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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | lls": the custom of 'dolly dunking' was once a common practice in parts of the United Kingdom, particularly in Cornwall where it has been revived in recent years.
Mandaean Baptism
Mandaeans revere John the Baptist and practice frequent baptism (Masbuta) as a ritual of purification, not of initiation. They are possibly the earliest people to practice baptism. Mandaeans undergo baptism on Sundays (Habshaba), wearing a white sacral robe (Rasta). Baptism for Mandaeans consists of a triple full immersion in wa | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | ter, a triple signing of the forehead with water and a triple drinking of water. The priest (Rabbi) then removes a ring made of myrtle worn by the baptized and places it on their forehead. This is then followed by a handshake (Kushta, "hand of truth") with the priest. The final blessing involves the priest laying his right hand on the baptized person's head. Living water (fresh, natural, flowing water) is a requirement for baptism, therefore can only take place in rivers. All rivers are named Jordan (Yarden | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | a) and are believed to be nourished by the World of Light. By the river bank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with sesame oil and partakes in a communion of bread and water. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light and for forgiveness of sins.
Yazidi Baptism
Yazidi baptism is called mor kirin (literally: "to seal"). Traditionally, Yazidi children are baptised at birth with water from the Kaniya Sipî ("White Spring") at Lalish. It essentially consists of pouring ho | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | ly water from the spring on the child’s head three times.
Islamic practice of wudu
Many Islamic scholars such as Shaikh Bawa Muhaiyaddeen have compared the Islamic practice of wudu to a baptism. Wudu is a practice that Muslims practice in order to go from ritual impurity to ritual purity. This is mandatory for a Muslim to do before each of the five daily prayers, as well as following sexual intercourse, using the restroom, and other acts.
Wudu, which is done at least five times a day, by practicing Muslim | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | s, results in the purification of a person and the removal of their sins.
In a famous hadith, the Prophet Muhammad says "Whenever a man performs his ablution intending to pray and he washes his hands, the sins of his hands fall down with the first drop. When he rinses his mouth and nose, the sins of his tongue and lips fall down with the first drop. When he washes his face, the sins of his hearing and sight fall down with the first drop. When he washes his arms to his elbows and his feet to his ankles, he | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | is purified from every sin and fault like the day he was born from his mother. If he stands for prayer, Allah will raise his status by a degree. If he sits, he will sit in peace.”
See also
Amrit Sanchar, in Sikhism
Baptism by fire
Baptistery
Chrism
Christifideles
Consolamentum
Disciple (Christianity)
Divine filiation
Ghusl
Holy water in Eastern Christianity
Mikvah
Misogi
Prevenient grace
Ritual purification
Theophany
Water and religion
Notes
References
Further reading
. 26 pp. N.B | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | .: States the Evangelical Anglican position of the Reformed Episcopal Church.
External links
"Writings of the Early Church Fathers on Baptism"
"Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Christian terminology
Conversion to Christianity
Rites of passage
Ritual purity in Christianity
Sacraments
Mandaean rituals | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | (, or , ), sometimes anglicized as bocce ball, bocci or boccie, is a ball sport belonging to the boules family. Developed into its present form in Italy, it is closely related to British bowls and French , with a common ancestry from ancient games played in the Roman Empire. Bocce is played around western, southern and southeastern Europe, as well as in overseas areas with historical Italian immigrant population, including Australia, North America, and South America, principally Argentina and the southern B | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | razilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Initially played just by the Italian immigrants, the game has slowly become more popular with their descendants and more broadly.
History
Having developed from games played in the Roman Empire, Bocce developed into its present form in Italy (where it is called , the plural of the Italian word which means 'to bowl' in the general sporting sense), it spread around Europe and also in regions to which Italians have migrated. In South America it is known as , or ('Criollo | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | balls') in Venezuela, and in south Brazil. The accessibility of bocce to people of all ages and abilities has seen it grow in popularity among Special Olympics programmes globally and it is now the third most played sport among Special Olympics athletes.
Geographical spread
The sport is also very popular on the eastern side of the Adriatic, especially in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the sport is known in Serbo-Croatian as ('playing ') or (colloquially also ). In Sloveni | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | a the sport is known as or colloquially 'playing ', or (from Italian and Venetian , meaning 'balls'). There are numerous bocce leagues in the United States. Most have been founded by Italian Americans but contain members of all groups.
Rules and play
Bocce is traditionally played on natural soil and asphalt courts up to in length and wide. While the court walls are traditionally made of wood or stone, many social leagues and Special Olympics programs now use inflatable 'Packabocce' PVC courts due to t | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | heir portability and ease of storage. Bocce balls can be made of wood (traditional), metal, baked clay, or various kinds of plastic. Unlike lawn bowls, bocce balls are spherical and have no inbuilt bias.
A game can be conducted between two players, or two teams of two, three, or four. A match is started by a randomly chosen side being given the opportunity to throw a smaller ball, the jack (called a ('little bocce') or ('bullet' or 'little ball') in Italian, depending on local custom), from one end of | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | the court into a zone in length, ending from the far end of the court. If the first team misses twice, the other team is awarded the opportunity to place the jack anywhere they choose within the prescribed zone. Casual play is common in reasonably flat areas of parks and yards lacking a Bocce court, but players should agree to the minimum and maximum distance the jack may be thrown before play begins.
The side that first attempted to place the jack is given the opportunity to bowl first. Once the first b | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | owl has taken place, the other side has the opportunity to bowl. From then on, the side which does not have the ball closest to the jack has a chance to bowl, up until one side or the other has used their four balls. At that point, the other side bowls its remaining balls. The object of the game is for a team to get as many of its balls as possible closer to the target ball (jack, boccino, pallino) than the opposing team. The team with the closest ball to the jack is the only team that can score points in | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | any frame. The scoring team receives one point for each of their balls that is closer to the jack than the closest ball of the other team. The length of a game varies by region but is typically from 7 to 13 points.
Players are permitted to throw the ball in the air using an underarm action. This is generally used to knock either the jack or another ball away to attain a more favorable position. Tactics can get quite complex when players have sufficient control over the ball to throw or roll it accurately.
| [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce |
Variants
Bocce volo
A variation called uses a metal ball, which is thrown overhand (palm down), after a run-up to the throwing line. In that latter respect, it is similar to the French boules game also known as . A French variant of the game is called , and (lacking the run-up) is more similar in some respects to traditional .
Boccia
Another development, for persons with disabilities, is called . It is a shorter-range game, played with leather balls on an indoor, smooth surface. Boccia was first int | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | roduced to the Paralympics at the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Summer Games, and is one of the only two Paralympic sports that do not have an Olympic counterpart (the other being goalball).
See also
Fédération Internationale de Boules
References
External links
Confederation Mondiale des Sports de Boules
International Bocce Federation (FIB)
Boules
Lawn games
Sports originating in Italy
Articles containing video clips | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | Beatmatching or pitch cue is a disc jockey technique of pitch shifting or timestretching an upcoming track to match its tempo to that of the currently playing track, and to adjust them such that the beats (and, usually, the bars) are synchronised — e.g. the kicks and snares in two house records hit at the same time when both records are played simultaneously. Beatmatching is a component of beatmixing which employs beatmatching combined with equalization, attention to phrasing and track selection in an atte | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | mpt to make a single mix that flows together and has a good structure.
The technique was developed to keep the people from leaving the dancefloor at the end of the song. These days it is considered basic among disc jockeys (DJs) in electronic dance music genres, and it is standard practice in clubs to keep the constant beat through the night, even if DJs change in the middle.
Beatmatching is no longer considered a novelty, and new digital software has made the technique much easier to master.
Technique
T | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | he beatmatching technique consists of the following steps:
While a record is playing, start a second record playing, but only monitored through headphones, not being fed to the main PA system. Use gain (or trim) control on the mixer to match the levels of the two records.
Restart and slip-cue the new record at the right time, on beat with the record currently playing.
If the beat on the new record hits before the beat on the current record then the new record is too fast; reduce the pitch and manually s | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | low the speed of the new record to bring the beats back in sync.
If the beat on the new record hits after the beat on the current record then the new record is too slow; increase the pitch and manually increase the speed of the new record to bring the beats back in sync.
Continue this process until the two records are in sync with each other. It can be difficult to sync the two records perfectly, so manual adjustment of the records is necessary to maintain the beat synchronization.
Gradually fade in part | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | s of the new track while fading out the old track. While in the mix, ensure that the tracks are still synchronized, adjusting the records if needed.
The fade can be repeated several times, for example, from the first track, fade to the second track, then back to first, then to second again.
One of the key things to consider when beatmatching is the tempo of both songs, and the musical theory behind the songs. Attempting to beatmatch songs with completely different beats per minute (BPM) will result in one | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | of the songs sounding too fast or too slow.
When beatmatching, a popular technique is to vary the equalization of both tracks. For example, when the kicks are occurring on the same beat, a more seamless transition can occur if the lower frequencies are taken out of one of the songs, and the lower frequencies of the other song is boosted. Doing so creates a smoother transition.
Pitch and tempo
The pitch and tempo of a track are normally linked together: spin a disc 5% faster and both pitch and tempo will | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | be 5% higher. However, some modern DJ software can change pitch and tempo independently using time-stretching and pitch-shifting, allowing harmonic mixing. There is also a feature in modern DJ software which may be called "master tempo" or "key adjust" which changes the tempo while keeping the original pitch.
History
Beatmatching was invented by Francis Grasso in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially he was counting the tempo with a metronome and looking for records with the same tempo. Later a mixer w | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | as built for him by Alex Rosner which let him listen to any channel in the headphones independently of what was playing on the speakers; this became the defining feature of DJ mixers. That and turntables with pitch control enabled him to mix tracks with different tempo by changing the pitch of the cued (redirected to headphones) track to match its tempo with the track being played by ear. Essentially, the technique he originated hasn't changed since.
These days beat-matching is considered central to DJing, | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | and features making it possible are a requirement for DJ-oriented players. In 1978, the Technics SL-1200MK2 turntable was released, whose comfortable and precise sliding pitch control and high torque direct drive motor made beat-matching easier and it became the standard among DJs. With the advent of the compact disc, DJ-oriented Compact Disc players with pitch control and other features enabling beat-matching (and sometimes scratching), dubbed CDJs, were introduced by various companies. More recently, so | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ftware with similar capabilities has been developed to allow manipulation of digital audio files stored on computers using turntables with special vinyl records (e.g. Final Scratch, M-Audio Torq, Serato Scratch Live) or computer interface (e.g. Traktor DJ Studio, Mixxx, Virtual DJ). Other software including algorithmic beat-matching is Ableton Live, which allows for realtime music manipulation and deconstruction, or Mixmeister, a DJ Mixset creation tool. Freeware software such as Rapid Evolution can detect | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | the beats per minute and determine the percent BPM difference between songs.
The change from pure hardware to software is on the rise, and big DJs are introducing new equipment to their kits such as the laptop, and dropping the difficulty of carrying hundreds of CDs with them. The creation of the mp3-player allowed DJs to have an alternative tool for DJIng. Limitations with mp3-player DJing equipment has meant that only second generation equipment such as the IDJ2 or the Cortex Dmix-300 have the pitch co | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ntrol that alters tempo and allows for beat-matching on a digital music player. However, recent additions to the Pioneer CDJ family, such as the CDJ-2000, allow mp3-player and other digital storage devices (such as external hard drives, SD cards and USB memory sticks) to be connected to the CDJ device via USB. This allows the DJ to make use of the beat-matching capabilities of the CDJ unit whilst playing digital music files from the mp3-player or other storage device.
Most modern DJ hardware and software n | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ow offers a "Sync" feature which automatically adjusts the tempo between tracks being mixed so the DJ no longer needs to spend time and effort matching beats. This has caused some controversy in the DJ industry since almost anyone can beat-match thanks to the new function.
See also
Clubdjpro
DJ mix
Harmonic mixing
Segue
Mashup
References
Audio mixing
Disco
DJing | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | Beltane () is the Gaelic May Day festival. Most commonly it is held on 1 May, or about halfway between the spring equinox and summer solstice. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. In Irish the name for the festival day is (), in Scottish Gaelic () and in Manx Gaelic /. It is one of the four Gaelic seasonal festivals—along with Samhain, Imbolc and Lughnasadh—and is similar to the Welsh .
Beltane is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature and is | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | associated with important events in Irish mythology. Also known as ("first of summer"), it marked the beginning of summer and it was when cattle were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were performed to protect the cattle, crops and people, and to encourage growth. Special bonfires were kindled, and their flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective powers. The people and their cattle would walk around or between bonfires, and sometimes leap over the flames or embers. All household fires | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | would be doused and then re-lit from the Beltane bonfire. These gatherings would be accompanied by a feast, and some of the food and drink would be offered to the . Doors, windows, byres and livestock would be decorated with white or yellow May flowers, perhaps because they evoked fire. In parts of Ireland, people would make a May Bush: typically a thorn bush or branch decorated with flowers, ribbons, bright shells and rushlights. Holy wells were also visited, while Beltane dew was thought to bring beauty | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | and maintain youthfulness. Many of these customs were part of May Day or Midsummer festivals in other parts of Great Britain and Europe.
Beltane celebrations had largely died out by the mid-20th century, although some of its customs continued and in some places it has been revived as a cultural event. Since the late 20th century, Celtic neopagans and Wiccans have observed Beltane or a related festival as a religious holiday. Neopagans in the Southern Hemisphere celebrate Beltane on or around 1 November.
H | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | istoric Beltane customs
Beltane was one of four Gaelic seasonal festivals: Samhain (~1 November), Imbolc (~1 February), Beltane (~1 May), and Lughnasadh (~1 August). Beltane marked the beginning of the pastoral summer season, when livestock were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were held at that time to protect them from harm, both natural and supernatural, and this mainly involved the "symbolic use of fire". There were also rituals to protect crops, dairy products and people, and to encourage gro | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | wth. The (often referred to as spirits or fairies) were thought to be especially active at Beltane (as at Samhain) and the goal of many Beltane rituals was to appease them. Most scholars see the as remnants of the pagan gods and nature spirits. Beltane was a "spring time festival of optimism" during which "fertility ritual again was important, perhaps connecting with the waxing power of the sun".
Before the modern era
Beltane (the beginning of summer) and Samhain (the beginning of winter) are thought to | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | have been the most important of the four Gaelic festivals. Sir James George Frazer wrote in The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion that the times of Beltane and Samhain are of little importance to European crop-growers, but of great importance to herdsmen. Thus, he suggests that halving the year at 1 May and 1 November dates from a time when the Celts were mainly a pastoral people, dependent on their herds.
The earliest mention of Beltane is in Old Irish literature from Gaelic Ireland. According t | [
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