{
"start": 24919,
"end": 24936,
"label": [
"13025164"
]
},
{
"start": 24968,
"end": 24983,
"label": [
"3385555"
]
},
{
"start": 25016,
"end": 25030,
"label": [
"3469367"
]
},
{
"start": 25066,
"end": 25084,
"label": [
"731090"
]
},
{
"start": 25130,
"end": 25147,
"label": [
"25602417"
]
},
{
"start": 25178,
"end": 25192,
"label": [
"3884507"
]
},
{
"start": 25224,
"end": 25239,
"label": [
"35503395"
]
},
{
"start": 25285,
"end": 25301,
"label": [
"26384303"
]
},
{
"start": 25337,
"end": 25356,
"label": [
"11967378"
]
},
{
"start": 25373,
"end": 25377,
"label": [
"34549"
]
},
{
"start": 25386,
"end": 25401,
"label": [
"3153313"
]
},
{
"start": 25440,
"end": 25455,
"label": [
"4709282"
]
},
{
"start": 25509,
"end": 25527,
"label": [
"6153769"
]
},
{
"start": 25549,
"end": 25553,
"label": [
"34753"
]
},
{
"start": 25562,
"end": 25576,
"label": [
"488099"
]
},
{
"start": 25616,
"end": 25636,
"label": [
"19230765"
]
},
{
"start": 25671,
"end": 25684,
"label": [
"8162288"
]
},
{
"start": 25721,
"end": 25733,
"label": [
"5618366"
]
},
{
"start": 25771,
"end": 25778,
"label": [
"47007166"
]
},
{
"start": 25815,
"end": 25830,
"label": [
"1194797"
]
},
{
"start": 25874,
"end": 25889,
"label": [
"9144410"
]
},
{
"start": 25921,
"end": 25942,
"label": [
"1085981"
]
},
{
"start": 25974,
"end": 25992,
"label": [
"6816254"
]
},
{
"start": 26025,
"end": 26029,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 26038,
"end": 26051,
"label": [
"5443304"
]
},
{
"start": 26087,
"end": 26097,
"label": [
"38579187"
]
},
{
"start": 26149,
"end": 26161,
"label": [
"36609766"
]
},
{
"start": 26198,
"end": 26213,
"label": [
"2440969"
]
},
{
"start": 26248,
"end": 26253,
"label": [
"34129884"
]
},
{
"start": 26284,
"end": 26295,
"label": [
"9030881"
]
},
{
"start": 26333,
"end": 26346,
"label": [
"7908533"
]
},
{
"start": 26382,
"end": 26398,
"label": [
"5317490"
]
},
{
"start": 26435,
"end": 26450,
"label": [
"4365775"
]
},
{
"start": 26480,
"end": 26495,
"label": [
"6789798"
]
},
{
"start": 26534,
"end": 26546,
"label": [
"2658604"
]
},
{
"start": 26588,
"end": 26600,
"label": [
"12976818"
]
},
{
"start": 26624,
"end": 26628,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 26637,
"end": 26648,
"label": [
"2431919"
]
},
{
"start": 26692,
"end": 26707,
"label": [
"5454460"
]
},
{
"start": 26746,
"end": 26763,
"label": [
"19510356"
]
},
{
"start": 26811,
"end": 26825,
"label": [
"34050178"
]
},
{
"start": 26880,
"end": 26891,
"label": [
"4711459"
]
},
{
"start": 26935,
"end": 26946,
"label": [
"2089148"
]
},
{
"start": 26990,
"end": 27001,
"label": [
"5215750"
]
},
{
"start": 27045,
"end": 27060,
"label": [
"5134483"
]
},
{
"start": 27094,
"end": 27113,
"label": [
"16817481"
]
},
{
"start": 27143,
"end": 27157,
"label": [
"4902794"
]
},
{
"start": 27172,
"end": 27176,
"label": [
"34776"
]
},
{
"start": 27185,
"end": 27199,
"label": [
"2881875"
]
},
{
"start": 27239,
"end": 27257,
"label": [
"8538165"
]
},
{
"start": 27276,
"end": 27290,
"label": [
"40331925"
]
},
{
"start": 27326,
"end": 27343,
"label": [
"22687958"
]
},
{
"start": 27409,
"end": 27426,
"label": [
"17045373"
]
},
{
"start": 27468,
"end": 27482,
"label": [
"1781922"
]
},
{
"start": 27517,
"end": 27526,
"label": [
"6929832"
]
},
{
"start": 27570,
"end": 27583,
"label": [
"24153142"
]
},
{
"start": 27620,
"end": 27634,
"label": [
"3253729"
]
},
{
"start": 27651,
"end": 27655,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 27664,
"end": 27677,
"label": [
"5567395"
]
},
{
"start": 27719,
"end": 27742,
"label": [
"10927679"
]
},
{
"start": 27780,
"end": 27799,
"label": [
"1089531"
]
},
{
"start": 27834,
"end": 27846,
"label": [
"7557767"
]
},
{
"start": 27878,
"end": 27890,
"label": [
"1116275"
]
},
{
"start": 27930,
"end": 27946,
"label": [
"1623636"
]
},
{
"start": 27986,
"end": 28000,
"label": [
"1877355"
]
},
{
"start": 28050,
"end": 28063,
"label": [
"10705557"
]
},
{
"start": 28094,
"end": 28105,
"label": [
"6794452"
]
},
{
"start": 28132,
"end": 28136,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 28145,
"end": 28161,
"label": [
"9020059"
]
},
{
"start": 28199,
"end": 28220,
"label": [
"13618375"
]
},
{
"start": 28258,
"end": 28272,
"label": [
"17823698"
]
},
{
"start": 28329,
"end": 28343,
"label": [
"33963130"
]
},
{
"start": 28385,
"end": 28398,
"label": [
"26501215"
]
},
{
"start": 28442,
"end": 28455,
"label": [
"2773125"
]
},
{
"start": 28488,
"end": 28492,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 28501,
"end": 28516,
"label": [
"3728977"
]
},
{
"start": 28548,
"end": 28556,
"label": [
"41513792"
]
},
{
"start": 28602,
"end": 28617,
"label": [
"15653809"
]
},
{
"start": 28654,
"end": 28668,
"label": [
"29855371"
]
},
{
"start": 28711,
"end": 28726,
"label": [
"9270429"
]
},
{
"start": 28769,
"end": 28781,
"label": [
"26090602"
]
},
{
"start": 28821,
"end": 28833,
"label": [
"21476016"
]
},
{
"start": 28871,
"end": 28887,
"label": [
"12787113"
]
},
{
"start": 28920,
"end": 28930,
"label": [
"3861940"
]
},
{
"start": 28968,
"end": 28976,
"label": [
"27541084"
]
},
{
"start": 29011,
"end": 29021,
"label": [
"12136782"
]
},
{
"start": 29053,
"end": 29068,
"label": [
"6154260"
]
},
{
"start": 29102,
"end": 29119,
"label": [
"6025204"
]
},
{
"start": 29156,
"end": 29170,
"label": [
"13724755"
]
},
{
"start": 29211,
"end": 29221,
"label": [
"12040155"
]
},
{
"start": 29258,
"end": 29268,
"label": [
"23546952"
]
},
{
"start": 29295,
"end": 29299,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 29308,
"end": 29321,
"label": [
"8858756"
]
},
{
"start": 29356,
"end": 29367,
"label": [
"20061004"
]
},
{
"start": 29403,
"end": 29417,
"label": [
"16909739"
]
},
{
"start": 29452,
"end": 29470,
"label": [
"30862506"
]
},
{
"start": 29506,
"end": 29522,
"label": [
"9551503"
]
},
{
"start": 29561,
"end": 29571,
"label": [
"20180465"
]
},
{
"start": 29612,
"end": 29630,
"label": [
"33267548"
]
},
{
"start": 29649,
"end": 29653,
"label": [
"34761"
]
},
{
"start": 29662,
"end": 29682,
"label": [
"33822611"
]
},
{
"start": 29726,
"end": 29742,
"label": [
"40554617"
]
},
{
"start": 29776,
"end": 29787,
"label": [
"29588460"
]
},
{
"start": 29825,
"end": 29840,
"label": [
"36295950"
]
},
{
"start": 29895,
"end": 29907,
"label": [
"36233040"
]
},
{
"start": 29953,
"end": 29966,
"label": [
"16331163"
]
},
{
"start": 30002,
"end": 30012,
"label": [
"18125554"
]
},
{
"start": 30048,
"end": 30062,
"label": [
"14058187"
]
},
{
"start": 30083,
"end": 30087,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 30096,
"end": 30104,
"label": [
"19030311"
]
},
{
"start": 30139,
"end": 30151,
"label": [
"36579017"
]
},
{
"start": 30196,
"end": 30209,
"label": [
"19071075"
]
},
{
"start": 30249,
"end": 30266,
"label": [
"10980206"
]
},
{
"start": 30302,
"end": 30317,
"label": [
"31566803"
]
},
{
"start": 30337,
"end": 30341,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 30350,
"end": 30364,
"label": [
"7789895"
]
},
{
"start": 30400,
"end": 30414,
"label": [
"41302478"
]
},
{
"start": 30455,
"end": 30467,
"label": [
"8819732"
]
},
{
"start": 30519,
"end": 30534,
"label": [
"14708061"
]
},
{
"start": 30576,
"end": 30592,
"label": [
"11444297"
]
},
{
"start": 30629,
"end": 30641,
"label": [
"33746143"
]
},
{
"start": 30695,
"end": 30710,
"label": [
"28632094"
]
},
{
"start": 30750,
"end": 30766,
"label": [
"17183989"
]
},
{
"start": 30813,
"end": 30825,
"label": [
"20372259"
]
},
{
"start": 30866,
"end": 30895,
"label": [
"26189111"
]
},
{
"start": 30926,
"end": 30936,
"label": [
"18067536"
]
},
{
"start": 30980,
"end": 30987,
"label": [
"27848958"
]
},
{
"start": 31029,
"end": 31042,
"label": [
"41992403"
]
},
{
"start": 31063,
"end": 31067,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 31076,
"end": 31088,
"label": [
"19472191"
]
},
{
"start": 31125,
"end": 31136,
"label": [
"51309271"
]
},
{
"start": 31169,
"end": 31188,
"label": [
"36628631"
]
},
{
"start": 31220,
"end": 31231,
"label": [
"31905594"
]
},
{
"start": 31262,
"end": 31272,
"label": [
"35969881"
]
},
{
"start": 31308,
"end": 31322,
"label": [
"38988666"
]
},
{
"start": 31366,
"end": 31378,
"label": [
"21055029"
]
},
{
"start": 31411,
"end": 31421,
"label": [
"29579574"
]
},
{
"start": 31454,
"end": 31470,
"label": [
"21871255"
]
},
{
"start": 31509,
"end": 31525,
"label": [
"24164185"
]
},
{
"start": 31559,
"end": 31572,
"label": [
"48619689"
]
},
{
"start": 31606,
"end": 31621,
"label": [
"38448270"
]
},
{
"start": 31642,
"end": 31646,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 31655,
"end": 31668,
"label": [
"30973936"
]
},
{
"start": 31704,
"end": 31723,
"label": [
"41029555"
]
},
{
"start": 31757,
"end": 31773,
"label": [
"43258022"
]
},
{
"start": 31811,
"end": 31822,
"label": [
"18744650"
]
},
{
"start": 31855,
"end": 31867,
"label": [
"16274757"
]
},
{
"start": 31910,
"end": 31926,
"label": [
"44451107"
]
},
{
"start": 31961,
"end": 31976,
"label": [
"36668420"
]
},
{
"start": 32013,
"end": 32027,
"label": [
"32340991"
]
},
{
"start": 32068,
"end": 32083,
"label": [
"15062239"
]
},
{
"start": 32119,
"end": 32133,
"label": [
"47766313"
]
},
{
"start": 32153,
"end": 32157,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 32166,
"end": 32180,
"label": [
"40106223"
]
},
{
"start": 32217,
"end": 32232,
"label": [
"19833739"
]
},
{
"start": 32268,
"end": 32284,
"label": [
"36894492"
]
},
{
"start": 32327,
"end": 32336,
"label": [
"18249790"
]
},
{
"start": 32370,
"end": 32397,
"label": [
"36504936"
]
},
{
"start": 32421,
"end": 32425,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 32434,
"end": 32449,
"label": [
"25905034"
]
},
{
"start": 32504,
"end": 32521,
"label": [
"46636226"
]
},
{
"start": 32558,
"end": 32570,
"label": [
"27389979"
]
},
{
"start": 32606,
"end": 32619,
"label": [
"40387620"
]
},
{
"start": 32643,
"end": 32647,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 32656,
"end": 32675,
"label": [
"34786234"
]
},
{
"start": 32709,
"end": 32720,
"label": [
"40118509"
]
},
{
"start": 32754,
"end": 32771,
"label": [
"34348291"
]
},
{
"start": 32808,
"end": 32824,
"label": [
"42176339"
]
},
{
"start": 32879,
"end": 32883,
"label": [
"18948337"
]
},
{
"start": 32892,
"end": 32907,
"label": [
"46827550"
]
},
{
"start": 32949,
"end": 32960,
"label": [
"43390895"
]
},
{
"start": 32997,
"end": 33012,
"label": [
"40147140"
]
},
{
"start": 33034,
"end": 33038,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 33047,
"end": 33060,
"label": [
"46587118"
]
},
{
"start": 33104,
"end": 33114,
"label": [
"51194996"
]
},
{
"start": 33151,
"end": 33165,
"label": [
"37339561"
]
},
{
"start": 33204,
"end": 33228,
"label": [
"51067851"
]
},
{
"start": 33250,
"end": 33254,
"label": [
"34636"
]
},
{
"start": 33263,
"end": 33275,
"label": [
"47046768"
]
},
{
"start": 33315,
"end": 33328,
"label": [
"48763511"
]
},
{
"start": 33351,
"end": 33355,
"label": [
"34601"
]
},
{
"start": 33364,
"end": 33377,
"label": [
"48424573"
]
},
{
"start": 33399,
"end": 33403,
"label": [
"34548"
]
},
{
"start": 33412,
"end": 33433,
"label": [
"21400704"
]
},
{
"start": 33449,
"end": 33453,
"label": [
"34551"
]
},
{
"start": 33462,
"end": 33478,
"label": [
"32691595"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2195_Births
|
*1494 – Johannes Agricola, German theologian and reformer (d. 1566) *1544 – Renata of Lorraine, Duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602) *1586 – Rose of Lima, Peruvian mystic and saint (d. 1617) *1633 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654) *1646 – Charles Plumier, French botanist and author (d. 1704) *1650 – William Bedloe, English spy (d. 1680) *1718 – David Brainerd, American missionary (d. 1747) *1723 – Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer, and politician (d. 1781) *1727 – Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Belgian-Austrian minister and diplomat (d. 1794) *1745 – Philippe Pinel, French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1826) *1748 – Georg Michael Telemann, German composer and theologian (d. 1831) *1772 – William Lawless, Irish revolutionary and French general (d. 1824) *1808 – Napoleon III, French politician, 1st President of France (d. 1873) *1816 – Bogoslav Šulek, Croatian philologist, historian, and lexicographer (d. 1895) *1818 – Heinrich Göbel, German-American mechanic and engineer (d. 1893) *1826 – Dinah Craik, English author and poet (d. 1887) *1836 – Eli Whitney Blake, Jr., American scientist and academic (d. 1895) *1839 – Carol I of Romania, King of Romania (d. 1914) *1840 – Odilon Redon, French painter and illustrator (d. 1916) *1850 – Daniel Chester French, American sculptor, designed the Lincoln statue (d. 1931) *1851 – Alexander Dianin, Russian chemist (d. 1918) * 1851 – Siegmund Lubin, Polish-American businessman, founded the Lubin Manufacturing Company (d. 1923) *1860 – Justinien de Clary, French target shooter (d. 1933) *1871 – Sydney Chapman, English economist and civil servant (d. 1951) *1873 – James Harcourt, English character actor (d. 1951) *1875 – Vladimir Vidrić, Croatian poet and lawyer (d. 1909) *1879 – Paul Poiret, French fashion designer (d. 1944) *1882 – Holland Smith, American general (d. 1967) *1884 – Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966) * 1884 – Oliver Kirk, American boxer (d. 1960) * 1884 – Daniel Varoujan, Armenian poet and educator (d. 1915) *1889 – Albert Jean Amateau, Turkish rabbi, lawyer, and activist (d. 1996) * 1889 – Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (d. 1918) * 1889 – Marie-Antoinette de Geuser, French mystic (d. 1918) * 1889 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian born German politician, Führer of Nazi Germany (d. 1945) * 1889 – Tonny Kessler, Dutch footballer (d. 1960) *1890 – Maurice Duplessis, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Premier of Quebec (d. 1959) * 1890 – Adolf Schärf, Austrian soldier and politician, 6th President of Austria (d. 1965) *1891 – Dave Bancroft, American baseball player and manager (d. 1972) *1893 – Harold Lloyd, American actor, comedian, and producer (d. 1971) * 1893 – Joan Miró, Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1983) *1895 – Emile Christian, American trombonist and composer (d. 1973) * 1895 – Henry de Montherlant, French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (d. 1972) *1896 – Wop May, Canadian captain and pilot (d. 1952) *1899 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian lieutenant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1918) *1904 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (d. 1972) *1907 – Miran Bux, Pakistani cricketer (d. 1991) * 1907 – Augoustinos Kantiotes, Greek bishop (d. 2010) *1908 – Lionel Hampton, African-American vibraphone player, pianist, bandleader, and actor (d. 2002) *1910 – Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, Turkish diplomat and politician (d. 1961) *1913 – Mimis Fotopoulos, Greek actor and poet (d. 1986) * 1913 – Willi Hennig, German biologist and entomologist (d. 1976) * 1913 – Roger Rochard, French runner (d. 1993) *1914 – Betty Lou Gerson, American actress (d. 1999) *1915 – Joseph Wolpe, South African-American psychotherapist and physician (d. 1997) *1916 – Nasiba Zeynalova, Azerbaijani actress (d. 2004) *1918 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) *1919 – Richard Hillary, Australian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943) *1920 – Frances Ames, South African neurologist, psychiatrist, and human rights activist (d. 2002) * 1920 – Clement Isong, Nigerian banker and politician, Governor of Cross River State (d. 2000) * 1920 – Ronald Speirs, American colonel (d. 2007) * 1920 – John Paul Stevens, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2019) *1923 – Mother Angelica, American nun and broadcaster, founded Eternal Word Television Network (d. 2016) * 1923 – Irene Lieblich, Polish-American painter and illustrator (d. 2008) * 1923 – Tito Puente, American drummer and producer (d. 2000) *1924 – Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008) * 1924 – Leslie Phillips, English actor and producer * 1924 – Guy Rocher, Canadian sociologist and academic *1925 – Ernie Stautner, German-American football player and coach (d. 2006) * 1925 – Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017) *1927 – Bud Cullen, Canadian judge and politician, 1st Canadian Minister of Employment and Immigration (d. 2005) * 1927 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008) * 1927 – K. Alex Müller, Swiss physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate *1928 – Robert Byrne, American chess player and author (d. 2013) * 1928 – Johnny Gavin, Irish footballer (d. 2007) *1929 – Harry Agganis, American baseball and football player (d. 1955) * 1929 – Bobby Hollander, American film director, actor, and magazine publisher (d. 2002) *1930 – Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (d. 2014) * 1930 – Antony Jay, English director and screenwriter (d. 2016) *1931 – Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby, English lieutenant and politician (d. 2014) * 1931 – John Eccles, 2nd Viscount Eccles, English businessman and politician *1932 – Myriam Bru, French actress *1933 – Kristaq Dhamo, Albanian actor and film director *1936 – Lisa Davis, English and American former child and adult actress * 1936 – Pauli Ellefsen, Faroese technician, surveyor, and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012) * 1936 – Pat Roberts, American captain, journalist, and politician * 1936 – Christopher Robinson, English organist and conductor *1937 – Jiří Dienstbier, Czech journalist and politician, Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2011) * 1937 – Antonios Kounadis, Greek discus thrower * 1937 – Harvey Quaytman, American painter and educator (d. 2002) * 1937 – George Takei, American actor *1938 – Betty Cuthbert, Australian sprinter * 1938 – Manfred Kinder, German runner * 1938 – Peter Snow, British historian and journalist * 1938 – Eszter Tamási, Hungarian actress (d. 1991) *1939 – Elspeth Ballantyne, Australian actress * 1939 – Peter S. Beagle, American author and screenwriter * 1939 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian physician and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Norway * 1939 – Johnny Tillotson, American singer-songwriter *1940 – James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010) *1941 – Ryan O'Neal, American actor *1942 – Giles Henderson, English lawyer and academic * 1942 – Arto Paasilinna, Finnish journalist and author *1943 – Alan Beith, English academic and politician * 1943 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor and director * 1943 – Edie Sedgwick, American model and actress (d. 1971) *1944 – Toivo Aare, Estonian journalist and author (d. 1999) *1945 – Michael Brandon, American actor and director * 1945 – Olga Karlatos, Greek actress and Bermudian lawyer * 1945 – Thein Sein, Burmese general and politician, 8th President of Burma * 1945 – Naftali Temu, Kenyan runner (d. 2003) *1946 – Sandro Chia, Italian painter and sculptor * 1946 – Julien Poulin, Canadian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter * 1946 – Gordon Smiley, American race car driver (d. 1982) *1947 – Rita Dionne-Marsolais, Canadian economist and politician * 1947 – David Leland, English actor, director, and screenwriter * 1947 – Viktor Suvorov, Russian intelligence officer, historian, and author *1948 – Gregory Itzin, American actor * 1948 – Matthias Kuhle, German geographer and academic (d. 2015) *1949 – Veronica Cartwright, English-American actress * 1949 – Toller Cranston, Canadian-Mexican figure skater and painter (d. 2015) * 1949 – Massimo D'Alema, Italian journalist and politician, 76th Prime Minister of Italy * 1949 – Jessica Lange, American actress *1950 – Steve Erickson, American author and critic * 1950 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (d. 2002) * 1950 – N. Chandrababu Naidu, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh *1951 – Louise Jameson, English actress * 1951 – Luther Vandross, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2005) *1952 – Louka Katseli, Greek economist and politician * 1952 – Božidar Maljković, Serbian basketball player and coach * 1952 – Eric Pickles, English politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government *1953 – Sebastian Faulks, English journalist and author *1955 – Donald Pettit, American engineer and astronaut *1956 – Beatrice Ask, Swedish politician, Swedish Minister for Justice * 1956 – Peter Chelsom, English film director, writer, and actor * 1956 – Kakha Bendukidze, Georgian economist and politician * 1956 – Georgie Glen, Scottish actress *1958 – Viacheslav Fetisov, Russian ice hockey player and coach *1960 – Debbie Flintoff-King, Australian hurdler and coach *1961 – Don Mattingly, American baseball player, coach, and manager * 1961 – Konstantin Lavronenko, Russian actor * 1961 – Nicholas Lyndhurst, English actor * 1961 – Paul Usher, English actor *1963 – Maurício Gugelmin, Brazilian race car driver * 1963 – Rachel Whiteread, English sculptor *1964 – Crispin Glover, American actor * 1964 – Andy Serkis, English actor and director * 1964 – Rosalynn Sumners, American figure skater *1965 – Kostis Chatzidakis, Greek politician, Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism * 1965 – Léa Fazer, Swiss film director, screenwriter and actress * 1965 – Adrián Fernández, Mexican race car driver * 1965 – Rebecca Lacey, English actress *1966 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher and academic * 1966 – David Filo, American businessman, co-founded Yahoo! * 1966 – Vincent Riendeau, Canadian ice hockey player *1967 – Mike Portnoy, American drummer and songwriter * 1967 – Raymond van Barneveld, Dutch darts player *1968 – Julia Morris, Australian entertainer * 1968 – Yelena Välbe, Russian skier and manager * 1968 – Roman Virastyuk, Ukrainian shot putter *1969 – Felix Baumgartner, Austrian skydiver and BASE jumper * 1969 – Will Hodgman, Australian politician, 45th Premier of Tasmania *1970 – Sarantuya, Mongolian soprano * 1970 – Avishai Cohen, Israeli singer-songwriter and bassist * 1970 – Shemar Moore, American actor *1971 – Carla Geurts, Dutch swimmer, physiologist, and academic * 1971 – Allan Houston, American basketball player and manager * 1971 – Nikos Kyzeridis, Greek footballer *1972 – Lê Huỳnh Đức, Vietnamese footballer, coach, and manager * 1972 – Carmen Electra, American model and actress * 1972 – Željko Joksimović, Serbian singer-songwriter and producer * 1972 – Stephen Marley, American singer, guitarist, and producer * 1972 – Julia Peng, Taiwanese singer *1973 – Isabel dos Santos, Angolan businesswoman and first African woman billionaire * 1973 – Lamond Murray, American basketball player *1974 – Adrian Ilie, Romanian footballer * 1974 – Julie Fernandez, English actress and model * 1974 – Urmas Paet, Estonian journalist and politician, 26th Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs *1975 – Killer Mike, American rapper and activist *1976 – Aldo Bobadilla, Paraguayan footballer * 1976 – Shay Given, Irish footballer and manager * 1976 – Chris Mason, Canadian ice hockey player * 1976 – Ismail Rasheed, Maldivian actor * 1976 – Georgina Rylance, English actress *1979 – Stian Barsnes-Simonsen, Norwegian actor and television host * 1979 – Ludovic Magnin, Swiss footballer and coach * 1979 – Nate Marquardt, American mixed martial artist *1980 – Gunta Baško, Latvian basketball player * 1980 – Jasmin Wagner, German singer and actress *1982 – Jacqueline Govaert, Dutch singer-songwriter and pianist * 1982 – Dario Knežević, Croatian footballer *1983 – Danny Granger, American basketball player * 1983 – Miranda Kerr, Australian model * 1983 – Joanne King, Irish actress *1984 – Nelson Évora, Ivorian-Portuguese triple jumper * 1984 – Bárbara Lennie, Spanish actress * 1984 – Edixon Perea, Colombian footballer * 1984 – Jenna Shoemaker, American triathlete *1985 – Curt Hawkins, American wrestler * 1985 – Brent Seabrook, Canadian ice hockey player *1987 – Chun Woo-hee, South Korean actress *1988 – Brandon Belt, American baseball player *1989 – Cally-Jo, English fine artist and tattoo artist * 1989 – Nina Davuluri, Miss America 2014 * 1989 – Carlos Valdes, Colombian-American actor and singer *1990 – Luhan, Chinese singer and actor * 1990 – Abby Mavers, English actress *1992 – Kristian Álvarez, Mexican footballer * 1992 – Marko Meerits, Estonian footballer *1995 – Damian McKenzie, New Zealand rugby union player *1995 – Jean Marie Dongou, Cameroonian footballer *1998 – Zachary Claman DeMelo, Canadian race car driver
|
[
{
"start": 1,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"39487"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 31,
"label": [
"15970"
]
},
{
"start": 75,
"end": 79,
"label": [
"38676"
]
},
{
"start": 88,
"end": 106,
"label": [
"5743412"
]
},
{
"start": 146,
"end": 150,
"label": [
"38593"
]
},
{
"start": 159,
"end": 171,
"label": [
"355422"
]
},
{
"start": 210,
"end": 214,
"label": [
"35162"
]
},
{
"start": 223,
"end": 239,
"label": [
"218732"
]
},
{
"start": 260,
"end": 264,
"label": [
"35060"
]
},
{
"start": 273,
"end": 288,
"label": [
"2794074"
]
},
{
"start": 328,
"end": 332,
"label": [
"34974"
]
},
{
"start": 341,
"end": 355,
"label": [
"1274567"
]
},
{
"start": 380,
"end": 384,
"label": [
"38630"
]
},
{
"start": 393,
"end": 407,
"label": [
"250833"
]
},
{
"start": 440,
"end": 444,
"label": [
"35808"
]
},
{
"start": 453,
"end": 470,
"label": [
"1101870"
]
},
{
"start": 525,
"end": 529,
"label": [
"35854"
]
},
{
"start": 538,
"end": 580,
"label": [
"2309310"
]
},
{
"start": 632,
"end": 636,
"label": [
"35842"
]
},
{
"start": 645,
"end": 659,
"label": [
"174702"
]
},
{
"start": 706,
"end": 710,
"label": [
"35839"
]
},
{
"start": 719,
"end": 741,
"label": [
"20362268"
]
},
{
"start": 785,
"end": 789,
"label": [
"35818"
]
},
{
"start": 798,
"end": 813,
"label": [
"49621541"
]
},
{
"start": 865,
"end": 869,
"label": [
"34902"
]
},
{
"start": 878,
"end": 890,
"label": [
"62581"
]
},
{
"start": 915,
"end": 934,
"label": [
"24899"
]
},
{
"start": 946,
"end": 950,
"label": [
"35531"
]
},
{
"start": 959,
"end": 973,
"label": [
"4580698"
]
},
{
"start": 1037,
"end": 1041,
"label": [
"34592"
]
},
{
"start": 1050,
"end": 1064,
"label": [
"349518"
]
},
{
"start": 1115,
"end": 1119,
"label": [
"34597"
]
},
{
"start": 1128,
"end": 1139,
"label": [
"829416"
]
},
{
"start": 1176,
"end": 1180,
"label": [
"35515"
]
},
{
"start": 1189,
"end": 1211,
"label": [
"7860075"
]
},
{
"start": 1256,
"end": 1260,
"label": [
"34903"
]
},
{
"start": 1269,
"end": 1287,
"label": [
"220418"
]
},
{
"start": 1316,
"end": 1320,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 1329,
"end": 1341,
"label": [
"164713"
]
},
{
"start": 1385,
"end": 1389,
"label": [
"34983"
]
},
{
"start": 1398,
"end": 1419,
"label": [
"160695"
]
},
{
"start": 1453,
"end": 1467,
"label": [
"22982228"
]
},
{
"start": 1479,
"end": 1483,
"label": [
"35014"
]
},
{
"start": 1492,
"end": 1508,
"label": [
"2642341"
]
},
{
"start": 1551,
"end": 1565,
"label": [
"2612633"
]
},
{
"start": 1608,
"end": 1635,
"label": [
"2613525"
]
},
{
"start": 1647,
"end": 1651,
"label": [
"34784"
]
},
{
"start": 1660,
"end": 1678,
"label": [
"7175953"
]
},
{
"start": 1713,
"end": 1717,
"label": [
"34767"
]
},
{
"start": 1726,
"end": 1740,
"label": [
"5077876"
]
},
{
"start": 1789,
"end": 1793,
"label": [
"34746"
]
},
{
"start": 1802,
"end": 1816,
"label": [
"6931156"
]
},
{
"start": 1853,
"end": 1857,
"label": [
"34763"
]
},
{
"start": 1866,
"end": 1881,
"label": [
"5151189"
]
},
{
"start": 1919,
"end": 1923,
"label": [
"34968"
]
},
{
"start": 1932,
"end": 1943,
"label": [
"646742"
]
},
{
"start": 1980,
"end": 1984,
"label": [
"34772"
]
},
{
"start": 1993,
"end": 2006,
"label": [
"507819"
]
},
{
"start": 2036,
"end": 2040,
"label": [
"34844"
]
},
{
"start": 2049,
"end": 2091,
"label": [
"763122"
]
},
{
"start": 2117,
"end": 2128,
"label": [
"7002217"
]
},
{
"start": 2170,
"end": 2185,
"label": [
"16176263"
]
},
{
"start": 2225,
"end": 2229,
"label": [
"34711"
]
},
{
"start": 2238,
"end": 2257,
"label": [
"327914"
]
},
{
"start": 2320,
"end": 2352,
"label": [
"5277212"
]
},
{
"start": 2378,
"end": 2404,
"label": [
"37301754"
]
},
{
"start": 2445,
"end": 2457,
"label": [
"2731583"
]
},
{
"start": 2492,
"end": 2498,
"label": [
"213765"
]
},
{
"start": 2502,
"end": 2514,
"label": [
"21212"
]
},
{
"start": 2540,
"end": 2553,
"label": [
"20053400"
]
},
{
"start": 2583,
"end": 2587,
"label": [
"34707"
]
},
{
"start": 2596,
"end": 2613,
"label": [
"190453"
]
},
{
"start": 2652,
"end": 2669,
"label": [
"370751"
]
},
{
"start": 2695,
"end": 2707,
"label": [
"1577954"
]
},
{
"start": 2746,
"end": 2766,
"label": [
"218464"
]
},
{
"start": 2778,
"end": 2782,
"label": [
"34794"
]
},
{
"start": 2791,
"end": 2804,
"label": [
"355488"
]
},
{
"start": 2854,
"end": 2858,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2867,
"end": 2879,
"label": [
"172671"
]
},
{
"start": 2945,
"end": 2954,
"label": [
"63093"
]
},
{
"start": 2996,
"end": 3000,
"label": [
"34679"
]
},
{
"start": 3009,
"end": 3024,
"label": [
"153728"
]
},
{
"start": 3084,
"end": 3104,
"label": [
"816607"
]
},
{
"start": 3158,
"end": 3162,
"label": [
"34668"
]
},
{
"start": 3171,
"end": 3178,
"label": [
"806136"
]
},
{
"start": 3218,
"end": 3222,
"label": [
"34790"
]
},
{
"start": 3231,
"end": 3249,
"label": [
"1177623"
]
},
{
"start": 3272,
"end": 3286,
"label": [
"17491404"
]
},
{
"start": 3308,
"end": 3312,
"label": [
"34651"
]
},
{
"start": 3321,
"end": 3332,
"label": [
"1079482"
]
},
{
"start": 3360,
"end": 3364,
"label": [
"34649"
]
},
{
"start": 3373,
"end": 3382,
"label": [
"3967531"
]
},
{
"start": 3429,
"end": 3450,
"label": [
"12917480"
]
},
{
"start": 3476,
"end": 3480,
"label": [
"34600"
]
},
{
"start": 3489,
"end": 3503,
"label": [
"78231"
]
},
{
"start": 3583,
"end": 3587,
"label": [
"34690"
]
},
{
"start": 3596,
"end": 3613,
"label": [
"5404400"
]
},
{
"start": 3658,
"end": 3662,
"label": [
"34617"
]
},
{
"start": 3671,
"end": 3687,
"label": [
"2886721"
]
},
{
"start": 3735,
"end": 3747,
"label": [
"33952"
]
},
{
"start": 3808,
"end": 3821,
"label": [
"27939031"
]
},
{
"start": 3848,
"end": 3852,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 3861,
"end": 3877,
"label": [
"1612403"
]
},
{
"start": 3907,
"end": 3911,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 3920,
"end": 3932,
"label": [
"665779"
]
},
{
"start": 3998,
"end": 4002,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 4011,
"end": 4027,
"label": [
"12495963"
]
},
{
"start": 4060,
"end": 4064,
"label": [
"34594"
]
},
{
"start": 4073,
"end": 4085,
"label": [
"396741"
]
},
{
"start": 4119,
"end": 4130,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 4151,
"end": 4155,
"label": [
"34665"
]
},
{
"start": 4164,
"end": 4179,
"label": [
"3599544"
]
},
{
"start": 4224,
"end": 4228,
"label": [
"34676"
]
},
{
"start": 4237,
"end": 4249,
"label": [
"43518832"
]
},
{
"start": 4265,
"end": 4276,
"label": [
"21226"
]
},
{
"start": 4343,
"end": 4356,
"label": [
"26374122"
]
},
{
"start": 4445,
"end": 4458,
"label": [
"3561151"
]
},
{
"start": 4502,
"end": 4519,
"label": [
"188359"
]
},
{
"start": 4549,
"end": 4608,
"label": [
"3004"
]
},
{
"start": 4620,
"end": 4624,
"label": [
"34863"
]
},
{
"start": 4633,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"2357859"
]
},
{
"start": 4688,
"end": 4719,
"label": [
"1342080"
]
},
{
"start": 4745,
"end": 4759,
"label": [
"26449767"
]
},
{
"start": 4826,
"end": 4837,
"label": [
"23976973"
]
},
{
"start": 4880,
"end": 4884,
"label": [
"34675"
]
},
{
"start": 4893,
"end": 4902,
"label": [
"2724530"
]
},
{
"start": 4952,
"end": 4967,
"label": [
"95805"
]
},
{
"start": 5011,
"end": 5021,
"label": [
"1805508"
]
},
{
"start": 5058,
"end": 5062,
"label": [
"34867"
]
},
{
"start": 5071,
"end": 5085,
"label": [
"2487040"
]
},
{
"start": 5154,
"end": 5167,
"label": [
"5180922"
]
},
{
"start": 5197,
"end": 5201,
"label": [
"34939"
]
},
{
"start": 5210,
"end": 5220,
"label": [
"1580267"
]
},
{
"start": 5330,
"end": 5339,
"label": [
"341545"
]
},
{
"start": 5391,
"end": 5405,
"label": [
"7790420"
]
},
{
"start": 5437,
"end": 5448,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 5459,
"end": 5463,
"label": [
"34674"
]
},
{
"start": 5472,
"end": 5484,
"label": [
"768779"
]
},
{
"start": 5544,
"end": 5556,
"label": [
"5463133"
]
},
{
"start": 5586,
"end": 5590,
"label": [
"34656"
]
},
{
"start": 5599,
"end": 5612,
"label": [
"819602"
]
},
{
"start": 5677,
"end": 5692,
"label": [
"8619661"
]
},
{
"start": 5759,
"end": 5763,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 5772,
"end": 5788,
"label": [
"5885117"
]
},
{
"start": 5847,
"end": 5857,
"label": [
"4078309"
]
},
{
"start": 5904,
"end": 5908,
"label": [
"34608"
]
},
{
"start": 5917,
"end": 5954,
"label": [
"1349537"
]
},
{
"start": 6015,
"end": 6047,
"label": [
"9074204"
]
},
{
"start": 6085,
"end": 6089,
"label": [
"34775"
]
},
{
"start": 6098,
"end": 6108,
"label": [
"24730562"
]
},
{
"start": 6126,
"end": 6130,
"label": [
"34864"
]
},
{
"start": 6139,
"end": 6152,
"label": [
"9425103"
]
},
{
"start": 6188,
"end": 6192,
"label": [
"34673"
]
},
{
"start": 6201,
"end": 6211,
"label": [
"29180873"
]
},
{
"start": 6280,
"end": 6294,
"label": [
"18757104"
]
},
{
"start": 6407,
"end": 6418,
"label": [
"363280"
]
},
{
"start": 6480,
"end": 6500,
"label": [
"16844251"
]
},
{
"start": 6534,
"end": 6538,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 6547,
"end": 6562,
"label": [
"30458201"
]
},
{
"start": 6597,
"end": 6630,
"label": [
"39090953"
]
},
{
"start": 6656,
"end": 6673,
"label": [
"21045661"
]
},
{
"start": 6711,
"end": 6726,
"label": [
"38232063"
]
},
{
"start": 6783,
"end": 6795,
"label": [
"363856"
]
},
{
"start": 6813,
"end": 6817,
"label": [
"19283852"
]
},
{
"start": 6826,
"end": 6840,
"label": [
"70740"
]
},
{
"start": 6877,
"end": 6891,
"label": [
"8223966"
]
},
{
"start": 6922,
"end": 6932,
"label": [
"494020"
]
},
{
"start": 6982,
"end": 6995,
"label": [
"25417618"
]
},
{
"start": 7026,
"end": 7030,
"label": [
"34614"
]
},
{
"start": 7039,
"end": 7057,
"label": [
"2215359"
]
},
{
"start": 7093,
"end": 7108,
"label": [
"679683"
]
},
{
"start": 7158,
"end": 7179,
"label": [
"13171"
]
},
{
"start": 7222,
"end": 7246,
"label": [
"220458"
]
},
{
"start": 7262,
"end": 7278,
"label": [
"1491537"
]
},
{
"start": 7308,
"end": 7312,
"label": [
"34708"
]
},
{
"start": 7321,
"end": 7333,
"label": [
"2076757"
]
},
{
"start": 7361,
"end": 7365,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 7374,
"end": 7385,
"label": [
"161920"
]
},
{
"start": 7403,
"end": 7407,
"label": [
"34629"
]
},
{
"start": 7416,
"end": 7431,
"label": [
"11627408"
]
},
{
"start": 7476,
"end": 7491,
"label": [
"1647525"
]
},
{
"start": 7524,
"end": 7528,
"label": [
"34630"
]
},
{
"start": 7537,
"end": 7547,
"label": [
"413936"
]
},
{
"start": 7596,
"end": 7615,
"label": [
"275264"
]
},
{
"start": 7663,
"end": 7676,
"label": [
"521568"
]
},
{
"start": 7716,
"end": 7720,
"label": [
"34622"
]
},
{
"start": 7729,
"end": 7739,
"label": [
"20402862"
]
},
{
"start": 7783,
"end": 7787,
"label": [
"34624"
]
},
{
"start": 7796,
"end": 7811,
"label": [
"570250"
]
},
{
"start": 7856,
"end": 7869,
"label": [
"32695679"
]
},
{
"start": 7921,
"end": 7931,
"label": [
"11309984"
]
},
{
"start": 7969,
"end": 7987,
"label": [
"11195083"
]
},
{
"start": 8003,
"end": 8015,
"label": [
"846964"
]
},
{
"start": 8042,
"end": 8046,
"label": [
"34631"
]
},
{
"start": 8055,
"end": 8066,
"label": [
"8974374"
]
},
{
"start": 8112,
"end": 8125,
"label": [
"7815632"
]
},
{
"start": 8195,
"end": 8208,
"label": [
"5187015"
]
},
{
"start": 8246,
"end": 8250,
"label": [
"34584"
]
},
{
"start": 8259,
"end": 8280,
"label": [
"10975438"
]
},
{
"start": 8331,
"end": 8343,
"label": [
"2290176"
]
},
{
"start": 8402,
"end": 8416,
"label": [
"521423"
]
},
{
"start": 8471,
"end": 8475,
"label": [
"34612"
]
},
{
"start": 8484,
"end": 8497,
"label": [
"4112558"
]
},
{
"start": 8529,
"end": 8543,
"label": [
"19341857"
]
},
{
"start": 8587,
"end": 8591,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 8600,
"end": 8619,
"label": [
"1360329"
]
},
{
"start": 8661,
"end": 8676,
"label": [
"2000031"
]
},
{
"start": 8746,
"end": 8761,
"label": [
"19332004"
]
},
{
"start": 8803,
"end": 8826,
"label": [
"273741"
]
},
{
"start": 8842,
"end": 8855,
"label": [
"67763"
]
},
{
"start": 8875,
"end": 8879,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 8888,
"end": 8902,
"label": [
"2297652"
]
},
{
"start": 8946,
"end": 8961,
"label": [
"431579"
]
},
{
"start": 9019,
"end": 9039,
"label": [
"277706"
]
},
{
"start": 9099,
"end": 9103,
"label": [
"34602"
]
},
{
"start": 9112,
"end": 9126,
"label": [
"839598"
]
},
{
"start": 9159,
"end": 9174,
"label": [
"249167"
]
},
{
"start": 9227,
"end": 9231,
"label": [
"34575"
]
},
{
"start": 9240,
"end": 9253,
"label": [
"25914650"
]
},
{
"start": 9301,
"end": 9318,
"label": [
"5759464"
]
},
{
"start": 9371,
"end": 9383,
"label": [
"421730"
]
},
{
"start": 9405,
"end": 9460,
"label": [
"1850855"
]
},
{
"start": 9462,
"end": 9466,
"label": [
"34865"
]
},
{
"start": 9475,
"end": 9491,
"label": [
"1111022"
]
},
{
"start": 9524,
"end": 9528,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 9537,
"end": 9550,
"label": [
"467713"
]
},
{
"start": 9585,
"end": 9589,
"label": [
"34672"
]
},
{
"start": 9598,
"end": 9610,
"label": [
"3291482"
]
},
{
"start": 9632,
"end": 9660,
"label": [
"7409822"
]
},
{
"start": 9676,
"end": 9689,
"label": [
"20131414"
]
},
{
"start": 9747,
"end": 9763,
"label": [
"7406836"
]
},
{
"start": 9814,
"end": 9826,
"label": [
"6800294"
]
},
{
"start": 9846,
"end": 9850,
"label": [
"34953"
]
},
{
"start": 9859,
"end": 9877,
"label": [
"333314"
]
},
{
"start": 9916,
"end": 9920,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 9929,
"end": 9949,
"label": [
"3484026"
]
},
{
"start": 9981,
"end": 9985,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 9994,
"end": 10007,
"label": [
"102811"
]
},
{
"start": 10069,
"end": 10090,
"label": [
"9189524"
]
},
{
"start": 10121,
"end": 10139,
"label": [
"66037"
]
},
{
"start": 10170,
"end": 10180,
"label": [
"4719314"
]
},
{
"start": 10197,
"end": 10201,
"label": [
"34648"
]
},
{
"start": 10210,
"end": 10227,
"label": [
"1226502"
]
},
{
"start": 10270,
"end": 10286,
"label": [
"158382"
]
},
{
"start": 10306,
"end": 10310,
"label": [
"34550"
]
},
{
"start": 10319,
"end": 10333,
"label": [
"399146"
]
},
{
"start": 10365,
"end": 10376,
"label": [
"402784"
]
},
{
"start": 10420,
"end": 10436,
"label": [
"1478044"
]
},
{
"start": 10462,
"end": 10466,
"label": [
"34750"
]
},
{
"start": 10475,
"end": 10493,
"label": [
"1478649"
]
},
{
"start": 10513,
"end": 10570,
"label": [
"29161523"
]
},
{
"start": 10586,
"end": 10595,
"label": [
"25254273"
]
},
{
"start": 10658,
"end": 10674,
"label": [
"2182552"
]
},
{
"start": 10715,
"end": 10728,
"label": [
"3641645"
]
},
{
"start": 10747,
"end": 10751,
"label": [
"34691"
]
},
{
"start": 10760,
"end": 10774,
"label": [
"258221"
]
},
{
"start": 10827,
"end": 10837,
"label": [
"315077"
]
},
{
"start": 10872,
"end": 10878,
"label": [
"188213"
]
},
{
"start": 10894,
"end": 10910,
"label": [
"6743517"
]
},
{
"start": 10940,
"end": 10944,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 10953,
"end": 10965,
"label": [
"428893"
]
},
{
"start": 11014,
"end": 11035,
"label": [
"1418984"
]
},
{
"start": 11057,
"end": 11061,
"label": [
"34655"
]
},
{
"start": 11070,
"end": 11082,
"label": [
"4226298"
]
},
{
"start": 11122,
"end": 11134,
"label": [
"4117183"
]
},
{
"start": 11177,
"end": 11192,
"label": [
"6627395"
]
},
{
"start": 11217,
"end": 11221,
"label": [
"34610"
]
},
{
"start": 11230,
"end": 11247,
"label": [
"5449624"
]
},
{
"start": 11271,
"end": 11275,
"label": [
"4430"
]
},
{
"start": 11298,
"end": 11310,
"label": [
"4295013"
]
},
{
"start": 11340,
"end": 11359,
"label": [
"24658"
]
},
{
"start": 11361,
"end": 11365,
"label": [
"34726"
]
},
{
"start": 11374,
"end": 11383,
"label": [
"13938617"
]
},
{
"start": 11418,
"end": 11431,
"label": [
"1234555"
]
},
{
"start": 11486,
"end": 11498,
"label": [
"712666"
]
},
{
"start": 11516,
"end": 11520,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 11529,
"end": 11541,
"label": [
"2864334"
]
},
{
"start": 11600,
"end": 11613,
"label": [
"1069169"
]
},
{
"start": 11669,
"end": 11684,
"label": [
"30353777"
]
},
{
"start": 11704,
"end": 11708,
"label": [
"34671"
]
},
{
"start": 11717,
"end": 11729,
"label": [
"7961131"
]
},
{
"start": 11788,
"end": 11802,
"label": [
"18707123"
]
},
{
"start": 11846,
"end": 11863,
"label": [
"1229868"
]
},
{
"start": 11919,
"end": 11933,
"label": [
"1024369"
]
},
{
"start": 11991,
"end": 12001,
"label": [
"53757269"
]
},
{
"start": 12021,
"end": 12025,
"label": [
"34751"
]
},
{
"start": 12034,
"end": 12051,
"label": [
"12662959"
]
},
{
"start": 12126,
"end": 12139,
"label": [
"2431756"
]
},
{
"start": 12169,
"end": 12173,
"label": [
"34654"
]
},
{
"start": 12182,
"end": 12193,
"label": [
"2102165"
]
},
{
"start": 12230,
"end": 12245,
"label": [
"984947"
]
},
{
"start": 12288,
"end": 12298,
"label": [
"1747716"
]
},
{
"start": 12341,
"end": 12377,
"label": [
"1794160"
]
},
{
"start": 12379,
"end": 12383,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 12392,
"end": 12403,
"label": [
"47747608"
]
},
{
"start": 12435,
"end": 12439,
"label": [
"34661"
]
},
{
"start": 12448,
"end": 12462,
"label": [
"5154271"
]
},
{
"start": 12501,
"end": 12511,
"label": [
"610477"
]
},
{
"start": 12557,
"end": 12568,
"label": [
"3664475"
]
},
{
"start": 12612,
"end": 12626,
"label": [
"34856874"
]
},
{
"start": 12659,
"end": 12675,
"label": [
"6994405"
]
},
{
"start": 12694,
"end": 12698,
"label": [
"34754"
]
},
{
"start": 12707,
"end": 12729,
"label": [
"21329928"
]
},
{
"start": 12782,
"end": 12796,
"label": [
"5298906"
]
},
{
"start": 12840,
"end": 12854,
"label": [
"5067816"
]
},
{
"start": 12887,
"end": 12891,
"label": [
"34640"
]
},
{
"start": 12900,
"end": 12911,
"label": [
"20000670"
]
},
{
"start": 12954,
"end": 12967,
"label": [
"765620"
]
},
{
"start": 12996,
"end": 13000,
"label": [
"34756"
]
},
{
"start": 13009,
"end": 13027,
"label": [
"2217582"
]
},
{
"start": 13080,
"end": 13094,
"label": [
"6799504"
]
},
{
"start": 13117,
"end": 13121,
"label": [
"34755"
]
},
{
"start": 13130,
"end": 13143,
"label": [
"2181726"
]
},
{
"start": 13187,
"end": 13199,
"label": [
"2925581"
]
},
{
"start": 13233,
"end": 13244,
"label": [
"14515922"
]
},
{
"start": 13261,
"end": 13265,
"label": [
"34578"
]
},
{
"start": 13274,
"end": 13286,
"label": [
"7150195"
]
},
{
"start": 13336,
"end": 13350,
"label": [
"45019221"
]
},
{
"start": 13383,
"end": 13395,
"label": [
"30859648"
]
},
{
"start": 13433,
"end": 13448,
"label": [
"30524255"
]
},
{
"start": 13471,
"end": 13475,
"label": [
"34846"
]
},
{
"start": 13484,
"end": 13496,
"label": [
"14841028"
]
},
{
"start": 13531,
"end": 13545,
"label": [
"2868750"
]
},
{
"start": 13575,
"end": 13579,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 13588,
"end": 13600,
"label": [
"44124659"
]
},
{
"start": 13624,
"end": 13628,
"label": [
"34670"
]
},
{
"start": 13637,
"end": 13649,
"label": [
"28588988"
]
},
{
"start": 13677,
"end": 13681,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 13690,
"end": 13698,
"label": [
"48035506"
]
},
{
"start": 13753,
"end": 13766,
"label": [
"40543198"
]
},
{
"start": 13768,
"end": 13785,
"label": [
"34299146"
]
},
{
"start": 13801,
"end": 13814,
"label": [
"46325037"
]
},
{
"start": 13853,
"end": 13857,
"label": [
"34635"
]
},
{
"start": 13866,
"end": 13871,
"label": [
"43419836"
]
},
{
"start": 13913,
"end": 13924,
"label": [
"39523319"
]
},
{
"start": 13943,
"end": 13947,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 13956,
"end": 13972,
"label": [
"27124832"
]
},
{
"start": 14008,
"end": 14021,
"label": [
"30110712"
]
},
{
"start": 14044,
"end": 14048,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 14057,
"end": 14072,
"label": [
"43548988"
]
},
{
"start": 14106,
"end": 14110,
"label": [
"34658"
]
},
{
"start": 14119,
"end": 14136,
"label": [
"34785983"
]
},
{
"start": 14162,
"end": 14166,
"label": [
"34647"
]
},
{
"start": 14175,
"end": 14196,
"label": [
"48827998"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2196_Deaths
|
* 843 – Judith of Bavaria, Frankish empress *1012 – Ælfheah of Canterbury, English archbishop and saint (b. 954) *1013 – Hisham II, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (b. 966) *1044 – Gothelo I, duke of Lorraine *1054 – Leo IX, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1002) *1321 – Gerasimus I, patriarch of Constantinople *1390 – Robert II, king of Scotland (b. 1316) *1405 – Thomas West, 1st Baron West, English nobleman (b. 1335) *1431 – Adolph III, count of Waldeck (b. 1362) *1560 – Philip Melanchthon, German theologian and reformer (b. 1497) *1567 – Michael Stifel, German monk and mathematician (b. 1487) *1578 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530) *1588 – Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. 1528) *1608 – Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English poet, playwright, and politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1536) *1618 – Thomas Bastard, English priest and author (b. 1566) *1619 – Jagat Gosain, Mughal empress (b. 1573) *1629 – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (b. 1582) *1632 – Sigismund III Vasa, king of Sweden and Poland (b. 1566) *1686 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish historian and playwright (b. 1610) *1689 – Christina, queen of Sweden (b. 1626) *1733 – Elizabeth Hamilton, countess of Orkney (b. 1657) *1739 – Nicholas Saunderson, English mathematician and academic (b. 1682) *1768 – Canaletto, Italian painter and etcher (b. 1697) *1776 – Jacob Emden, German rabbi and author (b. 1697) *1791 – Richard Price, Welsh-English preacher and philosopher (b. 1723) *1813 – Benjamin Rush, American physician and educator (b. 1745) *1824 – Lord Byron, English-Scottish poet and playwright (b. 1788) *1831 – Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1765) *1833 – James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier, Bahamian-English admiral and politician, 36th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1756) *1840 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, Canadian bishop (b. 1777) *1854 – Robert Jameson, Scottish mineralogist and academic (b. 1774) *1881 – Benjamin Disraeli, English journalist and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804) *1882 – Charles Darwin, English biologist and theorist (b. 1809) *1893 – Martin Körber, Estonian-German pastor, composer, and conductor (b. 1817) *1901 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American publisher, founded The Dallas Morning News (b. 1839) *1906 – Pierre Curie, French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859) * 1906 – Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (b. 1850) *1909 – Signe Rink, Greenland-born Danish writer and ethnologist (b. 1836) *1914 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1839) *1915 – Thomas Playford II, English-Australian politician, 17th Premier of South Australia (b. 1837) *1916 – Ephraim Shay, American engineer, designed the Shay locomotive (b. 1839) *1926 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian-Swiss statistician and theorist (b. 1874) *1930 – Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1827) *1937 – Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, English cartographer and politician (b. 1856) * 1937 – William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1865) *1941 – Johanna Müller-Hermann, Austrian composer (b. 1878) *1949 – Ulrich Salchow, Danish-Swedish figure skater (b. 1877) *1950 – Ernst Robert Curtius, French-German philologist and scholar (b. 1886) *1955 – Jim Corbett, Indian colonel, hunter, and author (b. 1875) *1960 – Beardsley Ruml, American economist and statistician (b. 1894) *1961 – Max Hainle, German swimmer (b. 1882) *1967 – Konrad Adenauer, German politician, 1st Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876) *1971 – Luigi Piotti, Italian race car driver (b. 1913) *1975 – Percy Lavon Julian, American chemist and academic (b. 1899) *1987 – Hugh Brannum, American vocalist, arranger, and composer (b. 1910) *1989 – Daphne du Maurier, English novelist and playwright (b. 1907) *1991 – Stanley Hawes, English-Australian director and producer (b. 1905) *1992 – Frankie Howerd, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1917) *1993 – David Koresh, American religious leader (b. 1959) * 1993 – George S. Mickelson, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 28th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1941) *1998 – Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, philosopher, and academic Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914) *1999 – Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian-German SS officer (b. 1919) *2000 – Louis Applebaum, Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1918) *2001 – Meldrim Thomson, Jr.. American publisher and politician, 73rd Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1912) *2002 – Reginald Rose, American writer (b. 1920) *2003 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-English caliph (b. 1928) *2004 – Norris McWhirter, English author and activist co-founded the Guinness World Records (b. 1925) * 2004 – John Maynard Smith, English biologist and geneticist (b. 1920) *2005 – George P. Cosmatos, Italian-Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1941) * 2005 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911) * 2005 – Clement Meadmore, Australian-American sculptor and author (b. 1929) * 2005 – Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish bassist and composer (b. 1946) *2006 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1921) *2007 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932) *2008 – John Marzano, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1963) * 2008 – Alfonso López Trujillo, Colombian cardinal (b. 1935) *2009 – J. G. Ballard, English novelist, short story writer, and essayist. (b. 1930) *2011 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946) *2012 – Leopold David de Rothschild, English financier and philanthropist (b. 1927) * 2012 – Greg Ham, Australian saxophonist, songwriter, and actor (b. 1953) * 2012 – Levon Helm, American singer-songwriter, drummer, guitarist, instrumentalist, and actor (b. 1940) * 2012 – Valeri Vasiliev, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1949) *2013 – Sivanthi Adithan, Indian businessman (b. 1936) * 2013 – Allan Arbus, American actor and photographer (b. 1918) * 2013 – Mike Denness, Scottish-English cricketer and referee (b. 1940) * 2013 – François Jacob, French biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920) * 2013 – E. L. Konigsburg, American author and illustrator (b. 1930) * 2013 – Al Neuharth, American journalist, author, and publisher, founded USA Today (b. 1924) *2014 – Lindy Berry, American football player (b. 1927) * 2014 – Ian McIntyre, Scottish journalist and producer (b. 1930) * 2014 – Frits Thors, Dutch journalist (b. 1909) *2015 – Raymond Carr, English historian and academic (b. 1919) * 2015 – William Price Fox, American journalist and author (b. 1926) * 2015 – Roy Mason, English miner and politician, Secretary of State for Defence (b. 1924) * 2015 – Tom McCabe, Scottish social worker and politician (b. 1954) * 2015 – Oktay Sinanoğlu, Italian-Turkish chemist and academic (b. 1935) *2016 – Patricio Aylwin, Chilean politician (b. 1918) * 2016 – Milt Pappas, American baseball player (b. 1939) *2017 – Aaron Hernandez, American football player (b. 1989)
|
[
{
"start": 2,
"end": 5,
"label": [
"35111"
]
},
{
"start": 14,
"end": 31,
"label": [
"2306238"
]
},
{
"start": 51,
"end": 55,
"label": [
"36284"
]
},
{
"start": 64,
"end": 85,
"label": [
"2110"
]
},
{
"start": 126,
"end": 130,
"label": [
"36285"
]
},
{
"start": 139,
"end": 148,
"label": [
"1091102"
]
},
{
"start": 186,
"end": 190,
"label": [
"40043"
]
},
{
"start": 199,
"end": 208,
"label": [
"2498483"
]
},
{
"start": 228,
"end": 232,
"label": [
"36660"
]
},
{
"start": 241,
"end": 247,
"label": [
"67376"
]
},
{
"start": 288,
"end": 292,
"label": [
"39964"
]
},
{
"start": 301,
"end": 312,
"label": [
"15672109"
]
},
{
"start": 343,
"end": 347,
"label": [
"39551"
]
},
{
"start": 356,
"end": 365,
"label": [
"147958"
]
},
{
"start": 395,
"end": 399,
"label": [
"36212"
]
},
{
"start": 408,
"end": 435,
"label": [
"2105770"
]
},
{
"start": 465,
"end": 469,
"label": [
"36127"
]
},
{
"start": 478,
"end": 488,
"label": [
"35332674"
]
},
{
"start": 518,
"end": 522,
"label": [
"35145"
]
},
{
"start": 531,
"end": 549,
"label": [
"39209"
]
},
{
"start": 593,
"end": 597,
"label": [
"38606"
]
},
{
"start": 606,
"end": 620,
"label": [
"26485293"
]
},
{
"start": 663,
"end": 667,
"label": [
"38599"
]
},
{
"start": 676,
"end": 690,
"label": [
"352118"
]
},
{
"start": 732,
"end": 736,
"label": [
"35147"
]
},
{
"start": 745,
"end": 759,
"label": [
"236906"
]
},
{
"start": 788,
"end": 792,
"label": [
"34591"
]
},
{
"start": 801,
"end": 837,
"label": [
"914541"
]
},
{
"start": 881,
"end": 900,
"label": [
"344840"
]
},
{
"start": 912,
"end": 916,
"label": [
"34909"
]
},
{
"start": 925,
"end": 939,
"label": [
"6616292"
]
},
{
"start": 978,
"end": 982,
"label": [
"35108"
]
},
{
"start": 991,
"end": 1003,
"label": [
"36281652"
]
},
{
"start": 1031,
"end": 1035,
"label": [
"35143"
]
},
{
"start": 1044,
"end": 1062,
"label": [
"1088491"
]
},
{
"start": 1092,
"end": 1096,
"label": [
"34990"
]
},
{
"start": 1105,
"end": 1123,
"label": [
"52608"
]
},
{
"start": 1162,
"end": 1166,
"label": [
"38649"
]
},
{
"start": 1175,
"end": 1205,
"label": [
"1890588"
]
},
{
"start": 1251,
"end": 1255,
"label": [
"36185"
]
},
{
"start": 1264,
"end": 1273,
"label": [
"49613"
]
},
{
"start": 1302,
"end": 1306,
"label": [
"35851"
]
},
{
"start": 1315,
"end": 1333,
"label": [
"1677136"
]
},
{
"start": 1365,
"end": 1369,
"label": [
"35846"
]
},
{
"start": 1378,
"end": 1397,
"label": [
"196812"
]
},
{
"start": 1445,
"end": 1449,
"label": [
"35820"
]
},
{
"start": 1458,
"end": 1467,
"label": [
"214028"
]
},
{
"start": 1507,
"end": 1511,
"label": [
"8380114"
]
},
{
"start": 1520,
"end": 1531,
"label": [
"341856"
]
},
{
"start": 1568,
"end": 1572,
"label": [
"34590"
]
},
{
"start": 1581,
"end": 1594,
"label": [
"205480"
]
},
{
"start": 1646,
"end": 1650,
"label": [
"34965"
]
},
{
"start": 1659,
"end": 1672,
"label": [
"260899"
]
},
{
"start": 1717,
"end": 1721,
"label": [
"35521"
]
},
{
"start": 1730,
"end": 1740,
"label": [
"17566665"
]
},
{
"start": 1790,
"end": 1794,
"label": [
"35021"
]
},
{
"start": 1803,
"end": 1845,
"label": [
"2541836"
]
},
{
"start": 1894,
"end": 1898,
"label": [
"34706"
]
},
{
"start": 1907,
"end": 1939,
"label": [
"1027738"
]
},
{
"start": 2033,
"end": 2037,
"label": [
"34699"
]
},
{
"start": 2046,
"end": 2067,
"label": [
"6097732"
]
},
{
"start": 2096,
"end": 2100,
"label": [
"34781"
]
},
{
"start": 2109,
"end": 2123,
"label": [
"537297"
]
},
{
"start": 2171,
"end": 2175,
"label": [
"34716"
]
},
{
"start": 2184,
"end": 2201,
"label": [
"3875"
]
},
{
"start": 2238,
"end": 2274,
"label": [
"24150"
]
},
{
"start": 2286,
"end": 2290,
"label": [
"34772"
]
},
{
"start": 2299,
"end": 2313,
"label": [
"8145410"
]
},
{
"start": 2357,
"end": 2361,
"label": [
"34713"
]
},
{
"start": 2370,
"end": 2383,
"label": [
"35730674"
]
},
{
"start": 2444,
"end": 2448,
"label": [
"34618"
]
},
{
"start": 2457,
"end": 2476,
"label": [
"17207020"
]
},
{
"start": 2506,
"end": 2529,
"label": [
"453580"
]
},
{
"start": 2541,
"end": 2545,
"label": [
"34650"
]
},
{
"start": 2554,
"end": 2566,
"label": [
"24509"
]
},
{
"start": 2599,
"end": 2610,
"label": [
"52497"
]
},
{
"start": 2645,
"end": 2657,
"label": [
"2825768"
]
},
{
"start": 2706,
"end": 2710,
"label": [
"19283284"
]
},
{
"start": 2719,
"end": 2729,
"label": [
"55351152"
]
},
{
"start": 2787,
"end": 2791,
"label": [
"19283920"
]
},
{
"start": 2800,
"end": 2822,
"label": [
"6117"
]
},
{
"start": 2874,
"end": 2878,
"label": [
"34689"
]
},
{
"start": 2887,
"end": 2905,
"label": [
"983772"
]
},
{
"start": 2981,
"end": 2985,
"label": [
"34677"
]
},
{
"start": 2994,
"end": 3006,
"label": [
"2209151"
]
},
{
"start": 3040,
"end": 3055,
"label": [
"318853"
]
},
{
"start": 3067,
"end": 3071,
"label": [
"34609"
]
},
{
"start": 3080,
"end": 3111,
"label": [
"1614831"
]
},
{
"start": 3164,
"end": 3168,
"label": [
"34911"
]
},
{
"start": 3177,
"end": 3203,
"label": [
"209374"
]
},
{
"start": 3252,
"end": 3256,
"label": [
"34684"
]
},
{
"start": 3265,
"end": 3309,
"label": [
"431208"
]
},
{
"start": 3372,
"end": 3394,
"label": [
"330863"
]
},
{
"start": 3443,
"end": 3447,
"label": [
"34632"
]
},
{
"start": 3456,
"end": 3478,
"label": [
"9200830"
]
},
{
"start": 3509,
"end": 3513,
"label": [
"34604"
]
},
{
"start": 3522,
"end": 3536,
"label": [
"563905"
]
},
{
"start": 3578,
"end": 3582,
"label": [
"19283873"
]
},
{
"start": 3591,
"end": 3611,
"label": [
"2417797"
]
},
{
"start": 3662,
"end": 3666,
"label": [
"34851"
]
},
{
"start": 3675,
"end": 3686,
"label": [
"889913"
]
},
{
"start": 3734,
"end": 3738,
"label": [
"34664"
]
},
{
"start": 3747,
"end": 3761,
"label": [
"5144663"
]
},
{
"start": 3810,
"end": 3814,
"label": [
"34659"
]
},
{
"start": 3823,
"end": 3833,
"label": [
"12689890"
]
},
{
"start": 3861,
"end": 3865,
"label": [
"34749"
]
},
{
"start": 3874,
"end": 3889,
"label": [
"16634"
]
},
{
"start": 3914,
"end": 3935,
"label": [
"20890626"
]
},
{
"start": 3947,
"end": 3951,
"label": [
"34748"
]
},
{
"start": 3960,
"end": 3972,
"label": [
"1235052"
]
},
{
"start": 4009,
"end": 4013,
"label": [
"34752"
]
},
{
"start": 4022,
"end": 4040,
"label": [
"430881"
]
},
{
"start": 4083,
"end": 4087,
"label": [
"34760"
]
},
{
"start": 4096,
"end": 4108,
"label": [
"1113426"
]
},
{
"start": 4163,
"end": 4167,
"label": [
"34847"
]
},
{
"start": 4176,
"end": 4193,
"label": [
"66877"
]
},
{
"start": 4238,
"end": 4242,
"label": [
"34703"
]
},
{
"start": 4251,
"end": 4264,
"label": [
"11252853"
]
},
{
"start": 4318,
"end": 4322,
"label": [
"34669"
]
},
{
"start": 4331,
"end": 4345,
"label": [
"69659"
]
},
{
"start": 4389,
"end": 4393,
"label": [
"34598"
]
},
{
"start": 4402,
"end": 4414,
"label": [
"21320535"
]
},
{
"start": 4467,
"end": 4486,
"label": [
"468613"
]
},
{
"start": 4535,
"end": 4559,
"label": [
"253090"
]
},
{
"start": 4571,
"end": 4575,
"label": [
"34647"
]
},
{
"start": 4584,
"end": 4595,
"label": [
"162510"
]
},
{
"start": 4637,
"end": 4648,
"label": [
"23385442"
]
},
{
"start": 4669,
"end": 4673,
"label": [
"34553"
]
},
{
"start": 4682,
"end": 4702,
"label": [
"358722"
]
},
{
"start": 4720,
"end": 4722,
"label": [
"27040"
]
},
{
"start": 4742,
"end": 4746,
"label": [
"34548"
]
},
{
"start": 4755,
"end": 4770,
"label": [
"1179520"
]
},
{
"start": 4815,
"end": 4819,
"label": [
"34551"
]
},
{
"start": 4828,
"end": 4848,
"label": [
"326939"
]
},
{
"start": 4890,
"end": 4915,
"label": [
"253081"
]
},
{
"start": 4927,
"end": 4931,
"label": [
"35502"
]
},
{
"start": 4940,
"end": 4953,
"label": [
"1369542"
]
},
{
"start": 4982,
"end": 4986,
"label": [
"36163"
]
},
{
"start": 4995,
"end": 5012,
"label": [
"6914707"
]
},
{
"start": 5047,
"end": 5051,
"label": [
"35524"
]
},
{
"start": 5060,
"end": 5076,
"label": [
"192247"
]
},
{
"start": 5121,
"end": 5143,
"label": [
"100796"
]
},
{
"start": 5169,
"end": 5187,
"label": [
"16233"
]
},
{
"start": 5233,
"end": 5237,
"label": [
"35984"
]
},
{
"start": 5246,
"end": 5264,
"label": [
"1795448"
]
},
{
"start": 5331,
"end": 5342,
"label": [
"1291071"
]
},
{
"start": 5386,
"end": 5402,
"label": [
"2562858"
]
},
{
"start": 5469,
"end": 5498,
"label": [
"509523"
]
},
{
"start": 5539,
"end": 5543,
"label": [
"36164"
]
},
{
"start": 5552,
"end": 5575,
"label": [
"748827"
]
},
{
"start": 5628,
"end": 5632,
"label": [
"36165"
]
},
{
"start": 5641,
"end": 5659,
"label": [
"3211634"
]
},
{
"start": 5685,
"end": 5689,
"label": [
"35825"
]
},
{
"start": 5698,
"end": 5710,
"label": [
"6694505"
]
},
{
"start": 5779,
"end": 5801,
"label": [
"1687710"
]
},
{
"start": 5833,
"end": 5837,
"label": [
"35983"
]
},
{
"start": 5846,
"end": 5859,
"label": [
"15927"
]
},
{
"start": 5924,
"end": 5928,
"label": [
"36225"
]
},
{
"start": 5937,
"end": 5953,
"label": [
"1326831"
]
},
{
"start": 5982,
"end": 5986,
"label": [
"47374"
]
},
{
"start": 5995,
"end": 6022,
"label": [
"5064277"
]
},
{
"start": 6086,
"end": 6094,
"label": [
"10592550"
]
},
{
"start": 6167,
"end": 6177,
"label": [
"481781"
]
},
{
"start": 6279,
"end": 6294,
"label": [
"5754987"
]
},
{
"start": 6333,
"end": 6337,
"label": [
"46945"
]
},
{
"start": 6346,
"end": 6362,
"label": [
"18178575"
]
},
{
"start": 6408,
"end": 6419,
"label": [
"1073730"
]
},
{
"start": 6478,
"end": 6490,
"label": [
"1354516"
]
},
{
"start": 6556,
"end": 6570,
"label": [
"222978"
]
},
{
"start": 6603,
"end": 6614,
"label": [
"52502"
]
},
{
"start": 6649,
"end": 6665,
"label": [
"564357"
]
},
{
"start": 6724,
"end": 6735,
"label": [
"483516"
]
},
{
"start": 6789,
"end": 6798,
"label": [
"208463"
]
},
{
"start": 6810,
"end": 6814,
"label": [
"48630"
]
},
{
"start": 6823,
"end": 6834,
"label": [
"23662049"
]
},
{
"start": 6886,
"end": 6898,
"label": [
"30459135"
]
},
{
"start": 6958,
"end": 6969,
"label": [
"26312784"
]
},
{
"start": 6999,
"end": 7003,
"label": [
"49708"
]
},
{
"start": 7012,
"end": 7024,
"label": [
"15167320"
]
},
{
"start": 7082,
"end": 7099,
"label": [
"9647795"
]
},
{
"start": 7157,
"end": 7166,
"label": [
"856143"
]
},
{
"start": 7198,
"end": 7228,
"label": [
"302332"
]
},
{
"start": 7254,
"end": 7264,
"label": [
"1753599"
]
},
{
"start": 7329,
"end": 7344,
"label": [
"911606"
]
},
{
"start": 7394,
"end": 7398,
"label": [
"51387"
]
},
{
"start": 7407,
"end": 7422,
"label": [
"537683"
]
},
{
"start": 7468,
"end": 7479,
"label": [
"2699938"
]
},
{
"start": 7517,
"end": 7521,
"label": [
"51389"
]
},
{
"start": 7530,
"end": 7545,
"label": [
"25193857"
]
}
] |
zelda
|
2208_Distribution and habitat
|
The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in Arctic tundra habitats in northern Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Its range includes Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia, Svalbard, Jan Mayen (where it was hunted to extinction) and other islands in the Barents Sea, northern Russia, islands in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and Canada as far south as Hudson Bay. In the late 19th century, it was introduced into the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska. However, the population on the Aleutian Islands is currently being eradicated in conservation efforts to preserve the local bird population. It mostly inhabits tundra and pack ice, but is also present in Canadian boreal forests (northeastern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, Northern Ontario, Northern Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador) and the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. They are found at elevations up to above sea level and have been seen on sea ice close to the North Pole. The Arctic fox is the only land mammal native to Iceland. It came to the isolated North Atlantic island at the end of the last ice age, walking over the frozen sea. The Arctic Fox Center in Súðavík contains an exhibition on the Arctic fox and conducts studies on the influence of tourism on the population. Its range during the last ice age was much more extensive than it is now, and fossil remains of the Arctic fox have been found over much of northern Europe and Siberia. The color of the fox's coat also determines where they are most likely to be found. The white morph mainly lives inland and blends in with the snowy tundra, while the blue morph occupies the coasts because its dark color blends in with the cliffs and rocks. <gallery widths="200px" heights="145px"> Image:Iceland-1979445.jpg|Arctic fox in winter pelage, Iceland Image:Fjellrev pho.jpg|Arctic fox </gallery> During the winter, 95.5% of Arctic foxes utilize commuting trips, which remain within the fox's home range. Commuting trips in Arctic foxes last less than 3 days and occur between 0–2.9 times a month. Nomadism is found in 3.4% of the foxes, and loop migrations (where the fox travels to a new range, then returns to its home range) are the least common at 1.1%. Arctic foxes in Canada that undergo nomadism and migrations voyage from the Canadian archipelago to Greenland and northwestern Canada. The duration and distance traveled between males and females is not significantly different. Arctic foxes closer to goose colonies (located at the coasts) are less likely to migrate. Meanwhile, foxes experiencing low-density lemming populations are more likely to make sea ice trips. Residency is common in the Arctic fox population so that they can maintain their territories. Migratory foxes have a mortality rate >3 times higher than resident foxes. Nomadic behavior becomes more common as the foxes age. In July 2019, the Norwegian Polar Institute reported the story of a yearling female which was fitted with a GPS tracking device and then released by their researchers on the east coast of Spitsbergen in the Svalbard group of islands. The young fox crossed the polar ice from Norway to Greenland in 21 days, a distance of . She then moved on to Ellesmere Island in northern Canada, covering a total recorded distance of in 76 days, before her GPS tracker stopped working. She averaged just over a day, and managed as much as in a single day.
|
[
{
"start": 190,
"end": 198,
"label": [
"27441"
]
},
{
"start": 200,
"end": 209,
"label": [
"15673"
]
},
{
"start": 271,
"end": 282,
"label": [
"44060"
]
},
{
"start": 316,
"end": 326,
"label": [
"58055"
]
},
{
"start": 328,
"end": 334,
"label": [
"624"
]
},
{
"start": 363,
"end": 373,
"label": [
"58635"
]
},
{
"start": 428,
"end": 444,
"label": [
"26296222"
]
},
{
"start": 637,
"end": 645,
"label": [
"665139"
]
},
{
"start": 679,
"end": 692,
"label": [
"31302"
]
},
{
"start": 708,
"end": 715,
"label": [
"717"
]
},
{
"start": 726,
"end": 738,
"label": [
"26840"
]
},
{
"start": 749,
"end": 757,
"label": [
"18926"
]
},
{
"start": 759,
"end": 775,
"label": [
"211003"
]
},
{
"start": 777,
"end": 792,
"label": [
"213666"
]
},
{
"start": 798,
"end": 823,
"label": [
"21980"
]
},
{
"start": 833,
"end": 848,
"label": [
"413542"
]
},
{
"start": 954,
"end": 964,
"label": [
"21836"
]
},
{
"start": 1048,
"end": 1062,
"label": [
"698"
]
},
{
"start": 1088,
"end": 1100,
"label": [
"557672"
]
},
{
"start": 1131,
"end": 1152,
"label": [
"31816671"
]
},
{
"start": 1156,
"end": 1163,
"label": [
"7358091"
]
},
{
"start": 1299,
"end": 1306,
"label": [
"15361"
]
},
{
"start": 1351,
"end": 1357,
"label": [
"10958"
]
},
{
"start": 1796,
"end": 1803,
"label": [
"14531"
]
},
{
"start": 2872,
"end": 2897,
"label": [
"1311263"
]
},
{
"start": 2962,
"end": 2965,
"label": [
"11866"
]
},
{
"start": 3042,
"end": 3053,
"label": [
"105064"
]
},
{
"start": 3061,
"end": 3069,
"label": [
"27441"
]
},
{
"start": 3129,
"end": 3135,
"label": [
"21241"
]
},
{
"start": 3139,
"end": 3148,
"label": [
"12118"
]
},
{
"start": 3198,
"end": 3214,
"label": [
"65781"
]
},
{
"start": 3227,
"end": 3233,
"label": [
"5042916"
]
},
{
"start": 3296,
"end": 3307,
"label": [
"4105326"
]
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.