id stringlengths 1 192 | question stringlengths 8 1.77k | documents listlengths 1 29 | dataset_name stringclasses 12
values | documents_sentences listlengths 1 2.39k | all_relevant_sentence_keys listlengths 1 312 | relevance_score float64 0 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
358 | What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and survival of the host . Chen et al. report... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and s... | [
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"0e",
"0f",
"1d",
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"1f"
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358 | What role does T-cell count play in severe human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) infection? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and survival of the host . Chen et al. report... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Recent studies have shown that the immune system plays a crucial role in the clearance of HAdV viremia and s... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f"
] | 0.315789 |
457 | What is MVO? | [
"Title: Gene Knockdowns in Adult Animals: PPMOs and Vivo-Morpholinos\nPassage: Global Therapeutics, the cardiology unit of Cook Medical , is developing PPMO-coated stents for balloon angioplasty using PPMOs from AVI BioPharma Inc. The Morpholino moiety targets c-myc to inhibit proliferation of the vascular endothel... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Antigen-specific oncolytic MV-based tumor vaccines through presentation of selected tumor-associated antigens on infected cells or virus-like particles"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: To assess the replication efficiency of the different vectors, multi-step growth kinetics of cell-associat... | [
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"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"2e",
"3a",
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457 | What is MVO? | [
"Title: Gene Knockdowns in Adult Animals: PPMOs and Vivo-Morpholinos\nPassage: Global Therapeutics, the cardiology unit of Cook Medical , is developing PPMO-coated stents for balloon angioplasty using PPMOs from AVI BioPharma Inc. The Morpholino moiety targets c-myc to inhibit proliferation of the vascular endothel... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Antigen-specific oncolytic MV-based tumor vaccines through presentation of selected tumor-associated antigens on infected cells or virus-like particles"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Generation and characterization of recombinant MV vac2 encoding different forms of the Ovaantigen."
],
... | [
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"2e",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
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1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: for human sero-surveys."
],
[
"0c",
"These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodi... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.173913 |
1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: human sera, a tiered diagnostic process assigned both recombinant IFA and recombinant ELISA positive sera to 'stage 1' seropositivity."
],
[
"2c",
"A stage 2 seropositive result additio... | [
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"2d",
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1172 | What have sero-surveys of MERS virus found? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: for human sero-surveys. These relied on MERS-CoV-infected cell culture as an antigen source, detecting the presence of human anti-MERS-CoV IgG, IgM or neutralizing antibodies in human samples . No sign of MERS-CoV antibodies was found am... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: The first sero-survey of livestock living in the Middle East region was conducted during 2012-2013 ."
],
[
"3c",
"DCs were sampled from a mostly Canary Island-born herd and from Omani D... | [
"0d",
"0e",
"2d",
"3d"
] | 0.173913 |
470 | How were untreated MDA-MB-231 cells labeled? | [
"Title: Kinome-Wide siRNA Screening Identifies Src-Enhanced Resistance of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells\nPassage: MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells were seeded at density of 2 × 10 4 in NanoCulture plates in the presence of 10 nM siRNA. The cells were cultured for 3 days until tumorsphere ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Kinome-Wide siRNA Screening Identifies Src-Enhanced Resistance of Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells were seeded at density of 2 × 10 4 in NanoCulture plates in the presence of 10 nM siRNA."
],
[
... | [
"0a",
"0d"
] | 0.083333 |
518 | What is the number of inhabitants of Reunion Island? | [
"Title: Pandemic Influenza Due to pH1N1/2009 Virus: Estimation of Infection Burden in Reunion Island through a Prospective Serosurvey, Austral Winter 2009\nPassage: the population of Reunion Island and a Chi2 test was used to analyse differences in age, sex and geographic location. Cumulative incidence rates of inf... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses from Sentinel Network Practitioners in Réunion Island, 2011-2012"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Réunion Island, a French overseas territory with 850,000 inhabitants, is located in the southern hemisphere between Madagascar and Mauritius in the Indian O... | [
"3b"
] | 0.055556 |
1685 | What genome sequence was available for this study? | [
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification\nPassage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database . Illumina read data was submitted to NCBI's Short Read Archive under Trace Identifiers S... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database ."
],
[
"0c",
"Illumina read data was... | [
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"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.166667 |
1685 | What genome sequence was available for this study? | [
"Title: Complete viral RNA genome sequencing of ultra-low copy samples by sequence-independent amplification\nPassage: All consensus genome assemblies generated as part of this project were submitted to NCBI's GenBank database . Illumina read data was submitted to NCBI's Short Read Archive under Trace Identifiers S... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Generation and comparative genomics of synthetic dengue viruses"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Three DENV cDNA samples were sequenced and analyzed: one of the samples was the wildtype strain, with the WT sequence used as a reference genome for NGS analysis."
],
[
"1c",
"The tw... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.166667 |
1432 | What is the destabilization is further compounded by? | [
"Title: Asymmetry in the Presence of Migration Stabilizes Multistrain Disease Outbreaks\nPassage: Finally, the work discussed here shows a potential effect of human movement between heterogeneous regions. As spatial effects are further studied in epidemic models, it remains to be seen how this phenomenon will exten... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Globalization and emerging governance modalities"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: cannot afford grain."
],
[
"3c",
"Structural inequalities coupled with civil unrest already produce widespread hunger, malnourishment and famine."
],
[
"3d",
"An environmental disaster ... | [
"3a",
"3c"
] | 0.095238 |
904 | How many amino acids are in the SARS-CoV E protein? | [
"Title: Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?\nPassage: The S protein of CoVs is inserted in the envelope of the virion mediating binding and fusion events necessary for infection, and it is the major target of the humoral protective immuni... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Previous studies demonstrated that the N-terminal 40 amino acids of the SARS-CoV E protein are important for ion channel formation, and that mutations N15A and V25F ]... | [
"1b"
] | 0.052632 |
1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 ."
],
[
"0c",
"About half had an i... | [
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"0d",
"1b",
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] | 0.45 |
1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: The median initial R across the 30 detailed outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 ."
],
[
"1c",
"About a third had an initi... | [
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1240 | What is the the rate of general transmission, even in outbreaks? | [
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II\nPassage: The median initial reproduction rate across all 51 outbreaks was 2 with a range of 0 to 38 . About half had an initial R of 1 or less, and over two-thirds had an initial R of 3 ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Transmission patterns of smallpox: systematic review of natural outbreaks in Europe and North America since World War II"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Outbreaks with greater initial R-values tended to be larger and longer."
],
[
"2c",
"For example, in outbreaks with an initia... | [
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889 | What primer pairs were used for PCR? | [
"Title: Global Surveillance of Emerging Influenza Virus Genotypes by Mass Spectrometry\nPassage: primer pairs targeting NP and PB2 segments. All primers used in this study had a thymine nucleotide at the 59 end to minimize addition of non-templated adenosines during amplification using Taq polymerase . The sensitiv... | covidqa_train | [
[
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"Title: Global Surveillance of Emerging Influenza Virus Genotypes by Mass Spectrometry"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: primer pairs targeting NP and PB2 segments."
],
[
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"All primers used in this study had a thymine nucleotide at the 59 end to minimize addition of non-templated ad... | [
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"0c",
"0d",
"0e"
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547 | What are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. | [
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the n... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2."
],
[
... | [
"0c",
"0d",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.222222 |
547 | What are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. | [
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the n... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes in... | [
"0c",
"0d",
"1b",
"1d"
] | 0.222222 |
1680 | What COVs were known to infect humans before December 2019? | [
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: Prior to December 2019, 6 CoVs were known to infect human, including 2 αCoV and 4 βCoV (HCoV-OC43 [",
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel hu... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Prior to December 2019, 6 CoVs were known to infect human, including 2 αCoV and 4 βCoV (HCoV-OC43 ["
]
] | [
"0b"
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1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Abstract: The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome , associated with infection by a novel coronavirus , occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively."
],
[
... | [
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"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.263158 |
1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Since that first report, a slow discovery process over the following two to three years revealed a virus that had infected over 90 % of adult dromedary camels in the KSA , also DCs across the Arabi... | [
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1170 | Where else MERS-COV has also been detected? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In 2015 two large outbreaks occurred. South Korea was the site of the first large scale outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula and produced the first cases in both South Korea and China, occurring between May and July 2015. This was clos... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: MERS-CoV RNA has also been detected in DC samples, and recovery of infectious virus has also been achieved from DC samples ."
],
[
"3c",
"From some of these, full or majority length gen... | [
"1d",
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"2c",
"2d",
"3b"
] | 0.263158 |
1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework."
],
[
"0c",
"With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symp... | [
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"1b",
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"2a",
"2b",
"3b"
] | 0.769231 |
1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Current influenza diagnostic tests, especially when the strains are evolving constantly, vary differently in terms of efficiency, specificity and sensitivity ."
],
[
"1c",
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"0d",
"1b",
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"3b"
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1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: underreporting as well as systematic and country-specific changes in testing."
]
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1575 | What testing and detection are needed? | [
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?\nPassage: Diagnosis is an important component in the overall pandemic management framework. With proper diagnosis, potential flu carriers can be identified before they become symptomatic. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as quarantine and conta... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: How necessary is a fast testkit for mitigation of pandemic flu?"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: both attack rates and costs through the implementation of policies involving full contact tracing and prophylaxis to the contacts will most probably be more significant."
]
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily ."
],
[
... | [
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"2b",
"2c",
"3b"
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Is 2019-nCoV infection severe?"
],
[
"1c",
"To date approximately 14% of cases of 2019-nCoV have been described as severe by WHO, with a case-fatality rate of 2.1%.10 Estim... | [
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"2c",
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Note from the editors: novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: cases are being reported on a daily basis and there is evidence for some human-to-human transmission in China, a number of important questions remain unanswered."
],
[
"2c",
"For example, there... | [
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829 | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | [
"Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: The 2019 novel coronavirus , a betacoronavirus, forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily . The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Similarly, MERS-CoV appears to have high severity and low transmissibility."
],
[
"3c",
"Since 2012, MERS-CoV has caused 2494 reported cases and 858 deaths in 27 countries.... | [
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"1c",
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293 | What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? | [
"Title: Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection\nPassage: NS4B . It is thus conceivable that inhibitors targeting TMD of NS4B would perturb its function, leading to the suppression of viral RNA replication. In this study, the replacement of Q130 of NS4B with a basic a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: In silico modification of oseltamivir as neuraminidase inhibitor of influenza A virus subtype H1N1"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Neuraminidase has become the main target for drug design against influenza virus due to its highly conserved catalytic site and its essential role in influenza... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.388889 |
293 | What do neuroaminidase inhibitors target? | [
"Title: Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection\nPassage: NS4B . It is thus conceivable that inhibitors targeting TMD of NS4B would perturb its function, leading to the suppression of viral RNA replication. In this study, the replacement of Q130 of NS4B with a basic a... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus ."
],
[
"3c",
"NA plays a key role in the spread... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"2d",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.388889 |
203 | What was the purpose of this study? | [
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sensors to describe and understand the natur... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sens... | [
"0a",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.333333 |
203 | What was the purpose of this study? | [
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: The general objective of this work is to utilize radio frequency close-proximity sensors to describe and understand the natur... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Significance and potential impact of the study To provide greater insight into social... | [
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"3b",
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630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
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],
[
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630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
[
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],
[
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630 | What do those abnormalities sometimes culminate in? | [
"Title: Implications of copy number variation in people with chromosomal abnormalities: potential for greater variation in copy number state may contribute to variability of phenotype\nPassage: meiosis I or II. Aneuploidies and other chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of birth defects and are associated w... | covidqa_train | [
[
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],
[
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15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
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"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
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],
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],
... | [
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15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
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[
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"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
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[
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],
... | [
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15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
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],
[
"2c",
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],
[
... | [
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15 | What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Amino-acid sequence alignment of IFITM5, IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 derived from mice."
],
[
"3c",
"The conserved residues are highlighted in black."
],
[
... | [
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416 | What are the conclusions of this study? | [
"Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions.",
"Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors\nPassage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult.",
"Title: Community responses to commu... | covidqa_train | [
[
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"Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Any conclusions drawn from this study should be considered tentative as the findings cannot be generalised to the population at large."
],
[
"2c",
"It is n... | [
"2b",
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"2e"
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1567 | What happened to the case who died? | [
"Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case\nPassage: temperature of 40.3uC, had infiltration of lower left lung lobe based on chest radiography, bilateral lower lung moist rales, and substantially reduced oxygen saturation. He was placed on a ventilator and treated with... | covidqa_train | [
[
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],
[
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"Passage: temperature of 40.3uC, had infiltration of lower left lung lobe based on chest radiography, bilateral lower lung moist rales, and substantially reduced oxygen saturation."
],
... | [
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243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards"
],
[
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[
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243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results."
],
[
"1c",
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243 | What are the most common viruses? | [
"Title: Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Patient-Occupied Rooms in Pediatric Wards\nPassage: Viral infections of the respiratory system are very common. In Taiwan, the predominant viruses isolated from patients with respiratory infections are enterovirus, respiratory syncytial vi... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis among children; however, parents of infected children also often become ill and as a result rotavirus is the second mos... | [
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1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia ."
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[
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1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Glucocorticosteroid drugs reproduce effects similar to endogenous cortisol: they have anti-inflammatory activity by switching genes on and off, resulting in a reduction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines."
]... | [
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1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Key mechanisms governing resolution of lung inflammation"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Despite ongoing controversy, glucocorticoids remain the best studied anti-inflammatory strategy in ARDS."
],
[
"2c",
"There is some evidence to suggest that given early in disease course, i... | [
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1419 | What effect the use of steroids to suppress inflammation can have? | [
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia\nPassage: The main side effects associated with corticosteroids, especially with prolonged use, are hyperglycemia, myopathy, weight gain, brushing, and osteopenia . As well as these side effects, corticosteroids have strong immunosuppressive effects, raising concer... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: New aspects in the management of pneumonia"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: may be useful for reducing inflammation and may not cause so much harm by producing immunosuppression."
],
[
"3c",
"Moreover, a short period of corticosteroid treatment may reduce the risk for side effec... | [
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96 | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | [
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease Passage: ."
],
[
"0b",
"Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 ."
],
[
"0c",
"These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumoco... | [
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96 | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | [
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\nPassage: . Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 . These data do not reflect the full impact of increasingly widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low-and middle-income countries because... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: The overall burden of childhood pneumonia has been reduced substantially over the last decade, despite an increase in the global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 mi... | [
"0b",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d"
] | 0.266667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-cont... | [
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"1b",
"1c",
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"2b",
"2c",
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846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: literature of NRSI is difficult ."
],
[
"1c",
"However, a recent study found that for 32 % of the observational studies registered at ClinicalTri... | [
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"1a",
"1b",
"1c",
"2a",
"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
"3b",
"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Comparing the outcomes of different postgraduate year training programs in Taiwan"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: All of the 314 trainees participated in the MCQ exam."
],
[
"2c",
"They were divided into four groups according to their training program."
]
] | [
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"1a",
"1b",
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"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
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"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
846 | Which four studies were included? | [
"Title: Meta-analyses including non-randomized studies of therapeutic interventions: a methodological review\nPassage: Concerning NRSI combined, 52 meta-analyses included only cohort studies and 5 only prospective cohort studies; 46 meta-analyses combined cohort and case-control studies, and 23 included all types o... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: A Literature Review and Survey of Childhood Pneumonia Etiology Studies: 2000–2010"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: We received 81 responses to the survey."
],
[
"3c",
"A total of 65 studies were identified once we removed responses that did not meet our study criteria."
],
[... | [
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"2b",
"2c",
"3a",
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"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.666667 |
289 | What type of vaccine is used to protect against FIPV infection? | [
"Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in kittens that have not been exposed to FCo... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in k... | [
"0a",
"0b"
] | 0.1 |
650 | What are examples of viral vectors for delivering vaccines? | [
"Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: vaccination.",
"Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: Similarly, various viral vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver heterologous vaccine antigens, and this generally results in the in... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Similarly, various viral vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver heterologous vaccine antigens, and this generally results in the induction of strong CTL immune resp... | [
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"1f",
"3a",
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"3c",
"3d"
] | 0.571429 |
650 | What are examples of viral vectors for delivering vaccines? | [
"Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: vaccination.",
"Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: Similarly, various viral vectors have been successfully tested for their capability to deliver heterologous vaccine antigens, and this generally results in the in... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is po... | [
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"1c",
"1e",
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"3a",
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"3d"
] | 0.571429 |
1213 | How long human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: The URT is a less invasive and more convenient sampling site however, and an oropharyngeal and throat swab or a nasopharyngeal aspirate/wash are recommended when URT sampling is to be conducted . Paired sera, collected two to three weeks... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The URT is a less invasive and more convenient sampling site however, and an oropharyngeal and throat swab or a nasopharyngeal aspirate/wash are recommended when URT sampling is to be conducted ."
... | [
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] | 0.111111 |
1213 | How long human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA? | [
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: The URT is a less invasive and more convenient sampling site however, and an oropharyngeal and throat swab or a nasopharyngeal aspirate/wash are recommended when URT sampling is to be conducted . Paired sera, collected two to three weeks... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: should be considered ."
],
[
"1c",
"In two cases that arrived in the Netherlands, urine was RT-rtPCR negative but faeces was weakly positive and sera were RT-rtPCR positive for five day... | [
"0d",
"1c"
] | 0.111111 |
877 | What types of cells follow epithelial cells in the immune response to infections in the lung? | [
"Title: Differential Response of Primary Alveolar Type I and Type II Cells to LPS Stimulation\nPassage: The alveolar epithelium is an important component of the innate immune response of the lung. By providing an anatomic barrier that separates the organism from the external environment, the alveolar epithelium ser... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Differential Response of Primary Alveolar Type I and Type II Cells to LPS Stimulation"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The alveolar epithelium is an important component of the innate immune response of the lung."
],
[
"0c",
"By providing an anatomic barrier that separates the or... | [
"0d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.166667 |
877 | What types of cells follow epithelial cells in the immune response to infections in the lung? | [
"Title: Differential Response of Primary Alveolar Type I and Type II Cells to LPS Stimulation\nPassage: The alveolar epithelium is an important component of the innate immune response of the lung. By providing an anatomic barrier that separates the organism from the external environment, the alveolar epithelium ser... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Lung epithelial GM-CSF improves host defense function and epithelial repair in influenza virus pneumonia—a new therapeutic strategy?"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Myeloid cells like monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells , and their common precursor cells, summarized as mononuclear phag... | [
"0d",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.166667 |
1660 | What is R0? | [
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nPassage: Secondly, the R0, the basic reproduction number, is correctly described as the average number of infections each case causes. But it lacks two key ideas: 1) the 0 after the R implies the native state, which is a fully suscep... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Secondly, the R0, the basic reproduction number, is correctly described as the average number of infections each case causes."
],
[
"0c",
"But it lacks two key ideas: 1) th... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"3c"
] | 0.1875 |
1660 | What is R0? | [
"Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nPassage: Secondly, the R0, the basic reproduction number, is correctly described as the average number of infections each case causes. But it lacks two key ideas: 1) the 0 after the R implies the native state, which is a fully suscep... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: The Model Repository of the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: infection of index cases and the secondary cases they produce."
],
[
"3c",
"The R0 is a measure of the transmissibility of the strain in the population, and largely determines t... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"3c"
] | 0.1875 |
1343 | Why is the determination of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic transmission, an urgent priority? | [
"Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak\nPassage: In an analysis of the first 425 confirmed cases of infection, 73% of cases with illness onset between 12 and 22 January reported no exposure to either a wet market or another ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: In an analysis of the first 425 confirmed cases of infection, 73% of cases with illness onset between 12 and 22 January reported no exp... | [
"0d",
"3b",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.2 |
1343 | Why is the determination of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic transmission, an urgent priority? | [
"Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak\nPassage: In an analysis of the first 425 confirmed cases of infection, 73% of cases with illness onset between 12 and 22 January reported no exposure to either a wet market or another ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Those under 18 years are a critical group to study in order to tease out the relative roles of susceptibility vs severity as possible u... | [
"0d",
"3b",
"3d",
"3e"
] | 0.2 |
1059 | What is Chikungunya virus? | [
"Title: Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?\nPassage: Abstract: Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans and causes fever disease, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia. Indigenous to tropical Africa, recent large outbreaks have b... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Abstract: Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans and causes fever disease, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia."
],
[
"0c",
... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"3b",
"3d",
"3e",
"3f"
] | 0.45 |
1059 | What is Chikungunya virus? | [
"Title: Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?\nPassage: Abstract: Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans and causes fever disease, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia. Indigenous to tropical Africa, recent large outbreaks have b... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Text: Chikungunya virus , a mosquito-borne pathogen listed by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases as a Category C Priority Pathogen that causes Chikungunya fever , has been spreading throughout ... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"3b",
"3d",
"3e",
"3f"
] | 0.45 |
1059 | What is Chikungunya virus? | [
"Title: Chikungunya: A Potentially Emerging Epidemic?\nPassage: Abstract: Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans and causes fever disease, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia. Indigenous to tropical Africa, recent large outbreaks have b... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Is Associated with Chikungunya Virus Resolution and Symptom Severity"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: The Chikungunya virus , an arthropod-borne virus , is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with three genotypes."
],
[
"3c",
"The virus is... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"3b",
"3d",
"3e",
"3f"
] | 0.45 |
1470 | What diagnostic test is correlated with the severity of HFRS? | [
"Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in critical patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome\nPassage: Of the clinical manifestations, agitation, conjunctival hemorrhage, and coma were negatively correlated with the survival outcome . Of the HFRSrelated complications, cardiac failure, ARDS and ence... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in critical patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: The medical charts of 356 typical HFRS patients who were treated in the Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, between January 2008 and August 201... | [
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.111111 |
13 | What is a function associated with IFITM5? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein ."
],
[
"0c",
"Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique."
],
... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f",
"2e",
"3e"
] | 0.521739 |
13 | What is a function associated with IFITM5? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein ."
],
[
"1c",
"Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique."
],
... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f",
"2e",
"3e"
] | 0.521739 |
13 | What is a function associated with IFITM5? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: The interferon-induced transmembrane protein family is a part of the dispanin family and is composed of double-transmembrane α-helices connected by a cytoplasmic loop and ... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f",
"2e",
"3e"
] | 0.521739 |
13 | What is a function associated with IFITM5? | [
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells\nPassage: Here, we focused on IFITM5, which is also known as bonerestricted IFITM-like protein . Among the IFITM family proteins, IFITM5 is unique. Expression of IFITM5: Unlike the other IFITM family proteins, the express... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Role of S-Palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the Interaction with FKBP11 in Osteoblast Cells"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: to increase calcium uptake and bone nodule formation ."
],
[
"3c",
"Role of IFITM5 for immune activity: Recent studies have revealed that IFITM5 interacts with... | [
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"0f",
"1b",
"1c",
"1d",
"1e",
"1f",
"2e",
"3e"
] | 0.521739 |
1469 | What the animal vector reservoir for Hantaan virus? | [
"Title: A New Model for Hendra Virus Encephalitis in the Mouse\nPassage: bats have been identified as the reservoir host , however epidemiological evidence does not support direct bat to human transmission. Horses have been an intermediate host in the transmission of disease to humans in all cases. There are as yet... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Molecular Phylogeny of Hantaviruses Harbored by Insectivorous Bats in Côte d’Ivoire and Vietnam"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Mammalian reservoirs of zoonotic viruses typically do not display host restrictions within a given taxonomic order."
],
[
"1c",
"Also, infection is us... | [
"1d",
"3b"
] | 0.090909 |
1469 | What the animal vector reservoir for Hantaan virus? | [
"Title: A New Model for Hendra Virus Encephalitis in the Mouse\nPassage: bats have been identified as the reservoir host , however epidemiological evidence does not support direct bat to human transmission. Horses have been an intermediate host in the transmission of disease to humans in all cases. There are as yet... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Hantaviruses"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Hantavirus is a virus transmitted mainly by rodent animals, mainly through urine, feces, and saliva and the aerosols produced by them, but rarely by the bites of infected animals ."
],
[
"3c",
"In re... | [
"1d",
"3b"
] | 0.090909 |
1390 | Where do the respiratory viruses primarily infect and replicate? | [
"Title: Characterization of Influenza A Virus Infection in Mouse Pulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells\nPassage: Influenza virus can cause acute and severe respiratory diseases. According to the WHO, about 3-5 million people are severely infected with influenza virus, and among those, 290,000-650,000 people die annually ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Inoculation of RV happens either directly on the nasal mucosa or via the eye conjunctiva where it is transported via the lacrymal duct to the nasal cavity, and then on to the nasopharynx."
],... | [
"1c",
"2c",
"3b"
] | 0.142857 |
1390 | Where do the respiratory viruses primarily infect and replicate? | [
"Title: Characterization of Influenza A Virus Infection in Mouse Pulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells\nPassage: Influenza virus can cause acute and severe respiratory diseases. According to the WHO, about 3-5 million people are severely infected with influenza virus, and among those, 290,000-650,000 people die annually ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Inoculation of RV happens either directly on the nasal mucosa or via the eye conjunctiva where it is transported via the lacrymal duct to the nasal cavity, and then on to the nasopharynx."
],... | [
"1c",
"2c",
"3b"
] | 0.142857 |
1390 | Where do the respiratory viruses primarily infect and replicate? | [
"Title: Characterization of Influenza A Virus Infection in Mouse Pulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells\nPassage: Influenza virus can cause acute and severe respiratory diseases. According to the WHO, about 3-5 million people are severely infected with influenza virus, and among those, 290,000-650,000 people die annually ... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Respiratory viruses primarily infect and replicate within airway epithelial cells ."
],
[
"3c",
"... | [
"1c",
"2c",
"3b"
] | 0.142857 |
581 | When did Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas? | [
"Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens\nPassage: Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas after the description of an outbreak of acute respiratory distress occurred in the Four Corners area in 1993 . The newly recognized disease, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome,... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas after the description of an outbreak of acute respiratory distress occurred in the Four Corners area in 1993 ."
],
[
"0c",
"T... | [
"0b",
"2d"
] | 0.090909 |
581 | When did Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas? | [
"Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens\nPassage: Hantavirus infections became a concern in the Americas after the description of an outbreak of acute respiratory distress occurred in the Four Corners area in 1993 . The newly recognized disease, hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome,... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Hantaviruses are horizontally transmitted between rodents and are not transmitted by arthropods ."
],
[
"2c",
"Spillover infection to nonhuman mammals usually results in no onward ... | [
"0b",
"2d"
] | 0.090909 |
1225 | When does the camel calving season? | [
"Title: Old World camels in a modern world – a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement\nPassage: Female and male reproductive performances according to camel type were traced in three Indian dromedary populations . Several parameters, like conception rate, first service conception rate, percentag... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Camel calving season occurs in the winter months and this may be a time when there is increased risk to humans of spill-over due to new infections among naïve DC populations ."
],
[
"1c",
... | [
"1b"
] | 0.0625 |
348 | What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) induced ARDS? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Our study results suggest that the following may be clinical features of ARDS caused by HAdV-55: persistent high fever, rapid progression of dyspnea... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates at the same time, are the most frequent clinical mani... | [
"2b",
"3b"
] | 0.125 |
348 | What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) induced ARDS? | [
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study\nPassage: Our study results suggest that the following may be clinical features of ARDS caused by HAdV-55: persistent high fever, rapid progression of dyspnea... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Emergent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus type 55 in immunocompetent adults in 2013: a prospective observational study"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: together with bilateral consolidations and infiltrates at the same time, are the most frequent clinical mani... | [
"2b",
"3b"
] | 0.125 |
741 | Why is the phage ab excellent model system for directed protein evolution? | [
"Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Recently, Esvelt et al. developed a novel strategy for directed evolution of filamentous phage-displayed proteins, called phage-assisted conti... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipu... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.222222 |
741 | Why is the phage ab excellent model system for directed protein evolution? | [
"Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: Recently, Esvelt et al. developed a novel strategy for directed evolution of filamentous phage-displayed proteins, called phage-assisted conti... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Because of their large population sizes, short generation times, small genome sizes and ease of manipu... | [
"2b",
"2c",
"3b",
"3c"
] | 0.222222 |
856 | What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? | [
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial\nPassage: The trial commenced recruiting patients in February 2013 and by the end of May 2014 had recruited... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The trial commenced recruiting patients in February 2013 ... | [
"0a",
"2a",
"3a"
] | 0.166667 |
856 | What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? | [
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial\nPassage: The trial commenced recruiting patients in February 2013 and by the end of May 2014 had recruited... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: Event-driven stopping of the trial after 247 observed dea... | [
"0a",
"2a",
"3a"
] | 0.166667 |
856 | What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? | [
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial\nPassage: The trial commenced recruiting patients in February 2013 and by the end of May 2014 had recruited... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: CryptoDex: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis: study protocol for a randomised control trial"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Selected study members will be trained on how to enter al... | [
"0a",
"2a",
"3a"
] | 0.166667 |
233 | What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria? | [
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria\nPassage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses found in the clinical sample. These three in... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results."
],
[
"0c",
"Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the... | [
"0f",
"1d",
"3c"
] | 0.130435 |
233 | What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria? | [
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria\nPassage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses found in the clinical sample. These three in... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: and 5 of quadruple."
],
[
"1c",
"Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses in the clinical sample; pre... | [
"0f",
"1d",
"3c"
] | 0.130435 |
233 | What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria? | [
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria\nPassage: We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses found in the clinical sample. These three in... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Etiology of respiratory tract infections in the community and clinic in Ilorin, Nigeria"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recognizing increasing interest in community disease surveillance globally, the goal of this study was to investigate whether respiratory viruses cir... | [
"0f",
"1d",
"3c"
] | 0.130435 |
1005 | How safe is NYVAC? | [
"Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The NYVAC vector is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain. NYVAC is replication-restricted; however, it grows in chick embryo fibroblasts and Vero cells enabling vaccine-scale production. In non-permissive cells, critical late structural proteins are not... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: The NYVAC vector is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain."
],
[
"0c",
"NYVAC is replication-restricted; however, it grows in chick embryo fibroblasts and Vero cells enabling vaccine-scale production."
... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"3c"
] | 0.421053 |
1005 | How safe is NYVAC? | [
"Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The NYVAC vector is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain. NYVAC is replication-restricted; however, it grows in chick embryo fibroblasts and Vero cells enabling vaccine-scale production. In non-permissive cells, critical late structural proteins are not... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: While there is strong safety and efficacy data for use of NYVAC or MVA-vectored influenza vaccines, preexisting immunity remains a concern."
],
[
"1c",
"Although the smallpox vaccination campaign has result... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"3c"
] | 0.421053 |
1005 | How safe is NYVAC? | [
"Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The NYVAC vector is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain. NYVAC is replication-restricted; however, it grows in chick embryo fibroblasts and Vero cells enabling vaccine-scale production. In non-permissive cells, critical late structural proteins are not... | covidqa_train | [
[
"3a",
"Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?"
],
[
"3b",
"Passage: was the first to be licensed for use in humans, where the cDNAs encoding the envelope proteins of YFV were replaced with the corresponding genes of an attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus strai... | [
"0a",
"0b",
"0c",
"0d",
"0e",
"1b",
"1c",
"3c"
] | 0.421053 |
964 | What was the failure of rAd5 vaccine for inducing HIV-1 specific T cell response? | [
"Title: Heterologous Prime-Boost Regimens with a Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector and Adjuvanted F4 Protein Elicit Polyfunctional HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in Macaques\nPassage: Human adenoviral vector-based vaccines expressing HIV-1 or SIV antigens have been shown to induce potent HIV-1 or SIV-specif... | covidqa_train | [
[
"0a",
"Title: Heterologous Prime-Boost Regimens with a Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector and Adjuvanted F4 Protein Elicit Polyfunctional HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in Macaques"
],
[
"0b",
"Passage: Human adenoviral vector-based vaccines expressing HIV-1 or SIV antigens have been sh... | [
"0c",
"0e",
"1d",
"1e",
"2c"
] | 0.277778 |
964 | What was the failure of rAd5 vaccine for inducing HIV-1 specific T cell response? | [
"Title: Heterologous Prime-Boost Regimens with a Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector and Adjuvanted F4 Protein Elicit Polyfunctional HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in Macaques\nPassage: Human adenoviral vector-based vaccines expressing HIV-1 or SIV antigens have been shown to induce potent HIV-1 or SIV-specif... | covidqa_train | [
[
"1a",
"Title: Comparison of Heterologous Prime-Boost Strategies against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Using Negative Stranded RNA Viruses"
],
[
"1b",
"Passage: Like many infectious diseases that have had significant impact on the human population, a vaccine against HIV is critically ... | [
"0c",
"0e",
"1d",
"1e",
"2c"
] | 0.277778 |
964 | What was the failure of rAd5 vaccine for inducing HIV-1 specific T cell response? | [
"Title: Heterologous Prime-Boost Regimens with a Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector and Adjuvanted F4 Protein Elicit Polyfunctional HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in Macaques\nPassage: Human adenoviral vector-based vaccines expressing HIV-1 or SIV antigens have been shown to induce potent HIV-1 or SIV-specif... | covidqa_train | [
[
"2a",
"Title: Heterologous Prime-Boost Regimens with a Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector and Adjuvanted F4 Protein Elicit Polyfunctional HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in Macaques"
],
[
"2b",
"Passage: vaccine to provide demonstrable protection against HIV-1 infection remains unclear."... | [
"0c",
"0e",
"1d",
"1e",
"2c"
] | 0.277778 |
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